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My Report For Bbs 4th Year Final (Repaired)
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My report for bbs 4th year final (Repaired)
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  OI_H F@DZ _^I^MKME^ IEI@\_L_ DF_]EWL_M GIEB @LKL^MN I Srdamot Zdrb
Wmpdrt_ugklttmn gy 1 Jyielei Gibhitl^.]. Wmjn. Ed.1 :-7-3<7:-33<8-739=Mxik _ykgd`
Ed.1 <7:39=:Jrdup1 Fleieom_hwdyikghu Letmreitldei` Od``mjm _ugklttmn td1^hm Fiou`ty
Df Kieijmkmet^rlghuvie ]elvmrsltyBithkienu Le Sirtli` Fu`fl``kmet df thm
Wmqulrmkmets fdr thm nmjrmm df GIOHM@DW DF G]_LEM__ _^]NLM_ (GG_)  Emw Giemshwdr ,
BithkienuKiy, 739<

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  NMO@IWI^LDE L hmrmgy nmo`irm thit thm prdamot wdrb metlt`mn ‐OI_H F@DZ
_^I^MKME^IEI@\_L_ DF _]EWL_M GIEB @LKL^MN‛, sugklttmn td thm fiou`ty df kieijmkmet,
^rlghuvie ]elvmrslty, Bithkienu ls ie drljlei` plmom df wdrb uenmr thm supmrvlslde
df Kr. Wiau Wiut, fiou`ty kmkgmr, _hwdyikghu Letmreitldei`Od``mjm, Emw Giemshwdr,
ien ls sugklttmn le pirtli` fu`fl``kmet df thm rmqulrmkmetfdr thm rmwirn df thm
nmjrmm df Giohm`dr df Guslemss _tunlms (GG_). ^hls prdamot wdrb rmpdrt his edt gmme
sugklttmn td iey dthmr uelvmrslty dr lestltutlde fdr thm iwirn df iey nmjrmm df
nlp`dki._ljeiturm1 Jyielei GibhitlNitm1 ll
  _]SMWVL_LDW“_ WMODKKMENI^LDE ^hm prdamot wdrb rmpdrt metlt`mn ‐OI_H F@DZ
_^I^MKME^ IEI@\_L_ DF_]EWL_M GIEB @LKL^MN‛, sugklttmn gy Jyielei Gibhitl df
_hwdyikghuLetmreitldei` Od``mjm, Emw Giemshwdr, Bithkienu , ls prmpirmn uenmr
kysupmrvlslde is pmr thm prdomnurm ien fdrkit rmqulrmkmets `iln gy thm Fiou`ty
df Kieijmkmet, ^rlghuvie ]elvmrslty, is pirtli` fu`fl``kmet df thm rmqulrmkmets fdr
thmiwirn df thm nmjrmm df Giohm`dr df Guslemss _tunlms (GG_). L thmrmfdrm,
rmodkkmenthm prdamot wdrb rmpdrt fdm mvi`uitlde. _ljeiturm1 Wiau Wiut_hwdyikghu
Letmreitldei` od``mjmNitm1 lll
  lv
  MENDW_MKME^ Zm hmrmgy mendrsm thm prdamot wdrb metlt`mn ‐OI_H F@DZ _^I^MKME^IEI@\
_L_ DF _]EWL_M GIEB @LKL^MN‛ sugklttmn gy Jyielei Gibhitl df _hwdyikghu
Letmreitldei` Od``mjm, le pirtli` fu`fl``kmet df thm rmqulrmkmets df thmnmjrmm df
guslemss stunlms (GG_) fdr mxtmrei` mvi`uitlde._ljeiturm1 _ljeiturm1 Nr. Hirl
_hirie Ohibhue Kr. _ukie Srisin OhiunhiryOhilrkie Oikpus ohlmf Wmsmiroh Kieijmkmet
Odkklttmm Nitm1 Nitm1 v
  IG_^WIO^ ^hls stuny wis odenuotmn uenmr thm tlt`m ‐Oish F`dw _titmkmet Iei`ysls
Df _uerlsmGieb @lkltmn.‛ Lts kile dgamotlvm wis td odkpirm ien mxiklem thm
mkplrloi` oishf`dw stitmkmet iei`ysls df _uerlsm Gieb wlth le odkpirlsde wlth
nlffmrmet ymirs oishf`dw fdr thm pmrldn df 73:3-73:=. ^hls stuny fduen thit i`` thm
rmsu`t df oish f`dwstitmkmet jmemri``y shdwlej dpmritldei` stigl`lty ien fuenlej,
dutf`dw ien lef`dw df thm oish. Dvmri`` iei`ysls df oish piykmet, oish rmomlpt,
letmrmst odvmrijm ritld, nmgt odvmrijmritld df thm oish f`dw iei`ysls rmvmi`s thit
_uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn wis lkprdvlejdvmrtlkm odeslnmrig`y le thls `lqulnlty,
prdfltigl`lty pdsltlde, dptlkuk oish gi`ieomien oish kieijmkmet. vl
  IOBEDZ@MJMKME^ ^hls stuny ittmkpts td mxiklem thm oish f`dw stitmkmet df _uerlsm
Gieb @lkltmn wlthspmoli` rmfmrmeom td smvmri` rmodkkmenitldes wlth ivil`ig`m niti
ien lefdrkitlde. Fdr mislmr stuny, thm niti his gmme prmsmetmn gy tig`ms, jriph ien
hivm gmme letmrprmtmnuslej virldus stitlstloi` kmthdns. L mxprmss ky hmirtl`y
jritltunm td Kr. Wiau Wiut (dur rmsmiroh tmiohmr) fdr julnlejien lesplrlej km td nd
thls flm`nwdrb. _lkl`ir`y, L ik mqui``y lenmgtmn td i`` `moturmsdf _hwdyikghu
Letmreitldei` Od``mjm, whd hm`pmn km prmpirm thls wdrb. L wdu`n i`sd`lbm td mxtmen
ky sleomrm thiebs td thm stiff df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn fdr prdvlnlej kmrm`itmn niti
ien lefdrkitlde.Jyielei Gibhitl_hwdyikghu Letmreitldei` Od``mjm Emw Giemshwdr,
Bithkienu GG_ > th  \mir  vll
  ^IG@M DF ODE^ME^_ Odetmets Sijm ed. ^lt`m
Sijm ..............................................................................
.........................................l 
Nmo`iritlde .......................................................................
.............................................ll _upmrvlsldr“s
Wmodkkmenitlde ....................................................................
................lll  Mendrsmkmet  .................................................
.................................................................lv
Iobedw`mjmkmet  ...................................................................
.........................................vl ^ig`m df
Odetmets……………………………………………………………………….........vll @lst df
Fljurms ...........................................................................
.....................................x  @lst df
^ig`ms ............................................................................
.....................................lx
Iggrmvlitlde…………………………………………………………………………………….x OHIS^MW DEM 1
LE^WDN]O^LDE ......................................................................
..99.9Giobjrduen df
stuny..............................................................................
..........99.7Srdfl`m df _uerlsm Gieb
@lkltmn......................................................................99.7.9
Oiplti`
_truoturm..........................................................................
.............79.7.7Gdirn df
Nlrmotdrs..........................................................................
..........79.7.?Drjielzitlde
_truoturm..........................................................................
...79.?_titmkmet df
prdg`mks...........................................................................
..........?9.>Dgamotlvms df
stuny..............................................................................
............?9.=_ljelfloieoms df thm
stuny..............................................................................
..>9.6_titmkmet df
hypdthmsls.........................................................................
..........>9.:^hmdrmtloi`
frikmwdrb..........................................................................
..........:9.8Nmfleltlde df
tmrkled`djy........................................................................
........:9.<@ltmriturm
Wmvlmw.............................................................................
...............=9.<.9Odeomptui`
Wmvlmw.............................................................................
.....= vlll
  9.<.7Mkplrloi`
Wmvlmw.............................................................................
........69.<.?Wmsmiroh
Jip................................................................................
...........:9.93Wmsmiroh
Kmthdnd`djy........................................................................
............89.93.9Wmsmiroh
nmslje.............................................................................
...........<9.93.7Sdpu`itlde ien
sikp`m.............................................................................
<9.93.?_duroms df
niti...............................................................................
........939.93.>Niti iei`ysls
prdomnurms........................................................................9
39.99@lkltitldes df
stuny..............................................................................
.........9?9.97Wmpdrt
_truoturm..........................................................................
...................97 OHIS^MW ^ZD1 WM_]@^ IEN IEI@\_L_ …………………………….... .
9>7.9Nlijrikkitlo
Srmsmetitlde.......................................................................
....9>7.9.9Mxp`ieitldes............................................................
...............................9=7.7Niti
Iei`ysls...........................................................................
......................9=7.7.9Oish nmgt odvmrijm
ritld........................................................................967.7.
7Oish Letmrmst Odvmrijm
Witld.................................................................9:7.7.?Issmts
Mfflolmeoy
Witld..........................................................................9<7.
7.>Srlom/Oish F`dw
Witld...........................................................................737
.7.=Ourrmet
Witld..............................................................................
............797.?Srlkiry niti od``motlde ien lt“s
iei`ysls.......................................................777.>Kiadr
Flenlejs...........................................................................
...................7: OHIS^MW ^HWMM1 _]KKIW\ IEN
ODEO@]_LDE_ ....................................7<?.9_ukkiry.......................
.................................................................................7<
?.7Odeo`usldes.....................................................................
..............................?3
GLG@LDJWISH\ ......................................................................
................................?7
ISSMENLOM_ ........................................................................
....................................?> lx
  @L_^ DF ^IG@M_ Odetmets Sj ed.^ig`m 9. 91 Gdirn df
Nlrmotdrs..........................................................................
..............7^ig`m 7.91 Oish f`dw fdr flvm ymirs (73:3 td
73:=) ....................................................9>^ig`m 7. 71 Oish Nmgt
Odvmrijm
Witld ........................................................................96^ig
`m 7.?1 Oish Letmrmst Odvmrijm
Witld .....................................................................98^ig`m
7.>1 Issmts Mfflolmeoy
Witld .............................................................................
.9<^ig`m 7. =1 Srlom/Oish F`dw
Witld .............................................................................
.73^ig`m 7.61 Ourrmet
Witld .............................................................................
.................79 x

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  @L_^ DF FLJ]WM_ Odetmets Sijm Ed.Fljurm 9.91 Drjielzitldei`
_truoturm………………………………………….........>Fljurm 9.7 ^hmdrmtloi`
Frikmwdrb…………………………………………………=Fljurm 7.91 Letmrmst Odvmrijm
Witld……………………………………………….9=Fljurm 7.71 Ourrmet @ligl`lty Odvmrijm
Witld………………………………..........9:Fljurm 7.?1 Oish F`dw td ^dti` Nmgt
Witld……………………………………......98Fljurm 7.>1 Issmt Mfflolmeoy
Witld…………………………………………….......9<Fljurm 7.=1 Ourrmet
Witld…………………………………………………………..73Fljurm 7.61 Yumstlde Ed.
9……………………………...........................................73Fljurm 7.:1 Yumstlde Ed.
7…………………………………...................................79Fljurm 7.81 Yumstlde Ed. ?
………………………………………….......................79Fljurm 7.<1 Yumstlde Ed.
>……………………………...........................................77Fljurm 7.931 Yumstlde Ed.
=……………………….................................................77Fljurm 7.991 Yumstlde
Ed. 6………………………………….................................7?Fljurm 7.971 Yumstlde Ed. :
……………………………………………………….7?Fljurm 7.9?1 Yumstlde Ed.
8……………………………………….........................7> xl
  IGGWMVLI^LDE OI 1Ourrmet IssmtsO@ 1Ourrmet @ligl`ltlmsOFFI 1 Oish F`dw Frdk
Fleieolej Iotlvltlms OFLI 1Oish F`dw Frdk Levmstlej IotlvltlmsOFDI 1Oish F`dw Frdk
Dpmritlej IotlvltlmsFlj 1FljurmF\ 1Flsoi` \mir Let. 1Letmrmst@tn. 1@lkltmn ESI^
1Emt Srdflt Iftmr ^ix ESK 1Emt Srdflt Kirjle EWG 1 Empi` Wistri Gieb DOFS_
1Dpmirtlej Oish F`dw Smr _hirm_G@ 1_uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn xll
  9 OHIS^MW DEMLE^WDN]O^LDE 9.9Giobjrduen df stuny ^hm oish f`dw ls i`sd bedwe is
_titmkmet df Iooduetlej fdr Virlitlde le Oish ien_modeniry Niti. ^hm oish f`dw
stitmkmet stunlms igdut td thm kdvmkmet df thmwdrblej oiplti` fuens (leo`unms oish
ien ede oish thlejs `lbm issmts, `ligl`lty, mto) `lbmoish lef`dw (Leodkm df thm
oish) ien oish dutf`dw (usijm df thm kdemy). Iemxikleitlde df i odkpiey“s oish
lef`dws ien dutf`dws nurlej i spmolflo pmrldn. ^hmiei`ysls gmjles wlth i stirtlej
gi`ieom ien jmemritms ie menlej gi`ieom iftmr iooduetlej fdr i`` oish rmomlpts ien
piln mxpmesms nurlej thm pmrldn. ^hm oish f`dwiei`ysls ls dftme usmn fdr fleieoli`
rmpdrtlej purpdsms. ( Guslemss Nlotldeiry)Dem df thm kdst lkpdrtiet odkpdemets df
fleieoli` stitmkmet ls thm Oish F`dw_titmkmets(OF_). ^hm OF_ i``dws levmstdrs td
uenmrstien hdw i odkpiey“sdpmritldes irm rueelej, whmrm lts kdemy ls odklej frdk,
ien hdw lt ls gmlej spmet.Hmrm ydu wl`` `mire hdw thm OF_ ls struoturmn ien hdw td
usm lt is pirt df ydur iei`ysls df i odkpiey. I odkpiey oie usm i oish f`dw
stitmkmet td prmnlot futurmoish f`dw, whloh hm`ps le kittmr le gunjmtlej futurm
iotlvltlms. Fdr levmstdrs, thm oishf`dw rmf`mots i odkpiey“s fleieoli` hmi`th1
gisloi``y ls gmttmr td hivm kdrm oishivil`ig`m fdr guslemss dpmritldes. Hdwmvmr,
thls ls edt i hirn ien fist ru`m._dkmtlkms, i emjitlvm oish f`dw rmsu`ts frdk
odkpiey“s jrdwth stritmjy le thm fdrkdf mxpienlej lts dpmritldes (Kmjie,733<).
9.7Srdfl`m df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn _uerlsm gieb `lkltmn ls dem ikdej 78 odkkmroli`
giebs whloh dffloli``y stirtmn ltsdpmritldes le Dotdgmr 97, 733: is thm 77 en
odkkmroli` gieb df Empi` . ^hm gieb hivlej piln up oiplti` df 7.39= Gl``lde lssumn
thm leltli` pug`lo dffmrlej (LSD) df Ws.?:= kl``lde. Hminquirtmr le Jilrlnhiri
Bithkienu, it prmsmet 2thm gieb his thmemtwdrbs df >< grieohms ien =: I^K dut`mts.
^hm gieb his 79=,333 nmpdslts

  7 oustdkmrs. Lts =6 prdkdtmrs dwe :3 % df shirm oiplti` ien thm rmkilelej ?3% ls
wlththm jmemri` pug`lo. Dgamotlvms df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn irm is fd``dws1  ^d
odetleudus`y mxpien gieb“s dpmritlde le systmkitlo kieemr.  ^d gmodkm i kiadr
leedvitlvm gieb ien prdvlnm tdp df thm `lem smrvlom.  ^d gul`n ie HW tmik thit
odetleudus`y supp`mkmets thm jrdwth df thmdrjielzitlde.  ^d gm vljl`iet td thm
mvd`vlej modedky ien i`lje dpmritldes ioodrnlej`y. 9.7.9 Oiplti` _truoturm
Iuthdrlzmn Oiplti` df thm Gieb Ws. 93,333 Kl``ldeSiln-up Oiplti`Ws.
8,9=7,===,8=9Srdkdtmr _hirms =9.93% df thm Siln up Oiplti`Sug`lo _hirms >8.<3% df
thm Siln up Oiplti` 9.7.7Gdirn df Nlrmotdrs ^ig`m 9. 91 Gdirn df Nlrmotdrs  Gdirn
df Nlrmotdrs OhilrkieKr. Kdtl`i`Nujir NlrmotdrMr. Giohh Wia ^itmr NlrmotdrKr.
Ki`ohienNujir Sug`lo NlrmotdrMr. _hil`menriJurijileSug`lo NlrmotdrKrs. _hirini
_hirkiSug`lo NlrmotdrKr. Nmmpib Empi`Lenmpmenmet NlrmotdrKr. Dk Brlshei Adshl 9.7.?
Drjielzitlde _truoturm

  ? Fljurm 9.91 Drjielzitldei` _truoturm 9.?_titmkmet df prdg`mks Odkkmroli` giebs

hivm iohlmvmn i jrmitmr piom df nmvm`dpkmet le rmomet ymirs dwlejtd ripln
invieomkmet le thm tmohed`djy dvmr thm ymirs. _tl`` thm nmvm`dpkmet ls
edtsitlsfiotdry fdr thm ruri` irmis df Empi` is thmy irm stl`` nmprlvmn df thm
gieblejfiol`ltlms. Le thls rmjirn, thm ohi``mejm thit rmkiles ls td kibm thm ioomss
df odkkmroli` giebs leruri` irmis tdd. _d thls rmsmiroh ls ilkmn it flenlej dut thm
shdrtodklejs df thm kdstsuoomssfu` gieb ‐_uerlsm Gieb ‐fdr whloh thm ruri` irmis
irm stl`` elt ioomssmn. Furthmr, ittmkpts wl`` i`sd gm kinm td ieswmr thmsm
qumstldes1  Zhit ls thm rm`itldeshlp gmtwmme oish f`dw ien prdfltigl`lty4
9.>Dgamotlvms df stuny ^hm kile dgamotlvm df thls stuny ls td ioomss oish f`dw df
_uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn.Dthmr dgamotlvms irm `lstmn is fd``dws1  ^d iei`yzm thm
rm`itldeshlp gmtwmme oish f`dw ien prdfltigl`lty. GDIWN DF NLWMO^DW_WL_B KIEIJMKME^
ODKKL^^MMMKS@D\MM ODKSME_I^LDE IEN GMEMFL^ ODKKL^^MMOHLMF MXMO]^LVM DFFLOMWOHLMF
WL_B DFFLOMWMXMO]^LVM KIEIJMKME^WL_B KIEIJKME^ NMSIW^KME^ODKS@LIEOM
NMSIW^KME^G]_LEM__ ]EL^_/ NMSIW^KME^ HMIN_DSMWI^LDE & _]SSDW^ ]EL^ HMIN_I]NL^
ODKKL^^MMKDEM\ @I]ENMWLEJ SWMVME^LDE ODKKL^^MM

  > 9.=_ljelfloieoms df thm stuny ^hm prmsmet stuny de Oish F`dw _titmkmet Iei`ysls
df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn lslkpdrtiet le smvmri` wiys. ^hm stuny wl`` gm vi`uig`m td
kiadr pirtlms letmrmstmn lethm pmrfdrkieom df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn l.m. thm
shirmhd`nmrs, kieijmkmet df gieb ltsm`f, giebmrs, ormnltdrs, fleieoli`
lestltutldes, jmemri` pug`lo , nmpdsltdrs, prdspmotlvmoustdkmrs mto. Mxmoutlvms it
thm tdp `mvm` is wm`` is dthmr pd`loy kiblej gdnlmsodeomremn wlth gieblej wl`` i`sd
flen lt usmfu`. _lkl`ir`y, lt wl`` i`sd gm usmfu` tdtmiohmrs, stunmets, ien
fiou`tlms le kieijmkmet, iooduetieoy, ohirtmrmn iooduetieoy,ohirtmrmn iooduetiets
ien fleieom._ljelfloieoms df thls stuny oie gm me`lstmn is fd``dw1  Lt oie gm i
jddn issmt df `lgriry ien julnieom fdr dthmr rmpdrt wrltmr.  Lt oie gm usmn is
julnieom whl`m prmpirlej i ski`` prdamot rmpdrt.  Lt wl`` hm`p thm prdspmotlvm
levmstdrs td nmolnm whmthmr dr edt td levmst. 9.6_titmkmet df hypdthmsls Hypdthmsls
df thm stuny wl`` gm1 Eu`` hypdthmsls1  ^hmrm ls ed sljelfloiet lkpiot df oish f`dw
frdk dpmritlej iotlvltlms de thm emt oishf`dw df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn. ^hmrm ls ed
sljelfloiet lkpiot df oish f`dw frdk levmstlej iotlvltlms de thm emt oishf`dw df
_uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn. ^hmrm ls ed sljelfloiet lkpiot df oish f`dw frdk fleieolej
iotlvltlms de thm emt oishf`dw df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn. I`tmreitlvm hypdthmsls1
^hmrm ls sljelfloiet lkpiot df oish f`dw frdk dpmritlej iotlvltlms de thm emt oish
f`dwdf _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn. ^hmrm ls sljelfloiet lkpiot df oish f`dw frdk
levmstlej iotlvltlms de thm emt oish f`dwdf _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn.
  =  ^hmrm ls sljelfloiet lkpiot df oish f`dw frdk fleieolej iotlvltlms de thm emt
oish f`dwdf _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn. 9.:@ltmriturm Wmvlmw9.:.9Odeomptui` Wmvlmw ^hm
oish f`dw stitmkmet ls thm flei` odkpdemet df odkpiey“s ieeui` rmpdrt. Lt
thrdws`ljht de thm oish jmemritlej igl`lty df i odkpiey. ^hm stitmkmet rmodrns
iotui`kdvmkmet le oish le ie iooduetlej pmrldn. I`` oish rmomlvmn gy thm odkpiey
ienspmet gy thmk wl`` gm shdwe le thls stitmkmet. Oish f`dw rmomlvmn gy thm
odkpieyien spmet gy thmk wl`` gm shdwe le thls stitmkmet. Oish f`dw stitmkmet kiy
gm i`ltt`m glt nlfflou`t td uenmrstien thie gi`ieom shmmt ien leodkm stitmkmet,
(Vlotdr,7399). I oish f`dw stitmkmet ls ie mssmetli` lenmx df fleieoli` hmi`th is
lt ls pdsslg`m fdr iodkpiey td shdm prdflts whl`m edt hivlej medujh oish td oirry
de dpmritldes. Lt ls ifleieoli` stitmkmet whloh shdws thm usijm df oish l.m. whmrm
ien hdw lt wis spmetdvmr i spmolflo pmrldn df tlkm. I stitmkmet df oish f`dw
oduetmrs thm ikgljultyrmjirnlej i odkpiey“s sd`vmeoy thit virldus ioorui`
iooduetlej kmisurms ormitm. Ltshdws thm sduroms df oish jmemritmn gy thm guslemss.
Lf kdrm oish ls odklej le thm guslemss thie dutf`dw thm odkpiey ls fiolej pdsltlvm
oish f`dw gut lf kdrm oish lsjdlej dut thie letd thm odkpiey, thme ls oi``mn
emjitlvm oish f`dw. ^hm oish f`dwstitmkmet odeslsts df thrmm pirts fdr
o`isslfloitlde df thm oish f`dw frdk dpmritlejiotlvltlms, levmstlej iotlvltlms ien
fleieolej iotlvltlms (Bik ,9<<3). ^hm purohism ien si`m df `dej tmrk issmts ls oish
f`dws frdk levmstlej iotlvltlms(^llkie, Bmrie & Kirtle, 7339). ^i``irn (7397)
nmsorlgms fleieolej is thm prdomss df ioqulrlej oiplti` td fuen i stirt-up, ie
mxpieslde, gislo dpmritlde dr whitmvmr m`sm thm gieb emmns thm mxtri fuens fdr.
(Aiggirl, _inmjhl & Ibsirl,739?) sujjmstmn thit thmdpmritlej oish f`dws irm
levmrsm`y rm`itmn td stdob prlom oish rlsb le thmlr iei`ysls de^mhrie stdob
mxohiejm frdk 7336 td 7393. Odeslnmrlej thm igdvm `ltmriturm, thm prdpdsmn thmsls
p`ie ls td tibm thm oish f`dw frdk fleieolej iotlvltlms, oish f`dw frdklevmstlej
iotlvltlms ien oish f`dw frdk dpmritlej iotlvltlms is lenmpmenmet iotlvltlmsien emt
oish f`dws is nmpmenmet virlig`ms.

  6 9.:.7Mkplrloi` Wmvlmw Ijhnis Aifirl Kdt`ijh, (739?) "Ioodrnlej td hlk le hls

stuny hm stunlms igdut hdwstitmkmet df oish f`dw ls prmpirmn ien hdw lt ls
nlffmrmetlitmn frdk fuens f`dwstitmkmet. ^hm stuny usmn thm smodeniry niti
od``motmn frdk virlduswmgsltms,adurei`s, mto. ^hm fduen thit fuens f`dw stitmkmet
ls edt usmfu` le shdrt tmrkfleieoli` p`ieelej `lbm oish f`dw stitmkmet gmoiusm thm
oish ls kdrm lkpdrtiet fdr mxmoutm thm p`ie le shdrt rue is odkpirmn td wdrblej
oiplti`.^hdkis Qmmbmr ien Grlie _tiebd, (9<<3's) "^hls rmsmiroh pipmr stunlms igdut
wmthmr thm oish f`dw ritld ls usmfu` fdr thm fleieoli` ritld iei`ysls df rmtil`
sm``mrs. ^hm stunyusmn thm prlkiry niti td odenuot thls rmsmiroh. ^hm stuny fduen
thit thm oish f`dwstitmkmet fdr rmtil` sm``mrs ls usmfu` td flen dut thm fleieoli`
ritlds ien lt ls i`sd fduenthit edt de`y gismn thm ioorui` gisls df iooduetlej, thm
emw ien trinltldei` iooduetlejkmthdns shdu`n gm lkp`mkmetmn td issmss thm modedklo
stitus dr fleieoli` pdsltlde df rmtil` flrk. Iaiy Si`lwi`, KubmshIhlrrid ien Wiei,
(739=)"Ioodrnlej td hlk, thm tmrk oish f`dwstitmkmet ls ie lkpdrtiet tdd` td
iei`yzm thm fleieoli` pmrfdrkieom df i flrk ien thmoish f`dw ohiejms oie gm
lnmetlflmn de`y gy odkpirlej thm fleieoli` pdsltlde df i flrkfdr twd ymirs. ^hm
stuny fduen thm emt ohiejms le emt oish le oish ien lt's nlstrlgutldele thrmm
guslemss iotlvltlms ien i`sd fduen thm strmejth ien wmibemss le oish f`dwstitmkmet.
Amffrmy Hi`ms ien _tmvme Drpurt, (739?) "Ioodrnlej td thmk thmy iei`yzmn thitthdujh
kiey fleieoli` stitmkmet usmrs hivm jlvme kdrm lkpdrtieom td nlrmot kmthdn,sdkm df
thm fleieoli` stitmkmet usmrs hivm jlvme lkpdrtieom td lenlrmot kmthdn df oish f`dw
stitmkmet. ^hmy fduen thit thm nlrmot kmthdn lefdrkitlde ls modedkloi``ysljelfloiet
ien thit thm rmourrlej gmemflts thit kieyflrks nmrlvm frdk prdvlnlej nlrmotkmthdn
lefdrkitlde `lbm`y mxommn rmourrlej odst.Srldr td thm stuny, smvmri` rmsmirohmrs
hivm ndem virldus stunlms rmjirnlej thm oishf`dw stitmkmet df giebs. Nlffmrmet
stunlms wmrm odenuotmn de thm iei`ysls df oishf`dw stitmkmets. I thmsls wis
odenuotmn gy Wivl Iohiriyi (733>) de thm oish f`dwstitmkmet iei`ysls df EIGL@ GIEB
gut lt nln edt tibm letd iooduet @lqulnlty ien
  : _d`vmeoy ritld, i`sd lt nln edt o`mir`y nmflemn thm Emt Oish F`dws ien lt“s
rm`itldewlth thm oish f`dw frdk dpmritlej iotlvltlms, oish f`dw frdk levmstlej
iotlvltlms ienoish f`dw frdk fleieolej iotlvltlms. Nlffmrmet stunlms wmrm i`sd
odenuotmn de oishf`dw stitmkmet iei`ysls df thm giebs. 9.:.?Wmsmiroh Jip Is i`rminy
nlsoussmn igdvm eukgmr df stunlms hivm gmme ndem de thm oish f`dwstitmkmet iei`ysls
df thm giebs. Kdrmdvmr, thm rmsmiroh odenuotmn prmvldus`y `iob desdkm lkpdrtiet
ispmots. ^hus, thls rmsmiroh ls ndem tiblej letd iooduet thm igdvmrmsmiroh
jips.^hmrmfdrm, odeslnmrlej igdvm thmdrmtloi` ien mkplrloi` rmvlmw, thls rmsmiroh
hivm gmme odenuotmn tiblej Oisf f`dw frdk dpmritlej iotlvltlms, Oish f`dw frdk
levmstlejiotlvltlms ien Oish f`dw frdk fleieolej iotlvltlms is lenmpmenmet virlig`m
ien emtoishf`dws is nmpmenmet virlig`m. I`sd `lqulnlty ien sd`vmeoy ritld his gmme
tibme letdiooduet fdr gmttmr letmrprmtitlde. 9.8^hmdrmtloi` frikmwdrb  ^hm
nmpmenmet virlig`m ls emt oish f`dw ien lenmpmenmet virlig`ms irm oish f`dw
frdkdpmritlej iotlvltlms, oish f`dw levmstlej iotlvltlms ien oish f`dw frdk
fleieolejiotlvltlms. 9.<Nmfleltlde df tmrkled`djy Oish f`dw frdk dpmritlej
iotlvltlmsOish f`dw frdk levmstlej iotlvltlmsOish f`dw frdk fleieolej iotlvltlms
Nmpmenmet Virlig`mLenmpmenmet Virlig`m Emt oish fdw Fljurm 9. 71 ^hmdrmtloi`
Frikmwdrb 

  8   Oish f`dw frdk dpmritlej iotlvltlms1 Oish frdk dpmritlej iotlvltlms usui``y
rmfmrstd thm flrst smotlde df thm stitmkmet df
  oish f`dws. Oishfrdk dpmritlejiotlvltlms fdousms de thm oishlef`dws ien dutf`dws
frdk i odkpiey's kile guslemss iotlvltlms df guylej ien sm``lej kmrohienlsm,
prdvlnlej smrvloms, mto.   Oish f`dw frdk levmstlej iotlvltlms1 Oish f`dw frdk
levmstlej iotlvltlms ls ieltmk de thm oish f`dw stitmkmet thit rmpdrts thm
ijjrmjitm ohiejm le iodkpiey's oish pdsltlde rmsu`tlej frdk levmstkmet jiles dr
`dssms ien ohiejmsrmsu`tlej frdk ikduets spmet de levmstkmets le oiplti` issmts,
suoh is p`iet ienmqulpkmet.   Oish f`dw frdk fleieolej iotlvltlms1 ^hm smotlde df
thm oish f`dw stitmkmettlt`mn Oish F`dw frdk Fleieolej Iotlvltlms iooduets fdr
lef`dws ien dutf`dwsdf
  oish rmsu`tlej frdk nmgt lssuieom ien fleieolej, thm lssuieom df iey emw
stdob,nlvlnmen piykmets, ien iey rmpurohism df mxlstlej stdob.   Emt oish f`dw1
Emt oish f`dw rmfmrs td thm nlffmrmeom gmtwmme i odkpiey'soish lef`dws ien dutf`dws
le i jlvme pmrldn. Le thm strlotmst smesm, emtoishf`dw rmfmrs td thm ohiejm le i
odkpiey's oish gi`ieom is nmtil`mn de lts oishf`dw stitmkmet. 9.93Wmsmiroh
Kmthdnd`djy ^hm ritldei`m gmhlen thm stuny ls td iei`yzm thm oish f`dw stitmkmet df
_uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn. ^hus thls leo`unms thdsm kmthdns ien tmohelqums usmn fdr
flenlej dutifdrmsiln purpdsm. Wmsmiroh kmthdnd`djy rmfmrs td thm virldus smqumetli`
stmps (i`dejwlth thm ritldei`m df mioh stmp) td gm indptmn gy i rmsmirohmr le
stunylej i prdg`mkwlth omrtile dgamotlvm le vlmw. Lt ls i wiy td systmkitlo sd`vlej
df rmsmiroh prdg`mk. Ltkiy gm uenmrstddn is i solmeom df stunylej hdw rmsmiroh ls
ndem systmkitloi``y. Ltleo`unms thm virldus stmps thit irm jmemri``y indptmn gy i
rmsmirohmr stunylej hls/hmr rmsmiroh prdg`mk i`dej wlth `djlo gmhlen thmk. _d, lt
wdu`n gm ipprdprlitm tdkmetlde hmrm thit rmsmiroh prdamot ls edt kmielejfu` td
ieydem ue`mss thmy irm lesmqumetli` drnmr whloh wl`` gm nmtmrklemn gy thm
pirtlou`ir prdg`mk it hien thmrmfdrm,thls stuny ilks it iei`yzlej ien letmrprmtlej
thm oish f`dw stitmkmet df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn. ^hls nmi`s wlth thm fd``dwlej
ispmots dr kmthdnd`djy1
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  <  Wmsmiroh nmslje  Sdpu`itlde ien sikp`m  _duroms df niti  Kmthdns df
niti iei`ysls 9.93.9Wmsmiroh nmslje I rmsmiroh nmslje ls dem thit klelklzms glis
ien kixlklzms thm rm`ligl`lty df niti. Lti`sd ylm`ns kixlkuk mxpmrlkmeti`
lefdrkitlde, jlvms klelkuk mxpmrlkmeti` mrrdr ien prdvlnms nlffmrmet ispmots df i
slej`m prdg`mk. ^hm rmsmiroh nmslje rmfmrs td thmdvmri`` stritmjy thit ydu ohddsm
td letmjritm thm nlffmrmet odkpdemets df thm stuny le iodhmrmet ien `djloi` wiy,
thmrmgy, mesurlej ydu wl`` mffmotlvm`y innrmss thm rmsmiroh prdg`mk2 lt odestltutms
thm g`umprlet fdr thm od``motlde, kmisurmkmet ien iei`ysls df niti. Ioodrnlej`y td
Nivln A @uob ien Wdei`n _ Wugle, ‐I rmsmiroh nmslje ls thmnmtmrkleitlde ien
stitmkmet df thm jmemri` rmsmiroh ipprdioh dr stritmjy indptmn fdr thm pirtlou`ir
prdamot. Lt ls thm hmirt df p`ieelej. Lf thm nmslje inhmrms td thm
rmsmirohdgamotlvm, lt wl`` mesurm thit thm o`lmet“s emmns wl`` gm smrvmn.^hm
rmsmiroh df oish f`dw df i gieb oie gm ndem de virldus kieemrs. Lt leo`unms
gdthquietltitlvm ien qui`ltitlvm ipprdiohms. ^hm qui`ltitlvm ipprdioh leo`unms
virldusdgsmrvitldes, lenlvlnui` letmrvlmws, fdous jrdups mto. ^hm quietltitlvm
ipprdiohleo`unms sikp`lej ien qumstldeeilrms. ^hm oish f`dw iei`ysls df _uerlsm
Gieb @lkltmn his gmme kinm frdk i hujm mvi`uitlde frdk gdth quietltitlvm ien
qui`ltitlvmipprdiohms.Lt ls ie iei`ytloi` rmsmiroh gismn de smodeniry niti. Lt
levmstljitms thm fleieoli`fljurms df thm odeomre uslej thmdrmtloi` frikmwdrb df
oish f`dw stitmkmet iei`ysls.Fljurms df oish f`dw stitmkmet df = ymirs l.m. 73:3-
73:9, 73:9-73:7, 73:7-73:?,73:?-73:> ien 73:>-73:= ls odkpiritlvm`y iei`yzmn td
lnmetlfy strmejth ienwmibemss le oish f`dw df thm guslemss. 9.93.7Sdpu`itlde ien
sikp`m
  93 ^hmrm irm 78 odkkmroli` giebs le Empi`. Ikdej thmk, thls stuny his
sm`motmn_uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn fdr thm purpdsm df rmsmiroh. Hmrm, tdti` 78 odkkmroli`
giebsrmprmsmets thm pdpu`itlde ien _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn rmprmsmets thm sikp`m.
9.93.?_duroms df niti I`thdujh prmsmet stuny ls gisloi``y de smodeniry niti,
emomssiry sujjmstldes irm i`sdtibme frdk virldus mxpmrts gdth leslnm ien dutslnm
thm gieb. _duroms df smodeniryniti leo`unm pug`lshmn gi`ieom shmmt, prdflt ien `dss
iooduet ien dthmr rm`itmnstitmkmet df iooduets is wm`` is ieeui` rmpdrts df _uerlsm
Gieb @lkltmn. Srlkiry niti irm od``motmn thrdujh1  Yumstldeeilrm1 I smt df
prletmn dr wrlttme qumstldes wlth i ohdlom df ieswmrs,nmvlsmn fdr thm purpdsm df i
survmy dr stitlstloi` stuny. Mxikp`ms irm1 Mxik, ^mst,Dplelde Sd``, Yulz mto. 
_ikp`m survmy1 I sikp`m survmy ls i survmy whloh ls oirrlmn dut uslej i
sikp`lejkmthdn, l.m. le whloh i pdrtlde de`y, ien edt thm pdpu`itlde ls survmymn.I
grlmf nmsorlptlde df thmsm prlkiry niti his gmme prmsmetmn le Ohiptmr LL df
thlsrmsmiroh.^hm niti kmetldemn igdvm his gmme prmpirmn thrdujh virldus wiys ien
ohieem`. ^hmyirm1  _ikp`m survmys  Dgsmrvitldes  Yumstldeeilrms  Letmrvlmws
 Zmg fiol`ltlms 9.93.>Niti iei`ysls prdomnurms ^hmy lkp`y virldus tdd`s ien
tmohelqums td kmisurm ien iei`yzm thm od``motmn niti fdr letmrprmtitlde. ^hm
purpdsm df iei`ysls ls td lnmetlfy thm pdtmetli` rlsbs ien/ dr rmtures
  99 thit kiy gm mxpmrlmeomn thrdujh iey levmstkmet/levd`vmkmet le thm metlty.
Irmsmirohmr mxiklems hdw wm`` thm metlty pmrfdrkmn thls ymir le odkpirlsde
td prmvldus ymirs. Fleieoli` tdd`s hm`p td flen dut thm strmejth ien wmibemss df
thm guslemss. Zlthle thm fleieoli` tdd`s, thmrm irm nlffmrmet kmthdns dr tdd`s suoh
is trmeniei`ysls, oish f`dw stitmkmet, ritld iei`ysls, mto. gut thls rmsmiroh wl``
fdous de thmde`y dem fleieoli` tdd` thit ls ritld iei`ysls.^hm ritlds usmn le thls
stuny irm nmsorlgmn gm`dw1 9.93.>.9Oish Nmgt Odvmrijm Witld Oish nmgt odvmrijm
ritld dr ourrmet `ligl`lty odvmrijm ritld ls i `lqulnlty ritld thitkmisurms thm
rm`itldeshlp gmtwmme emt oish prdvlnmn gy dpmritlej iotlvltlms ien thmivmrijm
ourrmet `ligl`ltlms df thm odkpiey. Lt lenloitms thm igl`lty df thm guslemss td piy
lts ourrmet `ligl`ltlms frdk lts dpmritldes. ^hm twd odkpdemets df thm fdrku`i
irmemt oish prdvlnmn gy dpmritlej iotlvltlms ien ivmrijm ourrmet `ligl`ltlms. ^hm
emt oish prdvlnmn gy dpmritlej iotlvltlms ls thm emt oish jmemritmn frdk lts
dpmritldes nurlej i pirtlou`ir pmrldn. ^hm ivmrijm ourrmet `ligl`ltlms irm mqui` td
dpmelej `ligl`ltlms p`uso`dslej `ligl`ltlms nlvlnmn gy twd. Lt ls odkputmn is1Oish
nmgt odvmrijm ritld;OFDI/Ourrmet @ligl`ltlms 9.93.>.7Oish Letmrmst Odvmrijm Witld
^hm letmrmst odvmrijm ritld ls i nmgt ritld ien prdfltigl`lty ritld usmn td
nmtmrklem hdwmisl`y letmrmst de lts dutstienlej nmgt oie gm piln. ^hm letmrmst
odvmrijm ritld kiy gmoi`ou`itmn gy nlvlnlej MGL^ nurlej i jlvme pmrldn gy thm
odkpiey's letmrmst piykmets num wlthle thm sikm pmrldn.^hm Letmrmst odvmrijm ritld
ls i`sd oi``mn ‐tlkmsletmrmst miremn.‛ @menmrs, levmstdrs, ien ormnltdrs dftme usm
thls fdrku`i td nmtmrklemi odkpiey's rlsblemss rm`itlvm td lts ourrmet nmgt dr fdr
futurm gdrrdwlej. Lt lsodkputmn is1LOW; (OFD +Oish piykmets fdr letmrmst ien leodkm
tixms)/Oish piykmet fdr letmrmst 9.93.>.?Issmts Mfflolmeoy Witld

  97 Issmts mfflolmeoy ritld kmisurms i odkpiey's igl`lty td usm lts issmts ien
kieijm lts`ligl`ltlms mffmotlvm`y le thm ourrmet pmrldn dr le thm shdrt-tmrk.
I`thdujh thmrm irmsmvmri` mfflolmeoy ritlds, thmy irm slkl`ir le thit thmy kmisurm
thm tlkm lt tibms tdjmemritm oish dr leodkm frdk i o`lmet dr gy `lqulnitlej
levmetdry.Mfflolmeoy ritldsleo`unm thm levmetdry turedvmr ritld, issmt turedvmr
ritld, ien rmomlvig`ms turedvmr ritld. ^hmsm ritlds kmisurm hdw mfflolmet`y i
odkpiey usms lts issmts td jmemritmrmvmeums ien lts igl`lty td kieijm thdsm issmts.
Zlth iey fleieoli` ritld, lt's gmst tdodkpirm i odkpiey's ritld td lts odkpmtltdrs
le thm sikm lenustry. Lt ls odkputmn is1Issmt Mfflolmeoy Witld;OFDI/^dti` Issmts
9.93.>.>Srlom/Oish F`dw Witld ^hm prlom td oish f`dw ritld ls dftme odeslnmrmn i
gmttmr lenloitlde df i odkpiey'svi`um thie thm prlom td mirelejs ritld. Lt ls i
rmi``y usmfu` ritld fdr i odkpiey td bedw, pirtlou`ir`y lf thm odkpiey ls pug`lo`y
trinmn. Lt odkpirms thm odkpiey's shirm prlomtd thm oish f`dw thm odkpiey jmemritms
de i pmr shirm gisls.Oi`ou`itm thm prlom/oish f`dw ritld is fd``dws1Srlom/oish f`dw
ritld ; _hirm prlom/Dpmritlej oish f`dw pmr shirm 9.93.>.=Ourrmet Witld ^hm ourrmet
ritld ls thm kdst slkp`m df thm oish f`dw ritlds. Lt tm``s thm guslemss dwemr lf
ourrmet issmts irm sufflolmet td kmmt thm odkpiey's ourrmet nmgt. ^hm ritld
lsoi`ou`itmn is fd``dws1Ourrmet Witld ; Ourrmet Issmts/Ourrmet @ligl`ltlms
9.99Wmpdrt _truoturm ^hls leo`unms giobjrduen df thm stuny, letrdnuotlde df oish
f`dw, letrdnuotlde df thm gieb uenmr stuny, stitmkmet df thm prdg`mks, dgamotlvms
df stuny, sljelfloieoms df thmstuny, stitmkmet df hypdthmsls, thmdrmtloi` frikmwdrb
ien nmfleltlde df tmrkled`djlms.^hls mxprmss thm wiy ien tmohelqums df thm stuny
ipp`lmn le thm rmsmiroh prdomss. Ltleo`unms rmsmiroh nmslje, pdpu`itlde ien sikp`m,
sduroms df niti ien niti iei`ysls prdomnurms. Le thls, thm od``motmn niti irm
prdomssmn, prmsmetmn, iei`yzmn ien

  9? letmrprmtmn gy uslej fleieoli` tdd`s is wm`` is stitlstloi` tdd`s. Le thls,

sukkiry df whd`m stuny, odeo`usldes ien rmodkkmenitldes irm kinm. It thm men df thm
stuny, glg`ldjriphy ien ippmenlx hivm i`sd gmme leodrpdritmn. 9.97@lkltitldes df
stuny ^hm flenlej df thm stuny ls sugamot td virldus `lkltitldes ien kiy edt gm
ipp`loig`m leirmi dthmr thie dem stunlmn. Nmspltm df mffdrt td od``mot i``
lefdrkitlde niti fdr dvmr i`` iei`ysls df gieb ien letmenmn systmk thmrm irm stl``
sdkm `lkltitldes df thm stuny gmoiusm df virldus rmisdes ien thmy irm is fd``dws1
 ^hls stuny ls gismn kiadr`y de smodeniry niti.  ^hm stuny odvmrs de`y flvm
flsoi` ymirs hlstdrloi` niti df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn.  ]sm df slkp`m tdd`s ien
tmohelqums le iei`ysls df niti.  ^hm stuny odvmrs `lkltmn niti ien fiots.   Niti
irm nmrlvmn frdk ieeui` rmpdrts df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn. Hmeom thmrmkljht gm iey
mrrdr de thm pug`lshmn rmpdrts thit kiy iffmot thm flenlejs df thlsstuny.

  9> OHIS^MW ^ZD WM_]@^_ IEN IEI@\_L_ ^hm rmsu`t smotlde ls whmrm ydu rmpdrt thm
flenlejs df ydur stuny gismn upde thmkmthdnd`djy (dr kmthdnd`djlms) ydu ipp`lmn td
jithmr lefdrkitlde. ^hm rmsu`t smotldeshdu`n stitm thm flenlejs df thm rmsmiroh
irriejmn le i `djloi` smqumeom wlthdut glis dr letmrprmtitlde.^hm rmsu`t ien
flenlejs df oish f`dw iei`ysls df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn ls hljh`y gismnde trmens ien
issukptldes de thm trmens thmrmdf.^hm rmsu`t df thm Oish F`dws his gmme ioouritm`y
ien prmolsm`y uenmrtibme le thlsrmsmiroh. S`mety df niti ien lefdrkitlde his gmme
od``motmn frdk virldus sduroms suohis frdk letmrkmnlirlms, wmg smrvloms, ien
letmrvlmws wlth giebmrs, emwspipmrs ienkijizlems mto.^hm flenlejs irm sd ioouritm
thit wm oie rm`y de thm fleieoli` pdsltlde df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn. ^hm nmtil`mn
Oish F`dw _titmkmet df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn fdr = ymirs(73:3 ‟ 73:=) ls jlvme
gm`dw1 7 7.9Nlijrikkitlo Srmsmetitldes ^ig`m 7.91 Oish f`dw fdr flvm ymirs (73:3 td
73:=) Sirtlou`irs73:>/:=73:?/:>73:7/:?73:9/:773:3/:9 9.OFDI9,786,<69,<:>7,3:3,>89,?
8<9,6=:,>9=,8<:(7,<>=,866,6<<)9,?3<,9?7,=9=7.OFLI(?,:6<,<?6,<?9)(9,98>,:>3,>87)
(93?,363,8?>)(9?6,7<9,=77)(:8,<78,:=9)?. OFFI?8>,966,=>=9,=6>,<=3,3?
>=9?,=93,6::73?,3=7,888(73,3:=,7=7) Emt Oish F`dws (9+7+?)
(7,3<8,838,>99)7,>=3,6<3,<?<7,36:,86=,:>3(7,8:<,93=,???)9,7=3,7:<,396 _durom1
Ieeui` Wmpdrt df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn

  9= ^hm grlmf mxp`ieitlde df Oish F`dws Leo`usldes irm is fd``dws1

7.9.9Mxp`ieitldes I.OFDI (Oish f`dw frdk dpmritlej iotlvltlms)1 ^hmsm irm thdsm
iotlvltlms whloh irm td gm ndem de i rmju`ir gisls. ^hm f`dw df oishfrdk dpmritlej
iotlvlty smmks td gm prdfltig`m td _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn it i`` ymirsmxompt de 73:9-
73:7 , thm oish f`dw smmks td gm emjitlvm. ^hm gieb smmks td gmhivlej hmivy f`dw df
letmrmst leodkm ien letmrmst mxpmesms.G.OFLI (Oish f`dw frdk levmstlej iotlvltlms)1
^hmsm irm thdsm iotlvltlms whloh ippmir td gm le Gieb“s oish f`dw stitmkmet is i
rmsu`tdf levmstlej le sdkm levmstkmet. ^hmrm his edt gmme i prdfltig`m trmen df
oish frdklevmstlej iotlvltlms. ^hm gieb his edt miremn kuoh thrdujh lts levmstkmet.
Hdwmvmr,nlvlnmen leodkm smmks td gm le i pdsltlvm pittmre gut thm leodkm frdk
nlvlnmen i`sdndms edt smmk td gm prmolsm ien ioouritm mvmry ymir.O. OFFI (Oish f`dw
frdk fleieolej iotlvltlms)1 ^hmsm leo`unms fleieolej tmrks `lbm shirms, nmgmeturms,
gdens, mto. ^hm oish f`dwfrdk thmsm iotlvltlms df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn ndms edt
smmk td hivm sduen fleieoli` pdsltlde. ^hm ikduet frdk suoh iotlvltlms ls edt it
i`` prdfltig`m td thm gieb. Hdwmvmr,rmomet`y, thm fljurm smmks td hivm gmme
lkprdvmn le i jddn tlkms nurlej rmomet ymirs.^hm gieb his levd`vmn ltsm`f le
qui`lfy fleieolej iotlvlty. 7.7Niti Iei`ysls Niti iei`ysls ls thm prdomss df
mvi`uitlej niti uslej iei`ytloi` ien `djloi` rmisdelejtd mxiklem mioh odkpdemet df
thm niti prdvlnmn. ^hls ohiptmr ls thm kile pirt df rmsmiroh whloh nmi`s wlth thm
iei`ysls ien letmrprmtitlde df niti fd``dwlej thmrmsmiroh kmthdnd`djy nmi`t le thm
flrst ohiptmr. ^hm niti hivm gmme iei`yzmn gy uslejvirldus ritlds whloh irm is
fd``dws1  Oish Nmgt Odvmrijm Witld  Oish Letmrmst Odvmrijm Witld
  96  Issmts Mfflolmeoy Witld  Srlom/Oish F`dw Witld  Ourmet Witld 7.7.9Oish
nmgt odvmrijm ritld Gieb“s igl`lty td odvmr `ligl`ltlms frdk oish f`dw irlslej frdk
dpmritlej iotlvltlms ls shdwe gy oish nmgt odvmrijm ritld. ^hls ritld ls dgtilemn
is thm ritld df emt oish f`dw frdk dpmritlej iotlvltlms ien gieb“s tdti`
`ligl`ltlms.^hm oish nmgt odvmrijm ritld df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn fdr thm pmrldn
73:3/:9 td 73:>/:= irm prmsmetmn gm`dw le ^ig`m 7.7 ien Fljurm 7.91^ig`m 7. 71 Oish
Nmgt Odvmrijm Witld( le %) Sirtlou`ir73:>-:=73:?-:>73:7-:?73:9-:773:3-:9
(I)OFDI9,786,<69,<:>7,3:3,>89,?8<7,3=>,?=:,<::(7,<>=,866,6<<)9,?3<,9?7,=9=(G)^dti`
@ligl`ltlms67,97?,>:6,>?669,<88,?8:,:8<=7,>9>,=?<,<86?
>,3>3,8>7,37<76,<6?,>3>,7>=Oish nmgt odvmrijm ritld% (I/G)7.3:?.?>?.<7 - 8.6=>.86
_durom1 Ieeui` Wmpdrt df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn^ig`m 7.7 shdws thm ohiejm le oish
nmgt odvmrijm ritld df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn frdkthm pmrldn 73:3/:9 td 73:>/:=. ^hm
hljhmst oish nmgt odvmrijm ritld wis >.86% le thmflsoi` ymir 73:3/:9 ien thm `dwmst
wis (8.6=%) le thm flsoi` ymir 73:9/:7.

  9: 73:3/:9 73:9/:7 73:7/:? 73:?/:> 73:>/:=-93.33%-8.33%-6.33%->.33%-

7.33%3.33%7.33%>.33%6.33% Oish Nmgt Odvmrijm Wid Oish Nmgt Odvmrijm Wid \mir
O   i   s    h   N   m    g   t   O   d   v   m   r   i   j   m   W   i      d    
(   l   e   %    ) Fljurm 7.91 Oish Nmgt Odvmrijm WitldFljurm 7.9 shdws thm oish
nmgt odvmrijm ritld df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn. ^hm ritld his  gmme leormislej s`dw`y
frdk thm F\ 73:3-:9 gut nurlej thm F\ 73:?-:> thm ritld his nmormismn le suoh i wiy
thit lt“s emjitlvm. I`thdujh thm odkpiey le lts rmomet ymir 73:>-:= his leormismn
lt“s oish nmgt odvmrijm ien gmodkm pdsltlvm. 7.7.7Oish Letmrmst Odvmrijm Witld
Oish letmrmst odvmrijm ritld ls usmn fdr nmtmrklelej i gieb“s igl`lty td kibm
letmrmst  piykmets ien shdws hdw kiey tlkms thm oish dutf`dws fdr letmrmst piykmets
wmrm odvmrmn gy oish f`dws frdk dpmritlej iotlvltlms. ^hls ritld ls dgtilemn whme
thm emt oish frdk dpmritlej iotlvltlms p`us thm letmrmst piln ien tixms piln ln
nlvlnmn gy thm letmrmst piln fdr `dej-tmrk ien ourrmet `ligl`ltlms.^hm oish
letmrmst odvmrijm ritld df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn fdr thm pmrldn 73:3/:9 td 73:>/:=
irm prmsmetmn gm`dw le ^ig`m 7.? ien Fljurm 7.71

  98 ^ig`m 7.?1 Oish Letmrmst Odvmrijm ritld(le tlkms) Sirtlou`irs\mir\mir\mir\mir\

mir 73:>-:=73:?-:>73:7-:?73:9-:773:3-:9(I)OFDI9,786,<69,<:>7,3:3,>89,?8<7,3=>,?
=:,<::(7,<>=,866,6<<)9,?3<,9?7,=9=(G)^ixms piln><9,887,976=6:,33>,>=7?
=6,9=?,9839<:,938,6399<?,?66,99?(O)Letmrmst piln>,:67,3?7,<<>?,36>,9<<,:969,698,6?
=,6<<9,7>9,7?6,3?69,?6>,=96,=3?Oish letmrmstodvmrijm(I+G+O)/O9.?:9.867.><(9.79)7.93
_durom1 Ieeui` Wmpdrt df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn^ig`m 7.? shdws thm ohiejm le oish
letmrmst odvmrijm ritld df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn frdk thm pmrldn 73:3/:9 td 73:>/:=.
^hm hljhmst oish letmrmst odvmrijm ritld wis 7.93tlkms le thm F\ 73:3/:9 ien thm
`dwmst wis (9.79 tlkms) le thm F\ 73:9/:7. 73:3-:9 73:9-:7 73:7-:? 73:?-:> 73:>-:=-
9.=-9-3.=33.=99.=77.=? Oish Letmrmst Odvmrijm Wid Oish Letmrmst Odvmrijm Wid \
mir
O  i  s   h   L  e   t  m  r  m  s   t   O  d  v  m  r  i  j  m   W  i   t   l  d   
(   l  e   t   l  k  m  s   ) Fljurm 7.71 Oish Letmrmst Odvmrijm Witld

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  9< ^hm igdvm fljurm 7.7 shdws thm Oish letmrmst odvmrijm ritld df _uerlsm Gieb
@lkltmn.^hm ritld le thm F\ 73:3/:9 his nmormismn ien le thm F\ 73:9/:7 his
leormismn gutthme iftmr thit flsoi` ymir thm ritld his gmme nmormislej sleom `ist
thrmm ymirs. 7.7.?Issmts Mfflolmeoy Witld   Issmts mfflolmeoy ritld kmisurms i
odkpiey's igl`lty td usm lts issmts ien kieijm lts `ligl`ltlms mffmotlvm`y le thm
ourrmet pmrldn dr le thm shdrt-tmrk. ^hm issmts mfflolmeoy ritld df _uerlsm Gieb
@lkltmn fdr thm pmrldn 73:3/:9 td 73:>/:= irm prmsmetmn gm`dw le ^ig`m 7.> ien
Fljurm 7.?1^ig`m 7.>1  Issmts Mfflolmeoy Witld( le ^lkms)
Sirtlou`irs73:>-:=73:?-:>73:7-:?73:9-:773:3-:9OFDI9,786,<69,<:>7,3:3,>89,?
8<9,6=:,>9=,8<:(7,<>=,866,6<<)9,?3<,9?7,=9=^dti`
issmts:98,=88,=<>:9,>==,686,3<>=8,:?8,886,?:??:,?88,89>,8<?7<,669,?77,96?OFDI/
^dti`issmts9.:<3.37<3.378(3.3:<)3.3>> _durom1 Ieeui` Wmpdrt df _uerlsm Gieb
@lkltmn^ig`m 7.> shdws thm issmts mfflolmeoy ritld df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn frdk thm
pmrldn 73:3/:9 td 73:>/:=. ^hm hljhmst issmts mfflolmeoy ritld wis 9.:< tlkms le
thm F\ 73:>/:= ien thm `dwmst wis (3.3:< tlkms) le thm F\ 73:9/:7.

  73 73:3-:9 73:9-:7 73:7-:? 73:?-:> 73:>-:=-9397?>= Issmts Molmeoy Wid Issmts

Molmeoy Wid \mir
I  s  s  m   t  s   M   f   f   l  o   l  m  e  o  y   W  i   t   l  d   (   l  e   
t   l  k  m  s   ) Fljurm 7.?1 Issmts Mfflolmeoy WitldFljurm 7.? shdws thm ismts
mfflolmeoy ritld df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn. ^hm ritld le thmF\ 73:3/:9 his nmormismn
ien lt his gmme leormislej s`dw`y. I`thdujh le thm F\73:?/:>thm ritld his leormismn
ripln`y. 7.7.>Srlom/Oish F`dw Witld ^hm prlom td oish f`dw ritld ls dftme
odeslnmrmn i gmttmr lenloitlde df i odkpiey's vi`um thie thm prlom td mirelejs
ritld.^hm prlom/oish f`dw ritld df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn fdr thm pmrldn 73:3/:9 td
73:>/:= irm prmsmetmn gm`dw le ^ig`m 7.= ien Fljurm 7.>1^ig`m 7. =1  Srlom/Oish
F`dw Witld Sirtlou`irs73:>-:=73:?-:>73:7-:?73:9-:773:3-:9_hirm Srlom7?3?<6:>8?
<==93DOFS_9=.:87<.73>9.68(973.==)=8.=?_hirm Srlom/DOFS_9>.=:9?.=69:.<=(?.78)8.:9
_durom1 Ieeui` Wmpdrt df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn
  79 ^ig`m 7.= shdws thm ohiejm le Srlom/oish f`dw ritld df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn
frdk thm pmrldn 73:3/:9 td 73:>/:=. ^hm hljhmst prlom/oish f`dw ritld wis 9:.<= le
thm F\ 73:7/:? ien thm `dwmst wis (?.78) le thm F\ 73:9/:7. 73:3-:9 73:9-:7 73:7-:?
73:?-:> 73:>-:=-=3=939=73 Srlom/Oish F`dw Wid Srlom/Oish F`dw Wid \mir
S  r   l  o  m   /   O  i  s   h   F   `  d  w   W  i   t   l  d   (   l  e   t   l 
 k  m  s   ) Fljurm 7.>1 Srlom/Oish F`dw WitldFljurm 7.> shdws thm Srlom/oish f`dw
ritld df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn. ^hm ritld le thmF\ 73:3/:9 his nmormismn ien le thm
F\ 73:9/:7 his leormismn gut thme iftmr thitflsoi` ymir thm ritld his gmme
nmormislej sleom `ist twd ymirs. 7.7.=Ourrmet Witld Lt tm``s thm guslemss dwemr lf
ourrmet issmts irm sufflolmet td kmmt thm odkpiey's ourrmet nmgt.^hm ourrmet ritlds
df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn fdr thm pmrldn 73:3/:9 td 73:>/:= irm prmsmetmn gm`dw le
^ig`m 7.6 ien Fljurm 7.= 1^ig`m 7.61 Ourrmet Witld (le ^lkms)
Sirtlou`irs73:>-:=73:?-:>73:7-:?73:9-:773:3-:9OI6>,?=:,3<>,=6769,?
6:,:79,<73><,<=9,7>8,=>=7<,89<,?6=,37=7=,<:8,639,877O@67,97?,>:6,>?669,<<8,?
8:,:8<=7,>9>,=?<,<86?>,3>3,8>7,37<76,<6?,>3>,877OI/O@9.3>3.<<3.<=3.883.<6 _durom1
Ieeui` Wmpdrt df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn

  77 ^ig`m 7.6 shdws thm ohiejm le ourrmet ritld df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn frdk thm
pmrldn 73:3/:9 td 73:>/:=. ^hm hljhmst ourrmet ritld wis 9.3> tlkms le thm F\
73:>/:= ien thm `dwmst wis 3.88 tlkms le thm F\ 73:9/:7. 73:3-:9 73:9-:7 73:7-:?
73:?-:> 73:>-:=33.=99.=77.=??.=>>.== Ourrmet Wid Ourrmet Wid \mir
O  u  r  r  m  e   t   W  i   t   l  d   (   l  e   t   l  k  m  s   ) Fljurm 7.=1
Ourrmet WitldFljurm 7.= shdws thm ourrmet ritld df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn. ^hm ritld
le thm F\73:3/:9 his nmormismn ien le thm F\ 73:9/:7 his leormismn i`sd thme iftmr
thit flsoi`ymir thm ritld his gmme leormislej sleom `ist thrmm ymirs jrinui``y. 7.?
Srlkiry niti od``motlde ien lt“s iei`ysls  Srlkiry niti wmrm od``motmn gy kmies df
qumstldeeilrm ien wmrm fdousmn de thmomrtile qumstldes sd is td ohmob thm oish
pdsltlde df thm gieb, `lqulnlty pdsltlde gyiei`yzlej thm virldus irmis df
dpmritldes ien smrvloms prdvlnmn. ^hm fd``dwlej nitiirm od``motmn thrdujh
qumstldeeilrms1

  7? 9)Nln thm gieb usm letmrei` oish f`dw fdr fleieoli` jrdwth4  Fljurm 7.61
Yumstlde Ed. 9 Le thls nlijrik, 6>% siys ‐\ms‛, 73% siys ‐Ed‛ ien 96% siys ‐L nde“
bedw‛. Ltrmprmsmets thit thmrm ls sufflolmet oish frdk letmrei` oish f`dw fdr
fleieoli` jrdwth. 7)Nln ydu flen letmrei` oish f`dw jmemritlde ls strdej4 :?%9:%93%
Yumstlde Ed. 7 \msEdL nde't Bedw  Fljurm 7.:1 Yumstlde Ed. 7 Le thls nlijrik,:?%
siys ‐\ms‛, 9:% siys ‐Ed‛ ien 93% ls ‐L nde“t bedw‛. Ltrmf`mots thit thmrm ls
sivlej oish f`dw jmemritlde frdk letmrei` iotlvltlms. 6>%73%96% Yumstlde Ed. 9 \
msEdL nde't bedw

  7> ?)Ndms thm gieb hivm thm igl`lty td kmmt lts shdrt tmrk fleieoli` dg`ljitlde
suoh isletmrmst piykmet frdk lts dpmritlej iotlvltlms4 83%93%93% Yumstlde Ed. ? \
msEdL nde't bedw  Fljurm 7.81 Yumstlde Ed. ? Le thls nlijrik, 83% siys ‐\ms‛, 93%
siys ‐Ed‛ ien 93% siys ‐L nde“ bedw‛. Ltrmprmsmets thit thmrm ls sufflolmet oish td
piy shdrt tmrk fleieoli` dg`ljitlde is rmsu`tle dut f`dw df oish f`dw df oish fdr
thm gieb.>)Ls thm fleieolej odeslstmet wlth ydur dvmri`` guslemss rlsb4 ::%9?%93%
Yumstlde Ed. > \msEdL nde't bedw  Fljurm 7.<1 Yumstlde Ed. >

  7= Le thls nlijrik, ::% siys ‐\ms‛,9?% siys ‐Ed‛ ien 93% siys ‐L nde“t bedw‛.
Ltlenloitms thit gieb“s dvmri`` guslemss rlsb ls odeslstmet wlth fleieolej. =)Zl``
ydu gm ig`m td piy ydur oustdkiry oish gmemflts4 6:%9?%73% Yumstlde Ed. = \msEdL
nde't bedw  Fljurm 7.931 Yumstlde Ed. = Le thls nlijrik, 6:% siys ‐\ms‛,73% siys ‐
Ed‛ien9?% siys ‐L nde“t bedw‛. Ltrmprmsmets thm gieb ls ig`m td piy lts oustdkiry
oish nlvlnmen. 6)Ls thm oish f`dw frdk dpmritldei` inmquitm td piy kmnluk ien `dej
tmrk nmgt4 83%93%93% Yumstlde Ed. 6 \msEdL nde't bedw

  76  Fljurm 7.991 Yumstlde Ed. 6  Le thls nlijrik, 83% stiff siys ‐\ms‛,93% siys ‐
Ed‛ ien 93% siys ‐L nde“t bedw‛.Lt lenloitms thit thmrm ls sufflolmet oish td piy
kmnluk ien `dej tmrk nmgt ien shdrttmrk nmgt fleieolej. :)Nd ydu rilsm oiplti`4 8?
%9?%>% Yumstlde Ed. : \msEdL nde't bedw  Fljurm 7.971 Yumstlde Ed. :  Le thls
nlijrik, 8?% siys ‐\ms‛, 9?% siys ‐Ed‛ ien >% siys ‐L nde“ bedw‛. Ltrmf`mots thit
gieb his igl`lty df rilslej oiplti`. 8)Ls ydur levmstkmet odeslstmet wlth ydur
guslemss stritmjy4

  7: :?%:%73% Yumstlde Ed. 8 \ms EdL nde't bedw  Fljurm 7.9?1 Yumstlde Ed. 8 Le
thls nlijrik, :?% siys ‐\ms‛, :% siys ‐Ed‛ ien 73% siys ‐L nde“t bedw‛. Ltshdws
thit thm levmstkmet kinm gy gieb ls is pmr thm guslemss stritmjy. 7.>Kiadr Flenlejs
^hm oish nmgt odvmrijm ritld ls le f`uotuitlej trmen. Lt rmiohmn ltn hljhmst
df >.86% le thm F\ 73:3/:9 ien thm `dwmst df (8.6=%) le thm F\ 73:9/:7. ^hm
ritldsdvmr thm flvm ymirs nmedtm thit _G@ his wmibmr igl`lty td piy lts tdti` nmgt
is thmritlds irm `dwmr rmsu`tlej le `mss fleieoli` f`mxlgl`lty.  ^hm oish letmrmst
odvmrijm ritld ls le f`uotuitlej trmen. Lt rmiohmn lts hljhmst df 7.93 tlkms le F\
73:3/:9 ien thm `dwmst df (9.79tlkms) le thm F\ 73:9/:7. ^hmritlds dvmr flvm ymirs
nmedtm thit _G@ his `dwmr `mvm` df oish td piy lts letmrmstdg`ljitlde.  ^hm issmts
mfflolmeoy ritld ls le f`uotuitlej trmen. Lt rmiohmn lts hljhmst df 9.:<tlkms le F\
73:>/:= ien thm `dwmst df (3.3:< tlkms) le thm F\ 73:9/:7. ^hmhljhmr thm ritld thm
gmttmr thm utl`lzitlde df issmts td jmemritm oish f`dw rmture.  ^hm prlom/oish
f`dw ritld ls le f`uotuitlej trmen. Lt rmiohmn lts hljhmst df 9:.<= lethm F\
73:7/:? ien thm `dwmst wis (?.78) le thm F\ 73:9/:7. ^hm hljhmr thm ritldthm gmttmr
thm pdsltlde df thm lestltutlde le thm kirbmt.

  78  ^hm ourrmet ritld ls le f`uotuitlej trmen. Lt rmiohmn lts hljhmst df 9.3>

tlkms le thmF\ 73:>/:= ien thm `dwmst wis 3.88 tlkms le thm F\ 73:9/:7.  Is pmr
prlkiry niti od``motmn thrdujh qumstldeeilrm kmthdn, _uerlsmGieb @lkltmnhis
sitlsfiotdry `lqulnlty pdsltlde. Oish f`dw his jrmitmr lkpiot de thm prdfltigl`lty
ien rlsb df thm gieb. Lt rmf`mots thit thmrm ls sivlej oish f`dwjmemritlde frdk
letmrei` iotlvltlms ien his sufflolmet oish td piy shdrt tmrkfleieoli` dg`ljitlde.
Lt i`sd lenloitms thit gieb“s dvmri`` guslemss rlsb ls odeslstmetwlth fleieolej ien
ls ig`m td piy lts oustdkiry oish nlvlnmen. Lt lenloitms thitthmrm ls sufflolmet
oish td piy kmnluk ien `dej tmrk nmgt ien shdrt tmrk nmgtfleieolej. Lt rmf`mots
thit gieb his igl`lty df rilslej oiplti` ien thm levmstkmetkinm gy gieb ls is pmr
thm guslemss stritmjy.

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  7< OHIS^MW ^HWMM_]KKIW\ IEN ODEO@]_LDE_ ^hls ohiptmr odeslsts df thm sukkiry df
thm whd`m rmsmiroh is wm`` is thm odeo`uslde thit thm rmsmirohmr his rmiohmn
thrdujh thls rmsmiroh. ? ?.9_ukkiry Oish F`dw _titmkmet ls ie lkpdrtiet fleieoli`
stitmkmet whloh hm`ps le dgsmrvlej`lqulnlty ien sd`vmeoy df ie metlty. Lt ls ie
lkpdrtiet lenloitdr df fleieoli` hmi`th gmoiusm lt ls pdsslg`m fdr i odkpiey td
shdw prdflts whl`m edt hivlej medujh oish tdsustile dpmritlde. ^hm lkpdrtieom df
gmlej fikl`lir wlth oish f`dw stitmkmet his gmme mxp`ilemn le thls rmpdrt. ^hm
stuny levmstljitms nlffmrmet odkpdemets leo`unmn leoish f`dw stitmkmets ien usms
virldus kdnmre oish f`dw ritlds. Virldus ritlds df oishf`dws suoh is letmrmst
odvmrijm ritld, prlom td oish f`dw ritld, ourrmet `ligl`ltyodvmrijm ritld, oish
f`dw td tdti` nmgt ritld, issmt mfflolmeoy ritld, mto. usmn le flenlejdut thm
`lqulnlty ien sd`vmeoy df thm gieb. ^hm rmsmiroh rmpdrt his gmme ndem gy od``motlej
thm niti ien lefdrkitlde frdk73:3/:9 td 73:>/:= whloh wis jlvme le thm ieeui`
rmpdrt df _uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn.^hls rmsmiroh wis odenuotmn td iei`ysm thm fleieoli`
stitmkmet df _uerlsm Gieb @tn.Oish f`dw iei`ysls ls i fdrk df fleieoli` stitmkmet
iei`ysls thit ls usmn td dgtilequlob lenloitlde df i flrk“s fleieoli` pdsltlde ien
pmrfdrkieom le smvmri` irmis.^hls rmpdrt his gmme prmpirmn fdr thm pirtli`
fu`fl`kmet df thm rmqulrmkmet fdr thmnmjrmm df Giohm`dr df Guslemss stunlms(GG_).
^hls rmpdrt ls i`sd prmpirmn fdr thmiei`ysls df oish f`dw stitmkmet df _uerlsm Gieb
@tn. Le thls rmpdrt, thm oish f`dwstitmkmet ls iei`ysmn uslej omrtile fleieoli`e
ien stitlstloi` tdd`s le drnmr td bedw
  ?3 oish f`dw frdk dpmritlej iotlvltlms, oish f`dw frdk levmstlej iotlvltlms ien
oish f`dwfrdk fleieolej iotlvltlms df _uerlsm Gieb @tn.^d odenuot thm rmsmiroh le
mffmotlvm wiy ien fdr misy uenmrstienlej td thm rminmr df thm stuny, thm stuny his
gmme nlvlnmn letd thrmm ohiptmrs suoh is letrdnuotlde, rmsu`t ien iei`ysls ien
sukkiry ien odeo`usldes. Ohiptmr dem nmi`s wlth giobjrduen df thmstuny, stitmkmet
df prdg`mk, dgamotlvms df thm stuny, sljelfloieom df thm stuny, rmvlmw df
`ltmriturm, rmsmiroh kmthdnd`djy, `lkltitlde df thm stuny ien drjielzitlde df thm
stuny. Ohiptmr thrmm nmi`s wlth sukkiry ien odeo`usldes. Ohiptmr twd nmi`s wlth
niti prmsmetitlde ien iei`ysls df rm`mviet niti uslej stitlstloi` tdd`s. Le thls
ohiptmr, virldus ritlds irm oi`ou`itmn fdr thm stuny df fleieoli` pmrfdrkieom df
_uerlsm Gieb @lkltmn, whloh irm is fd``dws1^ig`m Ed.?.9 Odkpiritlvm ohirt df
flenlejs \mirOish Letmrmst Odvmrijm WitldOish Nmgt Odvmrijm WitldIssmts Mfflolmeoy
WitldSrlom/Oish F`dw WitldOurrmet Witld73:>/:=9.?:7.3:9.:<9>.=:9.3>73:?/:>9.86?.?
>3.37<9?.=63.<<73:7/:?7.><?.<73.3789:.<=3.<=73:9/:7(9.79)(8.6=)(3.3:<)
(?.78)3.8873:3/:97.93>.863.3>>8.:93.<6Ivmrijm9.?779.9383.?67>93.?373.<6> _duroms1
Ieeui` rmpdrt df _uerlsm Gieb (73:3/:9 td 73:>/:=) Le thm igdvm ohirt, lt
rmprmsmets thm odkpiritlvm flenlejs df nlffmrmet ritlds whloh irm usmn td iei`ysm
oish f`dw stitmkmet df _uerlsml Gieb @lkltmn. ?.7Odeo`usldes Lt ls o`mir`y vlslg`m
_uelsm Gieb ls gmemfloli` gieb le thm oduetry. ]enmr thls Wmsmirohstuny, nlffmrmet
fleieoli` tdd`s irm usmn fdr oish f`dw stitmkmet iei`ysls df sm`motmnsikp`m gieblej
lestltutldes. Lt ls fduen thit gieb his indptmn edrki` oishkieijmkmet ien
levmstkmet kieijmkmet pd`loy. Odkkmroli` gieb shdu`n rue thmlr  guslemss ioodrnlej
td thm nlrmotldes jlvme gy Empi` Wistri Gieb ien shdu`n fd``dw

  ?9 rmqulrmn iot is pmr emomsslty. Giebs shdu`n edt levmst hiphizirn`y. ^hmy
shdu`nlevmst thmlr fuens le nlffmrmet pdrtfd`lds ien stuny df thm prdamot td jmt
hljhmr rmturede thmlr levmstkmet. Lf giebs nde“t nlvmrsm thmlr levmstkmets le
nlffmrmetdrjielzitldes, thme thmrm ls hljh ohieom df nmfiu`t rlsb. Fleieoli`
lestltutlde shdu`nedt mxommn thm `lklt smt gy ometri` gieb td kibm levmstkmet
pd`loy. ^hm _uerlsm Gieb his gmme ig`m td sitlsfy lts oustdkmr nmkien ien thm gieb
ls prdfltig`m. Le fiot, wmoie siy thit _uerlsm Gieb ls ie lkpdrtiet fleieoli`
lestltutlde le thm modedky smotdr df thm oduetry ien lt ls gm`lmvmn thit _uerlsm
Gieb ls ig`m td fu`fl` lts dgamotlvms fdr whloh lt ls mstig`lshmn.
  ?7 GLG@LDJWISH\ Giesbdti, _. (733).  Wmsmiroh Kmthdnd`djy .Brltlpur1 Emw Gddbs
Metmrprlsms.Nihi`, G &Nihi`, _. (7337).  I Hien Gddb td Gieblej  , Bithkienu
1Ishklti Gddbsien _titldemry, Suti`lshinib, Empi`.Nihi`, S &Bhitlwini, _. (73=8
G._.).  Wmsmiroh Kmthdnd`djy . Bithkienu1 K.B.Sug`lshmr ien Nlstrlgutdr Modedklo
_urvmy (7338).  Klelstry df Fleieom , Jdvmrekmet Df Empi`. Jdpleithie, ^(733<).
Fleieoli` ritld iei`ysls fdr pmrfdrkieom ohmob. Jupti, N.S. (98<>). ^hm Gieblej
_ystmk1 Lts Wd`m le Mxpdrt Nmvm`dpkmet  . Jupti, _. (9<<?).  Wmsmiroh Kmthdnd`djy
ien _titlstloi` ^mohelqums . Emw Nm`hl1 Nmmpien Nmmp Sug`loitlde.Hikptde (9<<8).
Fleieoli` Nmolslde Kiblej  , Lenli1 Srmetlom Hi`` Svt. @tn.Adshl, S.W. (7393).
Wmsmiroh Kmthdnd`djy, (> th mn.) . Bithkienu1 Gunnhi Sug`loitlde.Bdthirl, O.W.
(9<<=).  Wmsmiroh Kmthdnd`djy, Kmthdns ien ^mohelqums , Emw Nm`hl1VlshwiSribisihie
_moden Mnltlde.Kieienhir, B.N.(6 th  mn. 73:?).  Kieijmrli` Fleieom . Bithkienu,
Empi`1 Bhiei`Sug`loitlde Svt. @tn.Kobleede W.L. (9<:?).  Kdemy ien oiplti` le
modedklo nmvm`dpkmet  . Zishlejtde,NO1 ^hm Grddblejs Lestltutlde.Sienmy, B.K.
(7339).  Wmsmiroh, Odeompt, Kmthdns ien ^dd`s Fdr _doli` _olmeom Wmsmiroh.
Bithkienu1 OMNI, ^.]. Sribish, I. & _hirki ^. (739:).  Fuenikmeti`s df Levmstkmet 
.Ghdtihlty, Bithkienu, Empi`1 pug`lshmn gy Ishklti Gddbs Sug`lshmr
&Nlstrlgutldes(S) @tn.
  ?? Wmjkl K. (733:).  Fleieoli` Smrfdrkieom iei`ysls ien thmsls   wrltlej  .
Bithkienu1^.]._hibyi, S. &Sdbhirm`,, W.(73:?).  Fuenikmeti`s df Levmstkmet 
.KleghiwieBithkienu1 Aieubi Gddb Hdusm Svt. @tn.Viehdrem, A.O. (9<<<).  Fleieoli`
Kieijmkmet ien Sd`loy , Lenli1 Srmetlom Hi`` df Lenli, Svt. @tn.ZMG_L^M_1 -
www.sg`.odk.ep - www.empi`stdob.odk- http1//sultm939.odk/irtlo`m/fleieoli`-ritld-
iei`ysls-fdr-pmrfdrkieomohmob .

  ?> ISSMENLOM_ Fdrkit df Yumstldeeilrm de Oish F`dw Iei`ysls df _uerlsm Gieb

@lkltmn Nmir _lr/Kinik, L ik i GG_ stunmet df _hwdyikghu Letmreitldei` Od``mjm
iffl`litmn td ^rlghuvie]elvmrslty. Is i pirt df ioinmklo rmqulrmkmet df
thm ]elvmrslty, L ik odenuotlejrmsmiroh metlt`mn ‐OI_H F@DZ _^I^MKME^ DF _]EWL_M
GIEB @LKL^MN‛.Is i pirt df rmsmiroh niti od``motlde mxmrolsm, L sd`lolt ydur
oddpmritlde ien hdemstrmspdesms de i fmw lnmetlflmn ispmots thrdujh thls
qumstldeeilrm. L wdu`n i`sd `lbm tdissurm ydu thit ydur rmspdesm wl`` gm bmpt
strlot`y odeflnmetli` ien wl`` gm usmn fdr thm thmsls purpdsm de`y. \dur
odetrlgutlde wl`` gm vi`uig`m td ioodkp`lsh dgamotlvm df thm stuny. L wdu`n gm
jritmfu` lf ydu rmin thmsm qumstldes ien jlvm ieswmrs. Jmemri` lefdrkitlde1  Eikm
df Wmspdenmet1 ………………………………Adg pdsltlde1 ……………………………………….Ijm1
………………………………………………...Innrmss1 …………………………………………….Odetiot eukgmr1 ………………………………….…
Yumstldes1 9. Nln thm gieb usm letmrei` oish f`dw fdr fleieoli` jrdwth4 i) \ms  g)
Ed o) L nde“t bedw 7. Nln ydu flen letmrei` oish f`dw jmemritlde ls strdej4i) \ms
g) Ed o) L nde“t bedw
  ?= ?. Ndms thm Gieb hivm igl`lty td kmmt lts shdrt tmrk fleieoli` dg`ljitlde suoh
is letmrmst piykmet frdk lts dpmritlej oish f`dw4 i) \ms g) Ed o) L nde“t bedw >.
Ls thm fleieolej odeslstmet wlth ydurs dvmri`` guslemss rlsb4 i) \ms  g) Ed o) L
nde“t bedw =. Zl`` ydu gm ig`m td piy ydur oustdkiry oish gmemflt4i) \ms  g) Edo) L
nde“t bedw 6. Ls thm oish f`dw frdk dpmritldei` inmquitm td piy kmnluk ien `dej
tmrk nmgt4 i) \ms  g) Ed o) L nde“t bedw :. Oie ydu rilsm thm oiplti`4 i) \ms  g)
Ed o) L nde“t bedw 8. Irm ydur levmstkmet odeslstmet wlth ydur guslemss stritmjy4
i) \ms  g) Ed o) L nde“t bedw
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