Environmental Engineering-I

Lec-5

Engr. Ghulam Hussain

(Assistant Professor, IEER UET Lahore)
 GLOBAL WATER
Lakes
and
Others ,
2.52 Saline Water Rivers,
0.003%
0.007%
% Fresh Water Ground
water,
0.760%
Ice
Caps,
97.48 Glaciers,
% 1.760%

Global Water Share Fresh Water Share

 IMPORTANCE OF CLEAN WATER
 Next to oxygen, water is the most essential element
to human life.

 Unsafe/Polluted water leads to water borne diseases.

 Almost 80 % of all diseases are associated with water.

 UN assessment says 4000 children die each day, globally, as

a result of diseases caused by ingestion of polluted water.
(2009)

 About 200,000 children, in Pakistan, die every year of

diarrheal diseases alone.
 ACCESS TO SAFE WATER
GLOBAL SITUATION:

 37% percent of the developing world’s population (i.e. 2.5

billion people) lack improved sanitation facilities and more
than 780 million people still use unsafe drinking water sources
(WHO, 2012)

PAKISTAN CONTEXT:

 44 % of the population lack access to safe drinking water.

 Estimates show that 88% of the functional water supply

schemes in Pakistan are providing unsafe drinking water to
the consumers.
 WATER BORNE DISEASES
Some of the common water borne diseases are;

 Typhoid

 Paratyphoid

 Diarrhea

 Hepatitis-A

 Cholera

 Dysentery
 WATER QUALITY
Drinking Water Quality:
 It refers to the degree of cleanliness and
wholesomeness of water.

 Drinking water quality is judged in terms of chemical,

physical and bacteriological contents of water.

Potable Water:
 It is the water which is safe to drink, pleasant to taste
and usable for domestic purposes.
 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
1. PHYSICAL PARAMETERS:
PARAMETER MEASURING SOURCE IMPORTANCE/
UNITS IMPACT
Taste and Odour - Organic compounds, Aesthetically
salts and dissolved Objectionable
gases

Colour TCU Vegetable dyes, Iron, Aesthetically

Manganese Objectionable

Turbidity NTU Colloidal solids Aesthetically

Objectionable

Total Dissolved Mg/L Many inorganic salts Impart taste to

Solids water
 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
2. CHEMICAL PARAMETERS:
PARAMETER MEASURING SOURCE IMPORTANCE/
UNITS IMPACT
Alkalinity mg/L as Natural minerals Important in water
CaCO3 treatment
Acidity pH Dissolution of CO2 Important in water
treatment, water
pipes
and water-using
appliances become
encrusted
Hardness mg/L as Natural minerals Prevent lather
CaCO3 (divalent metallic formation with
cations) soap, produces
scales in hot water
systems
Metals & others mg/L, ug/L Natural geological Health Effects
formations,
 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
3. BACTERIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS:
PARAMETER MEASURING SOURCE IMPORTANCE/
UNITS IMPACT
Total Coliforms MPN/100 mL Soil, Wastewater Indicator of
inclusion pathogenic
microorganisms
presence
Fecal MPN/100 mL Wastewater inclusion Indicator
Coliforms/E.Coli pathogenic
microorganisms
presence
 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
4. RADIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS:

ᵅ and ᵦ activity:
 Radioactive material concentrations in drinking water
are largely due to naturally occurring radionuclide in
the uranium and thorium decay series. These
radionuclide are present in soil.
 WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
CRITERIA:
 Water quality criteria specify the conditions to provide long
term protection to human health.

WHO DRINKING WATER QUALITY CRITERIA/GUIDELINES:

 World Health Organization (WHO) suggests the concentration

of certain constituents in water that does not result in any
significant risk to the health of the consumer over a lifetime
consumption.

 These are of advisory nature and based on scientific

research.
 WATER QUALITY STANDARD
WATER QUALITY STANDARD:
 Standard refers to any rule, principle or measure
established by an authority or law enforcing agency.

 Standards are set according to national priorities and

taking into consideration the economic and technical
capabilities.

 These are used to judge the acceptability of drinking

water supplied.
 Standards achieve nothing unless implemented and enforced.