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ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ
1643وﻓﻖ 25دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ 4) 1642ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ
اﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ]([2
اﻟﻤﻴﻼد
ووﻟﺴﺜﻮرب-ﻛﻮﻟﺴﺘﺮوورث ,ﻟﻴﻨﻜﻮﻧﺸﻴﺮ,
إﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮا
20ﻣﺎرس 84) 1727ﺳﻨﺔ( ) 31ﻣﺎرس اﻟﻮﻓﺎة
1727وﻓﻖ اﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ]([2
ﻛﻴﻨﺠﺴﺘﻮن ،ﻣﻴﺪﻟﺴﻜﺲ ،إﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮا
ﻣﻜﺎن
دﻳﺮ وﺳﺘﻤﻨﺴﺘﺮ
اﻟﺪﻓﻦ
إﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮا] [1 اﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ
اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ إﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰي
إﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰي ] [1 اﻟﻌﺮق
ﺛﺎﻟﻮﺛﻴﺎ راﺟﻊ أﻓﻜﺎر ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ
ً ﻻ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ][4][3
اﻟﺪﻳﺎﻧﺔ
اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ
ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ] [1][6][5
ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺐ
ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﻨﻮاب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎن اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ] [1][5
ﻋﻀﻮ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺘﺮة
1690 – 1689
Cambridge University اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة
اﻹﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ
ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﻨﻮاب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎن اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ] [1
ﻋﻀﻮ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺘﺮة
دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ 1702 – 1701
اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة
Cambridge University
اﻹﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ
رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ] ( 12) [7
ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺼﺐ
1727 – 1703
John Somers, 1st
ﻫﺎﻧﺰ ﺳﻠﻮن
Baron Somers
اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﺒﺮﻳﺪج ،اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ،دار
اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت
ﺳﻚ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ
اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ
ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﻮث ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﺒﺮﻳﺪج
اﻷم
ﺑﻜﺎﻟﻮرﻳﻮس ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻨﻮن ،وﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻬﺎدة
اﻵداب ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ
ﻣﺸﺮف
ﺑﺎرو] [8 إﺳﺤﺎق
اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮراه
ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻦ][11][10 ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﺪى إﺳﺤﺎق ﺑﺎرو] ،[9ﺑﻨﺠﺎﻣﻴﻦ
ﻃﻼب
أﺑﺮاﻫﺎم دي ﻣﻮاﻓﺮ ،وروﺟﺮ ﻛﻮﺗﺲ
اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮراه
رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺗﻲ] ،[1وﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ]،[1][12
وﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮف] ،[1][14][13وﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻠﻚ]،[1][15
وﻣﺨﺘﺮع] ،[1وﺧﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ،
ِ ، وﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﻘﻴﺪة][1
اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ
وأﺳﺘﺎذ وﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ] ،[1وﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﻲ]،[1
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ ،وﻛﺎﺗﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ رواﺋﻲ ،وﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ
ﻧﻈﺮي] ،[1وﻏﻤﻮﺿﻲ
اﻟﻠﻐﺎت
اﻟﻤﺤﻜﻴﺔ
واﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ] [1][16 اﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ،
أو
اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ
اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء ،اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ،اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت، ﻣﺠﺎل
ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ،اﻟﺨﻴﻤﻴﺎء ،ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻼﻫﻮت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ
ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﺒﺮﻳﺪج
اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ،ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺠﺬب اﻟﻌﺎم
ﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﻦ ،ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ واﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ، ﺳﺒﺐ
اﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺎت ،ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ذات اﻟﺤﺪﻳﻦ ،اﻷﺻﻮل اﻟﺸﻬﺮة
اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ،ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ
اﻷﺻﻮل اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ، أﻋﻤﺎل
واﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺎت ﺑﺎرزة
ﻳﻮﻫﺎﻧﺲ ﻛﻴﺒﻠﺮ ،اﺑﻦ اﻟﻬﻴﺜﻢ ،ﻫﻨﺮي ﻣﻮر]،[17
ﺑﻮﻳﻞ][18
ﺗﺄﺛﺮ ﺑـ
اﻷﺧﻮة اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ ،روﺑﺮت
ﻧﻴﻘﻮﻻ ﻓﺎﺷﻴﻮ دي دوﻳﻴﻪ ،ﺟﻮن ﻛﻴﻴﻞ أﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ
اﻟﺠﻮاﺋﺰ
)[1][5](1705 ﻟﻘﺐ ﻓﺎرس
ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ
ﻧﺸﺄﺗﻪ
ﺷﺒﺎﺑﻪ
اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت
أﺿﺎﻓﺖ أﻋﻤﺎل ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻟﻤﻌﻈﻢ ﻓﺮوع اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت ،وﻟﻌﻞ
أﻫﻤﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻮﻃﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮرة ﻋﺎم 1666م ﺣﻮل
ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ واﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ [30].وﻗﺪ وﺻﻒ
إﺳﺤﺎق ﺑﺎرو ﻓﻲ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﺚ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت ﺟﻮن
ﻛﻮﻟﻴﻨﺰ ﻓﻲ أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ،1669ﻗﺎﺋ ً
ﻼ» [31]:ﻣﻦ أﻋﻤﺎل
اﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ،وﻫﻮ زﻣﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﺘﻨﺎ ،وﻫﻮ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﺟﺪا ،
ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻋﺒﻘﺮي ﻓﻮق اﻟﻌﺎدة وﻣﺎﻫﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻷﻣﻮر«.
اﻟﺼﻴﻎ[33].
اﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺎت
اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ واﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ
ﻷ
ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻨﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ اﻷﺻﻮل اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ,
ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼت ﺑﺨﻂ ﻳﺪه ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب.
ﺷﻴﺨﻮﺧﺘﻪ
ً
ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺬﻛﺮاﺗﻪ: ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ
ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ إﺛﺒﺎت ذﻟﻚ ،إﻻ أﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف
ً
ﺑﻜﺮا ،وﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ذﻛﺮه ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت أن ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻣﺎت
ﻛﻴﻨﺰ][92 ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﻫﻮﺗﻮن] [91واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺟﻮن ﻣﻴﻨﺎرد
واﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﺎرل ﺳﺎﻏﺎن [93].وادﻋﻰ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ
واﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮف اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻓﻮﻟﺘﻴﺮ ،اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﺪن وﻗﺖ
ﺟﻨﺎزة ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ،أن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ أﻛﻴﺪة ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺘﺐ
ً
ﻗﺎﺋﻼ" :ﻟﻘﺪ أﻛﺪ ﻟﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ واﻟﺠﺮاح اﻟﻠﺬان ﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﻌﻪ
وﻗﺖ اﻟﻮﻓﺎة ذﻟﻚ"]) [94ذﻛﺮا أﻧﻪ أﺧﺒﺮﻫﻤﺎ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ وﻫﻮ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮاش اﻟﻤﻮت] .([96][95وﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ،1733أﻋﻠﻦ
ﻓﻮﻟﺘﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻸ أن ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ "ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ رﻏﺒﺔ أو ﻣﻴﻞ،
اﻣﺮأة"[98][97]. ﻧﺤﻮ أي
ً
ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺎ وﻃﻴﺪً ا ﻣﻊ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت ﻛﺎن ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ
اﻟﺴﻮﻳﺴﺮي ﻧﻴﻘﻮﻻ ﻓﺎﺷﻴﻮ دي دوﻳﻴﻪ ،اﻟﺬي ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ
ﻟﻨﺪن ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﻋﺎم [99].1690إﻻ أن ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﻤﺎ اﻧﻘﻄﻌﺖ
ﻓﺠﺄة ودون أﺳﺒﺎب واﺿﺤﺔ ﻋﺎم .1693
أﻓﻜﺎره اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ
ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ :أﻓﻜﺎر ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﺒﺮ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻓﻲ دﻳﺮ وﺳﺘﻤﻨﺴﺘﺮ.
ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ
ﻣﻮاﺿﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ
ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ
ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ
ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺴﻜﻮن
ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ
ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ
ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﻆ
ً
وﺧﻼﻓﺎ ﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء أرﺳﻄﻮ ،ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔ
ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻮن اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ واﻟﻘﻮى اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ.
ووﺿﻌﺖ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ
ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻘﻮة واﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ
اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻋﺰﻣﻪ .ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ،ﻛﺎن ﻳﻔﺘﺮض ﻷي ﻛﻮﻛﺐ ﻳﺪور
ﺣﻮل اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻪ ﻟﻘﻮة ﺗﺪﻓﻌﻪ ﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻠﺔ ﺗﺤﺮﻛﻪ.
وأوﺿﺢ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ أﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ وﺟﻮد ﻋﺎﻣﻞ
ﺟﺬب إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ .وﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻘﻮد
ﻋﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ اﻷﺻﻮل اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ
ّ
وﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎ،
ً اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ،ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ
اﻟﺪواﻣﺎت[127]. ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﺜﻞ رﻳﻨﻴﻪ دﻳﻜﺎرت ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ
ﺣﺎدﺛﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺣﺔ
ذﻛﺮ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻗﺼﺔ أﻧﻪ أﺗﺎه إﻟﻬﺎم ﺑﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ
ﺣﻮل اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺗﻔﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ
ﺷﺠﺮة [128].وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ رأي اﻟﺒﻌﺾ أن ﻗﺼﺔ
اﻟﺘﻔﺎح ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﻻ أﺳﻄﻮرة ،وأﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ
ﺣﻮل اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ واﺣﺪة [129]،إﻻ أن ﺑﻌﺾ
اﻟﻤﻘﺮﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ وﻳﻠﻴﺎم ﺳﺘﻮﻛﻠﻲ [130]،أﻛﺪوا
وﻗﻮع اﻟﺤﺎدﺛﺔ ،ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ أن اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺣﺔ
وﻗﻌﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ رأﺳﻪ .وﻗﺪ ﺳﺠﻞ وﻳﻠﻴﺎم ﺳﺘﻮﻛﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ
ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﺴﻴﺮ إﺳﺤﺎق ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻣﺤﺎدﺛﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻓﻲ
ﻛﻨﺴﻴﻨﻐﺘﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﺪن ﻓﻲ 15أﺑﺮﻳﻞ :1726
ﻛﺘﺒﻪ
ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ )(1671
ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ :ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت واﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة
اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ )ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺸﻮر ،ﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ -1671
[135](1675
اﻧﻈﺮ أﻳﻀﺎ
ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ
ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻧﺠﺮ-ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ
ﺻﻴﻎ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ-ﻛﻮﺗﺲ
ﻗﺮص ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ
ﻛﺴﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ
ﻗﺎﻣﻮس ﺳﻴﺮ اﻷﻋﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ
ﻣﻦ:
إﺳﺤﺎق ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ،ﻟﺠﻮرج ﺳﻤﻴﺚ.
اﻟﻤﺒﺎدئ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ،
ﻟﺠﻮرج ﺳﻤﻴﺚ.
ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ،ﻷﻧﺪري ﺟﺎﻧﻴﺎك.
اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ
.1
https://www.biography.com/people/isaac
ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ19 : — ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻻﻃﻼع-newton-9422656
ﻣﺼﺎدر
Christianson، Gale (1984). In the
Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton
& His Times. New York: Free Press.
ISBN 0-02-905190-8. This well
documented work provides, in
particular, valuable information
regarding Newton's knowledge of
Patristics
Christianson, Gale E (1996). Isaac
.Newton and the Scientific Revolution
ISBN 0-19-530070- .ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أﻛﺴﻔﻮرد
X. See this site for excerpt and text
.search
Christianson، Gale (1984). In the
Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton
& His Times. New York: Free Press.
.ISBN 0-02-905190-8
Ball، W.W. Rouse (1908). A Short
Account of the History of Mathematics.
.New York: Dover. ISBN 0-486-20630-0
Craig، John (1958). "Isaac Newton –
Crime Investigator". Nature. 182
(4629): 149–152.
Bibcode: 1958Natur.182..149C.
.doi: 10.1038/182149a0
Craig، John (1963). "Isaac Newton and
the Counterfeiters". Notes and Records
of the Royal Society of London. 18 (2):
136–145.
.doi: 10.1098/rsnr.1963.0017
Levenson، Thomas (2010). Newton and
the Counterfeiter: The Unknown
Detective Career of the World's Greatest
Scientist. Mariner Books. ISBN 978-0-
.547-33604-6
Stewart، James (2009). Calculus:
Concepts and Contexts. Cengage
.Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-55742-5
Westfall، Richard S. (1980, 1998).
Never at Rest. Cambridge University
.Press. ISBN 0-521-27435-4
Westfall، Richard S. (2007). Isaac
Newton. Cambridge University Press.
.ISBN 978-0-19-921355-9
Westfall، Richard S. (1994). The Life of
Isaac Newton. Cambridge University
.Press. ISBN 0-521-47737-9
White، Michael (1997). Isaac Newton:
The Last Sorcerer. Fourth Estate
.Limited. ISBN 1-85702-416-8
Newton, Isaac. The Principia:
Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy. University of California
.Press, (1999). 974 pp
Brackenridge, J. Bruce. The Key to
Newton's Dynamics: The Kepler
Problem and the Principia:
Containing an English Translation
of Sections 1, 2, and 3 of Book One
from the First (1687) Edition of
Newton's Mathematical Principles
of Natural Philosophy. University of
.California Press, 1996. 299 pp
Newton, Isaac. The Optical Papers of
Isaac Newton. Vol. 1: The Optical
Lectures, 1670–1672. Cambridge U.
.Press, 1984. 627 pp
Newton, Isaac. Opticks (4th ed.
1730) online edition
Newton, I. (1952). Opticks, or A
Treatise of the Reflections,
Refractions, Inflections & Colours
of Light. New York: Dover
.Publications
Newton, I. Sir Isaac Newton's
Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy and His System of the
World, tr. A. Motte, rev. Florian Cajori.
Berkeley: University of California Press.
.((1934
Whiteside, D. T (1967–82). The
Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton.
Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 0-521-07740-0. – 8
.volumes
Newton, Isaac. The correspondence of
Isaac Newton, ed. H. W. Turnbull and
.(others, 7 vols. (1959–77
Newton's Philosophy of Nature:
Selections from His Writings edited by
.H. S. Thayer, (1953), online edition
Isaac Newton, Sir; J Edleston; Roger
Cotes, "isaac+newton"&jtp=I
Correspondence of Sir Isaac Newton
and Professor Cotes, including letters
of other eminent men, London, John
W. Parker, West Strand; Cambridge,
.(John Deighton, 1850 (Google Books
Maclaurin, C. (1748). An Account of Sir
Isaac Newton's Philosophical
Discoveries, in Four Books. London: A.
.Millar and J. Nourse
Newton, I. (1958). Isaac Newton's
Papers and Letters on Natural
Philosophy and Related Documents,
eds. I. B. Cohen and R. E. Schofield.
.Cambridge: Harvard University Press
Newton, I. (1962). The Unpublished
Scientific Papers of Isaac Newton: A
Selection from the Portsmouth
Collection in the University Library,
Cambridge, ed. A. R. Hall and M. B.
Hall. Cambridge: Cambridge University
.Press
Newton, I. (1975). Isaac Newton's
'Theory of the Moon's Motion' (1702).
.London: Dawson
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Newton's Scholar Google profile
إﻳﺮﻳﻚScienceWorld biography by
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Dictionary of Scientific Biography
"The Newton Project"
"The Newton Project – Canada"
Newton's Dark Secrets" - NOVA TV"
programme
: ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻔﻮرد ﻟﻠﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔfrom The
Isaac Newton", by George Smith"
Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis"
Principia Mathematica", by
George Smith
Newton's Philosophy", by Andrew"
Janiak
Newton's views on space, time,"
and motion", by Robert
Rynasiewicz
Newton's Castle" - educational"
material
The Chymistry of Isaac Newton","
research on his alchemical writings
The "General Scholium" to Newton's
Principia
Kandaswamy, Anand M. "The
"Newton/Leibniz Conflict in Context
Newton's First ODE – A study by on
how Newton approximated the
solutions of a first-order ODE using
infinite series
إﺳﺤﺎق ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺠﺮة ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت
The Mind of Isaac Newton" - images,"
audio, animations and interactive
segments
Enlightening Science Videos on
Newton's biography, optics, physics,
reception, and on his views on science
and religion
Newton biography (University of St
(Andrews
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Newton,
11th ed.).) ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ."Sir Isaac
.Cambridge University Press
إﺳﺤﺎقArchival material relating to
listed at the UK National Archives ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ
Portraits of Sir Isaac Newton at the
(ﻣﻌﺮض اﻟﻠﻮﺣﺎت اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ )ﻟﻨﺪن
Writings by Newton