Cong-Trinh-Tren-Dat-Yeu - Chau-Ngoc-An - Cttdy - ch1 - 2010 - (Cuuduongthancong - Com)

BAØI GIAÛNG A Pr.Dr.
CHAÂU NGOÏCAÅN
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Moân
.c
ng
COÂNG TRÌNH
co
an
th
TREÂN ÑAÁT YEÁU
o ng
du
u
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CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
BAØI GIAÛNG A Pr.Dr. CHAÂU NGOÏCAÅN
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CHÖÔNG 1 Gia cöôøng ñaát yeáu vôùi phöông phaùp giaûm heä soá roãng
.c
ng
CHÖÔNG 2 Gia cöôøng ñaát yeáu vôùi phöông phaùp troän vôùi chaát keát
co
dính - grouting
an
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CHÖÔNG 3 Gia cöôøng ñaát yeáu vôùi phöông phaùp taêng cöôøng vaät lieäu
ng
chòu keùo (vaûi – væ ÑKT)
o
du
CHÖÔNG 4 Coïc vaø ñaøo saâu trong ñaát yeáu

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cu
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Taøi lieäu tham khaûo:
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1. Ground improvement, B. Indraratna – J. Chu, 2005
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2. Geotechnics of soft soils, M. Karsttunen – M. Loni, 2009
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3. Excavations and Foundations in soft soils, Hans-Georg Kempfert,
an
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Berhane Gebreselassie, 2006
4. Applied soil machanics, Sam Helwany, 2007
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5. Engineering treatment of soils, F.G. Bell, 1993
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6. Neàn moùng, Chaâu Ngoïc Aån, 2010

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SEÙT Nhaän daïng taïi coâng tröôøng Söùc chòu neùn

moät truïc,
om
qunc kN/m2
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RAÁT MEÀM aán caû naém tay vaøo ñaát deã daøng < 25
ng
MEÀM aán caû ngoùn caùi vaøo ñaát deã daøng 25 – 50
co
DEÛO aán caû ngoùn caùi vaøo ñaát caàn coù 50 – 100
an
löïc
CÖÙNG th
aán maïnh ngoùn caùi laøm loõm ñaát 100 – 200
o ng
RAÁT CÖÙNG aán maïnh baèng moùng ngoùn caùi 200 – 400
du
ñeå daáu
u
cu
RAÉN khoù ñeå daáu treân ñaát baèng caùch > 400
aán maïnh ngoùn caùi
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CAÙT (tin caäy) SEÙT (khoâng tin caäy laém)
.c
ng
N (SPT) N (SPT)
co
<2 RAÁT MEÀM
an
0-4 RAÁT RÔØI 2–4 MEÀM
4 – 10 RÔØI th 4–8 DEÛO
ng
10 – 30 CHAËT TB 8 – 15 CÖÙNG
o
du
30 – 50 CHAËT 15 – 30 RAÁT CÖÙNG

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> 50 RAÁT CHAËT > 30 RAÉN
CHÖÔNG 1
Gia cöôøng ñaát yeáu vôùi phöông phaùp giaûm
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heä soá roãng
.c
ÑAÁT YEÁU
ng
co
Theo QP 45-78 BUØN laø ñaát loaïi seùt ôû giai ñoaïn ñaàu hình thaønh,
an
ñöôïc taïo ra nhö traàm tích caáu truùc trong nöôùc khi coù caùc quaù
th
trình vi sinh vaät vaø, ôû keát caáu töï nhieân, coù ñoä aåm vöôït quaù giôùi
ng
haïn loûng vaø heä soá roãng vöôït quaù caùc giaù trò sau:
o
du
u
buøn aù caùt khi e > 0,9;

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buøn aù seùt khi e > 1;

buøn seùt khi e> 1,5
Compaction at a highway off-ramp

These photos are from the construction of a highway off-ramp in Davis,
California, in 1995. This relatively small earthwork job was performed
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with very few pieces of equipment (a cat, water truck, grader, and the
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trucks that transported fill soils to the site).
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This cat is equipped with a blade for shaping the roadway and sheepsfoot
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rollers for compacting the clayey soils. Fill materials were brought to the
site by trucks that spread the materials out in roughly 6 to 8 inch thick
layers. The cat spread the material out evenly and compacted it at the
same time.
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A side view of the cat.

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The water truck sprays the earth during compaction to condition the
soil to near its optimum moisture content for compaction, and to
control dust at the site.
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The operators of the water truck and cat sequence their

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passes across the site. A grader was later used for final
shaping of the roadway surface
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Roller Compactors
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As soil embankments are constructed, the fill is spread in layers
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and compacted in order to increase strength and reduce
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compressibility of the soil. The loose lift thickness is usually 8
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inches to 12 inches. These photos show four different types of
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rollers suitable for compacting cohesive (clayey) soils and
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cohesionless soils (sands and gravels).
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Here a pneumatic rubber-tired roller is compacting clay soil. Clays are

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more difficult to compact than sands and gravels, because they must be
brought to the right range of water content before they can be
compacted to high densities. Static pressure, as exerted by the wheels of
this rubber-tired roller, compacts clays well. (Photo by Caterpillar).
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This photo shows a vibratory steel-wheeled roller compacting sand.

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Vibration is more effective for compacting sands and gravels than static
pressure. Water conditioning is not as important for compacting sands
and gravels as it is for compacting clays. The total force applied by a
vibratory roller is equal to the weight of the roller plus the dynamic
vibratory force. (Photo by Caterpillar).
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Here a vibratory padded drum roller (similar to a sheepsfoot roller) is compacting clay.
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The protrusions (pads) on the drum press into the soil when it is loose, and compact the
layer from the bottom up. After a few passes, when the fill has been densified to some
degree, the roller "walks out," and the entire weight is supported on the pads resting on
top of the fill, which results in higher compaction pressures on the soil. (Photo by
Caterpillar).
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This photo shows a tamping-foot roller compacting clay. Like a

padded drum roller or a sheepsfoot roller, the feet protruding from
the drums penetrate into the fill when it is loose, compacting the fill
from the bottom up. (Photo by Caterpillar).
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Caùt chuaån
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Van môû
an
Coâne
th
theùp
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Baûng ñeá
o
du
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Loã ñuïc
cu
trong ñaát
Bình chöùa nöôùc coù vaïch

ño theå tích
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co
Bôm tay
an
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Baûng ñeá ng
o
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Tuùi cao su Loã ñuïc

theùp trong ñaát
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C«ng nghÖ dïng trong kiÓm tra chÊt l-îng ®Êt nÒn
sau khi c¶i t¹o/gia cè (®ång vÞ phãng x¹)
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Ñaàu nhaän
Ñöôøng ñi cuûa
photon
Nguoàn
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Deep Dynamic Compaction
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Natural soil deposits and undocumented fills can be densified by
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dropping large weights from great heights repeatedly on the ground
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surface. Because the energy imparted is considerable, compaction
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can be achieved at significant depths below the ground surface.

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ÑAÀM CHAËT BAÈNG TAÏ RÔI
Lµm chÆt ®Êt b»ng ®Çm/lu lÌn trªn mÆt hoÆc chiÒu s©u
Cã çc ph-¬ng ph¸p sau:
Lu lÌn, ®Çm nÆng r¬i tõ cao xuèng;
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LÌn chÆt ®Êt qua lç khoan (cäc çt, cäc ®¸ d¨m, cäc ®Êt v«i xim¨ng, næ m×n..);
Cè kÕt ®éng (dynamic consolidation).
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Çc c«ng nghÖ thi c«ng nãi trªn hiÖn ®· ph¸t triÓn rÊt cao nhê thiÕt bÞ thi c«ng
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ngµy cµng hoµn thiÖn vµ ph-¬ng ph¸p kiÓm tra ngµy cµng cã ®é tin cËy cao.
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Nh÷ng th«ng sè kiÓm tra chÝnh nh- ®· tr×nh bµy ë ®Çu môc III vµ chi tiÕt th×
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theo nh÷ng tiªu chuÈn thi c«ng cô thÓ cña tõng ph-¬ng ph¸p.
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VÒ nguyªn t¾c : ®èi víi c«ng tr×nh quan träng cÇn tiÕn hµnh thÝ nghiÖm nÐn vµ
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c¾t cho ®Êt ë ®é ®Çm chÆt kh¸c nhau, trªn c¬ së ®ã x©y dùng biÓu ®å quan hÖ
o
gi÷a:
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Lùc dÝnh vµ ®é chÆt (th«ng qua kh« hay hÖ sè ®Çm chÆt k);
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Gãc ma s¸t vµ ®é chÆt;

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M« ®un biÕn d¹ng/c-êng ®é vµ ®é chÆt.

Khi ch-a cã sè liÖu thÝ nghiÖm cã thÓ dïng çc sè liÖu tham kh¶o ë çc b¶ng
sau ®©y trong thiÕt kÕ s¬ bé ®Ó khèng chÕ chÊt l-îng.
ÑAÀM CHAËT BAÈNG TAÏ RÔI
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This mass of concrete, weighing about 12,000 pounds, was used for deep
dynamic compaction at the site of an oil storage tank farm on Hokkaido,
in Japan.
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Here the mass has been lifted to
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a height of about 50 feet, and is

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ready to be dropped. When it

hits the surface of the ground,
the blow will impart about
600,000 foot-pounds of energy.
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These craters are the result of dropping the weight.

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The craters were surveyed to determine the effects of the treatment.

Vibroreplacement Stone Columns

at MIA Dam
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These photos are of vibroreplacement stone column construction at
Mormon Island Auxiliary Dam east of Sacramento, California, in 1993.
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The purpose of the stone columns is to reduce the potential for
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liquefaction of the subsurface soils during an earthquake.
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Vibroreplacement stone columns improve the resistance of
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cohesionless soils to liquefaction by several mechanisms. The primary
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mechanism of treatment is the densification of the native soil.
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Secondary benefits may also come from the reinforcing effects of the
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stone columns (e.g.,. they are usually stiffer than the surrounding soil),
an increase in the in-situ horizontal stress (e.g., due to the packing of
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stone in the column), and the drainage of earthquake-induced pore

water pressures through the stone columns.
“COÏC VAÄT LIEÄU RÔØI” “COÄT ÑAÙ”
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This schematic shows the various steps in the vibroreplacement process. First, the
vibroflot penetrates the ground to the desired depth. Stone is then progressively
introduced to the hole, and the vibroflot is alternately raised and lowered to
produce a packed stone column. CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
A crane lifts the vibrating probe
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or vibroflot. A front-end loader is
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feeding coarse stone (aggregate)
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in at the top of the hole around
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the vibroflot.
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End of vibroflot. The tube on

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stone to the tip of the probe
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while it is in the ground. The
small tube on the left is a
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water/air jet to assist the
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vibroflot in penetrating to the
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desired depth and in flushing
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Lifting the vibroflot

Vibroflot being lifted in
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preparation for constructing
a stone column.
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The water jet has been turned on and the vibroflot is ready to start
penetrating the ground.
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The vibroflot begins to penetrate the ground. The horizontal

vibrations of the vibroflot are what cause the water to splash around.
The water jet assists the probe in penetrating to the full desired depth.
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A front-end loader places stone into a hopper on the crane

The hopper on the crane
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brings the stone to the top
of the vibroflot where it
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can be transmitted down
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a chute to the tip of the
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vibroflot. The front-end
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loader also dumps stone
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at the top of the hole.
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Soils in zones A and B can be compacted by the deep vibratory

compaction method Vibro Compaction (also called
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“Vibroflotation”), while soils of zones C and D cannot be
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compacted by vibration alone.
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Soils in zone C are often found on sites where soil liquefaction
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due to earthquakes is of concern. These soils can be compacted
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during the installation of Stone Columns.
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Soils in zone D are not compactable by vibration, but can be
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substantially reinforced, stiffened and drained by installing Stone
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Columns.(CẦN CÓ BAO CỘT ĐÁ)
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Requirements for the soil to achieve good compaction by
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vibration:
• The soil must be permeable enough to allow rapid drainage of
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the pore water during the compaction process. The permeability
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is high enough for all granular soils with less than 12 % fines
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smaller than sieve #200 (0.074 mm) AND less than 2% clay.
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• The friction angle of the soil must be high enough to permit the
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passage of the compacting shear waves. This requirement is
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usually satisfied if the soil is well graded.
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• The sand or gravel should not be easily crushable (carbonate

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content in form of shells) or contain very platy mica minerals

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that would increase soil compressibility.
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The Ethiopian government, in an effort to increase local food production, is constructing earth dams to store water
for irrigation. These micro dams, which can reach heights of 20 meters, have largely been constructed by hand
labor as part of the work-for-food program in which the food payment is often Canadian wheat. While this program
has provided much-needed work and food, it has not always resulted in the desired quality control and material
compaction of the dams. The hand-placed rip-rap however is beautiful. There is now a desire in the Tigray region to
design and construct these dams on a more technical basis, and thus the desire for a workshop.
Lime Treatment
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These photos show the use of lime to treat expansive soils
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during site work for a large retail outlet in the east Bay Area
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in 1990. The building will have a slab on grade, and the
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native soils are susceptible to swelling and expansion upon
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wetting (high plasticity clays). Hydrated lime reacts with the
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clay minerals in the soil, reducing its potential for swelling

and expansion upon wetting. A pad or layer of lime-treated
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soil will be constructed over the entire building footprint

prior to construction of the slab foundation.
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A truck sprays lime powder uniformly on the ground surface after it has
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been graded, but before it is compacted. The area is divided into sections
by the wooden stakes to help guide the operators. The amount of lime
depends on the soil characteristics, but is typically a few percent of the
treated soil's dry weight.
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This self-loading scraper is equipped with mixers inside its bucket. It

scrapes up soil that has already been sprayed with lime, mixes it within
its bucket, and then spreads it back over the ground surface.
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A rear view of the same scraper. The mixing blades can be seen under
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the rear end of the bucket.
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The caterpillar on the left grades the treated areas and compacts the
soil with its sheepsfoot rollers. A water truck (white, distant center of
photo) sprays the soil with water to achieve the target water content
prior to compaction.
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Tyû dieän tích thay theá As
as
As Ac
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As-dieän tích ngang cuûa coïc vaät lieäu rôøi
Ac-dieän tích ngang cuûa ñaát seùt xung quanh
.c
coïc
ng
2
D
co
as C1
S
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C1-haèng soá phuï thuoäc daïng boá trí coïc vaät lieäu rôøi.
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Neáu coïc boá trí theo löôùi hình vuoâng thì C1= /4
o ng
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theo daïng tam giaùc ñeàu thì C1

2 3
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S
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Khi ñaát hoãn hôïp chòu taûi, nhieàu nghieân cöùu ñaõ chæ ra raèng söï taäp trung öùng suaát xuaát hieän treân coïc
vaät lieäu rôøi seõ keøm theo giaûm öùng suaát trong ñaát seùt meàm ôû xung quanh. Ñieàu naøy coù theå giaûi thích
laø khi chaát taûi, ñoä luùn cuûa coïc vaät lieäu rôøi vaø ñaát ôû xung quanh xaáp xæ nhau. Söï phaân boá öùng suaát
thaúng ñöùng trong phaïm vi moät ñôn nguyeân (goàm coïc vaø ñaát xung quanh) ñöôïc bieåu thò baèng heä soá
taäp trung öùng suaát n: s
n
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Vôùi : s-öùng suaát treân coïc vaät lieäu rôøi;
c
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c-öùng suaát treân ñaát dính xung quanh.
Ñoä lôùn taäp trung öùng suaát cuõng phuï thuoäc vaøo quan heä giöõa ñoä cöùng cuûa coïc vaät lieäu rôøi vaø cuûa ñaát
ng
xung quanh. Theo thu thaäp cuûa Barksdal vaø Bachus (1983), heä soá taäp trung öùng suaát bieán ñoåi theo
co
tyû dieän tích thay theá trong khoaûng töø 2 ñeán 5. ÖÙng suaát trung bình treân dieän tích moät ñôn nguyeân
töông öùng vôùi tyû dieän tích thay theá ñaõ cho as , ñöôïc bieåu thò nhö sau:
an
= sas+ c(1-as)
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o ng
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n
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s s
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1 (n 1) a s
c c
CuuDuongThanCong.com
1 (n 1) a s
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NÒn gia cè
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CÔ CHEÁ PHAÙ HOAÏI

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Trong thöïc teá , cột vaät lieäu rôøi thöôøng ñöôïc xaây döïng xuyeân qua toaøn boä lôùp ñaát seùt yeáu
cu
naèm treân ñòa taàng raén chaéc (gaàn gioáng coïc choáng). Cuõng coù theå laøm nhöõng coät maø muõi cuûa
chuùng chæ trong phaïm vi lôùp seùt yeáu (gioáng coïc treo). Caùc coät vaät lieäu rôøi coù theå bò phaù
hoaïi rieâng töøng coät hoaëc caû nhoùm. Cô cheá phaù hoaïi ñoái vôùi moät coät ñôn ñöôïc minh hoïa
treân hình.
a) phình ra beân; b) caét qua coät ; c) tröôït coät
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Coät coù bao
o ng
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co
an
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co
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GIA TAÛI TRÖÔÙC
Gia taûi thöôøng ñöôïc duøng trong kyõ thuaät neàn moùng laø nhaèm laøm
cho neàn ñaát yeáu luùn tröôùc, ñaát neàn seõ giaûm ñoä roãng töông öùng vôùi
taûi gia taêng treân maët ñaát, söùc chòu ñöïng seõ gia taêng. Vaán ñeà cuûa baøi
om
toaùn laø choïn gia taûi sao cho phuø hôïp vôùi aùp löïc coâng trình taùc ñoäng
leân neàn trong töông lai vaø döï ñoaùn caùc bieän phaùp thi coâng gia taûi
.c
thích hôïp.
ng
* Vôùi ñaát rôøi vaø ñaát yeáu khoâng baõo hoøa nöôùc thôøi gian ñaït ñoä luùn
co
oån ñònh seõ ngaén.
an
* Vôùi ñaát neàn yeáu laø ñaát loaïi seùt baõo hoøa nöôùc thì thôøi gian luùn seõ
th
phuï thuoäc vaøo toác ñoä coá keát thaám vaø bò chi phoái theo phöông trình
ng
vi phaân coá keát thaám
o
du
u
cu
BAØI GIAÛNG A Pr.Dr. CHAÂU NGOÏCAÅN p
’
h=2H Höôùng thoaùt nöôùc u
om
z
p
n
.c
2
u u 2ui Mz M
2
T vz
C vz u ( z ,t ) sin e
ng
2
t z n 0 M H
co
k z (1 e)
an
C vt
C vz T vz
th
2
av w ng H
2H 2H
o
u ( z , t ) dz u ( z , t ) dz
du
m
St 0 0
2 M
2
Tv
U z
1 1 1 e
u
2H 2
St 2H p M
cu
m 0
p dz
0
Khi Uz < 60%

2
U z
T vz
4 100
Khi Uz > 60% CuuDuongThanCong.com

Tz = 1,781 – 0,933log(100-Uz) https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
Ngöôøi ta ñaép moät lôùp caùt ñeàu kín khaép taïo moät aùp löïc neùn tröôùc
p = 115kPa leân treân lôùp seùt daày 6m coù caùc ñaëc tröng sau:
p0=21 MPa; Cc = 0.28; e0 = 0.9; Cv = 0.36 m2/thaùng
om
Neàn laø ñaát seùt coá keát thöôøng (NC)
A/ Tính toång ñoä luùn do coá keát sô caáp
.c
B/ Tính ñoä luùn do coá keát sô caáp sau 9 thaùng
ng
co
A/ Toång ñoä luùn do coá keát sô caáp
an
th
C p0 p ( p) 0 . 28 210 115
c
S H log
ng 6 log
( p) c
1 e0 p0 1 0 .9 210
o
du
= 0.1677m = 167.7 m
u
cu
B/ Vôùi Cv = 0.36 m2/thaùng; H=3m (thoaùt nöôùc theo hai bieân); t= 9 thaùng.
C vt ( 0 . 36 )( 9 )
Tv
2 2
0 . 36 Uv = 67% = St/S St=112.4 mm
H 3
GIA TAÛI TRÖÔÙC keát hôïp GIEÁNG CAÙT
Gia taûi thöôøng ñöôïc duøng trong kyõ thuaät neàn moùng laø nhaèm laøm cho neàn ñaát yeáu luùn
tröôùc, ñaát neàn seõ giaûm ñoä roãng töông öùng vôùi taûi gia taêng treân maët ñaát, söùc chòu ñöïng seõ
gia taêng. Vaán ñeà cuûa baøi toaùn laø choïn gia taûi sao cho phuø hôïp vôùi aùp löïc coâng trình taùc
ñoäng leân neàn trong töông lai vaø döï ñoaùn caùc bieän phaùp thi coâng gia taûi thích hôïp.
om
* Vôùi ñaát rôøi vaø ñaát yeáu khoâng baõo hoøa nöôùc thôøi gian ñaït ñoä luùn oån ñònh seõ ngaén.
* Vôùi ñaát neàn yeáu laø ñaát loaïi seùt baõo hoøa nöôùc thì thôøi gian luùn seõ phuï thuoäc vaøo toác ñoä
.c
coá keát thaám vaø bò chi phoái theo phöông trình sau:
p
ng
Phaûn aùp GIA TAÛI TRÖÔÙC Phaûn aùp
co
an
h=2H
th
ng
z
o
2r
du
kz
2R
2R Höôùng thaám kr
nöôùc
u
kz
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
NGUYEÂN LYÙ HOAÏT ÑOÄNG GIEÁNG CAÙT - BAÁC

THAÁM - SAND DRAINS
Phöông trình vi phaân coá keát thaám ba chieàu coù daïng
2 2
u u 1 u u
C vr 2
C vz 2
t r r r z
om
phaàn thaám thaúng ñöùng
.c
2
u u 1 u
ng
phaàn thaám xuyeân taâm
2
u u C vr
co
C vz 2
2 t r r r
t z
an
th
Lôøi giaûi cuûa Carillo (1942) cho ñoä coá keát toång hôïp Uz,r cuûa
ng
thaám ñöùng Uz vaø thaám ngang Ur
o
du
Uz,r = 1 – (1-Ur)(1-Uz)
u
cu
Tr Ur
n=5 n=10 n=15 n=20 n=25 n=30 n=35 n=40
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.01 0.0819 0.0494 0.0398 0.0349 0.0318 0.0297 0.0281 0.0268
0.02 0.1571 0.0964 0.0780 0.0685 0.0626 0.0585 0.0554 0.0529
om
0.03 0.2261 0.1411 0.1146 0.1010 0.0924 0.0864 0.0819 0.0784
.c
0.04 0.2894 0.1835 0.1498 0.1324 0.1213 0.1135 0.1077 0.1031
0.05 0.3476 0.2239 0.1837 0.1626 0.1493 0.1398 0.1327 0.1272
ng
0.06 0.4010 0.2622 0.2161 0.1918 0.1763 0.1654 0.1571 0.1506
co
0.07 0.4501 0.2987 0.2473 0.2200 0.2025 0.1901 0.1808 0.1734
an
0.08 0.4951 0.3333 0.2772 0.2472 0.2279 0.2142 0.2038 0.1955
th
0.09 0.5364 0.3663 0.3060 0.2735 0.2525 0.2375 0.2261 0.2171
0.1 0.5744 0.3976 0.3336 0.2988 0.2762 0.2601 0.2479 0.2381
ng
0.2 0.8189 0.6371 0.5559 0.5083 0.4762 0.4526 0.4343 0.4196
o
du
0.3 0.9229 0.7814 0.7040 0.6552 0.6209 0.5950 0.5745 0.5578

0.4 0.9672 0.8683 0.8028 0.7582 0.7256 0.7004 0.6800 0.6631
u
cu
0.5 0.9860 0.9207 0.8686 0.8305 0.8014 0.7783 0.7593 0.7433

0.6 0.9941 0.9522 0.9124 0.8811 0.8563 0.8360 0.8190 0.8044
0.7 0.9975 0.9712 0.9416 0.9166 0.8960 0.8786 0.8638 0.8510
0.8 0.9989 0.9827 0.9611 0.9415 0.9247 0.9102 0.8976 0.8865
0.9 0.9995 0.9896 0.9741 0.9590 0.9455 0.9336 0.9230 0.9135
1 0.9998 0.9937
CuuDuongThanCong.com 0.9827 0.9713 0.9606 0.9509
https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 0.9421 0.9341
C/ Trong thí duï treân, tính ñoä luùn do coá keát sô caáp sau 9 thaùng
khi coù boá trí gieáng caùt baùn kính r=0.1m, caùch khoaûng d=3m
vaø Cvz = Cvr .
om
.c
Phaàn c
C t
ng
n = d/2r= 3/0.2 =15 =0.36
vr
( 0 . 36 )( 9 )
Tr
De
2 2
co
(3)
n 15
an
U 77 %
th
r
Tr 0 . 36 ng
o
Vaäy theo Carillo:

du
Uv,r = 1- (1-Uv )(1-Ur ) = 1 – (1-0.67)(1 – 0.77) = 0.924=92.4%

u
cu
St = 92.4% S = 92.4% 167.7 mm = 155 mm
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Baác thaám CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt

om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu

om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu

om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
CAØI ÑAËT BAÁC THAÁM TRONG ÑAÁT YEÁU
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
GIA TAÛI TRÖÔÙC BAÈNG HUÙT CHAÂN KHOÂNG
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Ñoä luùn theo thôùi gian coù vaø khoâng coù thieát bò thoaùt nöôùc thaúng ñöùng
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Thieát bò thaám ngang

om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Thieát bò thaám ngang

om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Coâng trình beå chöùa ñaët treân neàn gia taûi baèng huùt chaân khoâng
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu

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BAØI GIAÛNG A Pr.Dr.

CHÖÔNG 4 Coïc vaø ñaøo saâu trong ñaát yeáu

6. Neàn moùng, Chaâu Ngoïc Aån, 2010

SEÙT Nhaän daïng taïi coâng tröôøng Söùc chòu neùn

30 – 50 CHAËT 15 – 30 RAÁT CÖÙNG

> 50 RAÁT CHAËT > 30 RAÉN

Gia cöôøng ñaát yeáu vôùi phöông phaùp giaûm

buøn aù caùt khi e > 0,9;

buøn aù seùt khi e > 1;

Compaction at a highway off-ramp

A side view of the cat.

The operators of the water truck and cat sequence their

Here a pneumatic rubber-tired roller is compacting clay soil. Clays are

This photo shows a vibratory steel-wheeled roller compacting sand.

This photo shows a tamping-foot roller compacting clay. Like a

Bình chöùa nöôùc coù vaïch

Tuùi cao su Loã ñuïc

can be achieved at significant depths below the ground surface.

ÑAÀM CHAËT BAÈNG TAÏ RÔI

Gãc ma s¸t vµ ®é chÆt;

M« ®un biÕn d¹ng/c-êng ®é vµ ®é chÆt.

a height of about 50 feet, and is

ready to be dropped. When it

These craters are the result of dropping the weight.

The craters were surveyed to determine the effects of the treatment.

Vibroreplacement Stone Columns

stone in the column), and the drainage of earthquake-induced pore

A crane lifts the vibrating probe

End of vibroflot. The tube on

Lifting the vibroflot

Vibroflot being lifted in

The vibroflot begins to penetrate the ground. The horizontal

A front-end loader places stone into a hopper on the crane

The hopper on the crane

Soils in zones A and B can be compacted by the deep vibratory

Requirements for the soil to achieve good compaction by

• The sand or gravel should not be easily crushable (carbonate

content in form of shells) or contain very platy mica minerals

that would increase soil compressibility.

clay minerals in the soil, reducing its potential for swelling

soil will be constructed over the entire building footprint

This self-loading scraper is equipped with mixers inside its bucket. It

the rear end of the bucket.

theo daïng tam giaùc ñeàu thì C1

CÔ CHEÁ PHAÙ HOAÏI

Khi Uz < 60%

Khi Uz > 60% CuuDuongThanCong.com

NGUYEÂN LYÙ HOAÏT ÑOÄNG GIEÁNG CAÙT - BAÁC

0.3 0.9229 0.7814 0.7040 0.6552 0.6209 0.5950 0.5745 0.5578

0.5 0.9860 0.9207 0.8686 0.8305 0.8014 0.7783 0.7593 0.7433

Vaäy theo Carillo:

Uv,r = 1- (1-Uv )(1-Ur ) = 1 – (1-0.67)(1 – 0.77) = 0.924=92.4%

St = 92.4% S = 92.4% 167.7 mm = 155 mm

Baác thaám CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt

Baác thaám CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt

Baác thaám CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt

CAØI ÑAËT BAÁC THAÁM TRONG ÑAÁT YEÁU

GIA TAÛI TRÖÔÙC BAÈNG HUÙT CHAÂN KHOÂNG

Thieát bò thaám ngang

Thieát bò thaám ngang

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