SELECTED SOLVED EXAMPLES

LEVEL-1

ExAMPLE 1. The motion of a particle along

eeribed by the function (2t- 3) where straight line is
x =
a
c) When velocity of the particle is zero,
tis in seconds.
r is in metres and v 32-12 =0 t= t 2 s
x(-2) = 20 +(-2)- 12 (- 2) . x(-2) = 36 m
(aFind the position, velocity and acceleration at f = 2s
x (2) = 20+ 2 - 12 (2) x (2) = 4 m
() Find velocity of the particle at origin
Solution.
(a) x = (21 - 3 EXAMPLE 4. The displacement x metres of a particle moving
x (2) =I m in a straight line at time i seconds is given by x = 2P-92+
dx
v= dt 4 (21 -3) 121. Find
(2) =4m/s a) the velocity and acceleration at t = 1 sec

dv (6) the time when the particle stops momentarily

a -8
dt a (2) =8 m/s (c) the distance between two stops
(6)At origin, x = (2 1- 3)2 = 0 t = 1-5 s Solution.
v(1-5) = 4 (2x 15 - 3) = 0
Hence, velocity of particle at origin is zero.
(a) v=62-18+12. a=12r-18
v(1)=6x 14- 18 x
1 +12=[0.
EXAMPLE 2. x-coordinate of a particle moving along this axis a (1) = 12 x 1 - 18 = - 6 m/s
is x 2+t+2r. Here, r is in metre and t in second. Find
(a position of particle from where it started its journey 6) If t = time when the particle stops momentarily, then, v (t,) =0

) initial velocity of particle and 6to- 18 + 12 =0 -1) Go -2) =0

(c) acceleration of particle at t = 2 s. 1s,2s
Solution.x =2+ P+23 (c)x(1) =2 x 1-9x 12+ 12 x 1+1 =6m
a)The position of particle when it started its journey, 23-9x22+
x (2) =2 x 12 x 2 + 1 = 5 m
(ie., at t = 0), is |x (0) =2 m| Hence, the distance between two stops = I 6 - 5I =|1 m

b)v 21 +612 EXAMPLE 5. The velocity of a

dt particle moving in the positive
Hence, initial velocity of particle, v (0) = 0 direction of X-axis varies as v =
ar where a is a positive
constant. Assuming that at t = 0, the particle is at r = 0, find
(c) a - 2+ 12 (a)the time dependence of the velocity and the acceleration of
Hence, acceleration of particle at t = 2 s is a (2) = 26 m/s*| the particle
(b) the mean velocity of the particle averaged over the time
ExXAMPLE 3. Displacement time equation of a particle moving that the particle takes to cover the first s meters of the path.

20 + - 12 Solution.
along x-axis is x =

(a) Find, position and velocity of particle at time t 0. =

dx
6) State whether the motion is uniformly accelerated or not. (a) v= o/2
dt
e) Find position of particle when velocity of particle is zero.
Solution.
2 x =at x= (at/2)
(a)x=20+B- 12 v= = 31? -12
dt

(0)=-12 m/s
0 )(0) =20 m and

b) a=6t
dt
Since, acceleration is not aconstant, the motion is not uniformly (b) x()-x(0)_(au/2_a. -

I-0
accelerated.
2/29
EXAMPLE 6. A particle is thrown up with an initial speed vo* respectively, show that the velocity of the particle at the midpoint
t
There is a resisting accelerationa = - kv due to air, which is
proportional to the instantaneous velocity y of the particle, k ofAB is u2 +v2/2.
being a constant. Show that the time taken to reach the highest

point is given by h
FIGURE 2.55
dv
Solution. a dvkv
di
8 8+kv
-dt Solution. If the acceleration is a, then
2 - 2 as
for path AC,
and for path B > C - 2 2 as
Ing+k) 2-u= v- y2 .V=u+v/2
ExAMPLE 10. A particle starts with an initial velocity and
EXAMPLE 7. A particle moving in a straight line is subject to passes successively over the two halves of a given distance with
a resistance which produces the retardation kv', where u is the
acceleration aj and a2 respectively. Show that the final velocity
velocity, r is the instantaneous velocity and k is a
initial constant. is the same as if the whole distance is covered with a uniform
Show that the velocity v and the time t are respectively given in
terms of the distance s by the equations acceleration t a )
2
and Solution. Let the velocities be as shown in fig. 2.56.
1+ kus

B
Solution. a= -kv
ds 0 u

sl2 s/2
| kus FIGURE 2.56

ds
d kus)ds = udt Path A> B s/2
0 0 Path B C s/2
d2
Equations are v2 - u =2 aj s/2 and 2-22a, s/2
S*
kus
On adding the two equations, we get y-u4
EXAMPLE 8. A racing car moving with constant acceleration Hence, the final velocity is same if the whole distance is covered
covers two successive kilometers in 30 s and 20s respectively.
Find the acceleration of the car. with uniform acceleration
2
Solution. Let u = initial velocity a point A
EXAMPLE 11. A block moves in a straight line with velocity
for time o Then, its velocity becomes 2 v for next 4 time. Finally
B its velocity becomes 3 v for time T. If average velocity during the
30s 20s complete journey was 25 v, then find T in terms of l
1000m 1000m Solution.
FIGURE 2.54
t C

Path A B 1000 m 30 s
Path A >C a 2000 m 50 s S1 $2 S3
FIGURE 2.57
The equalions are 1000= u x 30+ax 304
2
Total displacement 25v=T;*
Average velocity = -

2000=u x 50+ ax 50* Total Time oto+T

and
2:5 v (2 o+ T) =vio+ 2 vwo+3 v T= v(% + 2 0 +3 T)
On eliminating u from the above equations, we get

a = 2/3 ms2| 5 + 2-5 T=3o+3 T T-4

EXAMPLE 12. A parachutist after bailing out falls 52 m
ExAMPLE 9. A particle moves in a straight line with uniform without friction. When the parachute opens, she decelerates at
acceleration. If u and v be its velocities at two points A and B 21 ms and reaches the ground with a speed of 29 ms,
 How long has been the parachutist in of a building&
the air? from the top
(h)Atwhat height did the fall begin? DXAMPLE 15. A ball is dropped window,

ball takes 0-50s to fall past the

3 m length of a
Solution. Let the parachutist be in air for time to and the fall he of the building
which is some distance below the top
from height h. The time taken to
descend 52 begin as it passed
the top of
the
m is (a) How fast was the ball going
2x52/g = 3-22s window?
at which
from the point
(b) How 1 is the top of the window
the velocity attainedin this time is
u
=3-22 x 10 32-2 ms the ball was dropped? 10 m/s*
The further time taken to descend the balance due to gravity be
distance (h 52) m is Assume acceleration g in free fall
3.22) s. During this
period,
the initial
-

velocity is u 32-2 ms-1, the downwards.

Cvelocity is v = 2.9 ms and the
=

acceleration isa =- 2-1 ms2. Solution. Let be the top of the building
point A
from where the ball
window
bottom of the
From v= U + al, we have IS dropped Let B and C be the top and
respectively.
2.9 32-2-2-1 -3-22)
From - u = 2 as, we have =1717s V
S

10 h
292 32-2 =2-21) (h - 52) A B VB
h 297 m AC 0 10 h+3 t+0-5

EXAMPLE 13. A balloon is going upwards with a constant Equations are

welocity 15 m/s. When the balloon is at 50 m height, a stone is h 0+ 5t2 ...(1)
dronped from the balloon. How long will stone take to reach the Vg 0 + 10 .(2)
ground? (Take g = 10 m/s2) B
h+3 =0+5 (t + 0-5) ...3)
Solution. When the stone is dropped from the balloon, its velocity
From (1) and (3), 3m
is equal to the velocity of balloon which is 15 m/s. Taking downward
3 =5 [(t+ 05)-P]= 5 (t+ 0-25)
direction as positive, for the stone,
u = - 15 m/s, a = 10 m/s< and s= 50m. t = 0-35 s.
FIGURE 2.59
(a) From (2), V = 10t=|3-5 ms
From S=u +ar, we have
(6) From (1), h =5P=5 x0:35 =0-6125 m
s0--15t+x10xr2 - 3 t- 10 = 0
EXAMPLE 16. A stone is a rising balloon when
dropped from
the balloon is at a height of 30 m above the ground. The stone
t - 5 ) (t +2) = 0. reaches the ground in 10 sec. What was the velocity of the balloon
at the moment the stone was dropped. (Take g = 10 ms2)
EXAMPLE 14. A ball is dropped from the top of a tower of Solution. Here, initial point is A and final point is B
height h. It covers a distance h/2 in the last second of its motion.
How long does the ball remain in air? (Take g = 10 ms)
Solution. Let the ball remain in air for t sec U4

30 m
h/2 t-1

B B

h/2
Jc. FIGURE 2.60
FIGURE 2.58
Let A be the origin with X-axis downwards.
S
Let the velocity of baloon be u upwards when the stone is dropped.
Path A B 0 10 hl2
h t
Path AC 0 10
Path A B 10 30 10
The equations are h/2 = 0+ x 10 x (t- 1)*
The equation is 30 = (- u) x 10+ x 10 x 102

and h =0+5x 10xP u 47 m/s

On dividing first equation by second equation, we get
EXAMPLE 17. A ball is thrown upwards from the ground with
t = 34 s an initial speed of u. The ball is at a height of 80 m
at two times
the time interval being 6 s. Find u. Take g = 10 m/s2.
 EXAMPLE 19. A particle moves in a straight line with a
Solution. s =ut +ar
2
constant velocity of 6 ms for 2 sec. It then moves with a constant
retardation of 2 ms for 8 sec. Draw a velocity vs time graph for
For path A+B and A C .
10 sec of motion and find
10
80=ut+x(-10)2 =5P- ut +80 0 (a) the velocity of the particle after
sec

(b) displacement and the total distance covered by the particle

in 10 sec.
B Solution. The graph is shown in fig. 2.63.
(a) Clearly, from the graph, the velocity of the particle

after 10 sec is-10 ms

80m
(b) Area (1) = 6 x 2 = 12
U,

v(ms)

FIGURE 2.61
Let the roots ofthese eqns be s and
where, = time taken from A B and t time taken from A >
= C 10

Then '1+ u/5 and 2 80/5 16 =

45
It is given that 2-16

Now. +2 -(-)=4h- 4 -62 - 4x16

-10F
On solving. we get u 50 ms- FIGURE 2.63

EXAMPLE 18. BallA is dropped from the top of a building x6x3 =9

and at the same instant, ball B is thrown vertically upward from Area (2) =
the ground. When the balls collide, they were moving in opposite
directions and the speed of A is twice the speed of B. At what Area (3) =,x10 x 5 =25
fraction of the height of the building did the collision occur? Displacement = 12 + 9- 25 = - 4 m
Solution. Letfbe the fraction of the height of the building did the Distance 12 +9 + 25 =|46 m
collision occurs.
EXAMPLE 20. A train starts moving on a straight road, first
with acceleration a = 5 m/s*, then uniformly, and finally
Ball A 0 2v h (1- decelerating at the same rate, comes to rest. The total timne
Ball B V -8 hf motion equals 25 sec. The average velocity during that time is
The equations are 2 v= 0+8t ...(1) 72 km/hr. How long does the train move uniformly.
Solution. The velocity time graph of the motion of the train is given
hd-f)=0+g ...(2) in fig. 2.64.

vms'
0

(s)

25-240
B FIGURE 2.64
FIGURE 2.62 The trainaccelerates for time and attains velocity vo, then moves
uniform velocity for time t^ and finally decelerates for time t3.
hf = + g t 4 .(3) Since, the acceleration and deceleration are equal,

On dividing eqn (2) by (3), we get

o
Also, +2t '3 =25 25-2 0
Since, the slope of the line in velocity time graph is equal to
2v+8 gt t gt 2 acceleration of the body, we have

tan =5 Vo S5 o
2-2/f=f f=23
 he area under the velocity-time graph is
Displacement = Average velocityequal
1s
to the its velocity
and
x time displacement The body B will catch
be able to body A as long as

greater or equal to velocity of A

=
20 x 25 =
500 m
12 + at 10 a 2 2+ at
i.e., 12 +a (t
-

10) 2 2 + at Or

5 6 o+(5 5) (25- 2 t)+ th) o = 500

Or 10 a S 10 max1 ms2|
5-1251 + 500 = 0 (%- 5) (t% - 20) = 0
LXAMPLE 24. A train, travelling at 20 km/hr is approaching
the
Hence, o sec or o = 20 see a platform. A bird is sitting on a pole on
the platform. When
distance of 2 km from brakes a r e apPplied
pole,
to 20 sec is not possible. So, to = 5 sec. train is at a
it so that the
train's
which produce a uniform deceleration in
Therefore, the train moves uniformly for that instant, the bird
nearest point would stop at the pole. At
the nearest
25-2 = 25
10 =15 sec lies towards the train at 60 km/hr and after touching
-

and then flies towards

point on the train flies back to the pole
Assume bird's speed to
ExAMPLE 21. A lift is moving with uniform the train and continues repeating itself.
upward how much distance will
the
acceleration of 2 m/s*. A ball is dropped from a height 2 metre be constant throughout, calculate

from the floor of lift. Find the time after which ball will strike bird have flown before the train stops?
the floor. 20 km/hr, = 0 and s = 2 km.
Solution. For the train, u = v

(Take g= 10 m/s)
Solution. Consider the downward direction as positive. Then. the From , we have
2s 2x2 0-2 hr
u+v 20 +0
acceleration of lift and ball are respectively
a = - 2 msand a, = 10 ms The bird travels for this time at a constant speed of 60 km/hr.

4 p 0 , ab a a = 10- (-2) = 12 m s , shi = 2 m The distance flown by the bird in this time is 60 x 0-2 = |12 km|
Here

2-x12x EXAMPLE 25. A helicopter takes off along the vertical with
In a certain
an acceleration of 3 m/sec2 and zero initial velocity.

time, the pilot switches off the engine. At the point of take off,
sec the sound dies away in 30 sec. Determine the velocity of the
helicopter at the moment when its engine is switched off, assuming
the velocity of sound is 320 m/s.
ExAMPLE 22. A passenger is standing d meteres away from Solution. Initial velocity and acceleration of helicopter are
a bus. The bus begins to move with constant acceleration a. To
respectively u 0 and a= 3 m/s<. Sound of engine is heard till
=

catch the bus, the passenger runs at a constant speed v towards 30 sec of take off. Let h be the height and v be the velocity of
the bus. What must be the minimum speed of the passenger so
helicopter at that time.
that he may catch the bus.
The last sound emitted by engine takes time (30 ) seconds to
Solution. As long as the speed of the passenger is more than the
reach the take off point after travelling distance h.
speed of bus, his distance from the bus shall decrease. When he
catches the bus (while running with minimum speed), the speed of
the bus also becomes equal to v. h=x32 =320 x(30-)
Here, pb0-a =-a, p b V v =0 3 P + 640 t- 640 x 30 = 0 = (80/3) s.
p b V - 0 = v, pbd
V = u + a t = 0 +3x 80/3 = | 80 m/s|
Now,
-pb2apb *pb EXAMPLE 26. The driver of a train moving at a speed '
02-2=2(-a) d sights another train at a distance d, ahead of him moving in the
same direction with a slower speed v2. He applies the brakes
EXAMPLE 23. A body A begins to move with the initial velocity and gives a constant retardation a to his train. Show that there
acceleration a. After will be no collision if d > ( - v,/2 a.
U=2 m/s and continues to move at constant
the body A begins to move, 10 sec later, a body B departs from Solution. Let the two trains be 1 and 2.
12 m/s and moves
with an initial velocity u
=
the same point Then, 412 4-u2 V1- V2
with the same acceleration a. What is the maxinmum acceleration
As long as the speed
of train l is greater then the
aat which the body can overtake the body A? speed of train 2,
the distance between them decreases and there is
a chance of
Solution. collision.
u= 2 m/s Let S12 displacement
A
of train I w.r.t. train 2 when the train 1 also
attains speed v2.
u= 12 m/s Here,
B-
t - 10 V120, a 1 2 a 1 - a = (-a) - 0 = - a

FIGURE 2.65 Since, v2-42 22 S12, we have

 V V2 d2
0-(-v,) = 2 (-a) S12 or
S12 2a

Hence, there will be no collision if d> S12 or d> | Lmax

2a
FIGURE 2.66
ExAMPLE 27. Two cars approach each other on a straight
M12V--V2) = V1 + V2 V12 0 ,
road. Car A moves at 16 m/s and car B moves at 8 m/s. When
a 1 2 = - a ) -a2 =- (aj + a2), S12 max
they are 90 m apart, both drivers apply their brakes. Car A slows
down at 2 m/s, while car B slows down at 1 m/s*. Where and
when do they collide?
From -u2 2a122-we get
Solution. Here, «AB = uA - Mg = 16-(-8) = 24 m/s 0 - ( t V2= -2 (a1 +a) max
AB A-4g (-2) (1)
= -

= -3 m/s2
(+
Since, SAB "AB+"An', we have max2 a, +a,)
Alternative Solution
90-241-3)2 Ift is the time taken by the bodies to meet, then

- 16 1+ 60 = 0
=6 sec
A a , t = 16x6+ ;-2)x6=60m P-2 (v + V2) I + 2l=0
(a +a)
Since t is real, Discriminant 2 0
The cars collide after 3 sec at a distance of 60 m from the initial
position of car A.
4 (v + V)-4 (aj + a) x 21z0

ExAMPLE 28. A car is speeding at 25 m/s. A police jeep starts

from rest just as the car passes and accelerates at a constant max
rate of 5 m/s. 2(ta) 2(t a)
(a) When does the police jeep catch the speeding car?
ExAMPLE 30. Two cars are travelling towards each other on
(b) How fast is the police jeep travelling when it catches upP
a straight road at velocity 10 m/s and 12 m/s respectively. When
with the car? they are 150 metre apart, both drivers apply their brakes and
(c) How far have the car travelled when the police jeep catches each car decelerates at 2 m/s* until it stops. How far apart ill
the car? they be when they have both come to a stop?
Solution. Here, u c = u, = uc = 0-25 = - 25 m/s,

5 m/s,
aJca-ac =5 -0 Sc0 Solution. From -u = 2 as, we have s=
=

2a
a) Since, yc ="jci + " j c , we have The cars moving with velocities 10 m/s and 12 m/s stops after
covering respective distances

0--2515)2 .t= 10sec 0-10= 25 m and

02-122
= 36 m
2(-2) 2-2)
(b) v= u, + a,t = 0+5x 10 =50 m/s
The distance between them after they both have come to stop is

(c) s c u c l = 25 x
10 =|250 m I50 (25+ 36) =
89 m
ExAMPLE 29. Two bodies move towards each other ina
EXAMPLE 31. A balloon is moving vertically upward with
straightline at initial velocities vj and v2 and with constant
constant acceleration (g/2) in upward direction. Particle A' was
accelerations aj and a2 directed against the corresponding
dropped from the balloon and 2 sec later another particle "B'
velocities at the initial instant. What must be the maximum
was dropped from the same balloon. Assume that motion of the
initial separation may between the bodies for which they meet balloon remains unaffected. Find the separation distance
during the motion?
between A' and °B', 6 sec after dropping the particle B'. None
Solution. The distance between the bodies first decreases, becomes of the particles reaches the ground during the time interval under
minimum and then increases. For the bodies to meet, the final consideration (g = 10 m/sec-)
distance between them must become zero and the initial distance Solution. Let us consider the motion of particle B with respect to
must be less than a certain value. It's value is
maximum if the relative
particle A. Also, Let us consider upward direction as positive.
of the two bodies becomes zero when they meet.
velocity Then, at 0, BA=0
shall write all variables of
Assuming particle 2 to be at rest, we
During = 0 to 2 sec, aBA 8/2--8) = 3 g/2 =15 m/s
1 w.r.t. particle 2. Taking right direction (refer fig. 2.66) as
particle 0
positive, we have During =2 to 8 sec, aBA =-8) -(-8) =
 B w.r.t. A. 6
18
For = 0 to 2 sec
BA 15 S 2 From (1), (2) and (3),
50
(V- 20) x60= (V + 20)x 0
For 2 to 8 sec
VBA 0
S2 6 V T = 18 V- 360 = 6 V + 120
On solving, we get

BA0+ 15 x 2 = 30 m/s V 40 km/hr| and T 9 min

for which
=0+05) x22 =
30m ExAMPLE 34. There are
Show that the s u m
two angles of projection
of the
the horizontal range is the s a m e .
2 VBA Xx 6 = 30 x 6 180 m
is independent of
the angle
maximum heights of these two angles
Therefore, at t= 8 sec, the distance between A and B is of projection.
a and 90° -

a for which
Soution. There are two angle of projection,
SBAS1 +S2 = 30 + 180 = | 210 m
the horizontal range R is same.

u sin a
EXAMPLE 32. A boat is travelling upstream at 14 km/h with
respect to the water of the river. The water itself is flowing at
Now. H ()= 28
u cos oa
9 km/h with respect to the ground. u sin (90°-a)
H (90°-o) =
and 2g
(a)What is the velocity of the boat with respect to the ground 28
(b) A child on the boat walks from front to rear at 6 km/h with u2
H (90° a) =
(sin a +cos a) =

respect to the boat. What is the child's velocity with respect H () + -

28 2g
to the ground?
Clearly, the sum of maximum heights is independent of the angle of
Solution. projection.
(a) Let the water be flowing along x-axis. of time for
Show that there two values
ExAMPLE 35. are

Then. = (9 km/h)í and -14 km/h)î at the height. Also show mathe-
which a projectile is same
time of
matically that the sum of these two times is equal to the
Since. w we have flight.
vertical direction is
Solution. The equation of projectile along the
=9+ (-14) = - (5 km/h)?.
given by y= (usin 6)-gr2
2
i.e.. 5 km/h upstream Since, this is a in t, it has two roots and hence,
quadratic equation
two values of time for which the projectile
is at the same
there are

b) (6 km/h)î height.
Let these times be t1 and t
Since, T-V,, wehave From the above equation, we have gtr -

(2 u sin 0) r + 2 y = 0

e b =-5) +6= (l km/h)?. Sum of the roots,

2u sin T
4t
Hence, the sum of these two times is equal to the time of fligh.
i.e..1 km/h downstream

Two towns A and B are connected by regular EXAMPLE 36. A baseball is thrown toward a player with an
a
EXAMPLE 33.
direction every Tminutes. initial speed of 20 m/s and making an angle 45° with the
bus service with a bus leaving in either
A man cycling with a speed of 20 km/hr
in the direction A to B horizontal. At the moment the ball is thrown, the player is 50 mn
min in the direction of from the thrower. At what speed and in what direction must he
notices that a bus goes past him every 18
direction. What is run to catch the ball at the same height at which it was released?
his motion, and every 6 min in the opposite
what speed (assumed (Take g = 10 ms-2)
the period T of the bus service and with
road?
constant) is a bus travelling on the
km/hr. Solution. Range, R =sin 20=-20 x sin (2x 45°) = 40 m
Solution. Let the speed of the bus be V 8 10
The period of bus service is Tmin (T760) hr =

he distance between two buses (in km) going in a given direction Time of flight, T = 2usin 2x 20x sin4 =2/2 sec
10
IS
..(1) Player has to run a distance of 50- 40 10 m with the speed
d = VT/60
Velocity of man is 20 km/hr. 10/22 =354 ms towards the ball.
motuon,
TOr the bus moving in direction of his
d = (V- 20)x 18/60 (2) ExaMPlLE 37. Fig. 2.67 shows two positions A and B at the
to his motion,
same height h above the ground. If the maximum height of the
ror the bus moving in direction opposite projectile is H, then determinethe time t elapsed between the
...(3) positions A and B in terms of H.
d = (V+ 20)x 6/60
 For the path A > B
v0+8gt =0 + 10x3 = 30 ms
H
tur-h)
B
-0-2gH 3030 =45m
O Since, the body strikes the ground at 45°, V,= Vy
FIGURE 2.67 u = v, =|30 ms-
Also, u = Vx

Solution. Time of flight between 0 and C is

ExAMPLE 40. A projectile shot at an angle of 45° above the
T- 2 g - 8H horizontal strikes a building 30 m away at a point 15 m above
8 8 V8 the point of projection. Find
(Take g = 10 m/s)
Similarly, time of flight between A and B is | 1 =(H-h) (a) the speed of projection
(b) the magnitude and direction of velocity of projectile when
ExAMPLE 38. A ball thrown from the ground passes through it strikes the building.
a point P after 4 s, and strikes the ground after 5 s from the Solution. Let P be the point on the building where the projectile
instant it passes through the point P. Assuming acceleration due
strikes.
to gravity to be 9.8 m/s", find height of the point P above the
ground.
YA
Solution. TAB = 4 + 5 = 9 sec and TPo = 5 - 4 = 1 sec

We use the relation between maximum height, Hmax

nax
and time of
flight, T y= 15m

A9=45°
X
O x 30mn
H
FIGURE 2.70
(a) Using equation of trajectory,

FIGURE 2.68
y= (tan ) x-| we havee
T=2 4/g 4 g TI2 2u cos0

- 28 28 8
15 (tan 45°) x 30- 2cos2 45 30
The height of point P above the ground is 9000
or 15 30- u = 10/6ms-
u
H-h=R- - -Tro () AtP, v, = u cos 0 =10v6 x cos 45° = 103 ms

98(g-1)=98 m =(u
- ( u sin) = 2-8)y

sin8) - 2 8y
ExAMPLE 39. A body is thrown horizontally from the top of a
tower and strikes the ground in 3 sec at an angle 45° with the
horizontal. Find the height of the tower and the speed with which
it was projected. (Take g = 10 ms) -106-2x 2x10x15 =0
Solution.
, = 00
Hence, at P, projectile is at its highest point and moving
X
horizontally with speed 103ms-

ExAMPLE 41. A fighter plane flying horizontally at an altitude

of 15 km with speed of 720 kmh- passes directly overhead an
H anticraft gun. At what angle from the vertical should the gun be
fixed for the shell with muzzle speed 400 ms- to hit the plane?
Solution. Speed of plane, v = 720 km h = 200 ms-
Muzzle speed of shell, u = 400 ms
y For the shell to hit the plane, their horizontal velocities must be
FIGURE 2.69
same.
1.C.
V=u Sin 6 EXAMPLE 44. A projectile is launched with an initial speed Yo
near the
above the horizontal. For short distance
at an angle e, a
or
200 400 sin 0
30 top of its trajectory, the parabolic path may be approximated as a

Note that Max. height of shel, in terms of

circular arc. Find the equation for radius r of this are

and g, just the projectile passes through the top-most

usin (90°-0) o» o as

H =
point.
28 Solution. At the highest point, velocity v and acceleration a are

perpendicular to each other given by

4002 sin2 60 V = Vo cos Bo and a = 8

2x10
Using the concept of normal acceleration,

20003m =346 km a we get g =o

Cos ,)2
FIGURE 2.71
Since, H > 15 km, the shell will hit the plane.
Hence, the radius of the arc at the highest point is

EXAMPLE 42. A food package was dropped from an aircraft v cos

flying horizontally. 6s before it hit the ground, it was at a height
8
of 780 m, and had travelled a distance of 1 km horizontally.
Find the speed and the altitude of the aircraft.
EXAMPLE 45. If at any point, the velocity of a particle is
u

(Take g = 10 m/s) the horizontal, then show that it

and is directed at an angle a to
Solution. From B to C along vertical, will be moving at right angles to its initial direction after a time
u
-cosec a.
780-v, x6+gx6 Vy= 100 m/s.
Solution. Let P be the point where the velocity v , is perpendicular
From A to B, along vertical,
to the velocity u at point O.

YA

-u
1000 m
6 sec
780 m
X

FIGURE 2.72 FIGURE 2.73

y=0+g t=v,/g 100/10 =10

= s.
Then, in vector form, velocity at point O,
From A to B, along horizontal, 1000 = ut = u x 100
u = (u cos a) i+ (u sin u) j
4 =100 m/s Velocity at point P is given by

From A to C, along vertical, V u+at = (u cosa i +usin a j)+ (0i - 8 j)

=
(u cos a) i +(u sin a -

8t)j
h=(t+ 6) =x10x(10 +6) =1280 m
=|1-28 km
Since, u is perpendicular to v , we have u v = 0

[ ( u cosa)i +(u sina) jl{ucosa)i+(u sin a - gr)j) = 0

particle starts form rest and
moves on a
EXAMPLE 43. A
3-0 rad/s<. An
curve with constant angular acceleration of
ucos a+ u sin- a - u sin a gt = 0
instant and records
observer starts his stopwatch at a certain u cosec a
That the particle covers an angular span of 120
rad in the last4 u u sin a gt
moved from the instant when
beconds. How long the particle had
the observer started his stopwatch?
had moved.
XAMPLE 46. A boy of height 1-5 m, making move on a skate-
olution. Let t be the time for which the particle board due east with velocity 4 ms, throws a coin
vertically up
Using (1/2) au, we have with a velocity of 3
ms ' relative to himself. (Take g =10 m/s
(a) Find the total displacement of the coin relative to
12(%-2) ground
120 al-% -4 ] =x 3(8t0
-

16) =

till it comes to the hand of the

boy.
b) What is the maximum height attained
by the coin w.r.t to
o 12 s ground?
Solution. 2u sin a. 2u sin B
Now, and 2 =

3 m/s
h 2u
4 m/s sin a
8
sin B
4m/s 1-5 m
777777777777777777777777*i7*N7777Í77
+1 sin a+sinB
FIGURE 2.74
The vertical velocity of coin is
u, 3 ms =
sina-sin-B sin(-B)sin (a+B)
sin a+sin B sin a +sin- (90°-oa)
(a) The time taken by coin to come to the hand of the boy is
sin(a-B)sin 90 =
sin (a -B)
T =-2y L= 06 sec .
sin a+ cos a
10
8

The total displacement of the coin till this point is

sin (a-)
+sin (a +B)
u, T=4x 0-6 =|24 m
ExAMPLE 49. Two bodies were thrown simultaneously from
u 32 the same point: one, straight up, and the other, at an angle of
(b) h= = 0-45 m
3 0 ° to the horizontal. The initial velocity of each body is
28 2x10
equal to u = 40 m/s. Neglecting the air drag, find the distance
The maximum height attained w.r.t. ground is between the bodies t = 2 sec later.
Solution. Both bodies have same acceleration (equal to g downwards)
15+h = 15 +045 =195 m and hence, their relative acceleration is zero. Therefore, the
velocity
ExAMPLE 47. From a point on the ground at a distancea of second body w.r.t. the first body is constant. It is equal to the
from the foot of a vertical wall, a ball is thrown at an initial velocity of second body w.r.t. the first body given by
angle 0
which just clears the top of the wall and afterwards strikes the
ground at a distance b on the other side. Find the height of the V2421u cosef + (u sin 9-u)í
wall.
where, X axis is along the horizontal and Yaxis is vertically upwards.
Its magnitude is

V2= y(u cos 92 + u(sin -12 = u 2 -2sin 9

40x 2(1- sin 30°) = 40m

The distance between them after 2 sec is

2x2= 40 x2=[80m
b B
R ExAMPLE 50. In the given fig. 2.76, points A and C are on the
horizontal ground and A and B are in same vertical plane.
FIGURE 2.75 Simultaneously bullets are fired from A, B and C and they colide
at D. The bullet at B is fired horizontally with speed of
Solution. Let h = height of the wall.
(72/5) km/hr and the bullet at C is projected vertically
with velocity of (54/5) km/hr. Find upward
Using equation of trajectory, y =xtan 6 velocity of the bullet projected
from A in m/s.
between points O and A, we get B
72/5) km/hr
ab tan 6
h= a tan h=-
a +b

EXAMPLE 48. A particle is projected so as to have a range R on

the horizontal plane through the point of projection. If a, B are the
possible angles of projection and 1, 2 the corresponding times of (54/5) km/hr
CI
A
night, show that sinsin(a-B) Ground

sin (o+B) FIGURE 2.76

Solution. Vg = (72/5) km/hr = 4 m/s
Solution. Since, the range R is same for angles of projection c and
B, we have + B = 90°. and
vc (54/5) km/hr = 3 m/s.
As the acceleration of all there bullets is same (i.e., g downwards), d and s 30- 10 =10 mn.
the relative acceleration between any two bullets is zero. For al1 The time taken to collide is
three bullets to collide, the horizontal velocity of A must be same as
that of B and the vertical velocity of A must be same as that of C. 10

EXAMPLE 51. Two stones A and B are projected simul- d=103 m and =2/3 sec
taneously as shown in fig. 2.77. It has been observed that both the two towers
EXAMPLE 53. Two particles are projected from
the stones reach the ground at the same place after 7 sec of their What should be value of
as shown in the figure.
simultaneously,
projection. Determine difference in their vertical components d for their collision.
of initial velocities in m/s. (g = 98 m/s)
10 m/s B
2
10/2 m/s
BA 20 m
45

10 m

491
FIGURE 2.79

of A w.r.t. B along horizontal is

Solution. The relative velocity
wwww.N
=10/2 cos 45° +10 = 20m/s
ww.

FIGURE 2.77
and along vertical is v =10/2 sin 45°= 10m/s
Solution. As the acceleration of both stones is same (i.e., 8
Their relative acceleration is zero.
In the
downwards), the relative acceleration between them is zero.
10m
49 m and time taken Along vertical, displacement is h =
vertical direction, the relative displacement is
is 7 s. So, the relative velocity is 49/7 7 m/s. t=hlv, 10/10 1 s.
velocities
Hence, the difference in their vertical components of initial
Along horizontal, d= V,t= 20 xl =|20 m
is 7 m/s.

situated at distance EXAMPLE 54. To a man running upwards on the hill, the
EXAMPLE 52. Two towers AB and CD are
rain appears to fall vertically downwards with 4 m/s. The velocity
d apart as shown in fig. 2.78. AB is 20 m high and CD is 30 m
from the top of AB
high from the ground. An object is thrown vector of the man w.rt. earth is =
(2i+3j) m/s. If the man
towards CD. Simul
horizontally with a velocity of 10 m s speed, determine the
from the top of CD at an starts running down the hill with the same
taneously, another object is thrown relative speed of the rain w.r.t. man.
with the same magnitude
angle 60° to the horizontal towards AB
of initial velocity as that of the first object. The two objects move Solution.
in the same vertical plane and collide
in mid-air. Calculate the
distance d between the towers and the
time taken to collide.

m
X

30 m
FIGURE 2.80
20 m

D
While running upwards, m =V
B
FIGURE 2.78
horizontal
+Vp=(2 î+3j)+(-4)i=(2î-)m/s
Solution. The relative velocity of the
two particles along While running downwards,
and vertical directions are respectively

60° 15 ms and v,
=
10sin 60°= 53 ms- - - = (2?-)--2?-3) =(4î+2)m/s
= 10 + 10 cos =

The relative speed of rain w.r.t. man is

is zero and the relative
The relative acceleration along both directions
vertical directions are
horizontal and
displacemant along the
respectively
+2-20nvs
 Then, the velocity of rain is
EXAMPLE 55. A standing observes rain falling with the
man
velocity of 20 ms at an angle of 30 with the vertical.
(a) Find the velocity with which the man should move so that
,+m =3i+3j+o=3î (/+v)
Its magnitude is given as 5 m/s
rain appears to fall vertically to him.
(6) Now if he further increases his speed. rain again appears to 3 +(3+=52 3+o =4m/s
fall at 30 with the vertical. Find his new velocity.
Solution. Let X and Y axes be as shown in fig. 2.81 3+4
Therefore, when he is at rest, he should keep the umbrella at an
X
angle = tan (3/4) =|37°| with vertical.

ExAMPLE 57. A person travelling eastwards finds that the

wind appears to blow directly from north. On doubling his speed,
it seems to come from north-east. If he trebles his speed, in what
FIGURE 2.81 direction it would appear to blow from?
The rain is falling with velocity of 20 ms at an angle of 30° with Solution.
vertical. Let Vspeed of person in first case

, 20(sin 30°î+ cos 30° î) = (40?+10 5 ) ms- wp1 Speed of wind w.r.t. person in first case
Vwp2= speed of wind w.r.t. person in second case
(a) Let the velocity of man be v,î
wp3 Speed of wind w.r.t. person in third case

-=(10?+103)-yî=00-yî+105 D
45
Since, the rain appears to fall vertically, the horizontal
component must be zero.
Vwp
Vw VwP2
V= 10 ms- Vwps
(b) Let the velocity of man now be v2 i.
Velocity of rain will not change. Hence,
FIGURE 2.83
- ao?+105) -v,î=(00-v,)?+1045
Since, the rain appears to fall at 30° to vertical,
Since, vn? is from North east, BC = BE
tan30°= >-10
y10V3 V2 20 ms-1
BE BE
tan0 E
BD 28C = tan (0:5) = 26-6.
ExAMPLE 56. A man is coming down an incline of angle 30°
When he walks with speed 2/3 m/s, he has to keep his umbrella Hence, on
trebling the speed, the wind appears to blow
vertical to protect himself from rain. The actual speed of rain is
5 m/s. At what angle with vertical should he keep his umbrella from 26-6° N of E
when he is at rest so that he does not get drenched?
EXAMPLE 58. A man wishes to cross a river in a
boat. Ifhe
crosses the river in minimum time, he takes
10 min with a drift
of 120 m. If he crosses the
river taking shortest route, he takes
12-5 min. Find the
velocity of boat with to water. respect
Solution.
Vr

30°
Vbr
FIGURE 2.82
Vbr
Solution. Here, =2/3(cos30°î+sin30")=3?+ 5
Since, the man has to keep the umbrella vertical to protect himself (a) (6)
from rain, the velocity of rain with respect to him is vertical. Let it FIGURE 2.84
be m o If the man crosses the river in
minimum time (( = 10 min), he must
move
perpendicular to river as in fig. (a).
If d is the width of the river, then 2 sn
V, = 120m and Now, S
Vbr '=d nv+v nvV v (n- 1)
120 m 2s
= 12m/min and 10 Vr d
10 min and
Vyn-1 vn2-1 n2-1
If the man crosses the river taking shortest route as shown in fig.
(b), the time taken is i2 12-5 min
=

Vn--1
v 2 x125 =10
CarA is
EXAMPLE 61. Two roads intersect at right angle.
(v-12?)x52 4 20 m/min situated at P which is 500 m from the interesection
O on one of

the roads. Car B is situated at which is 400 m from the

EXAMPLE 59. A river has a width d. A fisherman in a boat same time
intersection on the other road. They start out at the
crosses the river twice. During the first erossing, his goal is to and 15 m/s
and travel towards the intersection at 20 m/s
minimize the crossing time and takes time To. During the second them? How
crossing, his goal is to minimize the distance travelled and the respectively. What is the minimum distance between
long do they take to reach it?
boat takes time 3 7o. What is the speed of the river flow?
Solution. 500 m
VA 20 m/s
Car A

400 m
b
First Crossing Second Crossing Car B
FIGURE 2.85
VB 15 m/s
Let v be the speed of boat w.r.t. river.
FIGURE 2.87
During the first crossing, ..(1)
b Solution. Let the minimum distance between the cars be after time
d t. Then the distances covered by cars A and B during this time are
During the second crossing,
3T (2)
respectively 20 t and 15 1. The square of distance between them at
this time is
From equations (1) and (2), we get
20 500-20
90-)= o
A
400-15
2 22
EXAMPLE 60. Two boats A and B move away from a buoy 15
anchored at the middle of a river along the mutually
perpendicular straight lines with respect to ground. The boat A
B
moves along the river, and the boat B moves across the river. FIGURE 2.88

Having moved off an equal distance from the buoy, the boats = (500 -20 +(400 15 1
returned. Find the ratio of times of motion of boats t4ltg if the
For this distance to be minimum, dr>ldt = 0
speed of each boat with respect to water is n times the speed of
water. 40 (500 20 1) 30 (400 15 1) 0
t 256sec
- - -

Solution. Let s = distance moved by each boat in one direction

Putting this value in the above equation,
V = speed of water
we
get| x = 20 m|
Then nv = speed of boat w.r.t. water.
EXAMPLE 62. n number of particles are located at the vertices
of a regular polygon of n sides having the
Boat B edge length a. They all
start moving simultaneously with equal constant
speed v heading
towards each other all the time. How long will the
to collide?
particles take
nv
(In2-1)v Solution. The particles will collide at the centre of the
Consider A moving towards B and B polygon.
Boat A moving towards C.
The sum of internal angles of a
polygon of side n is t (n -

2)
0 = t (n - 2)/n
FIGURE 2.86
 (b) the tangential accleration of the particle
C c) the resultant acceleration, and
(d) angle made by the resultant with tangential direction
Solution.
2v sin 0

(a) a , ==22 Vkrt

A v cos e

FIGURE 2.89
Relative velocity of A w.rt. B along line AB is or
v+v cos 0
=2v cos2 0/2 2 v cos2 [n (n 2/2 n]
-

Relative displacement of A wrt. B till the collide is

particles a.

Therefore, the time taken for the particles to collide is FIGURE 2.90

2 vcos[n (n - 2/2n] (6)4,d

EXAMPLE 63. A particle moves on a circle of radius r
with (c) a=a?+a? Var?3 +(kr)*
= :a =
krk+1
centripetal acceleration as function of time as a, k**', where =

k is a positive constant. Find the following quantities as function

of time at an instant k'n2 . (kr)
(d) tan kr
tan
(a) the speed of the particle a,