Gross Anatomy Lectures

Learning Muscle

• Muscles enable
o Movement
o Support and maintain posture
o Heat production
• Types
o Skeletal
o Smooth
o Cardiac
• Tendon ® attachment to bone, cartilage or ligaments
• Aponeurosis ® flattened band of tendon
• Raphe ® interdigitating of tendinous end

• Skeletal muscle
o Things to remember for each muscle
§ Origin (what doesn’t move)
§ Insertion
§ Action
§ Nerve supply
§ Blood supply
• Descriptions of skeletal muscles ® origins and insertions
o Origin ® remains stationary
o Insertion ® drawn to origin
o Exceptions
§ Pectoralis minor (either may be mobile)
• Origin ® ribs
• Insertion ® coracoid process

• Muscle shapes and fibre arrangements

o Flat
§ Parallel to the line of pull ® platysma, thyrohyoid,
Sartorius

o Fusiform muscle
§ Rounded belly with tapered ends ® biceps brachialis
o Circular
§ Eyes, mouth, sphincters

o Multiple heads
§ Bicipital ® 2 heads
• Biceps brachialis, biceps femoris
§ Tricipital ® 3 heads
• Triceps brachialis

o Pennate ® muscle fibre not in the same direction as the line pull
§ Unipennate ® muscle fibers are orientated at one angle to
force generating angle, same side of tendon
• Extensor digitorum hand, extensor digitorum longus
on lower leg
§ Bipennate ® muscle fibres on both sides of tendon
• Rectus femoris, biceps brachii
§ Multipennate ® fibres at multiple angles to force-
generating axis
• Deltoid
• Reasons for shapes
o Levers and pulleys
o Line of pull
§ In line with muscle
§ Or at angle
o Shortening of muscle
§ How far it can contract
o Force of muscle
§ Vole and fibre length

• Shortening vs strength
o Short fibres
§ Greater strength
§ Less shortening
o Long fibres
§ Greater shortening
§ Less strength
• Muscle compartments
o Intermuscular septa ® divide muscles into various
compartments
o Compartments = same with:
§ Actions
§ Innervation
§ Blood supply
§ Venous drainage

• Agonists and synergists

o Agonists ® muscle having opposing action
o Synergists ® muscles having supportive action
o Muscles contract!
o Opposing actions require opposing groups of muscles

• Skeletal muscle categories

o Extensor ® ‘opens’ joint
o Flexor ® ‘closes’ joints
o Abductor ® away from midline
o Adductor ® towards midline
o Levator ® moves upward
o Depressor ® moves down
o Rotator ® rotates bone along its own axis
o Sphincter ® contracts an orifice
• How are muscles named
o Location, location, location
§ Anterior, posterior etc.
o Shape
§ Quadratus, serratus, trapezius
o Size/length
§ Maximus, minimus, longus, brevis, major
§ Where there is one, will be another
o Direction/orientation of muscle fibres
§ Rectus, oblique, transverse
o Number of origins
§ Bi, tri, quad
o Location of attachments
o Action
§ Flexor, abductor, adductor, extensor
Anatomy of the Joints
• What is a joint?
o Junction between 2 or more bones
o 230 joints in human body
o Every bone has bodies
§ Hyoid doesn’t
• Functions
o Hold skeleton together
o Allow for flexibility + movement
o Allow for bone growth

• Joints/articulation classification
o Sites, 2 bones connect + body movement occurs
o Structure determines ® direction + distance of movement
o ­ stability + strength = ¯ mobility and vice-versa

o Two methods of classification:

§ Structural classification ® based on anatomical
organization
• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
o United by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
o No joint cavity
o Types
 § Primary ® synchondrosis
§ Secondary ® symphysis
• Synovial
• Bony

§ Functional classification ® based on range of motion

• Synarthrosis ® immovable joint, 4 types:
o Suture (fibrous):
§ Found only between bones of skull
§ Edges of bone = interlocked
§ Bound at suture by dense, fibrous CT

o Gomphosis (fibrous)
§ Bind teeth to mandible and maxillae
§ Fibrous connection = periodontal ligament

o Synchondrosis (cartilaginous):
§ Rigid, cartilaginous bridge between 2
articulating bones
§ = connection between end of first pair
vertebrosternal + sternum
§ = epiphyseal cartilage between epiphysis +
diaphysis
 o Synostosis (bony):
§ Totally rigid, immovable joint
§ Created, 2 bones fuse + boundary
disappears
§ = coronal suture of frontal bone
§ = epiphyseal line of mature long bone

• Amphiarthrosis ® slightly movable

o Syndesmosis (fibrous):
§ Bones are connected by ligaments
§ = distal articulation of tibia + fibula

o Symphysis (cartilaginous):
§ Articulating bones separated by wedge of
fibrocartilage
§ = articulation between the two pubic bones
• Diarthrosis ® freely moveable
o Synovial joints
§ Movement classification:
• Monaxial ® movement in one plane
o = elbow, ankle
• Biaxial ® movement in two planes
o = ribs, wrists
• Triaxial ® movement in three planes
o = shoulder, hip

§ Shape classification:
• Hinge
o Examples ® knee, elbow,
interphalangeal, ankle
o Articular surface ® pulley
shaped
o Movement
§ One direction
§ Flexion and extension
o Collateral ligaments ® maintain
ligaments in one direction
§ Prevent unwanted
movements
• Saddle
o Examples ® between trapezium
and metacarpal of thumb,
sternoclavicular joint
o Articular surfaces
§ Reciprocally saddle shaped
§ Concavo-convex
§ Modified condyloid joint
o Movements
§ Wide range

• Plane
o Examples ® intercarpal joints,
intertarsal joints, articular
processes between adjacent
vertebrae
o Articular surface ® flat
o Movements
§ Permit gliding movement
§ Different directions
• Pivot
o Examples ® proximal radioulnar
joint, atlantoaxial joint
o Articular surfaces
§ Fit into one another
§ One rounded, on concave
o Movements
§ Rotation around central
cavity
o Ligamentous ring ® maintain
rotation among common axis

• Condyloid
o Examples ® temporomandibular
joints, knee joints,
metacarpophalangeal joints
o Articular surfaces
§ Rounded condyle
§ Condyle into socket
articular surfaces
o Movement
§ Two directions
 • Ball and socket
o Hip joint, shoulder joint
o Articular surfaces
§ Ball shaped head
§ Cup-shaped cavity
§ Modified condyloid joint
o Movements
§ Widest range
§ Permits movements in all
planes around central axis

§ Joint cavity between ends of longs bones

§ Articular cartilages ® pad articulating
surfaces of bone + prevent bone touching
§ Cavity ® surrounded by articular capsule
• Capsule
o Outer fibrous capsule
o Lined with inner synovial
membrane
• Synovial membrane ® does not cover
cartilage
 § Synovial fluid from membrane:
• Reduces friction
• Distributes nutrients
• Absorbs shock
o Divided joint cavities ® articular disc/menisci
(fibrocartilage)

§ Other parts of the joint

• Ligaments ® outside and inside
• Bursae (fluid-filled)
o Flattened synovial membrane containing discs
o Reduce friction
• Articular capsule ® continuous with periosteum
o Ligaments ® outside articular capsule
• Terms of movement
o Extension ® towards the back
§ Hyperextension ® further then normal
o Flexion ® towards the front
§ Dorsiflexion ® down
§ Plantar flexion ® up
o Abduction ® move away
o Adduction ® add to body
• Rotation ® rotate
• Circumduction ® cone shape, joint ® tip
• Supination ® flat
• Pronation rotated hand
• Inversion ® ankle inwards
• Eversion ® ankle outwards
• Jaw
o Protraction ® chin out
o Retraction ® chin in
• Sternoclavicular + mandible
o Elevate ® lift
o Depression ® down