Name: ___________________________________________Grade & Section: _________________

Subject: General Chemistry 2 11/12 Teacher: ____________________ Score: _______________

Lesson Quarter 3, Week 3, LAS 1
Activity Title How Much Is Needed?
Learning Target Calculate molar mass from colligative property data.
Reference(s) Brown, LeMay & Bursten. 2004. Chemistry. The Central Science. Ninth Edition.
Pearson Prentice Hall
LAS Writer Isabelita Roa-Jabines, PhD

CONCEPT DIGEST
Colligative properties of solutions are properties that depend upon the concentration of solute
molecules or ions, but not upon the identity of the solute. Colligative properties include vapor pressure
lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. These colligative
properties can be used to calculate the molecular weight of a soluble solid. To complete this calculation,
the mass of the solute must be known as well as the colligative property data of the pure solvent and
the solution.
Sample Problem:
What is the molar mass of the solute to make a solution containing 38.7g of a nonelectrolyte dissolved into 218g of water? The
freezing point of the solution is measured to be -5.530C.

Solution:
Step 1 – List the known quantities

Unknown: Molar Mass of the

Solute: ______________

Step 2 - Use the freeing point depression (ΔTf ) to calculate the molality of the solution.

Step 3 - Then use the molality equation to calculate the moles of solute. Then divide the grams of solute by the moles to
determine the molar mass.

Molar mass
of the solute

ACTIVITY
Solve: A solution is made by dissolving 34.41 g of an unknown nonelectrolyte compound in 280.0
g benzene. The boiling point of the solution is 93.2 °C. Benzene has a molal boiling-point
elevation constant of 2.53 °C/m. What is the molar mass of the solute?

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Name: ___________________________________________Grade & Section: _________________
Subject: General Chemistry 2 11/12 Teacher: ____________________ Score: _______________
Lesson Quarter 3, Week 3, LAS 2
Activity Title Measuring Concentrations of Solution
Learning Target Use molarity in describing the concentrations of solutions
Reference(s) Brown, LeMay & Bursten. 2004. Chemistry. The Central Science. Ninth Edition.
Pearson Prentice Hall
creativecommons.org
LAS Writer Isabelita Roa-Jabines, PhD

I CONCEPT DIGEST
The concentration of a solution can be described qualitatively and quantitatively. Anyone who
makes instant coffee for example knows that too much powder gives a strongly flavored, highly
concentrated drink, whereas too little results in a dilute solution. This is the qualitative way of
describing the concentration of a solution.
In chemistry, the concentration of a solute is the quantity of a solute that is contained in a
particular quantity of solvent. Knowing the concentration of solutes quantitatively is important in
controlling the stoichiometry of reactants for solution reactions.
The most common unit of concentration is molarity (M). It is defined as the number of moles
of solute present in exactly 1 L of solution. The unit of molarity is moles/liter of solution (m/L),
abbreviated as M. Its formula is:

Sample Problem:
An aqueous solution containing 500g of sucrose (C12H22O11) in enough water to give a final volume of 1.0L. What is the
molarity of the solution?

Step 1 – Calculate the molar mass of sucrose (atomic masses of the ff: C = 12, H = 1, O = 16)
C = 12 x 12 = 144
H= 1 x 22 = 22
O= 16 x 11 = 176
342g/mole
Step 2 – Convert the mass of sucrose into number of moles
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
500g x = 1.46 moles
342𝑔

Step 3 – Calculate the molarity of the solution

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 1.46 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
Molarity = = = 1.46M
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟

ACTIVITY
Determine the molarity for each of the following solutions. Use the periodic table in finding the
atomic masses of the elements. Use separate sheet to show your solution.
1. 0.444 mol of CoCl2 in 0.654 L of solution

2. 98.0 g of phosphoric acid, H3PO4, in 1.00 L of solution

3. 0.2074 g of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, in 40.00 mL of solution

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Name: ___________________________________________Grade & Section: _________________
Subject: General Chemistry 2 11/12 Teacher: ____________________ Score: _______________
Lesson Quarter 3, Week 3, LAS 3
Activity Title Exothermic or Endothermic?
Learning Target Explain the first law of thermodynamics
Reference(s) Brown, LeMay & Bursten. 2004. Chemistry. The Central Science. Ninth Edition.
Pearson Prentice Hall
LAS Writer Isabelita Roa-Jabines, PhD

I CONCEPT DIGEST
In the concept of thermodynamics, work and heat are interrelated. Heat is the transfer of thermal
energy between two bodies that are at different temperatures and is not equal to thermal energy. Work
is the force used to transfer energy between a system and its surroundings. Both heat and work
together allow systems to exchange energy.
The system is where a chemical reaction occurs. Everything that is not part of the system
constitutes the surroundings. The system and its surroundings are separated by a boundary.
Exchange of energy between the system and its surrounding occurs during chemical reaction.
Inside the system is where chemical reactions take place. Some reactions involve breaking of existing
bonds and some forming new bonds. Bond breaking needs energy which is absorbed by the system
from the surroundings. This process is said to be endothermic which decreases the temperature of
the surroundings and giving a positive enthalpy. On the other hand, after new bonds are formed, heat
is given off to the surroundings which increases the temperature of the surroundings and giving a
negative enthalpy.
For example: Potassium nitrate (KN03) is used
as flower inducers in mango production. When the
chemical is dissolved in water, you feel the walls of the
container getting colder. This is because heat from the
container(surrounding) is being transferred to the
system in order to break the bonds of KNO3 in forming
the solution. This is an endothermic reaction.

ACTIVITY
Task: identify the given reaction as exothermic or endothermic. Indicate the change in enthalphy.
No. Chemical Reactions Type of Reaction Enthalphy
(exothermic/endothermic) Change (+/-)
1. Photosynthesis absorbs heat from the sun.
2 Dissolving oxalic acid in your hand, makes you palm cooler.
2 The temperature inside an overcrowded room increases due to
the release of carbon dioxide during cellular respiration.
4 Muriatic acid as toilet bowl cleaner, gives off heat when it mixes
with water.
5 Burning gasoline inside a car engine.

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Name: ___________________________________________Grade & Section: _________________
Subject: General Chemistry 2 11/12 Teacher: ____________________ Score: _______________
Lesson Quarter 3, Week 3, LAS 4
Activity Title Enthalpy Change
Learning Target Use enthalpy change to determine exothermic and endothermic reactions.
Reference(s) Brown, LeMay & Bursten. 2004. Chemistry. The Central Science. Ninth Edition.
Pearson Prentice Hall
LAS Writer Isabelita Roa-Jabines, PhD

I CONCEPT DIGEST
Thermodynamics is the study of the relationship between heat (or energy) and work. It is the
heat content of a system. The heat that passes into or out of the system during a chemical reaction is
the enthalpy change (ΔH). Whether the enthalpy increases (when the system absorbs energy) or
decreases (because energy is given off), it is a crucial factor whether a reaction can happen. One
indicator that a chemical change has taken place is temperature changes.
Since ΔHº represents the total energy exchange in the reaction this value can be either positive
or negative:
+ -
o A positive ΔHº value represents an addition of
energy to the system (from the surroundings),
resulting in an endothermic reaction.

o A negative value for ΔHº represents

a removal of energy from the system
(into the surroundings) and so the reaction is
exothermic.

In a chemical reaction some bonds break and new

bonds are made to form the products. It costs
energy to break bonds, but energy is released when
new bonds are made.

ACTIVITY
Task: Determine the reaction (exothermic/endothermic) of the following thermochemical equations as
indicated by the change in enthalpy.

1.
2.
3.
4. 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(ℓ) ΔH = −570 kJ
5. PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) → PCl5(g) ΔH = −88 kJ

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