1.

The intercellular passage of ions from the luminal surface of the intestines to the lamina propria is
prevented by the presence of …
a) Desmosomes
b) Belt desmosomes
c) Hemidesmosomes
d) Gap junctions
e) Tight Junctions/Zonulae Occludens -water is prevented
from
passing through the epithelial
Zona occludes. sealants in between the surface of alls
cells because of
They are
except in the Sertoli cells
~
2. Emphysema is characterized by overdistention & destruction of which of the following structures?
a) Trachea
b) Bronchi
c) Bronchioles
d) Terminal bronchioles
carries into alvoli
e) Alveolar ducts duct that
-

3. A diurnally secreted biogenic amine synthesized in pinealocytes is?

a) Dopamine ↳in pineal
b) Epinephrine gland
c) norepinephrine
d) Melatonin -e induce sleepines
e) serotonin

CB 4. A protein being translated on a cytoplasmic ribosome is directed to the endoplasmic reticulum because
a) Dolichol recognizes hydrophobic amino acids in the primary structure of the protein
b) A hydrophobic signal sequence is encoded into the protein at its amino terminus
c) The protein contains a consensus sequence for glycosylation
d) The protein is recognized by a specific oligosaccharide receptor found only in the endoplasmic
reticulum

& 5. In the renal cortex, the labyrinth of capillaries that carry resorbed glucose out of the kidney arises
directly from? recCT carry reabsorbed glucose
T
a) Afferent arterioles
b) Arcuate arteries out of the kidney &
glucose is

reabsorbed in the vasa recta

c) Capsular plexus
d) Efferent arterioles
which is connected from effect
directly
e) Intralobular arteries
artorides
6. The proliferation of uterine endometrium depends on?
a) Cortisol
b) Estrogen ->proliferation
c) Luteinizing hormone -> ovulation

pESecutory(Iutealphaseparastation
d) Progesterone
e) Prolactin -

proliferation phase (mones) estroyer ->

secretary phase progesterone

-
7. Which of the following cell types are found exclusively in the basal compartment of seminiferous
tubules?
a) Primary spermatocytes Spermatogonia
are
exclusivy found
in the basal
b) Secondary spermatocytes
c) Spermatids
compartment.
else is in the
d) Spermatogonia
Everything
e) Spermatozoa
adluminal compartment
8. A suitable marker for determining that cells have differentiated into epidermal epithelial tissue is
expression of?
Intermediate filaments associated with
a) Desmin
b) Keratin or cytoleration
your epithelial
cells is
always Keration.
c) Vimentin
d) Histone H variant Desmin & rimention are
always associated
w/
Your muscle
9. A patient ingests an overdose of barbiturates. Which of the following will show greatest increase in
hepatocytes 2 days later?
SER is used in the detoxification
a) Centrioles
of ReRA SER
b) Glycogen drugs. In
hepatocytes
synthesis,
c) Golgi cisternae are abundant. Protein
d) Lysosomes detoxification
e) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum IERL Of drugs, cholested
synthesis
10. During the final stage of secretory glycoprotein formation, before exocytosis, glycoproteins are found in
the?
a) Cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum
b) Cis golgic complex
COPI-anterograde REBE

c) Trans golgi complex Cisgolgi

d) Lysosomes
e) Polysomes in the cystosol CopI-retrograde
-

goloyR
11. The synthesis of rRNA is associated most specifically with which of the following cell structures?
a) Kinetochores -where mitotic spindles attacks to chromosomes
b) Nucleus envelope
c) Nucleolus edarin circle in nucleus
d) Ribosomes -made by subunits
e) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

mutation
12. Beating of cilia is mediated by?
a) Dynein arms -> cartogeners Syndrome is a

b) Microfilaments of the Dyenin arms. Protein

c) Nexin links
d) Reversible assembly-disassembly of microtubules care of microtubules
e) Triplet microtubule units

Cillia 9th
arrangement
->
 13. A 26-yr. old woman with irregular menstrual cycles undergoes diagnostic endometrial biopsy.
Histologic examination of the specimen shows long straight endometrial glands with narrow lumens that
are embedded in a thick stratum functionale of the endometrium. These changes are most considered
-This is
in Proliferative with which of the following findings?
Phase a) Decreasing serum estrogen concentration stimulation release if luteinizing hormone releasing
Tortros edemus like
hormone from the hypothalamus
-

glands->
secretary phase
-granulosa lutein cells b) Diminishes activity of granulosa lutein cells in the ovary
in the Ovarian cycle c) Increasing secretion of pituitary FSH correlated with decreasing secretion of pituitary luteinizing
Luteal phase
* Diminishes activity
hormone
of
granulose
Intein d) Presence of a primary oocyte still encoded within the cumulus oophorous undergoing maturation
cells in the every
prior to ovulation
e) Rapidly increasing viscosity and pH of vaginal secretions

14. The blood brain barrier excluded which of the following molecules from the brain parenchyma?
a) Albumin -negative
b) Choline
protein Caniol, very Big Sinusoidal (bone morrow,
c) Estrogen splech)
d) glucose
e) tyrosine

15. A substance of low molecular weight is injected into a cell. A short time later, the substance can be
identified in the injected cell and in an adjacent cell. There is also evidence that the two cells are
electrically coupled. EM is most likely to disclose which of the following structural specializations
between these 2 cells?
a) Chemical synapses
b) Desmosomes (maculae adherents)
c) Gap junctions -made up of connexing, facilitate ionic (cutionic communication)
d) Tight junctions (zonulae occludentes)

16. Fenestrated capillaries are found in which of the following sites?

a) Central nervous system BBB

<
A almost endocrine has senstratal
Contineus b) lung &lood or barrier any organ
c) Muscle capilries
Capilaris d) Thymus blood thymic barrier
e) Thyroid gland constrated for Ts, Ty, Basal Metabolic rate (produce heat),
->
fonstrated endothelial
todiffuse into
bloodstream cells (follicular
17. Which of the following differentiates capillaries in the brain from those in the gut? cells)
a) Absence of a basement membrane
b) Absence of endothelial cell membrane fenestrations
c) Absence of a saturable transport mechanism for glucose
d) Presence of multiple endothelial cell nuclei
e) Presence of valves in the lumen

18. In contrast to extrafusal muscle fibers, infrafusal fibers contain?

a) A bands the bulk of muscle a form the
extrafusal:
b) Motor nerve endings comprise
c) Sarcolemma major force generating structure.
-

d) Satellite cells
Intrafusal: burried in the muscle & contain afferent
e) Stretch-sensitive nerve endings contractice
also contain
tendon receptors for stretch, but
-golgi organ elements
Propriception
19. The diagram represents the cytosolic surface of a normal erythrocyte PM Various proteins associated
with the membrane are lettered A-E. A point mutation in which labeled protein results in spherocytosis.

A-spectin
O

20. Cells will accumulate in which of the following phases of the cell cycle if they are cultivated in the
presence of a chemical agent that is capable of blocking the cell cycle immediately after DNA synthesis
has been completed?

Baror
a) Metaphase of mitosis
b) Anaphase of mitosis
c) G1
d) S
e) G2

21. A tumor stained with a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against various classes of intermediate
filaments. The tumor stained positively with antiglial fibrillary acidic protein (anti-GFAP), indicating
its derivation from?
a) Astrocytes ealways stain w/ GfAP (glial cells/support (NS)
b) Endothelial cells of the brain
c) Microglial precursors
d) Oligodendrocytes
e) Stromal fibroblasts of brain meninges

22. To demonstrate graft versus host rejection to her students, an immunologist grafts the skin of a black
male mouse onto an albino female mouse. The graft is rejected. Which of the following cell types
present in the skin adjacent to the graft migrate into the graft to initiate an immunological response?
a) Keratinocytes
b) Langerhans’ cells -> macrophops
of the white blood cells
c) Lymphocytes -specific immunity, one
d) Melanocytes epigment
e) Merkel cells -> light touch

Arts of Antibodies
-

B-cells -
 23. The dense spherical granules in this micrograph of a mammalian heart are likely sites for storage of?
a) Acetylcholine
b) Atrial natriuretic peptide Matri (Salt
c) Ca2+ ATPase
Uretic (peel
d) Galactosyltransferase
e) Globular actin
Atrial natrionetic peptide
is
triggered by hypertension,
used to facilitate the
Process of divresis
natriuresis
-works against anti-RAS
24. The diagram is of the olfactory epithelium. The structures label X are?
a) absorptive cells
b) Goblet cells -mucous (respiratory, GIT)
c) Mitral cells
d) Olfactory receptors cells
e) Supporting cells

25. For the oocyte, meiosis is completed at the time of which of the following events?
a) Extrusion of the first polar body -

puberty Prophase I
-

b) Midcyle peak serum luteinizing hormone -

Ovolation Metaphase I
c) Peak serum follicle-stimulating hormone
-

d) Peak serum inhibin

e) Sperm entry into the secondary oocyte -completion of metaphase II

26. Drugs, including alcohol, increase the number of detoxifying enzymes in the liver by extensive
proliferation of which of the following cellular components?
a) Golgi complex
b) Lysosomes
c) Mitochondria
d) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
e) smooth endoplasmic reticulum -> detoxification
Occurs in the liver econvert to water soluble so it
can be excreted as wine
&
27. Which lettered structure on the diagram of muscle is most active during generation of energy necessary
for contractions?
&-Mitochandia
D- microtubules

B-Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
Creleases Capt
28. The most abundant type of cell within the fovea of the retina centralis?
a) Bipolar
b) Cone -small depression in the retina, find the cores most abundant cell
you
c) Ganglion present in the retina centralis
d) Horizontal
e) Rod

29. The cell type most responsible for recognition and rejection of foreign tissue in organ transplants?
a) B lymphocyte
b) T lymphocyte -> CD8
c) Macrophage
d) Natural killer cell
e) Neutrophil

30. Axons are characterized by the absence of which of the following organelles?
a) Intermediate filaments
b) Microtubules
c) Mitochondria
d) Rough endoplasmic reticulum wish substance, syntesis of the
precursors, mitochondria found
->

e) Vesicles in axon terminal

31. An a 11yr old girl has severed her ulnar nerve. Which of the following cell types is important in
promoting axonal regrowth?
a) Epinerulial cells
Le PNS
b) Fibroblasts
c) Oligodendrocytes
d) Perineurial cells
e) Schwann cells sinitiate the
process of
regeneration
32. A recessive genetic mutation, white belly spot and tall (bst) is associated in mice with a failure of neural
crest cells to migrate into the area of the umbilicus & the distal tail. The skin in these regions on
infected mice lacks a population of cells that are devoid of desmosomes & keratin fibrils. Which of the
following cell populations is most likely to be affected?
a) Keratinocytes
b) Langerhans’ cells
c) Lymphocytes
& Meratin fibrils
d) Melanocytes enewal crest cells, gives skin color, devoid of desmosomes
e) Merkel’s cell

33. A core of helical F-actin filaments provides the skeletal framework for?
a) Ciliary axonemes↳ filamentos is for subunits
-Ce-action
b) Desmosomes
c) Microvilli -> have actin filaments
d) Nuclear laminae
e) Nucleosomes

34. The chart represents the changing amounts of RNA and hemoglobin in the erythroblast during
erythrocyte formation. Which point best characterizes the condition found in the basophilic
erythroblast?
a) Point W

I
b) Point X
c) Point Y
d) Point Z --Reticultye
hRNA
hig
↓ no
hemoglobin
35. The vibrations of a tuning fork are most likely detected by?
a) Bare nerve endings
b) Golgi tendon organs
touch
c) Merkel’s cell receptors -light
d) Muscle spindles
(look like onion
e) Pacinian corpuscles -> deep pressure/tauch an

36. Taste buds on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue are innervated by processes of cells in which the following
ganglia?
a) Geniculate -> The
b) Otic
geniculate ganglion
is a
sensory
of facial nere UII. It
c) Pterygopalatine ganglion
the cell bodies of the
d) Submandibular
e) Trigeminal contains fibers
taste consation
responsible for conducting
from the antieror els of the tongue
 37. The arrows in the photomicrograph indicate structures that are directly regulated by secretions?
a) Chief cells of the
parathyroid -> DTH
b) Chromaffin cells of the
adrenal medulla
c) Follicular cells of the
Thyroid
d) Glomerulosa cells of
the adrenal cortex
e) Pituicytes of the
Neurohypophysis
the bone matrix
The dark part of
image is

= The dotted area is blood

light
cells
-osteoblasts, osteochasts, osteoprogenitor
are found near the arrow

38. Cells of which of the following hypothalamic nuclei secrete oxytocin into circulation?
a) Mammillary
Le paraventricular
b) Supreachiasmatic
c) Supraoptic -> antidimetic hormones (ADH & a small amount
of oxytocin.
d) Tuberal POSA: Paraventricor, Oxytocin, Supraptic urclei
e) Ventromedial
-

ADH
~

39. Which of the following cell types is most characteristic of terminal bronchioles?
a) Basal Ccells) Secreates surfactant substance
b) Brush
pseudostratified
cytochrome P450. Bronchi
a -

c) Ciliated initial portion

d) Clara<club ciliated
cells) Bronchics
epithelium.
-

e) Mucous (goblet) O)ciliated, then nonciliated columnar, then non

ciliated cobsidal. Then sobridal to squamous
S 40. A 12yr old girl with chronic asthma is coughing up large amounts of mucus. Which of the following
respiratory structure are the most likely source of mucus?
a) Alveolar ducts
b) Alveolar sacs
c) Respiratory bronchioles
d) Terminal bronchioles in PASL
e) Tertiary bronchi -> lots
of
goblet cells (stain pink
ecots of content
sugar
41. Which of the following staining methods will clearly show abundant secretions of mucus in the
bronchial epithelium?
a) Hematoxylin and eosin
b) Osmium tetroxide
c) Periodic acid- Schiff (PAS)
d) Sudan black
e) Wrights stain
 42. Which labeled structure in the photomicrograph of respiratory tissue shows the most proximal regions

O-Alviolar
where respiration occurs?

I
Sacs
blooms -
blood vessels

alvoli --alrob (ac

<
43. Destruction of the hypothalamus is most likely to result in increased secretion of a product of which the
following pituitary gland cell populations?
a) Acidophils
b) Basophils Lack of dopamine - prolaction
c) Chromophobes
d) Folliculostellate cells

44. A genetic defect that renders kinesin incapable of binding to microtubules is most likely to impair?
a) Absorption by the microvilli
b) Fast axonal transport ->
inosid-microtubules. Anterograded retrograde transport.
c) Gap junction communication limesin to axar terminal
d) Muscle contraction
e) Pinocytosis Kinesin =

anterograde
Dynal retrograde
=

45. The structure indicated by the arrow on the diagram of a histological section of the skin is specialized to
transduce which of the following stimuli into action potential?
a) chemical irritant
b) Cold
c) Heat
d) Light touch emarvel
e) Vibration -> panicen
-Mark
Meisners corpuscles,
devinal epidermal
junction
>Panelre
46. Which of the following cell types forms the barrier that prevents interaction b/w developing sperm & the
immune system?
a) Capillary endothelium
b) Interstitial cell
c) Myoid cell
d) Sertoli cell -> seminiferos tobules,
tight junctions, confires spermatogonia
e) Undifferentiated germ cells
 feed back
↑ Negative
47. Chronic administration of glucocorticoids will result in decreased thickness of which region of the
adrenal glands?
a) Medulla G0: Glomeulosa Make: Mineral cortical
b) Zona fasciculata
Find: Fasciculata Great: Glucocatkids
c) Zona glomerulosa
d) Zona reticularis Reticularis Sex: Sex Harmones
Robert:
48. After swimming in cool water, a fair skinned woman’s skin becomes pale a& cold b/c the blood is
diverted away from the capillary bed in the superficial layers of the dermis. The structures responsible
for this diversion are?
a) Arterioles
b) Arteriovenous shunts cold Plax, Hot constrict
- -

c) Capillaries
d) Muscular venules
e) sinusoids

49. The epithelial lining of which of the following organs is most likely to be the site of a primary
squamous cell carcinoma? of epithelimm (hot
a) Rectum -squaumers columnar junction,
transitional zone
spots for cancer
b) Trachea
c) Ureter
d) Uterine tube
e) Vagina

50. The ducts of apocrine glands are characteristically lined with which type of epithelium?
fand in skin, breast ear. Secret fat into
a) Pseudostratified columnar
b) Simple columnar osrive:
milk, form ear wax, in skind eye ->secrate
#

c) Simple cuboidal
sweat
d) Simple squamous rine: Releases Secreations by disintegrating the
e) Stratified columnar all breaks downt rebases
#

whole cell so the entire

f) Stratified cuboidal ->absorbtion of Nat, failure

fibrosis
sebum.
They
are sebacers
glands
to reabsorb Nat ->
Cystic
g) Stratified squamous racrine: signaling
acts on near
by also
h) Transitional
done:Signaling uses circulatory system to transport
ligand
51. The scanning EM shows a broken surface of a mammalian liver, RBC indicates erythrocytes. The
arrow at X point to?
a) Bile canaliculus
b) Hepatocyte cytosol
c) Lumen of an artery
d) Perisinusoidal space (of disse)
e) Vascular space
52. A polypeptide with a molecular weight of 500 Daltons is introduced into the circulation through an
intravenous drip. In which organ is it most likely to remain in the vascular bed?
a) Brain -> blood brain barrier, contineus
b) Liver sin soidal
-

c) Plasma membrane
d) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
e) Secretory vesicles

53. In the illustration of the alveolar wall, which labeled cell produces a substance that lowers alveolar
surface tension? I:
Type exchange
gas
Prevmocyte
-

I
D-Type Type Replace
-
I:
Type I

surfactant
-
Type I Pneumocyte 5 produce

replace
poomocyte

Type pneumocytes
II
-Type
I

F Previnocytes
Type
54. In children who exhibit abnormally rapid growth, administration of somatostatin will depress secretion
of which of the following cell types in the pituitary gland?
Basophils:
a) Acidiphils
b) Basophils Acidophils: P, a
follicle stindating
P-Prolaction
c) Chromophobes hormone/Samostatic Lutenizing
5-growth
d) Folliculostellate cells *Somostation supresses Adrenocorticotrotic hormones
the secreations of your
gonadotrophs
Thyroid
55. Translocation of protein from the ribosome into the lipid bilayer of a membrane occurs most frequently
at the level of the
a) Cis Golgi Lamellae
b) Nucleolus
c) Plasma cells
d) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
e) Secretory vesicles
 56. Initial glycosylation of glycoproteins occurs at which of the labeled structures on the electron

C-RER
micrograph of cells of a gastric gland?

- initial- RER
final golgi complex
-

57. The scanning electron micrograph shows a portion of normal adult kidney. Which letter indicates the
cell layer that is directly continuous with the cells of the proximal tubule?
a) A
b) B -Urinary space
c) C
d) D
e) E

&
fferent glamorous
Bownan's capsule
Vriry space
Convolted table
 58. A 50 yr old postmenopausal woman reports that the amount and coarseness of her facial hair has
increased in recent months. Secretions of cells in which of the following regions of the adrenal gland is
most likely responsible?
a) Medulla
b) Zona fasciculata
c) Zona glomerulosa
d) Zona reticularis -> sex hormones, androgen (sex hormones

59. In prepubertal boys, cells within the seminiferous tubules are?

a) Mature spermatozoa
b) Primary spermatocyte
c) Secondary spermatocytes
d) Spermatids
e) Spermatogonia

60. Which of the following cell types is the source of new skeletal muscles following injury?
a) Embryonic myotubules remaining from fetal myogenesis
b) Endomysial fibroblasts
cells or muscle
c) Satellite cells -skeletal muscles or myosatabilite star cells
d) Schwann cells

61. The secretory phase of the endometrium is directly controlled by which of the following hormones?
a) Estrogen - proliferative
b) Follicle-stimulation hormone
c) Human chronic gonadotropin
I
strogen- proliferative
d) Luteinizing hormone ovulation
-
phase
e) Progesterone -> secretary phase
62. The principal extracellular molecule that promotes adhesion of epithelial cells to the basement
membrane are?
a) Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan
b) Type I collagen
c) Elastin
d) Laminin
e) Thrombospondin

&
63. The most prominent ultrastructural characteristics of interstitial (Leydig) cells?
a) Centrioles
b) Numerous microtubules & testosterone
c) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
d) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (staid
e) Zymogen granules
&
64. Which of the following structure is labeled X in the photograph?
a) alveolus
b) Bronchus
c) Respiratory bronchiole
d) Terminal bronchiole
e) Trachea ↳ simple columnar
Simple cuboidal

65. A 55 yr old woman notes a gradually increasing number of episodes of cramping abdominal pain &
diarrhea that occur after ingestion of milk products. A decrease in which of the following best explains
her condition?
a) Ability of enterocytes to transport calcium
b) Ability of Paneth cells to secretes secrete lactase
c) Ability of Paneth cells to secrete lysozyme
d) Beta-galactosidase activity within lysosomes of enterocytes
e) Sucrose activity within lysosomes of enterocytes

66. Which label on the electron micrograph of a nerve is the myelinated axon?

O-iyelinated axon

D- nucleus

67. A mutation interfering with formation of triple helix of Type II collagen most likely causes
abnormalities?
a) Basement membrane i
type I(M)
b) Blood vessels Poor vissies
3
TypeEte Type
-

c) Hyaline cartilage #
Tyre
->

d) Skin ->
e) Bone - Type
I

Type I
68. A 40 yr old woman has reduced 2-point discrimination on the distal phalanges of her fingers. Which of
the following skin cell types is most likely affected in this patient?
a) Keratinocytes -> in SB
basal
layer (most common skin cell)
b) Langerhans’cells i macrophage of skin
c) Lymphocyte -imme response
d) Melanocytes skin color
a

e) Merkel’s cells -> light tough

69. Over the course of 2 weeks, the diameter of a 1-cm puncture wound of the skin noticeably decreases.
What cell type in the skin is most likely to be responsible for this contraction phenomenon?
a) Arrector pili muscles
b) Fibroblast
c) Keratinocyte
-myofibroblasts (some level of contraction

d) Macrophages
e) Merkel’s cells

70. The exocrine pancreas releases digestive enzymes primarily in response to hormones produced by?
a) Body of the stomach
b) Cardia of the stomach
c) Duodenum -> hormone (CK
d) Fundus of the stomach
e) Gallbladder

71. In the kidney, what normally happens to protein that has passed through the filtration barrier?
a) Reabsorption by the collecting tubules
Posta
b) Reabsorption by proximal convoluted tubule cells -dified back into vasa
c) Reabsorption by the thick ascending limb of the loop of the Henle
d) Removal in voided urine
e) Reutilization intact

72. In the epidermis, certain cells form a product that is transferred to other epidermal cells? This product is
a
a) Birbeck granule of Langerhan’s cell
b) Dense core granule of Merkel’s cell
c) Keratohyalin granule
d) Membrane-coating granule
is transported to certinocytes
e) Melansome -colls are melanocytes, pigment
melanin

100. In the kidney, an apical nucleus, extensive basal interdigitations, and absence of brush
border characterizes cells of?
to Hac
a) Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle timperiable
b) Thick descending limb of the loop of Henle
c) Thin limb of the loop of Henle
d) Proximal convoluted tubule -Brush
harder,
interdigitations
its
no border in DCT
brush I

connected to the thick

ascending
 104. A 35-year-old man develops erosive lesions in the cartilaginous nasal septum as a result
of inhaling cocaine. What type of collagen makes up the nasal fibers that are liberated
during this degradation?
blood vessels
a) I skin,
b) II-

hyaline vessels
c) III poor blood
-

d) IV basomobial
-

e) V
f) X

105. Renin secreting cells in the kidney are located?

affront arteriale ->
Juxtaglomerular
cells
a) Afferent arteriole
b) Arched collecting tubules - Macula densa in AA Signals
c) Glomerular mesangium
d) Loop of Henle Stimulate pening
e) Macula densa of the distal tubule
For questions 106-107:
Renin-> angiotensio [
↓A/C
Angintons
in
Port Nat
& d
DCT & Aldistrance

106. Cell associated with axonal endings? b -Shwann cells

107. Basilar membrane? d
For questions 108-109:
a) Articular cartilage
b) Endosteum
c) Epiphyseal plate
d) Epiphysis
e) Medullary cavity
f) Periosteal bone collar
g) Periosteum
h) Primary ossification center
i) Vascular osteogenic bud
108. Mitosis in this structure are responsible for longitudinal? c - epiphyseal plate
109. This structure contains a secondary center of ossification during bone development? D
Epiphysis
For questions 110-111:

The diagram shows a portion of the cell cytoplasm containing RER & a mitochondrion. For each description,
select the appropriate location in the cytoplasm
110. Proton Pump E

111. High concentrations of ATP synthetase C

For Questions 112-113:

C
For each type of cell, select the appropriate lettered photomicrograph
112. Paneth Cells C

113. Enteroendocrine cells D

Pareth Cells:
Paneth cells (PCs) are located at the
bottom of small intestinal crypts and
play an important role in maintaining
the stability of the intestinal tract.
Previous studies reported on how PCs
shape the intestinal microbiota or the
response to the immune system.

Enteroendocrine
Enteroendocrine cells are hormone-producing
cells that are sprinkled throughout the gut
epithelium. In response to chemical and
mechanical stimuli, these cells secrete a
variety of important hormones, such as
GLP-1 and GLP-2, PYY, CCK, and serotonin.
For questions 114-115:

For each cell described, select the appropriate letter in the light micrograph of testis
114. Diploid cell of yolk sac origin B

115. Most mature haploid cell of those labeled D

For questions 116-117:

For each item, select the most appropriate labeled region in the photomicrographs of renal tissue:
116. Most directly affected by hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus & secreted from the
pars nervosa. D

117. Greatest amount of acid phosphatase activity A

For Questions 118-120:

For each item, select the most likely labeled structure in the electron micrograph of hepatic tissue:
118. Contains docking proteins C

119. Occurrence of initial glycosylation of glycoproteins D

120. Contains cellular DNA B

121. A 4-month old boy is admitted to the hospital because of bilateral hydronephrosis due to
posterior urethral valves. Serums studies shows increased concentration of urea nitrogen and creatinine.
Following insertion of a catheter into the bladder, there is a marked increase of urinary volume. Which
of the following renal renal structure is first affected by the posterior urethral valves?

a. Afferent arteriole
b. Ascending loop of Henle
c. Collecting duct
d. Distal convoluted tubule
e. Proximal tubule

122. In the mammalian central nervous system, gap junctions are found most frequently
between which of the structures?
support calls, GfAP positive
A. Astrocytes -farm blood brain barrier,
B. Microglia imune alls
->

C. Neurons
D. Oligodendrocytes -CNS mybination
E. Schwann cells epas my Leiration

123. After an inflammatory response, transmigration of monocytes are most likely to occur
through which of the following component of the muscle’s microvasculature?
A. Arterioles Historic eVasodilation
B. Continuous capillaries
-

at
C. Fenestrated capillaries increased leakynois
-

D. Muscular arterioles Venuses

varies
E. Venules -

capillary
post
 *
124. Which of the following intestinal cells in an adult are most susceptible to chemotherapeutic
agents that target rapidly dividing cells?
A. Duodenal enteroendocrine cells which cells divide the
B. Duodenal paneth cells
C. Gastric chief cells fastest? Skin, hair, got
D. Gastric parietal cells
E. Jejunal absorptive cells

125. A 24-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after he was
involved in a motor vehicle collision. Abdominal examination shows evidence of severe contusion on
the liver from blunt trauma to the right upper quadrant. Exploratory laparotomy shows a lacerated right
hepatic lobe with a large intrahepatic hematoma. A partial hepatectomy is done. Within 2 months, the
size and weight of the liver have returned to normal. Which of the following reparative or adaptive
process best describes this changes?
A. Cellular atrophy
B. Cellular hypertrophy
C. Collagen cross linking
D. Collagen fibrillogenesis
E. Neovascularization
F. Replacement by another cell type
G. Replacement by continuously dividing cells
H. Replacement by stimulated G0 cells.

126. A previously healthy 8-month –old boy is brought to the physician by his m mother
because of a 24-hour history of poor feeding, weak suck, drooling and constipation. His symtomps
began after she introduced homemade canned food into his diet. Physical examination shows loss of
head control, decreased gag reflex, weak cry, and hypotonia. Testing of blood and stool samples
confirms the diagnosis of botulism. The symptoms most likely arose through enzymatic lysis of which
of the following types of proteins within the neuromuscular junctions?
A. Acetylcholine receptors
B. Acetylcholinesterase
C. Actins
D. ATPases enzyme using ATP
->

E. Clatrhin -protion that desingrates something

musolar
dystrophy
F. Dystrophins -longestprotein body,
G. Myosin heavy chains
H. Ryanodine receptors
I. SNAP receptors (SNAREs) -neurotransmittersbotolism, acytylcholine receptor myasthenia gravis
- =

CB 127. Breast-fed newborn have earlier better passive immunity during the first few weeks of life
than the newborns that are not breast. This is caused by the secretion of which of the following
antibodies in the mother’s breast milk?
A. IgA -

antibody in breast mile

B. IgD surfee of cells
surface of busophil
-

of defause, found
C. IgE first line
-
on

D. IgM
Igle-crosses placenta
128. The initial glycosylation of secretory proteins occurs at which of the following location in
the secretory pathways?
A. Nuclear pores
B. Ribosomes
C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
D. Secretory vesicles
E. Trans Golgi complex

129. An experimental study is conducted to examine the binding of insulin to its receptors. The
activation of its receptor initiates intracellular signaling. This activity most likely results from which of
the following processes?
A. Phosphorylation of phosphoinositol to inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
B. Phosphorylation of serine residue
C. Phosphorylation of tyrosyl residue
D. Release of Ca2+
E. Release of diacylglycerol
F. Release of phophatidylcholine

130. Which of the following is the predominant component of the organic matrix of mature
bone?
A. Hydroxyapatite
B. Osteocalcin
C. Osteonectin
D. Proteoglycan
Zinorganic
E. Type I collagen

131. The transmission electron micrograph shows the basolateral region of an epithelial cell.
Which of the following is most likely function of the plasma membrane modification?
A. Compartmentalization of the nucleus basally
B. Formation of microvilli
C. Increased surface area for membrane transport
D. Prevention of junctions from forming with the extracellular matrix
E. Surface specialization for phagocytosis

132. In the digestive tract, immunologically active lymphoid tissue is concentrated in which of
the following?
A. Adventitia
Pathes in Lamina Propia
B. Epithelium
C. Lamina propia
Peyers
D. Serosa
& 133. The cell indicated by the arrow in the photomicrograph shown most likely participates in
which of the following processes?
A. Adaptive cell-mediated immunity
B. Hemostasis
C. Innate immunity -herteophils
D. Oxygen transport
E. Protection against parasitic infection
↳ acidophils

134. Which of the following labeled cells in the photomicrograph shown synthesizes anti
Mullerian hormone? B -sertoli cells (blood testic barrior, sperm development

135. Duringa study of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, labeled tracer molecules of
varying molecular sizes are injected into the bloodstream of an experimental animal.
Immunohistochemical examination of brain tissue prepared for light microscopy shows tracer in the
lumen of the blood vessels, but not in the brain tissue. Interaction between which of the following pairs
of membrane a protein has more likely prevented the tracer molecules from entering the tissue spaces?

A. Cahedrins and selectins

B. Claudins and occludins -> zona occludors
C. Desmoglein and desmocolin
D. Integrin and connexin
E. Plakoglobins and desmoplakin
136. Which of the following photomicrograph of tissue from the male reproductive system
shows structure that contains cells that synthesizes androgen-binding proteins? F -> Sertoli cells

in
Seminofers
trbrlss
↳androgen binding

lyding=
·

↓
estostoical

E f

137. An investigator is using antibodies against microfilament-capping protein to study the

cellular locations of those factors. It is found that these antibodies inhibit microfilament function when
presented to living cells. Which of the cellular activities is most likely to be decreased as result?
A. Cell motility
B. Dyein function
C. Glycolysis
D. Kinesin function
E. Nuclear transport
138. An investigator is studying a drug that inhibits the polymerization/depolymerization of
actin filaments. Which of the following is most likely to be decreased in cells treated with this drug?
A. Binding of integrin to microtubules
B. Cellular response to chemotactic factor
C. Exporting of mRNA from nucleus
D. Importing of cytochrome c into the mitochondria
E. Translocation of new polypeptide into the rough endoplasmic reticulum
139. A 62-year-old man is evaluated in the office because of difficulty initiating a urine stream.
A histologic exam of resected tissue is shown in the photomicrograph stromal compartment of this
tissue consists of which of the following?
A. Adipose tissue
B. Dense irregular connective tissue
C. Simple columnar epithelium
D. Smooth muscle
E. Stratified squamous epithelium

140. Quality control to remove misfolding during synthesis of integral membrane proteins is
mediated by chaperons located in which of the cellular structures?
A. Endoplasmic reticulum
B. Lysosomes
C. Mitochondria
D. Peroxisomes
E. Proteasomes -destroy misfolded proteins made by Ubequitin
141. The process of synthesizing protein F is shown in the diagram. Which of the following
primary function of the structure labeled G?
A. Arrest protein translation
B. Bind the signal recognition particle
C. Cleave signal sequence in protein F
D. Initiate synthesis of protein F
E. Translation protein F across the lipid bilayer

142. A 24-year-old woman has a 1-year history of loose, watery stools and epigastric pain
refractory to the medical treatment. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract
shows thickened gastric folds and a duodenal ulcer. Basal hydrochloric acid secretion is increased. Both
gastrin concentration is also increased and increases further with administration of secretion. Hyper
secretion by which of the following cell a type is most likely to produce these findings?
A. Absorptive
B. Chief pepsiroger
-

C. Enteroendocrine -G cell, produce

D. Goblet
gastrin
E. Paneth

143. An 8-year-old boy is brought to the office by his mother 2 days after he cut his thumb
while bating a fishhook. Examination of the thumb shows a 1.5-cm purulent laceration with a

2pus producing
surrounding area of redness and swelling. Which of the following proteins has most likely been

&Chistoric
expressed at the site of injury by the endothelial cells in this patient?
A. Adherins
B. Cahedrins
C. Catenins
D. Connexin
-transmigration rollalongthe blood mussel before
we migrantor
E. Selectin process
through the vessel. Activation
into convective tissu
144. After neutrophil engulf a microbe by phagocytosis, it must act to kill its prey. The major
way this is done is by exposing the content of the phagosome to which of the following substances?
A. Catalase
B. Immunoglobulin
C. Phosphatase
D. Reactive oxygen species CROS
E. Superoxide dismutase

145. Which of the following is the initiating event that controls the entry of cells from G1 stage
to the M phase of the cell cycle?
A. DNA replication Reting blastoma protein
B. Duplication of centrosome
for controlling
C. Formation of mitotic spindle Presponsible
D. Fragmentation of the nuclear envelope
E. Protein phosphorylation
the entry
146. A 4-month-old boy is admitted to the hospital of bilateral hydronephrosis due to posterior
urethral valves. Serum studies show increased concentration of urea nitrogen and creatinine. Following
insertion of the catheter into the bladder, there is a marked increase in urinary volume. Which of the
renal structures is first affected by the posterior urethral valve?
A. Afferent arteriole
B. Ascending loop of Henle
C. Collecting duct
D. Distal convoluted tubule
E. Proximal tubule

147. A 6-month-old boy is diagnosed with a mutation in an enzyme required for the synthesis of
mannose 6-phospahate. The function of which of the following organelle is most likely to be affected by

A. Endosome I label
the mutation in this patient?
to direct to RER
B. Lysosome
C. Mitochondria
D. Rough endoplasmic reticulum -

initially
E. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
148. A 69-year-old woman dies of lung cancer. A photomicrograph of a histologic section of
respiratory tract obtained at autopsy is shown. Which of the following explains the presence of the dark
blue stain observed in this section?
A. DNA
B. Elastin
C. Glycosaminoglycans
D. Collagen type I
E. Collagen type IV

GIG

Type I
hyaline
cart. lge

149. During the hepatic regeneration in response to damage from physical trauma, some new
lobules are reorganized from new hepatic cells and new sinusoids. In order for there to be a normal
pathway of blood flow within these new lobule, the new central veins must directly connected to which
of the following types of vessels at their distal (efferent) end?
A. Large branch of the vena cava
B. Sinusoid
C. Small branch of the hepatic artery
D. Small branch of the hepatic vein
E. Small branch of the portal vein

150. A 4-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after sustaining a
burn on her right index finger when touched a hot stove. Examination of the finger shows a tense, clear-
fluid-filled blister. Before the blister resolves, epithelium form at the base of the blister. Which of the
following cells is involved in the re-epithelialization of the blister in this patient?
A. Basal layer keratinocytes -> ERS: external not shath
B. Dermal dendritic cells
C. Epithelial Langerhans cell Stratum basals - Strature Spiresu
D. Fibroblast 5 feet have
E. Macrophages fingers only slayers,
Lack stratum locidum
151. A 12-year-old boy with asthma is brought to the physician because of wheezing for 2
hours. Treatment with an inhaled bronchodilator has not completely resolved his symptoms. Which of
the following portions of the airways is most susceptible to flow limitation due to smooth muscle
contraction in this patient?
A. Alveolar duct
B. Alveolus
C. Bronchiole -> terminal bronchides
D. Nasal passages
E. Trachea
 shows the photos of different testicular tubules

1. Secretes Antigen-binding proteins Jenniferous tubules

shows a
layer of matured Graafian follicle
2 Greatest layer of estrogen secreting cells
3 CNS- cells where gap junction are found Astrocytes
4 Predominant component of bone matrix Collagen Type I
picture of the
puituitary glands where the
5 Contraction of myoepithelial cells in show
hormone is produce to stimulate
mammary gland
6 GIT- factors in the ulcer development Gastrin-G cells

7 Initial glycosylation - RER

8 Blood cell that is rich in IgE receptor Basophil
9 GIT – lymphoid nodules located Mucosa
Protective proteolytic enzymes that allow
sperm to break through Zona Pellucida
10 Acrosome – function
Ptosis-drooping of eyelids
11 Doping of eyelids … myasthenia gravis .. Ach receptor
in the
postsynaptic cells is blocked
by auto-antibody, not allowing for muscle contraction

mechanism
Cell Suicide induction

12 Apoptosis activation chemical induction > Doxorubicin Hydrochloride

13 Eosinophil photo function Parasytic infection

for acid secretion its basolateral
14 Cell membrane receptor for histamine and have 3
types of activating receptors on

Ach located in the – Parietal Cell

membrane
ex.histamine Ha, AchMs, Gastrin CCRB
BAB: prevents air bubles in blood & blood from
entering the alveoli
cells the copilaries & basement
15 Diffusion of gases in the RS- blood air -formed
by Type I
promocytes
of the alredar
wall, the endothelial of

Le respiratory System membine between the two cells

barrier -CO2 at Of in

16 photo liver Bile Canalicali

17 Sebaceous gland secretes? Sebum, Lipid
18 rRNA synthesis where? nucleolus
19 Clathrin coat is formed from? Gigi Complex
20 Most susceptible to chemotherapeutic Mucosa
agents that targets dividing cell in the GIT?

mucocillary impairment, sterility

21 Non lethal deletion of the dynein arm
causes?
22 Glucose pass the filtration barrier – pass
thru what renal tubule? PCT
23 Carry not reabsorbed glucose out of the
kidney …
Ferent
= Arterole
Urokinase form of
plasminogen actiator, Cathepsin B, cathepsin D, A various metoproteases
24 Enzyme used for matastasis
25 Chart W X Y Z .. W
26 Breast feed .. new borne.. what Ab? IgA
Sacroplasmic reticulum
27 Skeletal muscle – stores calcium …
Brain is NOT fenstrated
28 Differences between the brain and gut
capillaries..
↑creative-impaired kidney function or
kidney disease

29 High concentration of nitrogen and when body breaks down proteins

nitrogen-waste product of liver
area
creatinine in the renal tubule
30 Muscle contraction Process
in the
31 Retina – highest spatial resolution and color Cores highest forea
sensitivity
Ubiquitin
32 Proteosomes – misfolded proteins -

Require degradation
of to of low concentration
Glucose Diffusion: more from an area
high concentration an area

33 Rapid movement of glucose in the CM facilitate diffusion:

transporter that works with concentrated

34 Action potential in skeletal muscle - Transverse Tubules -

Voltage gated Caet

35 Site of action of ADH Collecting Doet

36 Tight junction in the GIT Interocytes
37 Completion of meiosis occurs in the? fallopian tube/rterine tube
38 Blockage of ADH and oxytocin – what will AtControlsbloodpressure byinfluincingtheblood arteries flidryone one

happen?
release of Ach the
39 Botulism --- causes? inhibits the in Nervos
System
40 Synthesis of anti mullerian hormone- seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cells

where
By endothelial cells, low intracellular cholested, its synthesis begins in the
cytosol of the free ribosomes & completed on the

41 Synthesis of LDL receptors occurs where? ribosomes bound & the RER
42 Blood brain barrier exclude the following Albumin, Protein
molecule…
43 Theca cells --- aromatization? Produce Estrogen
44 Function of basal membrane infoldings
#

ncrease surface area

45 Resin secreting cells located where? Afferent Artsole

46 Organelle found in both axon and axon Mitochodric
terminal?
47 Function of natural killer cells? virus
48 Somatostatin – depress secretion of? Glucagon, Insulin/ Growth hormone
49 Cells in the fovea centralis Comes in Retina
50 Role of goblet cells in the Normal Secreation of Mucus
respiration
Indicate call death, damaged cardiac cells myofilaments
51 Increase in cardiac troponin – from where?
->

52 Plasma cell Secrete antibodies

53 Creatine kinase source?
54 Kinetochore component Microtubule
55 Largest number of oocytes in the stages of Before birth or fetal life

ovarian cycle
M :pro-inflatory, promotion of T helper cells
56 Differences between M1 and M2 Macrophages Ma: regulatory functions in tissue
repair, remodeling & promotion of The immerstens

57 Similar to pre antral stage of oogenesis to

the spermatogenesis
58 Insulin is secreted from beta cells. Drawing
59 Skin cancers caused by melanocytes Basal Layer
located where?
60 Cytokeratin origin Epithelial Cell
61 Detects sodium concentration Macula Densa DIT
62 Proteasomes - Misfolded Proteins
63 Movement of IgA Mucosa, transcytosis
64 Microfilament is found in? Cillia
65 Major hormone affects the secretory phase Progestoone
66 Major hormone affects the proliferative
phase Estrogen
67 Bone lining cells Osteoblast, Osteoclasts, Osteoprogenitor Cells
68 Neutrophil secretion?
69 Parathyroid adenoma Cat Serum
#

ncreased in
70 Nutrients from GIT delivered to the liver by Portal vein
71 Blood cells abundant in the sputum (salvia) Neutrophils
72 Tight junction transmembrane Claudine & Occluding
73 Pinealocytes secretion Melatonin
74 Inhibits polymerization
75 Graft and rejection Lymphocytes
76 Axonal transport Minosina & dynein
77 Organelle present in the axon and axon Mitochondric
terminals
78 antiglial fibrillary acidic protein (anti-GFAP), Astrocytes
indicating its derivation from
79 The dense spherical granules in this ANP
micrograph of a mammalian heart are likely
sites for storage of?
80 The diagram is of the olfactory epithelium.
Olfactory Receptors
The structures label X are?