05/04/2020

FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 2 Alternating Current

(FISIKA 2) • The oscillations in an RLC circuit will not damp

TOPIC:
Electromagnetic Oscillations:
Forced Oscillations (AC Circuit)
Mariyanto, S.Si., M.T.
Department of Geophysical Engineering
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
out if an external emf device supplies enough
energy to make up for the energy dissipated as
thermal energy in the resistance R.
• Circuits in homes, offices, and factories,
including countless RLC circuits, receive such
energy from local power companies.
• In most countries the energy is supplied via
oscillating emfs and currents—the current is said
to be an alternating current, or ac for short.

Emf and Current Forced Oscillations in RLC Circuit

• A sinusoidally oscillating emf ℰ is induced in the loop: • When the external alternating emf is connected
to an RLC circuit, the oscillations of charge,
ωd = driving angular frequency potential difference, and current are said to be
• The emf produces (drives) a sinusoidal (alternating) driven oscillations or forced oscillations.
current:
• Whatever the natural angular frequency ω of a
Mechanism of AC generator circuit may be, forced oscillations of charge,
current, and potential difference in the circuit
always occur at the driving angular frequency
ωd .

3 4

Forced Oscillations in Simple Circuits A Resistive Load

• A Resistive Load • By the loop rule

• The current
• A Capacitive Load •

(in general)

• The voltage amplitude and current amplitude are related

by
• An Inductive Load

5 6

1
 05/04/2020

Example: Purely resistive load 

potential difference and current

7 8

9 10

A Capacitive Load

• The potential difference

• Subtitute a phase-shifted sine:
• From the definition of capacitance
(in general)
• The voltage amplitude and current amplitude are
• Differentiating charge to find current related by

• The capacitive reactance of a capacitor

11 12

2
 05/04/2020

Example: Purely capacitive load

potential difference and current

13 14

15 16

An Inductive Load

• The potential difference

• Subtitute a phase-shifted sine:
• Subtitute
(in general)
• The voltage amplitude and current amplitude are
• Integrate related by

• The inductive reactance of an inductor

17 18

3
 05/04/2020

R vs C vs L

ELI= Emf in inductor (L) leads current (I)

ICE= current (I) in inductor (L) leads Emf

19 20

Example: Purely inductive load

potential difference and current

21 22

The Series RLC Circuit

23 24

4
 05/04/2020

Phasor Diagram The Current Amplitude

• Applying the Pythagorean theorem in phasor

• The current amplitude

• Impedance

25 26

Steady state current The Phase Constant

• The current that we have been describing
is the steady state current that occurs
after the alternating emf has been applied
for some time.
• When the emf is first applied to a circuit, a
brief transient current occurs.
• From the phasor triangle
• Different results for the phase constant:
 XL > XC: The circuit is said to be more inductive.
 XC > XL : The circuit is said to be more capacitive.
 XC = XL : The circuit is said to be in resonance.

27 28

Resonance ELI the ICE man

• Amplitude is a maximum when the quantity ωdL – 1/ωdC ELI= Emf in

in the denominator is zero. inductor (L)
leads current (I)

ICE= current (I) in

inductor (L)
• Because the natural angular frequency ω of the RLC
leads Emf
circuit is also equal to 1/√LC, the maximum value of I
occurs when the driving angular frequency matches the
natural angular frequency-that is, at resonance.

29 30

5
 05/04/2020

Resonance Curves Example: Current amplitude, impedance,

and phase constant

31 32

33 34