SENTENCE TYPES

STATEMENTS, QUESTIONS, COMMANDS, EXCLAMATIONS

STATEMENTS
SIMPLE SENTENCE SYNTACTIC CLASSES QUESTIONS COMMUNICATIVE
COMMANDS FUNCTION
EXCLAMATIONS

1- STATEMENTS SUB + VERB

Pauline gave Tom a digital watch for his birthday. DECLARATIVE

Philip and Patrick live in Sydney. SENTENCES

2- QUESTIONS
a) OPERATOR + SUBJ.

Did Pauline give Tom a digital watch for his birthday?

Do Philip and Patrick live in Sydney?

b) "WH" + SENTENCE subject-operator inversion.

What did Pauline give Tom for his birthday? INTERROGATIVE

Where do they live? SENTENCES

c) SENTENCE - RISING INTONATION

You've got the tickets? 

You didn't get anything to eat? 

3- COMMANDS VERB = BASE FORM

Give Tom a digital watch for his birthday. IMPERATIVE

Be quiet. (You) be quiet! SENTENCES

4- EXCLAMATIONS WHAT / HOW no subject-operator inversion.

How quickly you eat!

What a fine watch he received for his birthday! EXCLAMATORY
What a nice dress you're wearing! SENTENCES

I- STATEMENTS (AFFIRMATIVE- NEGATIVE)

John was late for school yesterday.

Mary hasn't been to Italy yet.

Cátedra Gramática Inglesa I – FFy Letras UNCuyo

II- QUESTIONS
YES-NO QUESTIONS
 yes - no response (limited)
 Operator + subject + predication
 Rising intonation

They live in Sydney. Do they live in Sydney? 

Patrick was late. Was Parick late? 
Someone called last night. Did anyone call last night? 
Don't you believe me? 

ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS (limited)

 One or two alternatives

Shall we go by train or by bus?

Would you like coffee, tea or milk? What would you like to drink? Coffee, tea or milk?

WH-QUESTIONS (unlimited)
 Elicit information on a particular part of a sentence.
 Falling intonation.
 Begin with: who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why.
 "WH" element + sentence
 "Wh" element = Object / complement / adverbial subject-operator inversion
 "Wh" element = Subject no subject-operator inversion

I bought a sweater for my sister. What did you buy for your sister? (Object)
The twins told their mother all their secrets. What did they tell their mother?

Susan is very happy. How is Susan? (Complement)

John was absolutely furious. How was John?

My parents visit New York twice a year. How often do your parents visit New York?
I live in London. Where do you live? (Adverbial)

Mary is coming to the party. Who's coming to the party? (Subject)

John left the door open. Who left the door open.

RISING INTONATION
 No change in statement organization. no subject-operator inversion.
 Spoken English (Declarative Questions)

You phoned yesterday evening?  The shops weren't open? 

Mary knows Tom? 

Cátedra Gramática Inglesa I – FFy Letras UNCuyo

QUESTION TAGS
 statement + yes - no question
 operator + pronoun
 tense operator = verb phrase
 pronoun = subject
 rising intonation: verification = question
 falling tone: confirmation = exclamation
 positive statement + negative tag = yes response
 negative statement + positive tag = no response

Joan recognized you, didn't she?  (I assume she recognized you; Am I right?)
The boat hasn't left, has it?  (I assume the boat hasn't left; Am I right?)
That's the postman, isn't it?
You take sugar in tea, don't you?
It's a beautiful day, isn't it? 

 Statement and question Positive.

Rising intonation - conclusion or sarcastic

Your car is outside, is it? 

So that's your game, is it?  You think you're funny, do you? 

ECHO QUESTIONS
 Requests for repetition
 Can't believe

A: I'm getting married B: You're getting married? 
A: Switch the light off, please B: (Switch) the light (off) ? 

 Wh-echo question
 Preceded by apology or mark of politeness

A: She's invited thirteen people for dinner. B: She's invited how many?
A: We're going to Tierra del Fuego on holiday. B: You're going where?
A: Take a look at this! B: Take a look at what?

Cátedra Gramática Inglesa I – FFy Letras UNCuyo

 PARTS OF SPEECH (WORD CLASSES)

a) CLOSED - CLASS ITEMS (minor word-classes)

b) OPEN - CLASS ITEMS (major word-classes)

THE UNITS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR

SIMPLE
I) THE SENTENCE COMPOUND COORDINATION
COMPLEX SUBORDINATION

CO-ORDINATE (coordinating conjunctions -

correlative conjunctions)
II) THE CLAUSE
SUBORDINATE (subordinating conjunctions -
subordinating wh-words)

III) THE PHRASE Noun Phrase - Adjective Phrase - Verb Phrase -

Adverb Phrase - Prepositional Phrase

IV) THE MORPHEME Derivational

Inflectional

Cátedra Gramática Inglesa I – FFy Letras UNCuyo