THE PENDULUMS OF THE BIRTH SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGH

NAZYL HEINS M. GUEVARA

BS ECE 1-5
Activity 3: THE INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION

1. What is intellectual revolution?

In the beginning of time, humanity manifested the stage of intellectuality in
contrast to what societal innate paradigms and systems wherein we are fond how
ancient society prime views of life revolves into human nature of religious and
supernatural beliefs especially on the area of medicine and human anatomy. From
these societal beliefs, the ancient society gave rise to series of misconceptions
affecting principles on human living which includes how Ancient Egypt credence
into the idea of life after death as well as how they deal with the daily challenges
to humanity affecting their health and survival. On the other hand, the noble
civilization of the Greeks was able to unlocked the gateway into rational ideology
wherein it introduced a new perspective of discipline including philosophy, politics,
and the present scientific phenomena that primarily empowers the ability of
humanity and human nature for innovation to survive. These two civilization was
able to shaped today’s society into the ways of merging disciplines of civic
awareness and science through the power of intellectuality transcending humanity
into these modern times.
As humanity continues to adhere in the notion of rational method of thinking,
it creates a major channels of intellectual progression leading into significant
breakthroughs of mankind’s historical evolution. The continuous endeavors of
worldwide Civilization generated a key into a revolutionary advancement of
prominent intellectual views empowering society and mankind’s logical power. In
consequence, it manifested the revolution of human civilization to achieved the
paramount of wisdom on various aspects of human race as a way to address the
substantial question of human nature and existence. The significant triumph of
Greek Civilization enables the world to access into the futuristic perception which
primarily relies to the supremacy of one’s conscious leading the path of generating
an evolutionary movement, known as the Scientific Revolution or commonly
labeled as the Intellectual Revolution. It was marked as the period of enlightenment
during the 16th and 17th century where various body of knowledge voyage into
development such as the materialization of the field of mathematics, physics,
astronomy, biology, and chemistry in line with the legacy of ancient civilization on
the field of medicine and understanding the human body. Through, this drastic
change it definitely transformed the views of society into the emerging perspective
about nature (Osler, 2019).
Furthermore, Knowledge was definitely an edge within society whereas
during this time idea are collected and systematically organized transforming it into
a scientific facts implying the salient interconnectedness of all existing matters
(Woods, 2007). Through this progressive initiative, scientific evolution enables to
employ systematic experimentation in validating those facts and claim which latter
strengthen the bodies and discipline of science. In addition, the development of
the unripen experimental approach basically become a fundamental
comprehension in finding patent answers and claims supporting the absolute
theories of the physical law. Woods also stated this scientific breakthrough primly
focus on the criteria of cognition that appears on how it works and exist rather than
questioning why generating a concrete hypothesis wherein it become a
characterized the face of modern method of experiment. According to Hall, in his
book The Scientific Revolution 1500-1800, he was able to distinguish the scientific
proposition in which he argued that each era compromised of cognizance
approaches such as the Copernican Period was centralized into queries of “how”
to prove their claims and hypothesis while the latter endeavors of science stressed
the significance of uncovering and formulating sufficient facts before introducing a
concrete premise.
However, according to Ames, as humanity grasp into the notion of
“revolution” for the overall change it leads into the period of turmoil and social
upheaval since, people become immensely committed into the academic life
implying a whole new age of academic thinking emerges. Public lives primarily
evolve on reflecting, rethinking, and reexamine their beliefs and way of life resulting
to dramatic shift into the overall worldviews. Additionally, the prevalent phenomena
of scientific approach during the intellectual revolution creates expanding
contradictions between the intellects and religious institution who strongly uphold
into their faith, and philosophical beliefs. Wherein they vivaciously condemned the
rational method of noble prodigies of science since, science itself was perceived
to be undefinable due to inability of the society to interpret it, specifying who it
basically works and compliment with nature (Thomas, 2017)
Although, the barrier between of religion and science continuously shatters
the public’s view on how and where the journey for the truth would lead them,
science itself made its way to the platform towards the stance for the prominent
linkage of metaphysical world, human existence, knowledge, and science itself. It
was stated also by Osler (2019) that Science was able to distinguish itself as an
autonomous discipline, independent from the dominance of philosophical and
theological outlooks such as the wide-range of influence of Christianity. Certainly,
Science unseals the fundamental queries and methods of understanding the
surface truth of existence yet, as Thomas Kuhn made his way into the scientific
exploration picture, it created a big fallacy where science seem to be a
questionable concept deceiving humanity. He strongly negates the existence of
the evolutionary phenomena since, science does not full accomplished its focal
point towards the truth and the thought of evolution was merely exaggerated when
supporting variables were uncomprehensive and delusional.
 It was significantly beneficial to mankind development allowing avenues of
transformation in the society through formulation of scientific ideas and solution to
address societal issues in every aspect. As it paves the way in humanity’s intuition,
the capability to conduct scientific investigations, experiments, and observations
continues to elevate the public’s understanding beyond what was physically
present leading into further meaning of each meta-physical bodies. Truly, the
breakthrough of scientific revolution generates a phase where human and science
shared a collective objective and influences through the formation of society
ensuing into a scientific theory.

2. What is paradigm shift?

The notion of scientific revolution introduced on the pre-modern era was
fond questionable resulting into various controversial roasting the scientific
approach of the bodies of knowledge. For some notable modern philosophers, the
existence of scientific breakthrough wasn’t exactly paved the way towards the goal
for the truth about our metaphysical world. However, the scientific revolution was
able to generate a transformative scientific development on the different aspects
of society but, still it was considered to be the building blocks of scientific queries
and comprehension. The oozing discussion began through the philosopher,
Thomas Kuhn’s arguable ideologies into his book The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions wherein it compromised transformative philosophical comprehension
of science leading into uncertainty of the traditional conceptualization on Science.
Emphasizing the bigger picture how science defined humanity, society, and
basically our overall existence, scientist was able to reassess and reevaluate their
work upholding accountability to their prime duty to present a concrete postulate
supported of intuitive variables relevant to the public’s eyes rather than technical
ones.
The wide range of influence of the Kuhn’s book generate a cultural
phenomenon overwhelming the pledge of humanity to scholarly life and adherence
to scientific knowledge. It was remarked by Lambrozo (2016), the commencement
of the prominent book of Structure of Scientific Revolution jointly introduced the
notion paradigm shift which ascertains the Kuhnian’s Influence coherently present
the how science changes, implying the idea of science as an evolution. In a
depthless description of paradigm shift, it was described as a significant change
which occurs when the traditional way of comprehension and perception was
replace by a modern and wide-range view of existing ideologies. Through a further
effort of understanding the Kuhn’s substantial conception, it presents a various
intuition articulating a deeper meaning to what underlies to those appealing rational
methods of investigation as well as the scientific system itself.
 Moreover, one of the substantial sense of science marked into his work was
it prominently implied a breakthrough of change and adaptability to the
methodological approach of understanding science. According to Kuhn in his book
Structure, wherein it was frequently observed how scientific experimentation
occurs generating a mechanism of the cognition advancement into expounding the
sense of science. Looking into the variables competing theories science was
believed to be progressing as mature science however, the domain of issues and
solution provide a variable to elevating the existing knowledge or the overall
success of study. Thus, these problem as solutions where the scientific community
relies to the existing assumption was recognized to be a part of the phenomena
“paradigm” which views the discipline as a “normal science” suggesting as a
passive and constant system of science (Thomas, 2017).
Presented in a Kuhnian Cycle, following the focal point of normal science
was the phase of crisis where typically a gradual paradigm shift occurs.
Complementary contradictions became a dilemma to the public which creates an
indefinite assumption on how the public viewed science, knowledge, and society
itself. Ideas of various philosopher was also able to challenge the preconceived
and standardize paradigm leading into a radically severe notion of science.
Consequently, the notion of the term “paradigm” appears to be an achievement
due to its unprecedented capability to organize and create community sharing
common interest of elevating their mutual intuition on scientific theories. It was also
stated by Materson (1970), the Kuhnian scientific views articulates how science
works to redefined society in order to address and establish solution for the
prevailing societal issues towards progression of humanity.
Henceforth, the paradigms shift a major role towards shaping the society
and molding mankind to our evolving scientific beliefs and methods. Through the
prominent work of Thomas Kuhn, science appears to an underlying and innate
intuition in or existence which develops within us as we immense ourselves
through the physical reality of our existence. Was science really a revolution or it
was merely an evolution which continuously transformed by humanity or
transforming humanity?

3. Choose only one topic from the following revolution and explain why it is part
of intellectual revolution.
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
As the beginning of the seventeenth century, the advent of Scientific Revolution
became one of the notable social phenomena where humanity continues to pursuit
science rather than philosophy itself allowing them to reaffirmed the preconceived
scientific method. It generates drastic changes to the thinking mechanism of humanity
whereas it significantly develops the cognizance on individuals to reexamine and
reassess their worldwide views. Through this century, the validation of concrete
hypotheses must be societies greatest aim compromised of intuitive scientific variables
which leads into gradual collaboration of scientific intellects to advance the different fields
of knowledge. Another, remarkable avenues of strengthening the rational method of
thinking was the establishment of distinct scientific theory from seminal work of scientific
prodigies such Nicolaus Copernicus, Isaac Newton, Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein, and
Charles Darwin. There noble contribution serves as an integral part of the discipline of
science wherein each phenomena was a combination of the fundamental scientific
theorems they introduced. It was crucial to highlight these scientific breakthroughs from
these intellectuals implying the exceptional indication of humanitarian progression
through the wide -acceptance of humanity to rational perception of their realities.

From the what was mentioned above, one of the intellectuals who crucially played
role into the evolving scientific body of knowledge through the establishment of key event
known as the Darwinian Revolution from the scientific effort of Charles Darwin. His
influential work was the Origin of Species which articulates a scientifically brooder
comprehension into the metaphysical perspective particularly, in the context of nature and
prevailing changes (Ruse, 2009). Darwin was British Naturalist who proposed the theory
evolution by natural selection where an organism undergoes the process of adaptation to
its environment through producing inherent traits from its parents. Natural selection
presents the variation between traits of an organism which makes its useful ability crucial
for survival. Organisms’ adaptation through bounding hereditary variations led to a
continuous evolution for the competition of existence. However, the birth of the scientific
revolution was under condemnation that it was implied to be a blindly obsession of
philosophers to science and it methodological approach of understanding. Additionally,
the occurrence of the Darwinian Revolution has been defied despite of that Darwin’s idea
was a fundamental block towards understanding the natural existence of distinct living
organism (Hodge, 2005)
Despite of various hindrance, the Darwinian Revolution remains to a deeply rooted
theorem into scientific community brought by the theory of evolution because of its
notable variables representing the capability of organism to alter their physical being in
order to adapt with the ever-changing phenomena of the physical reality. In Charles
Darwin’s Theory of evolution, he coined the ability of mainly animals to alter changes
within themselves and their environment. As a representation of evolution, he theorizes
the origin of whales where it was a land mammal which undergoes modification for
survival which results into its survival in the vast oceans. In addition, these also support
the ideas of the evolution of apes into humans which mainly also for survival. The theory
of Darwin mainly represents the structural or physical changes of organisms because of
its eagerness for existence through an adaption mechanism of organisms’ various
condition of life (Sloan, 2019)
 Through the sensational work of Darwin, scientist and philosopher was able to
derived avenues of this evolutionary knowledge elevating the existing notion on the
physical world. As the reality of Darwinian revolution was questionable, his influence was
able to be innate into the humane sense, serving as path towards complimentary societal
concern implying the interconnected of organism, nature or the physical world, and the
metaphysical aspect. For this instance, as humanity grasp into the Darwinian figures it
was able to extent its ideas latter centuries of logical thinking such as in the 20th century
William Provine was able to offer a detailed content of the impact and key role of genetics
was fundamentally built a better relevance into evolution. From this level, the Darwinian
Revolution also awakens the image of human existence from the theological and
philosophical aspect introduced by Christianity however, science was the other way
around leading individuals to series of queries on their existence and go voyage into
beyond the meaning to be human (Ruse, 2001). That is to say the Darwinian Revolution
was truly an evolutionary phase creating platforms for opportunities for a new and
accurate contributions to the present studies and perception of scientific community.
Thus, its dominance also manifested a shift towards the traditional ideologies evolving
into a wide-range and vast worldview of science wherein it basically introduced the phase
of modernity into humanity (Ruse, 2009).

4. Can something be created from nothing? Expound your answer.

The existence of various variables influenced the continuous development of the
Scientific Theories which mainly advances through the pledge of great minds of science
to fortify their passion to know and discover those underlying facts of nature emphasizing
the existence of an eminent relation all forms of matter. Over the vast years of humanity’s
scientific commitment, universal theories were established and strengthened which
further explained and supporting the claim from noble Intellects such as Nicolas
Copernicus on his ideology of placement of heavenly bodies supported by the prime
cognizance of Galileo Galilee who paved the way towards the acceptance of the
Copernican Heliocentric System. Due to the significant contribution of the advent of
scientific revolution created a channel for further exploration of what lies beyond life and
existence. Where science was considered to be an ever-evolving discipline of knowledge,
it prominently awakens the inner conscious of mankind on the origin of life leading into
the bigger question to the vastness of the Universe, which remarked to be the origin of
everything from a single infinitesimal matter would generate this physical world (Greshko,
2017). Does the existing universe was an image of a supernatural phenomenon or a
distinct part of the governing laws of physics, and science itself?
According to Adler (2014), these issue had become a controversial issue particularly,
on religious institutions, scientist, and the public itself have wrestled into an overlapping
perception on the mystery of the existence of the universe. The religious institution
strongly adheres into the roots of their ancient culture where the universe was expressed
into a sophisticated creation from a supernatural being who governed the existing context
in various aspect of existence. On the contrary, science was able present some complex
and technical scientific facts where all the bodies of knowledge came into its substantial
interconnectedness manifesting the foremost law of physics empowered by quantitative
and intuitive milieu. However, the question on the prevailing events beyond the core of
existence was strengthen through scientific observation and experimentation on the
existing evidence of the origin of the universe painted into the substantial entities beyond
our physical world including the universe, the galaxy, space, time, and the life itself.
Continuing the endeavors of the past, physicist and cosmologist was able to
established a better understanding into the history of the universe where the physical
laws acts as a fundamental blocks of the life’s meaning. Humanity was fond of the
influential forwarding theory of the universe’s origin recognized as the Big Bang Theory
wherein it emphasizes that the universe was an infinitesimal dense point expanding at a
high temperature (Singh,2014). In 1922, Georges Lemaitre stated that the pedigrees of
the universe began on a single massive atom exploding into a futile darkness. Retracing
the path of subsistence, the physical laws was able to dive into the realm of the existing
matters compromised of atoms under the branch of Quantum Mechanics which
significantly answered and redeem the underlying puzzle of classical mechanics. This
theory introduced humanity and science itself where the existence of an empty space was
simply an illusion because it was believed that each entities compromised of smallest
matter and antimatter. These matter and antimatter correlatively works with one another
when interaction between matter either it was created or destroyed, an antimatter
interaction would also take place as it results into a bursting phenomenon from
nothingness (Siegel, 2018).
Albert Einstein was one of the principled physicist generating a crowning achievement
of a widely contextualized notion of the Theory of Relativity that was the primordial root
of the Big Bang Theory according to NASA. From this theory, it prominently explains how
the nature of existence occurs, accounting detailed variables how the cosmos dominates
and expands life itself appearing into all forms from the celestial bodies up to the existence
of time and life in Earth. It includes two bodily knowledge which was theory of special
relativity that argued the interconnectedness of space and time towards the formation of
the universe and the general relativity implying the key role of gravity to ensure the
general placement of bodies. Ratifying the view points of the origin of the Universe, the
distinguished physicist Stephen Hawking also established a viewpoint to the ideology that
there was nothing around barely darkness before the Big Bang thus, propounding a
theory before the birth of the universe. With regard to the established scientific ideologies,
Hawking immensely proved his distinct intellectuality upholding the theory that the
universe came from an extremely subatomic ball known as singularity by time it could
shrink back into that infinitesimal volume holding the evidence of the how powerful
physics is. His work mainly evolves into the substantial areas of Physics, the quantum
mechanics and general relativity interplaying into its scientific process leading into the
quantum gravity laws (Carr, 2019). Resurfacing the theorem of quantum universe
existence formed into a wave function with no boundary as it quantum state (Hartle,
2018). The competing theories collided forming into a deeper and robust principle of
understanding the universe rely on his intuition contradicting the human-centric
perspective that Big Bang never existed from nothing into something but, it was an almost
nothing looking into the context quantum mechanics.
That is to say, through the evolving knowledge of science continuous generate a
platform for humanity to reassess and revaluate their views persevering for the truth
looking into various aspect of our existence. As humanity focus into an eccentric thinking,
humanity also limits itself and the human knowledge of the world and the underlying
meaning of our life. Thus, looking into these cosmological pendulum, one can determine
that there still existing matter in all forms which implies the supremacy of physical laws
existing in our universe.
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