Topic: II.
Properties of The Ruler Postulate - The points of a line
Geometric Figures
Geometry- used early as the Babylonian
civilization.
Postulates- accepted without proof
Theorems- have been proven before the
acceptance
Four kinds of reasoning
• Intuition - a conclusion is made
through the use of one's senses
and does not require
mathematical proofs
• Analogy - objects are alike in one
aspect, they shall also be alike in
all aspects
• Induction - a process wherein laws
are formulated from an
observation
• Dedication - stipulation of a
specific statement based on a
general statement that has been
accepted to be true.
A simple syllogism is an argument made
up of three statements: a major premise,
a minor premise both of which are
accepted as true) and a conclusion.
Example: X: Man has two legs.
Y: Nonoy is a man.
Z: Nonoy has two legs.
General statement – all given statement
y is called the particular statement
z is called the conclusion
Measure of a Line Segment
Line Segment - line with two end-point.
The measure of the length of this line
segment is the distance between the
two endpoints. PQ= / y – x /
The Distance Postulate - For every pair of
different points there corresponds a
unique positive number.
can be matched with the set of real
numbers in a way that:
1. To every point on the line there is
exactly one real number.
2. To every real number there is
exactly one point on the line.
3. The distance between any two
points is the absolute value of the
difference of their coordinates.
The Ruler Placement Postulate - Given
two points P and Q on a line, the
coordinate system can be chosen in
such a way that the coordinate of P is
zero and that a Q of a positive number.
The Plotting Theorem - Let PQ be a ray
and let r be a positive number Then, on
ray PQ there is exactly one point T such
that PT = r
PT = / r – 0 /
=/r/
=r
The Midpoint Theorem - Every segment
has exactly one midpoint.
The Line Postulate - For any two points,
there is exactly one line that contains
both points.
The Number of Points Postulate
• A plane contains at least three
non-collinear points.
• A space contains at least four
non-coplanar points.
The Plane Postulate - Any three collinear
points lie in at least one plane and any
three non-collinear points lie in exactly
one plane.
The Plane Intersection Postulate - If two
planes intersect, then the intersection is a
line.
The Flat Plane Postulate - If two points of
a line lie on a plane, the entire line lies on
the plane
The Line Intersection Theorem - If two
lines intersect, then their intersection is
exactly one point.
The Line-Plane Intersection Theorem -
Given a plane and a line not on the
plane, their intersection is one and only
point.
The- Line Point Theorem - Given a line
and a point not on the line, there is
exactly one plane that contains them.
The Lines-Plane Theorem - Given two
intersecting lines, there is exactly one
plane that contains the two Lines.
convex sets - entire segment lies on the
set
1. Line / divides the whole plane into
two half-planes, namely H1 and
H2
2. Each of the half-planes is a
convex
3. Segment AB intersects the line
The Plane Separation Postulate - Give line
I and a plane M containing it, the points
of plane M that do not lie on the line l
form two half-planes such that
1. Each half plane is a convex
set, and
2. point A is in one of the sets and
point B is in the other, then AB
intersects line l.
The Space Separation Postulate - Given
plane M and space S containing it, the
points of the space that do not lie on the
plane form two half spaces such that :
1. Each half space is a convex set;
and
2. IF A is in one half-space and B is in
the other, then segment AB
intersects the plane.
The plane in the Space Separation
Postulate is the face of the two half-
spaces.
Angle - two rays have a common
endpoint
Vertex - common endpoint
Sides of the angle - two rays of an angle
The part which is convex is called the
interior of the angle while the non-
convex set part is the exterior of the
angle.
Congruent angles - angles having the
same measure
Adjacent angles - have a common Side
Angle bisector - ray that divides an angle
into two congruent angles
The Angle Addition Postulate - It point T is
in the interior of PQR, then m PQR = m
PQT + m TQR.

The Supplement Postulate - If two angles

form a linear pair, then they are
supplementary
Interior of an Angle - the set of all points
on the plane separated by the angle
which is convex
Exterior of an Angle - the set of all points
on the plane separated by the angle
which is now convex
Linear Pair -two adjacent angles whose
two sides other than their common side
are opposite rays
The Angle Measurement Postulate - An
angle has a measure between 0 and
180.
The Angle Construction Postulate - Let
ray AB be a ray on the edge of a half
plane H1. For every number r between 0
and 180, there is exactly one ray AX with
point X on H1 such that m XAB = r. Some Theorems about Angles
Converse - interchanging the hypothesis Theorem 2.7
and the conclusion. If two angles are complementary, then
both are acute.
Theorem 2.8
Any two right angles are congruent or if
the two angles are right angles, then they
are congruent
Theorem 2.9
If two angles are congruent and are
supplementary, then each is a right
angle.
Theorem 2.10
Supplements of congruent angles are
congruent.
Theorem 2.11 The Complement Theorem
Complements of congruent angles are
congruent.
Theorem 2.12 The Vertical Angle
Theorem
Vertical angles are congruent.
Theorem 2.13 The Four Right Angles
Theorem
If two perpendicular lines form one right
angle, then they form four right angles.
PARALLEL LINES
Skew lines - lines that are non-coplanar
and do not intersect each other
Parallel lines - lines that are coplanar and
do not intersect each other
Segment or rays are parallel if the lines
that contain them are parallel.
TRANSVERSAL AND SPECIAL ANGLES
Transversal - a line which intersects two
coplanar lines at two different points
Alternate Interior Angles -a pair of interior
angles on opposite sides of a transversal
that do not form a linear pair
Corresponding Angles - a pair of interior
and exterior angles on the same side of
transversal that does not form a linear
pair
Same Side Interior Angles – interior
angles on the same side of a transversal
PROPERTIES OF PARALLEL LINES
two lines are parallel if;
• a pair of corresponding angles
are congruent.
• a pair of alternate interior angles
are congruent and
• a pair of same-side interior angles
are supplementary
PCAC Postulate - If two parallel lines are
cut by a transversal, then a pair of
corresponding angles is
congruent.
PAIC Theorem - If two parallel lines are
cut by a transversal, then a pair of
alternate interior angles is congruent
PSSIAS Theorem - If two parallel lines are
cut by a transversal, then a pair of same-
side interior angles is supplementary.
Theorem 2.16
If a transversal is perpendicular to one of
two parallel lines, then it is perpendicular
to the other line.
Theorem 2.17
The sum of the measures of the angles of
a triangle is equal to 180
 CONDITIONS THAT GUARANTEE Topic: III. Triangle Congruence
PARALLELISM Triangle Congruence
Theorem 2.18 A triangle is defined as the union of
In a plane, if two lines are perpendicular three segments that have three non-
to the same line, then they are parallel. collinear points as their endpoints.
The Parallel Postulate - Given a point and The segments are called the sides of the
a line not containing it, there is exactly triangle.
one line through the given point parallel The endpoints are called the vertices
to the given line. Included angle - two given sides of a
Postulate 17 - Given a point and a line triangle are that angle
not containing it, there is exactly one line Included side - an included segment of
through the given point perpendicular to two given angles of a triangle is that
the given line. side whose endpoints are the vertices of
AICP Theorem the two given angle.
Given two tines cut by a transversal, if a
pair of alternate interior angles are
congruent, then the lines are parallel.
CACP Theorem
Given two lines cut by a transversal, if a
pair of corresponding angles are
congruent, then the two lines are
parallel.
AI-CA Theorem
Given two lines cut by a transversal, if a
pair of alternate interior angles are
congruent, then a pair of corresponding
angles are congruent.
SSIAS Theorem
Given two lines cut by a transversal, if
same side interior angles are
supplementary, then the lines are
parallel
The Three Parallel Lines Theorem
In a plane, if two lines are both parallel to Secondary Parts of a Triangle
a third line, then they are parallel. Altitude - a segment drawn from any
vertices perpendicular to its opposite
side
Median - a segment drawn from any
vertices to the midpoint of its opposite
side
Angle Bisector- a segment that divides
or bisect the angle to two congruent
parts
Triangle has three altitudes Postulates and Theorems about
1. Orthocenter - the point of Congruent Triangles
concurrency of the three The SSS Postulate
altitudes. If three sides of one triangle are
2. Incenter - the three-angle congruent to the corresponding sides of
bisector the other triangle, then the two triangles
3. Centroid - three medians are congruent.
Perpendicular bisector of a side of a
triangle is a line equidistant to the
endpoints of the given side of the
triangle Postulate 19 The SAS Postulate
Circumcenter - three perpendicular If two sides and the included angle of
bisectors one triangle are congruent to the
Theorem 3.1 corresponding two sides and the
If a point lies on the perpendicular included angle of another triangle., then
bisector of a segment, then the point is the two triangles are congruent
equidistant from the endpoints of the The ASA Postulate
segment. If two angles and the included side of
Theorem 3.2 one triangle are congruent to the
If a point is equidistant from the corresponding two angles and the
endpoints of the segment, then the point included side of another triangle, then
lies on the perpendicular bisector of the the two triangles are congruent.
segment.
Theorem 3.3
If a point lies on the bisector of an angle,
then the point is equidistant from the
sides of the angle.
Theorem 3.4 Theorem 3.5 The SAA or AAS Theorem
If a point is equidistant from the sides of If two angles and a non-included side of
an angle, then the point lies on the one triangle are congruent to the
bisector of the angle. corresponding parts of another triangle,
then the triangles are congruent

Congruent Figures