Pari Faruq Ezzat

English Language
College of Health and Medical departments

Writing Data

What is data ?

• Data is facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis. In

the pursuit of knowledge, data is a collection of discrete values that
convey information, describing quantity, quality, fact, statistics, other
basic units of meaning, or simply sequences of symbols that may be
further interpreted.

 
 Types of data

• Qualitative or Categorical Data

• Qualitative data, also known as the categorical data describes the data
that fits into the categories. Qualitative data are not numerical. The
categorical information involves categorical variables that describe the
features such as a person’s gender, home town etc.
• Examples of the categorical data are birthdate, favorite sport, school
postcode
 

Types of data

• Quantitative or Numerical Data

• Quantitative data is also known as numerical data which represents the numerical
value (i.e., how much, how often, how many). Numerical data gives information
about the quantities of a specific thing.
• Some examples of numerical data are height, length, size, weight, and so on. The
quantitative data can be classified into two different types based on the data sets.
 writing bar chart and pie chart
 

Introduce the chart :

Introduction What
When
Where

Highest point
Overview
Lowest point

Similar points
Compare (transitions)

Contrast points
Contrast (transitions)

The chart shows components of GDP in the UK from 1992 to 2000.

Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main
features and make comparisons where relevant.
The bar chart illustrates the gross domestic product generated from the IT and Service Industry
in the UK from 1992 to 2000. It is measured in percentages.
Overall, it can be seen that both increased as a percentage of GDP, but IT remained at a higher
rate throughout this time.
At the beginning of the period, in 1992, the Service Industry accounted for 4 per cent of GDP,
whereas IT exceeded this, at just over 6 per cent. Over the next four years, the levels became
more similar, with both components standing between 6 and just over 8 per cent. IT was still
higher overall, though it dropped slightly from 1994 to 1996.

However, over the following four years, the patterns of the two components were noticeably
different. The percentage of GDP from IT increased quite sharply to 12 in 1998 and then nearly
15 in 2000, while the Service Industry stayed nearly the same, increasing to only 8 per cent.

At the end of the period, the percentage of GDP from IT was almost twice that of the Service
Industry.

The pie chart shows the amount of money that a children's charity located in the USA
spent and received in one year, 2016.

Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make
comparisons where relevant.
The pie charts show the amount of revenue and expenditures in 2016 for a children’s charity in the USA.

Overall, it can be seen that donated food accounted for the majority of the income, while program services
accounted for the most expenditure. Total revenue sources just exceeded outgoings.

In detail, donated food provided most of the revenue for the charity, at 86%. Similarly, with regard to
expenditures, one category, program services, accounted for nearly all of the outgoings, at 95.8%.

The other categories were much smaller. Community contributions, which were the second largest revenue
source, brought in 10.4% of overall income, and this was followed by program revenue, at 2.2%. Investment
income, government grants, and other income were very small sources of revenue, accounting for only 0.8%
combined.
There were only two other expenditure items, fundraising and management and general, accounting for 2.6%
and 1.6% respectively. The total amount of income was $53,561,580, which was just enough to cover the
expenditures of $53,224,896.

Writing table chart

Introduce
what
Introduction Where
when?

Overview Highest
  Lowest  

Column 1 Compare
Contrast

Column  2 Compare
Contrast
 The table below shows the sales at a small restaurant in a downtown business
district.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

The chart depicts the daily sales of a small restaurant in a downtown business district. It
shows the sales of lunch and dinner in dollars during the 7 days of the week.

The sales are generally higher on weekdays than weekends. The sale of lunch is the highest
on Wednesday and the sale of dinner is highest on Friday. The sale on Saturday and Sunday
is below the average sales seen on weekdays.

The sale of lunch on Monday is $2a400 and then steadily increases till Wednesday. During
weekdays, Thursday saw the least sales of lunch in this restaurant. The sale of dinner is
around $3500 from Monday to Thursday and then sees a spike on Friday when the restaurant
gets a sale of $4350.

During the weekends, the sale is lower than on weekdays. The sale of lunch is only $1950 on
Saturday and $1550 for dinner. Whereas, the sales of lunch and dinner on Saturday and
Sunday are $2,900 and $2,450 respectively
 Writing line graph
What when
Introduction where

Higher
Overview Lower

Explain the
First line first line

On the other
Second line hand, explain
second line

Needful words for writing line graph

• Increased or decreased (sharply, dramatically, unexpectedly)

 
• Went up or went down (gradually, step by step, swiftly)
 
• Waved, fluctuated ( up or down)
 
• Rose, increased, dropped, fell (marginally, minimally, inconsiderably)
 
 
• Leveled off, remained stable, stayed constant    
 The graph and table below show the average monthly temperatures and the
average number of hours of sunshine per year in three major cities.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

 
 

The data provides information on average temperatures and annual hours of sunshine in London, New
York, and Sydney.
Overall, London is the coldest city and has the fewest hours of sunshine. New York has the hottest
summers, but Sydney enjoys the warmest overall climate.

The temperature patterns for London and New York are similar, although New York has warmer
summers and colder winters. In both cities, peaks occur in July/August, at 23 degrees in London and
29 degrees in New York.
 
In contrast, Sydney’s hottest weather is in December/January when temperatures average 25 degrees.
During this period, New York’s temperatures dip to an average of around 5 degrees, compared with 8
degrees in London. On the other hand, Sydney’s lowest average temperatures in July are just over 15
degrees.

As far as hours of sunshine are concerned, New York and Sydney have a similar average of 2533 and
2473 hours respectively. London, however, has a much lower average of 1180 hours.
 Writing diagram

What
When
Introduction where

Write in present simple

Body Use process transitions
Use given keywords  

Inconclusion,
Conclusion summery of the steps
Restating the title

Producing Electricity by take advantage of sea waves

The two diagrams show how electricity can be generated from the rise and fall of water
caused by sea waves.

The process involves a structure which is mounted on the side of a cliff or sea wall. This
structure consists of a large chamber. One end is open to the sea, and the other leads into a
vertical column, which is open to the atmosphere. A turbine is installed inside this column
and this is used to generate the electricity in two phases.
The first diagram indicates that when a wave approaches the device, water is forced into the
chamber, applying pressure on the air within the column. This air escapes to atmosphere
through the turbine, thereby producing electricity.
The second diagram illustrates the next part of the process when wave retreats. As the
water level falls, the air from outside the column is sucked back in through the turbine. As a
result, electricity continues to be generated. The turbine rotates only in one direction,
regardless of the direction of the air flow.

In conclusion, we can see that this structure is useful as electricity is generated in both
phases: entering and retreating of water.

Writing map

What
Introduction When
where

Overview The area changes the most

The area changed the least
 

Map 1
Explain map 1

Map 2
Explain map 2
The maps illustrate the changes that have occurred on an island due to
the building of facilities for tourists.

The island originally consisted of just palm trees and the beach, yet now,
although the palm trees remain, it hosts a wealth of attractions for holiday
makers, from restaurants and swimming to accommodation.
The island is approximately 200 meters long, with a small beach on the
western tip. It was deserted before, with only a scattering of palm trees. Now
though, there is an abundance of places to stay in the form of fifteen beach
huts situated in circular patterns in the center of the island and to the west.
Between these two sets of accommodation there is also a new large
restaurant and a reception building, both served by new vehicle tracks.
Situated in the south is a t-shaped pier for ships to dock, and sailing boats are
now evident in this area of the sea. Footpaths have also been constructed,
which traverse the island, leading to the new buildings and also the beach,
where tourists can now swim.
 

Bar chart

 
Pie chart In New York City ,     In 2020
 Table  chart

Graph In Suleimani,      In 2015

Map

Diagram