PHYSICAL LAWS (CONT…) 15

TENSOR FIELDS

❖ A tensor field indicates how the tensor 𝑻 𝒙, 𝑡 , varies with space 𝒙 and time 𝑡

❖ Hence, the tensor field is a differentiable function of position and time.

𝑻 𝒙 Steady-state

𝑻 𝑡 Homogeneous or uniform

Tensor Fields

Scaler field Vector field Tensor field

𝜙 = 𝜙 𝒙, 𝑡 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣𝑖 𝒙, 𝑡 𝑇𝑖𝑗 = 𝑇𝑖𝑗 𝒙, 𝑡
 PHYSICAL LAWS (CONT…) 16

TENSOR FIELDS (CONT…)

Scaler field

𝜙=𝜙 𝒙 Stationary scaler field

Total derivative of 𝜙 𝒙 ≡ 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3

Indicial notation

❖ The differentiation of a components of a tensor, with respect to the coordinates 𝑥𝑖 , is expressed by the
differential operator
 PHYSICAL LAWS (CONT…) 17

TENSOR FIELDS (CONT…)

A gradient of Scaler field
❖ 𝛁𝜙 or grad 𝜙

𝜕𝜙
𝛁𝜙 = 𝐞𝑖 Cartesian basis
𝜕𝑥𝑖

Components

❖ Physical Significance (see video)

Source: YouTube (Magic Marks)

 PHYSICAL LAWS (CONT…) 18

TENSOR FIELDS (CONT…)

A gradient of Vector field

𝜕 ∗
𝛁 ∗ = ⊗ 𝐞𝑗
𝜕 𝑣𝑖 𝐞𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗
𝛁𝒗 = ⊗ 𝐞𝑗
𝜕𝑥𝑗

𝜕𝑣𝑖
𝛁𝒗 = 𝐞𝑖 ⊗ 𝐞𝑗 or 𝑣𝑖,𝑗 𝐞𝑖 ⊗ 𝐞𝑗 Cartesian basis
𝜕𝑥𝑗

Components

Note: Gradient of vector quantity becomes a second-order tensor field

 PHYSICAL LAWS (CONT…) 19

TENSOR FIELDS (CONT…)

Divergence
❖ 𝛁 ⋅ 𝒗 or div(𝒗)

𝜕
𝛁⋅𝒗= 𝐞𝑖 ⋅ 𝑣𝑗 𝐞𝑗 = 𝑣𝑗,𝑗
𝜕𝑥𝑖
Curl

❖ 𝛁 × 𝒗 or curl (𝒗)

𝜕
𝛁×𝒗= 𝐞𝑖 × 𝑣𝑗 𝐞𝑗 = 𝜀𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝑣𝑗,𝑖 𝐞𝑘
𝜕𝑥𝑖
 PHYSICAL LAWS (CONT…) 20

TENSOR FIELDS (CONT…)

Conservative Field

❖ A vector field 𝒗 𝒙, 𝑡 , is said to be conservative if there exists a differentiable scaler field 𝜙 𝒙, 𝑡 , so that

𝒗 = 𝛁𝜙 𝜙 𝒙, 𝑡 is called potential function

❖ A necessary and insufficient condition for 𝒗 𝒙, 𝑡 , to be conservative is:

𝛁×𝒗 = 𝟎
 PHYSICAL LAWS (CONT…) 21

TENSOR FIELDS (CONT…)

Path Independency

 b. dr =  b. dr
C1 C2


A− B
b. dr = 
A− B
 . dr
 PHYSICAL LAWS (CONT…) 22

INTEGRAL THEOREM
Divergence Theorem

❖ A relationship between the surface integral and volume integral

T
S
ij ....k nq dS =  Tij ....k , q dV
V

 n
S
q dS =  , q dV
V

v
S
q nq dS =  vq , q dV
V
 PHYSICAL LAWS (CONT…) 23

INTEGRAL THEOREM
Stokes's Theorem

❖ A relationship between the line integral and surface integral

 F dx =  n 
C
i i
S
i ijk Fk , j dS

vector unit normal vector Differential element

(positive side of S )

❖ A relationship between the line integral and surface integral 9, 11, 15, 13,
12,20
 PHYSICAL LAWS (CONT…) 24

KINEMATICS OF DEFORMATION AND MOTION

Material and Spatial Coordinates

❖ With respect to the cartesian coordinate system the ❖ In the deformed configuration the particle originally at
position vector point 𝑷0 in the initial configuration 𝑷0 is located at the point 𝑷 has the vector

𝑿 = 𝑋1 ෠𝑰1 + 𝑋2෠𝑰2 + 𝑋3෠𝑰3 = 𝑋𝐴 ෠𝑰𝐴 𝒙 = 𝑥1 𝒆ො 1 + 𝑥2 𝒆ො 2 + 𝑥3 𝒆ො 3 = 𝑥𝑖 𝒆ො 𝑖

Material coordinates or Cartesian basis Spatial coordinates or Cartesian basis

referential coordinates current coordinates
 PHYSICAL LAWS (CONT…) 25

KINEMATICS OF DEFORMATION AND MOTION

Lagrangian & Eulerian Description
❖ The particle in motion can be described in terms of material coordinates (𝑿) and time as:

𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 𝑿, 𝑡 (1)

Lagrangian or Material description

of motion

❖ The particle in motion can be described in terms of spatial coordinates (𝒙) and time as:

𝑋𝑖 = 𝑋𝑖 𝒙, 𝑡 (2)

Eulerian or Spatial description of

motion

𝜕𝑥𝑖 Necessary and sufficient

Eq. (1) and Eq. (2) are inverse of one another 𝐽= ≠0
𝜕𝑋𝑗 condition
 PHYSICAL LAWS (CONT…) 25

KINEMATICS OF DEFORMATION AND MOTION

Problem
Q1 The equation of motion in Lagrangian description is given as,

x1 = X 1 et + X 3 ( et − 1)
x2 = X 2 + X 3 ( et − e −t )
x3 = X 3
Determine the Eulerian description of the motion.

Ans: 1 −et − 1 
 x1   e 0 et − 1   X 1 
t

      t 0  x
 X1   e et   1 
 x2  =  0 1 et − e − t   X 2   
x   0 X2  =  0 1 ( et − e − t )   x2 
 3  0 1   X 3  X    
 3  0 0 1   x3 
 

xi
xi Xj
X j
 PHYSICAL LAWS (CONT…) 26

KINEMATICS OF DEFORMATION AND MOTION

Material Time Derivative

❖ The rate of change of a physical quantity, e.g., velocity, temperature, mass density, etc. is called the material time
𝒅
derivative and it is denoted by
𝒅𝒕

❖ The material time derivative of a property depends on whether the property is a Lagrangian or Eulerian variable.

𝑃𝑖𝑗 …. = 𝑃𝑖𝑗 …. 𝑿, 𝑡 Lagrangian description

𝑃𝑖𝑗…. = 𝑃𝑖𝑗…. 𝒙, 𝑡 Eulerian description

❖ In the case of Lagrangian description, material time derivative is given as,

𝑑 𝜕
𝑃 𝑿, 𝑡 = 𝑃 𝑿, 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑖𝑗…. 𝜕𝑡 𝑖𝑗….
 PHYSICAL LAWS (CONT…) 27

KINEMATICS OF DEFORMATION AND MOTION

Material Time Derivative

❖ In the case of Eulerian description, material time derivative is given as,

Local rate of change Convective rate of change

❖ In short material time derivative is expressed as,

 PHYSICAL LAWS (CONT…) 28

KINEMATICS OF DEFORMATION AND MOTION

Material Time Derivative of Line, Surface & Volume Integrals

❖ Any scalar, vector, or tensor property can be represented by volume integral as,

Distribution of property per unit volume and must be The volume of a part of a continuum
a continuous derivative that occupies at time t
 PHYSICAL LAWS (CONT…) 29

KINEMATICS OF DEFORMATION AND MOTION

❖ Converting back to the spatial formulation,

❖ With the help of the material derivative operator the above equation can be written as,

Reynold’s transport
theorem