FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

WATER ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LABORATORY REPORT

Experiment FLOW INTURBINE

PELTON OPEN CHANNEL
Course/ Subject
Code BFC 21201
Section 2

Experiment Date 2/6/2022

Group Name 3

1. TUAN MUHAMMAD FIKRI HAZIQ BIN TUAN

Group Members AZMAN (DF200063)

2. MUHAMMAD IKMAL EIZZAT BIN MOKHTARUDDIN

(DF200091)

3. MUHAMMAD AIDIL BIN ISMAIL (DF200051)

4. ALIF IZZUDIN BIN AMIR (DF200030)

5. AMIRA NADIA BINTI RIZAL (DF200055)

Lecturer / Instructor/
Tutor Name DR SITI HIDAYAH BINTI ABU TALIB

Submission Date 9/6/2022

CLO 1: Report/ Presentation 35%

Marks CLO 2: Equipment Handling 7.5%

CLO 3: Team work/ Interview 7.5%

Received Stamp TOTAL

Examiner Comments
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIROMENT

WATER ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LABORATORY PAPER INSTRUCTION

Subject Code BFC 21201

Experiment Title PELTON

FLOW TURBINE
IN OPEN CHANNEL

Section 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

` declare that this report is my own work and that I have correctly
acknowledged the work of others (if

(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

TUAN MUHAMMAD FIKRI HAZIQ BIN

NAME : AN AZMAN
TU

MATRIC NO : DF200063
DATE : 9/6/2022 ..

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

declare that this report is my own work and that I have correctly
acknowledged the work of others (if

(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

MUHAMMAD IKMAL EIZZAT BIN

NAME : KHTARUDDIN
MO

MATRIC NO : DF200091
DATE : 9/6/2022 ..

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

declare that this report is my own work and that I have correctly
acknowledged the work of others (if

(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME : MUHAMMAD AIDIL BIN ISMAIL

MATRIC NO : DF200051
DATE : 9/6/2022 ..

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

declare that this report is my own work and that I have correctly
acknowledged the work of others (if

(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME : ALIF IZZUDIN BIN AMIR

MATRIC NO : DF200030
DATE : 9/6/2022 ..

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

declare that this report is my own work and that I have correctly
acknowledged the work of others (if

(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME : AMIRA NADIA BINTI RIZAL

MATRIC NO : DF200055
DATE : 9/6/2022 ..

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

OPEN ENDED LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL

LABORATORY
(BFC 21201)

Prepared by:
CLUSTER OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
 Lab Report Rubric (Assessment Form) Laboratory: Hydraulics Laboratory Section :
Group Members:
Subject Code: BFC 21201
1. TUAN MUHAMMAD FIKRI HAZIQ BIN TUAN AZMAN
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Built Experiment Title : 2. MUHAMMAD IKMAL EIZZAT BIN MOKHTARUDD IN
Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL 3. MUHAMMAD AIDIL BIN ISMAIL
PELTON TURBINE 4. ALIF IZZUDIN BIN AMIR
Onn Malaysia
5. AMIRA NADIA BINTI RIZAL

Criteria 1 2 3 4 SCR WT TSCR (%)

Purpose is identified
Purpose is not identified Purpose is somewhat vague
Aim / Purpose Relevant variables are Purpose is identified Purpose is clearly identified 0.3
Relevant variables are not Relevant variables are not
described in somewhat unclear Relevant variables are described Relevant variables are described
described described
manner
All necessary lab materials
Materials There is not a list of the All necessary lab materials All necessary lab materials included 0.3
Most lab materials included included but not listed in any
necessary lab materials particular order included and listed and listed in an organized manner
Procedures are listed in clear steps
Procedures are listed in clear
Each step is numbered and in a
Procedures are listed in clear steps
Procedure Procedures are listed but not in complete sentence 1.6
Procedures are not listed steps but not numbered and/or Each step is numbered and in a
clear steps Diagrams are included to describe the
in complete sentences complete sentence
set-up
Accurate representation of the data
Good representation of the data Accurate representation of the
using tables and/or graphs
using tables and/or graphs data using tables and/or graphs
Data Data lacks precision Graphs and tables are labeled and 1.8
Data is not represented or is not Less than 15% difference with Data is fairly precise
Greater than 20% difference titled
accurate accepted values Less than 10% difference with
with accepted values Data is precise with less than 5%
Precision is acceptable accepted values
difference with accepted values
Trends / patterns are not Trends / patterns are logically Trends / patterns are logically Trends / patterns are logically
Trends / patterns are not
Analysis / analyzed analyzed for the most part analyzed analyzed
analyzed 1.8
Result Answers to questions are Questions are answered in Questions are answered in Questions are answered thoroughly
Questions are not answered
incomplete complete sentences complete sentences and in complete sentences
Analysis is not relevant Analysis is inconsistent Analysis is general Analysis is thoughtful Analysis is insightful
Accurate statement of the
Accurate statement of the results of
results of the lab indicates
lab indicates whether results support
Discussion No discussion was included or A statement of the results is A statement of the results of the whether results support the 1.2
hypothesis
shows little effort and reflection incomplete with little reflection lab indicates whether results hypothesis
Possible sources of error and what
on the lab on the lab support the hypothesis Possible sources of error
was learned from the lab discussed
identified
NAME OF LECTURER : SIGNATURE : DATE TOTAL SCORE :

Note : SCR = SCORE, WT = WEIGHTAGE, TSCR = TOTAL SCORE

 OPEN ENDED LABORATORY
HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL LABORATORY
GROUP MEMBERS. MATRIC NO. CLUSTER OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
1. TUAN MUHAMMAD FIKRI HAZIQ BIN TUAN AZMAN DF200063 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT
2. MUHAMMAD AIDIL BIN ISMAIL DF200051 ENVIRONMENT
3. MUHAMMAD IKMAL EIZZAT BIN MOKHTARUDDIN DF200091
4. ALIF IZZUDIN BIN AMIR DF200030
5. AMIRA NADIA BINTI RIZAL DF200055 SECTION. 2

CLO 2 CLO 3
AVG.
Criteria 5= Very Good 2=Poor 1= Very Poor W AVG. Total W
Total

Student is prepared to Student is aware on the Student is aware on the

Practical Ability in Student is completely handle the equipment procedure but raise some procedure but raise many Student requires
Handling Equipment prepared to handle the effectively with / less questions and start questions and start guidance to conduct
CLO 2 equipment effectively requesting for assistance to requesting for assistance to laboratory
questions have been
raised operate the equipzrient operate the equipment

1. 0.3
2. 0.3
3. 0.3
4. 0.3
5. 0.3
Student can explain the
results of the experiment
in detail and the ways in Student can answer
Student can explain the results Student can answer
Interview / lab report which they relate to the questions about the
of the experiment in detail and some questions about
Student cannot
CLO 3 research focus. The experiment and begins to answer questions
the ways in which they relate the experiment
student can also evaluate make connections about the
to the research focus
the significance of the between the experiment experiment
experiment to the real and its applications
situation
1. 0.3
2. 0.3
3. 0.3
4. 0.3
5. 0.3
 CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 2

1.1 Objective .................................................................................................................................... 2
2.0 Methodology .................................................................................................................................. 2
2.1 Equipment ................................................................................................................................. 2
2.2 Procedure................................................................................................................................... 3
3.0 Result and Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 5
3.1 Table of Data ............................................................................................................................. 5
3.2 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 5
3.2.1 Calculation of Angular Velocity .................................................................................. 5
3.2.2 Calculation of Mechanical Power, P m .............................................................................. 6
3.2.3 Calculation of Water Power, P w ....................................................................................... 6
3.2.4 ............................................................................................... 7
3.2.5 Graph Rotation Power, P m vs Rotational Speed, N ........................................................ 8
3.2.6 Graph Turbine Efficiency, vs Rotational Speed, N ..................................................... 8
3.2.7 Graph Discharge, Q vs Rotational Speed, N ................................................................... 9
4.0 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................... 9
5.0 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 10
1.0 Introduction
Pelton Wheel Turbine is an impulse or a constant pressure water turbine. In this case, water
head is very high. Besides that, Pelton Wheel consists of a wheel called rator. The rator of the
turbine consists of a circular dise with a number of double spoon shaped buckets evenly distributed
over the periphery. The water is the supplied from the reservoir. M such type of turbine, available
hydraulic energy of the water is converted into kinetic energy at atmospheric pressure by nozzle.
The nozzle directs the fixed jet along a tangent to the circle through the centres of the buckets.
Each bucket consists of a splitter which divides the incoming jet into two equal positions and after
flowing round the smooth inner surface of the bucket, the water leaves with a relative velocity
almost opposite in direction to the original jet. The change in momentum of the water jet in passing
over the buckets exerts tangential force on the wheel causing it to rotate. Thus, converts the
hydraulic energy into the mechanical energy by means of the rotating shaft.

1.1 Objective
To determine the operating characteristics of a Pelton Turbine at various speeds.

2.0 Methodology
As for the methodology for the laboratory test, there are equipment and procedures
involved. For this test, we conducted this with various loads and the load is added in ascending
order until the test is completed.

2.1 Equipment

Pelton Tensioning
Turbine screw
 Tachometer Pressure
gauge

Spring Valve
balance controller

Switch pump Ball

stopper

2.2 Procedure
1. The pump was switched on.
2. Make sure that there are no bubbles trap inside the pump.
3. The controller valve was opened until the pressure gauge reach 2.

4. The load for W1 and W2 to 0 have been set.

5. The belt brake was released from the pulley wheel.
6. The reading of RPM that are constant was recorded by using tachometer and the
reading for pressure W2 was calculated.

7. The ball in the turbine drum was released.

8. The time starting was recorded from 0 and until it reaches 5 liters.
9. The ball in the turbine down was lifted up.
10. The belt break has been placed at the pulley wheel.
11. The W1 was set for 100g by using the tensioning screw.
12. The RPM was recorded and the same procedures for the next step were repeated.
13. The load for W1 was increased gradually for 5 to 6 measurements.
14. The ball was lifted up after complete all the procedure.
15. The pump was switched off if the valve controller pressure gauge reading is 0.
3.0 Result and Analysis

3.1 Table of Data

Rotational Speed, N (RPM) 2038.4 1823.4 1413.9 1062.2 641.1 228.9 102.7
213.46 190.95 148.06 111.23 67.14 23.97 10.75
Force, W1 (N) 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
Force, W2 (N) 0 0.7 1.7 2.7 3.7 4.7 5.7
W2 -W1, Fb (N) 0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Drum Radius, r (x 10-4 m) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
Torque, T (Nm) 0.0 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009
Mechanical Power, Pm (W) 0 1.719 1.333 1.001 0.604 0.216 0.097
Volume, V (L) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Volume, V (m3) 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005
Time, t (s) 19.18 19.42 19.65 20.34 20.79 19.18 19.44
Flowrate, Q (x 10-4 m3/s) 2.61 2.57 2.54 2.46 2.41 2.61 2.57
Water Power, Pw (W) 51.21 50.42 49.83 48.27 47.28 51.21 50.42
Efficiency, 0.00 3.41 2.68 2.07 1.28 0.42 0.19

3.2 Data Analysis

3.2.1 Calculation of Angular Velocity

= 213.6 rad/s = 111.23 rad/s

= 190.95 rad/s = 67.14 rad/s

= 148.06 rad/s = 23.97 rad/s

 = 10.75 rad/s

3.2.2 Calculation of Mechanical Power, Pm

where T = 0.009 Nm

3.2.3 Calculation of Water Power, Pw

where,
3.2.4
3.2.5 Graph Rotation Power, Pm vs Rotational Speed, N

Rotation Power vs Rotational Speed

2
1.8
1.6
Rotation Power, Pm (W)

1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Rotational Speed, N (rpm)

3.2.6 Graph Turbine Efficiency, vs Rotational Speed, N

Turbine Efficiency, vs Rotational Speed, N

4

3.5
(%)

2.5
Turbine Efficiency,

1.5

0.5

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Rotational Speed, N (rpm)
3.2.7 Graph Discharge, Q vs Rotational Speed, N

Discharge, Q vs Rotational Speed, N

2.65

2.6
Discharge, Q (x 10-4 m3/s)

2.55

2.5

2.45

2.4

2.35
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Rotational Speed, N (rpm)

4.0 Discussion
According to the results, when the speed decreases, the output power increases till the
experiment is completed. This occurs when a load is supplied to the turbine, causing friction
between the belt and the wheel, resulting in torque and the generation of output power.

There are a few human mistakes that occurred throughout the experiment's conduction.
First, there is water leaking from the water meter, causing an error in the amount of water collected.
Next, parallax error occurs while obtaining a reading from a water meter or pressure gauge because
the eye level is not perpendicular to the reading level.

To avoid this issue, make sure your eye level is perpendicular to the reading level. This
will give you the most accurate reading. Also, make sure to follow the method exactly as written
to prevent making any mistakes.
5.0 Conclusion
Based on the results of the experiment, it can be inferred that the load, flow rate and
rotational speed all have a significant impact on the Pelton Turbine performance. While the load
has an impact on the wheel speed. When the load on the wheel grows, the wheel speed decreases
until it reaches a point where it fails when the load is too great. The combination of flow rate and
jet velocity also influences the work input. The quicker the flowrate, the lower the jet velocity.
Appendix