Lab Report (7 and 11) CMT

Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-

THE NATIONAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY
BatStateU - The NEU Alangilan
Alangilan, Batangas City
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
https://batstate-u.edu.ph/, Tel. No. (043) 425-0139 loc. 118/2121
Department of Civil Engineering
Laboratory Exercise No. 7

Fineness of Cement
In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Subject
Construction Materials and Testing
Submitted By:
Baral, Danielle Christina S.

Blanco, Maria Celine A.
Faz, Shaira Allijah F.
Legaspi, Cristine Joy L.
Zagala, James Ryu C.
Group No. 7
BSCE - 2203
Submitted To:
Engr. Emmanuel P. Maala
March 31, 2023


Fineness of Cement
Objectives:
The fineness of a cement is an important aspect in determining the rate of

hydration, the rate of hydrolysis and the strength of a cement mortar as it gives the
cement more cohesiveness and can reduce the separation of water. The objective of this
experiment is to determine the fineness of cement by sieve analysis.
Theory:
By using the standard sieve #200, the amount of residue will not exceed the
procedure's 10% weight limit of the total amount of sample cement of 350 grams.
Materials and Setup:
1. Sample of Portland Cement

2. Balance, sensitive to 0.1 gm
3. Standard Sieve #200
Methodology:
1. Accurate weigh 350 gm of cement and place it on #200 sieve.

2. Breakdown any air-set lumps in the sample with fingers, but do not rob it on the
sieve.
3. Sieving is done by a gentle motion of the wrist for 15 minutes continuously.
4. The residue shall be weighed and should not exceed 10 percent by weight of the
cement sample.
Discussion:
Sieving Analysis
Before Sieving After Sieving
350 grams 330 grams

Table 1. Sieving Analysis of Cement
In view of this laboratory exercise, the researchers are determining the fineness of
a cement by sieving the cement in a standard sieve #200. This is important in cement
mortar since the finer the cement, the better the cement paste will be in terms of its
setting and strength, while the coarser the cement is the harder it is for the cement to set
and it can affect the overall strength of the cement and it may also lead in cracking.
The researchers weighed 350 grams of cement and sieved it to get 330 grams of
cement with a residue that did not exceed the procedure's 10% weight limit. Because
every cement particle is important in sieving because it will be used in the initial setting
time of the cement, we made sure to break any lumps and not have too much residue.
With this experiment, we now have an important result in the initial setting time
of the cement. This result is required in all aspects of a cement mortar and will determine
all of the required capabilities of a good cement.
Conclusion:
Fineness of cement by sieve method is essential since it has a significant impact

on the rate of hydration, as for this reason increase in fineness means increase in surface,
adhesion, and heat of hydration. As a result, more water is needed, and if calculations are
made incorrectly, concrete structures may experience dry shrinking.
After using standard sieve, #200, the results of this experiment shows that the
sample accumulated a percentage residue value of 5.7143%, which is an acceptable value
as per International Standards recommendation (CivilSir, n.d.). With this, the sample
cement indicates that it is suitable to be used for construction purposes.
Appendices:
A. Computations
B. Tables
C. Documentation
D. Reference
A. Computation
𝑀2
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑀1
(100%) 𝑀1 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠)
20 𝑔
= 350 𝑔
(100%) 𝑀2 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒 (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠)
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 5.7143%

B. Tables
Sieving Analysis
Before Sieving After Sieving
350 grams 330 grams
Table 1. Sieving Analysis of Cement
C. Documentation
Picture 1. Weighing 350g cement sample
Picture 2. Placing the cement sample in the standard sieve
Picture 3. Sieving gently. Breaking down air-set lumps

Picture 4. Cleaning of used materials

D. References
CivilSir. (n.d.) Fineness test for cement, its Procedure & Apparatus. Retrieved
from https://civilsir.com/fineness-test-for-cement-its-procedure-apparatus/

Normal Consistency and Initial Setting Time of Cement
In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Subject
Construction Materials and Testing
Submitted By:
Baral, Danielle Christina S.

Blanco, Maria Celine A.
Faz, Shaira Allijah F.
Legaspi, Cristine Joy L.
Zagala, James Ryu C.
Group No. 7
BSCE - 2203
Submitted To:
Engr. Emmanuel P. Maala
March 31, 2023


Normal Consistency and Initial Setting Time of Cement
Objectives:
In order to ensure that the concrete is workable and can be correctly compacted in
the forms, consistency must be taken into account . Moreover, the initial setting time
happens when the cement paste starts hardening. The objective of this experiment is to
determine the amount of water to be mixed to get the normal consistency of a cement
sample and to determine the initial setting time of cement by using the Vicat needle
apparatus.
Theory:
Determining the initial setting time of cement is getting the time that the paste
starts losing its plasticity. In this laboratory activity, we will be able to find out the initial
setting time of cement using the Vicat needle apparatus as well as the amount of water to
be mixed into it to get its normal consistency.
Materials and Setup:
1. Portland cement sample

2. Balance sensitive to 0.1 gm
3. Vicat Apparatus
4. #200 sieve
5. Mixing container
6. Spatula
Methodology:
1. Test for fineness of cement (350gm).

2. Weigh about 300 gm. of cement accurately and make a paste with 0.085 times the
water required to make a paste of normal consistency.
3. The paste is then placed in the rubber mold.
4. The small end of the rod is brought in contact with the surface of the paste and
quickly released.
5. The penetration of the needle can be read on the goals. The initial set is said to
have occurred when the needle ceases to pass a point 5 mm above the bottom of
the mold.
6. The time taken from the instant of adding water to the cement up to the moment
when the needle ceases to penetrate a point 5 mm above the bottom of the mold is
known as the initial setting of the cement.
7. The time taken from the instant of adding water to the cement up to the moment
when the needle ceases to penetrate a point 5 mm above the bottom of the mold is
known as the initial setting of the cement.
For ordinary Portland cement, the initial setting time should not be less than 30
minutes.
Discussion:
As a result of the laboratory activity before this one which was about fineness of
cement where sieve #200 apparatus was used to filter the cement to its fineness condition,
330 grams was used in creating the sample paste. The base amount of cement which was
350 was later sieved and got 330 grams which was about 94% of the total amount of
cement. This amount was still considered given that the goal is to sieve at least 90% of
the total amount.
In contrast to that, to determine the amount of water that has to be mixed with the
sieved cement to create a reliable type of paste mixture, the normal consistency test was
used. By applying and mixing different amounts of water every trial to 250 grams of
cement, we got 32% as the percentage of 80 mL of water in grams where we got the 5mm
-7mm specifically, 5 mm height of penetration. From that result, we got 89.76 mL of
water through computations which was used to make a paste mixture. In short, we used a
total of 330 grams of cement with its proportional amount of water which was 89.76 mL
or 90 mL as a rounded off value.
The paste mixture was later used as the sample on getting the initial time setting of
the cement mixtures we used. Using the Vicat Needle apparatus, we got the 5 mm or
more difference of the consecutive value of height of the penetration during 30 minutes
after mixture was first penetrated or the 0-minute time. We got to assess the paste through
penetration with an interval time of 5 minutes. From 0 mm to 1 mm to 2 mm until we got
the 7 mm height of the penetration.
Conclusion:
Initial setting time of the cement is regarded as the time consumed between the
moments that the water is added to the cement and the time that the paste starts losing its
plasticity. Before we can determine the initial setting time of the cement, a normal
consistency test was performed. In conclusion with that test, since it uses the same
amount of cement every trial, the normal consistency depends on the water added. The
higher the water added, the higher the possibility of the cement to reach its normal
consistency and the lower the water added, the lower the possibility of the cement to
reach its normal consistency.
After the normal consistency test, the initial setting time is then performed. In
conclusion, the computations involved in this part should be done correctly in order to
come up with the correct result. It will affect the water-cement ratio and when the
water-cement ratio is affected, the initial setting time is affected too. The temperature on
the location where the activity is performed also affects its result where the warmer the
temperature is, the faster the cement set and the colder the temperature is, the slower the
cement set. As for the result that our group got, everything was performed correctly and
we achieved the required penetration which is 5mm interval.
Appendices:
E. Computations
F. Tables
G. Documentation
H. Reference
A. Computations
Percentage passing of sieved cement:

330
350
𝑥100 = 94%
Determining volume of water :

330𝑔(𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) 𝑥 0. 85 𝑥 0. 32 = 89. 76 𝑜𝑟 90 𝑚𝐿
B. Tables
Normal Consistency
Trial Cement Percent Content Penetration

(g) (mm)
1 250 28% (70mL) 40
2 250 30% (75mL) 21
3 250 32% (80mL) 5
4 250 34% (85mL)
Table 1. Normal Consistency measurements

Initial setting time
Minutes Penetration (mm)
0 0
0-5 0
5-10 0
10-15 1
15-20 1
20-25 2
25-30 7
Table 2. Initial Setting time penetration in mm data

C. Documentation
Picture 1. Sieving of 350g of cement
Picture 2. Mixing of cement with 90 mL of water

Picture 3. Placing of cement paste in the Vicat mold
Picture 4. 5-minute interval Penetration
D. Reference
Mohan A. (2019, March 16). NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT [Video].
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMLkzGTy-™
Mohan A. (2019, March 18). INITIAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT [Video].

YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZCZmK9eq4c

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Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-

Department of Civil Engineering

Laboratory Exercise No. 7

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Baral, Danielle Christina S.

March 31, 2023

Department of Civil Engineering

Laboratory Exercise No. 7

The fineness of a cement is an important aspect in determining the rate of

Materials and Setup:

1. Sample of Portland Cement

1. Accurate weigh 350 gm of cement and place it on #200 sieve.

Before Sieving After Sieving

350 grams 330 grams

Department of Civil Engineering

Fineness of cement by sieve method is essential since it has a significant impact

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 5.7143%

Department of Civil Engineering

Picture 1. Weighing 350g cement sample

Picture 2. Placing the cement sample in the standard sieve

Picture 3. Sieving gently. Breaking down air-set lumps

Department of Civil Engineering

Picture 4. Cleaning of used materials

Department of Civil Engineering

Laboratory Exercise No. 11

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Baral, Danielle Christina S.

March 31, 2023

Department of Civil Engineering

Laboratory Exercise No. 11

Materials and Setup:

1. Portland cement sample

1. Test for fineness of cement (350gm).

Department of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

Percentage passing of sieved cement:

Determining volume of water :

Trial Cement Percent Content Penetration

1 250 28% (70mL) 40

2 250 30% (75mL) 21

3 250 32% (80mL) 5

4 250 34% (85mL)

Table 1. Normal Consistency measurements

Minutes Penetration (mm)

Department of Civil Engineering

Table 2. Initial Setting time penetration in mm data

Picture 1. Sieving of 350g of cement

Picture 2. Mixing of cement with 90 mL of water

Department of Civil Engineering

Picture 3. Placing of cement paste in the Vicat mold

Picture 4. 5-minute interval Penetration

Mohan A. (2019, March 18). INITIAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT [Video].

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