Transformers ‫محوالت القدرة‬

For an ideal two-winding transformer with primary voltage V1 applied

across N1 primary turns and secondary voltage V2 appearing across N2
secondary turns:
V1 / V2 = N1 / N2
The primary current I1 and secondary current I2 are related by:
I1 / I2 = N2 / N1 = V2 / V1

For an ideal step-down auto-transformer with primary voltage V1 applied

across (N1 + N2) primary turns and secondary voltage V2 appearing across
N2 secondary turns:
V1 / V2 = (N1 + N2) / N2
The primary (input) current I1 and secondary (output) current I2 are
related by:
I1 / I2 = N2 / (N1 + N2) = V2 / V1
Note that the winding current is I1 through the N1 section and (I2 - I1)
through the N2 section.

For a single-phase transformer with rated primary voltage V1, rated

primary current I1, rated secondary voltage V2 and rated secondary
current I2, the voltampere rating S is:
S = V1I1 = V2I2

For a balanced m-phase transformer with rated primary phase voltage V1,
rated primary current I1, rated secondary phase voltage V2 and rated
secondary current I2, the voltampere rating S is:
S = mV1I1 = mV2I2

The primary circuit impedance Z1 referred to the secondary circuit for an

ideal transformer with N1 primary turns and N2 secondary turns is:
Z12 = Z1(N2 / N1)2

The secondary circuit impedance Z2 referred to the primary circuit for an

ideal transformer with N1 primary turns and N2 secondary turns is:
Z21 = Z2(N1 / N2)2

The voltage regulation V2 of a transformer is the rise in secondary

voltage which occurs when rated load is disconnected from the secondary
with rated voltage applied to the primary. For a transformer with a
secondary voltage E2 unloaded and V2 at rated load, the per-unit voltage
regulation V2pu is:
V2pu = (E2 - V2) / V2
Note that the per-unit base voltage is usually V2 and not E2.
Open Circuit Test
If a transformer with its secondary open-circuited is energised at rated
primary voltage, then the input power Poc represents the core loss (iron
loss PFe) of the transformer:
Poc = PFe

The per-phase star values of the shunt magnetising admittance Ym,

conductance Gm and susceptance Bm of an m-phase transformer are
calculated from the open-circuit test results for the per-phase primary
voltage V1oc, per-phase primary current I1oc and input power Poc using:
Ym = I1oc / V1oc
Gm = mV1oc2 / Poc
Bm = (Ym2 - Gm2)½

Short Circuit Test

If a transformer with its secondary short-circuited is energised at a
reduced primary voltage which causes rated secondary current to flow
through the short-circuit, then the input power Psc represents the load loss
(primary copper loss P1Cu, secondary copper loss P2Cu and stray loss Pstray)
of the transformer:
Psc = P1Cu + P2Cu + Pstray
Note that the temperature rise should be allowed to stabilise because
conductor resistance varies with temperature.

If the resistance of each winding is determined by winding resistance

tests immediately after the short circuit test, then the load loss of an m-
phase transformer may be split into primary copper loss P1Cu, secondary
copper loss P2Cu and stray loss Pstray:
P1Cu = mI1sc2R1star
P2Cu = mI2sc2R2star
Pstray = Psc - P1Cu - P2Cu

If the stray loss is neglected, the per-phase star values referred to the
primary of the total series impedance Zs1, resistance Rs1 and reactance Xs1
of an m-phase transformer are calculated from the short-circuit test
results for the per-phase primary voltage V1sc, per-phase primary current
I1sc and input power Psc using:
Zs1 = V1sc / I1sc = Z1 + Z2(N12 / N22)
Rs1 = Psc / mI1sc2 = R1 + R2(N12 / N22)

Xs1 = (Zs12 - Rs12)½ = X1 + X2(N12 / N22)

where Z1, R1 and X1 are primary values and Z2, R2 and X2 are secondary
values
Winding Resistance Test
The resistance of each winding is measured using a small direct current to
avoid thermal and inductive effects. If a voltage Vdc causes current Idc to
flow, then the resistance R is:
R = Vdc / Idc

If the winding under test is a fully connected balanced star or delta and
the resistance measured between any two phases is Rtest, then the
equivalent winding resistances Rstar or Rdelta are:
Rstar = Rtest / 2
Rdelta = 3Rtest / 2

The per-phase star primary and secondary winding resistances R1star and
R2star of an m-phase transformer may be used to calculate the separate
primary and secondary copper losses P1Cu and P2Cu:
P1Cu = mI12R1star
P2Cu = mI22R2star
Note that if the primary and secondary copper losses are equal, then the
primary and secondary resistances R1star and R2star are related by:
R1star / R2star = I22 / I12 = N12 / N22

The primary and secondary winding resistances R1 and R2 may also be

used to check the effect of stray loss on the total series resistance referred
to the primary, Rs1, calculated from the short circuit test results:
Rs1 = R1 + R2(N12 / N22)