HUMAN ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY

ROWENA M. CUEVILLAS RN,MN, PhD

• The brain is made up of many specialized areas that work together:
• The cortex is the outermost layer of brain cells. Thinking and
voluntary movements begin in the cortex.
• The brain stem is
between the spinal
cord and the rest of
the brain. Basic
functions like
breathing and sleep
are controlled here.
• The basal ganglia
coordinate messages
between multiple
other brain areas.
4. The cerebellum is at the base and the back of the brain. The
cerebellum is responsible for coordination and balance.
The brain is also divided into
several lobes:
1. The frontal lobes are
responsible for:
• problem solving and judgment
and motor function.
• the seat of emotions and
judgments related to sympathy,
which is the ability to feel sorrow
for someone else's suffering, and
empathy,
• ability to understand another's
feelings and problems.
• recognition of deception occurs.
• functioning of sequencing events
2. The temporal lobes
are involved with
memory and hearing.
• process nonverbal
memories such as
memory for pictures,
visual scenes, familiar
faces, routes or
directions and music,
3. The occipital lobes contain the
brain's visual processing system.
• The occipital lobe is important to
being able to correctly understand
what your eyes are seeing.
• These lobes have to be very fast to
process the rapid information that
our eyes are sending.
• If our occipital lobe was impaired, or
injured we would not be able to
correctly process visual signals, thus
visual confusion would result
• The parietal lobes manage
sensation, handwriting, and
body position.
• associated with processing
tactile sensory information
such as pressure, touch, and
pain.
• Damage to the parietal lobe
can result in problems with
verbal memory, an impaired
ability to control eye gaze
and problems with language.
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
The stomach is the major organ that holds food and
sends it to the intestines for digestion and absorption.

The pancreas and the gallbladder provide enzymes

that breakdown the stomach contents, giving the
intestines small molecules for absorption.
KIDNEYS -A pair of
organs functioning to
maintain proper
water and electrolyte
balance, regulate
acid-base
concentration, and
filter the blood of
metabolic wastes,
which are then
excreted as urine.
BLADDER -A hollow muscular
organ that stores urine before
expelling it from the body.

LUNGS -Either of two spongy,

saclike respiratory organs in most
vertebrates, occupying the chest
cavity together with the heart and
functioning to remove carbon
dioxide from the blood and
provide it with oxygen
LIVER -. The liver's main job is to filter the blood coming from
the digestive tract, before passing it to the rest of the body.
The liver also detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs. As it
does so, the liver secretes bile that ends up back in the
intestines.
The liver also makes proteins important for blood clotting and
other functions.
SMALL INTERTINES -The upper portion of the bowel, in
which the process of digestion is practically completed

Large Intestine - extracts moisture from food residues

which are later excreted as feces
MALE AND
FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN
• The vulva consists of the external genital organs of the female.
• The vulva has many major and minor anatomical structures,
including :
• the labia majora
• mons pubis
• labia minora
• clitoris
• bulb of vestibule
• vulval vestibule
• greater and lesser vestibular glands
• opening of the vagina (introitus)
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
# Bartholin's glands:
These glands are located
beside the vaginal
opening and produce a
fluid (mucus) secretion.
Clitoris: The two labia minora meet
at the clitoris, a small, sensitive
protrusion that is comparable to the
penis in males. The clitoris is covered
by a fold of skin, called the prepuce,
which is similar to the foreskin at the
end of the penis. Like the penis, the
clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation
and can become erect.

Uterus (womb):
The uterus is a hollow, pear-
shaped organ that is the home to
a developing fetus.
Fallopian tubes:
 These are narrow tubes that are attached to
the upper part of the uterus and serve as
tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the
ovaries to the uterus.
 Conception, the fertilization of an egg by a
sperm occurs.
Ovaries: The ovaries are small, oval-shaped
glands that are located on either side of
the uterus. The ovaries produce eggs and
hormones
Vagina: The vagina is a canal that joins the cervix
(the lower part of uterus) to the outside of the
body. It also is known as the birth canal.
Penis: This is the male organ used in
sexual intercourse. It has three parts:
the root, which attaches to the wall of
the abdomen; the body, or shaft; and
the glans,
Scrotum: This is the loose pouch-like sac
of skin that hangs behind and below the
penis. It contains the testicles (also
called testes), as well as many nerves
and blood vessels. The scrotum acts as
a "climate control system" for the
testes. For normal sperm development,
the testes must be at a temperature
slightly cooler than body temperature.
Testicles (testes):
 .The testes are responsible for making
testosterone, the primary male sex
hormone, and for generating sperm.
 Within the testes are coiled masses of
tubes called seminiferous tubules. These
tubes are responsible for producing sperm
cells.
Vas deferens
• The vas deferens is a long, muscular tube that
travels from the epididymis into the pelvic
cavity, to just behind the bladder.
• The vas deferens transports mature sperm to
the urethra in preparation for ejaculation.
Urethra
 carries urine from the bladder to outside of the
body.
 In males, it has the additional function of expelling
(ejaculating) semen when the man reaches orgasm.
 When the penis is erect during sex, the flow of urine
is blocked from the urethra, allowing only semen to
be ejaculated at orgasm.