VE RB (BASIC)

Any word that deno tes an actio n or a state is Verb. Henc

e verb is also calle d 'doi q
word' /'■tate word'.
► Verb can be class ified into two categ ories .

Ve rb
Awd llary Verb or Help ing Verb
Main Verb

~ - - - - - - - - - - - - . The word that expr esses

Modal■ Primary Awdliary Verba an act or occu rence . If a
(Be, _ _Have
_ Do,
.___ _ _ _) _,......... Help ing Verb come s with
Do not act as Main Verb .
For eg- Can, Coul d, May etc. Main Verb , the Help ing
They act as both Help ing
Rote: 'Need', 'Dare ' and 'Used to' Verb will come befor e the
Verb and Main Verb .
act as Marg inal/ Parti al Auxi liary Main Verb.
Verbs; 'Need' and 'Dare ' acts as both Main verb and Moda
l
while 'Used to' acts as both Moda l and Adjective
► AmdJiary Verba: They are used in addi tion to
othe r verb s. Thes e are also calle d
Help ing Verb s.
► Modal Auxi liary Verba: They are also calle d Help
ing Verba. Can, Coul d, May ,
lllgb t, Shal l, Will, Wou ld, Shou ld, Mus t and Oug ht to are
calle d Com plete Mod als
or Moda l Auxi liary Verb s.
E.g.: l.(a) She can . run fast.
'----v- ' ~
lloda1 M.V.
(b) You ahou1cl stud y Engl ish.
'----,- -'
llodal M.V.
2
· Marginal Auxi liary Verba: Used to, Need and Dare are
Mar gina l Auxi liary Verba.
These Mod als can be used as a Main Verb (in case of Need
& Dare) or an AdJe ctlve
(Uaed to) in a sente nce.
• Reed & Dare ➔ Mod al and Main Verb .
• Uaed to ➔ Mod al and Adje ctive

&t ots ,,1 o,G en e,a 1~ --- --- --- --- -- - - - - - --

--
 ■-------------------
------------ ·,a:,a, m~~f
I
~ -- -· -
<lffi
M\
uae d t o
---
~lrc ptn~ l •1 I '-... ••. t r • 1r-..• l • •• • t• ll•r• -...-d to rn,a ,u to b,, <J""• ~-"bt,_
'

1 \tsr ll tn !--k rp \. ,tr ul 1111-:l it

. .n~ d~ ynu .
M.V.

lb) You nee d n ot c ome

.____ ,__......, tom o r row .
l)u,.,~, lnhn1h vt"
1v., I

3. (a) She '---,,

doe--Js not ..___.
dar,_...
e ____
to com e hom e la te.
___,
H .V. M.V. lnf1n1t1 \'c
110 + v•., I

(b) I dar e not ent er his roo m wit hou t p erm issi on .
~
Direc t In finitive
IV•., I

4. You ..___.
nee,_...
d not ~w orr y now .
Moda l Direc t Infin itive (Vi,_r)

IM PO RT AN T PO INT S ON AU XIL IAR Y

VE RB S
Rul e 1: Mo dal Aux ilia ry VP.rbs are not use d as
Ma in Ver bs. They are use d as only
Hel pin g Ver bs.
··
E.g.: (a) I can lift this box . (b) He sho uld
'--,,- --' ~ ~ wor
~ k h arct .
H.V. M.V H.V. M .V
Ru le 2: Mo dal Aux ilia ry Ver bs are Non -fin ite Ver
bs. The ir form s do not h ..
Sub ject , Per son or Num ber . c ano -e '-n:: i
~
. E.g. : (a) She can help you .
~
v.,_,
(b) You sho uld und erst and you r frie nds .
v.,_,
Ru le 3: 'Ou ght ' and 'use d' is alw ays foll owe d by
Infi niti ve 'to + vb.r'•

E.g.: (a) We oug ht to resp ect our par ents .

Moda l V.,.,

(a) He ~ ~ late .
Moda l v.,_,
nero,
Corn Petl tion
 ,... (IIASICJ----------------
-----,■
USE OF MOD AL AUX ILIA RY VER BS

~&C OU LD
~ Can denotes power , abilit y a nd capac ity.
Could denotes p a st abilit y, powe r or capac ity.
E.g. 1. He can lift the box.
2. I could not come yeste rday.
Can is also used for takin g / givin g perm ission .
R.111• a;_
E.g. 1. Youc angon ow.
2. You cann ot enter my room.
3. can I help you ?
Rule 3: Can denot es theor etical possi bility .
E.g: 1. Every one can make a mista ke.
2. Such a pande mic can finish life from the earth .
Rule 4: Could is used to show remo te possi bility .
E.g.: There could be a bomb under your seat.
Rule&: Can show s friend ly reque st while could show s forma l reque st.
E.g.: 1. can we be friend s?
2. Could I talk to Mr. Shuk la?
Rote: Both 'able to' and 'could /can' show capac ity. Hence
they are never used ·
togeth er in a senten ce.
E.g.: I canno t be able to come tomor row. (x)
(This is a super fluou s sente nce. The word 'supe rfluou s' mean s more
than
requi red. Synon yms- redun dant.)
The correc t sente nce is:-
1 canno t come tomor row. (✓)
I will not be able to come tomor row. (✓)
Rote: Could expre sses Past Abilit y but not Past Perfo rmanc e.
E.g.: I Could sing very well (abili ty) when I was young and I was able
to perfo rm well
(abllty + actio n ln the past) at the conce rts.
Rote: In Rept ive sente nces 'could not' and 'able to' mean the same.
E.g.: The docto r could not save the patie nt.
or
The
Rote:. *doct or was unab le to save
· ·
the patie nt. (Both the senten ces have the s ame meani ng.)
We were able to or mana ged to reach home .safel y thoug h it was dark.
Ellf1lsh .
. forGenert,1 O>mpe titlon
. -
■~----------
- ----- nu ~
IIAY I IIIOHT • MUST
bi t l ; 'Ma y' sho w. poeellaWty .
E.g.: lt aa y rain ton igh t . (MA)' l1 u aed ln we oth cr forcco atin R - Me teo ro logy)
bl la ; llaJ expresses wis h or pr ~c r in an Op tot ivc
Sc ntc·n cc .
llaJ you Uvc long!
Su ch sen ten ces occ ur in 'ln nn lon
'. Th is me ans the He lpi ng Ve rb com
the Sub jec t. es bt-fo:,
bl e3 ; We use 'ma y' in aub ord ma t• cla uH
if Pr inc ipa l cla ua e is in p,r... nt
and the aub ord ma t• clauM sta rts tea..
wit h tha t/ ao tha t/ ID ord er tha t
sub ord ina te cla use den ote s a pu rpo and th,
ae .
E.g.: We eat sot hat wc ma yli vc.
acti on-• inor dert hat reaa on. ~
Ru le4 : Mi ght sho ws lw poa ■iblllty. Ma y exp
res ses po uib Wt y (ne ith er law no
E.g.: r~
He ml pt. pas s the exa m bu t see ing
his int elli gen ce, I do no t hav e mu
Ru le 5: ch hope
llu at sho w, pe ate r po ulb illt y.
E.g.: He sta ys in five -sta r hot els and tra vel
s by air . He mu at be ric h.
lbale6: Wh en 'lla y' is use d to sho
w req uea t wit h res pec t or to see
com es in Int err oga tive for m? k per mi ssi on , i1
E .g.: 'lla y I com e in. Sir ?
We use May in Ass erti ve for m to gra
nt per mi ssi on.
E.g.: You ma y go hom e now.
Rote: Do not use 'Po ulb ly and 'lik ely
' wit h 'May' and 'M igh t' as bo th ind
ica te po ssi bility.
. E.g.: We ma y pos sib ly com e tom orr ow . (x)
(Su per flu ous / Re dun da 7t
We ma y com e tom orr ow . (✓)
·
We will po ulb ly com e tomorrow. (✓)

ku~
1e 1.Ltak
•~
8b all 1s use d wit h ftn t pe no n 'I' an
e 'wil d, ,•
I
l' . we in fut ure ten se. All the oth er per
s son
E.g.: I •ba ll go to college tom orr ow and he I
_.. . .
w&& & com e wtt h me
In Mo dem En glis h, 'wlll' can be use .
..nt. nc .. d wit h 'I' an d •- •
'w e mu st uae on ly '•ball' wit h 'I' an -"'" bu t in iD. ter roc ad. ,
E.g.: Will I go? (x) d 'we'. i

Sh all I go?( ✓)

- --- --- -,E no lls hf or Ge tte

n,, I --- --"
 ,saB (BASIC) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~
ff_otfi Shall is used with ■econd per■on (Youl, third per■on (He, She, It, They), to
denote comma nd, proml■e, threat, determ ination , compul alon and advice.
WW is used with I and We in similar cases.
E.g.: (a) Comma nd
You ■ball leave the room at once.
(b) Proml■e
You ■hall be awarded .
I will help you come what may.
* Come what may - No matter what happen s
(c) Threat
Trespas sers ■hall be prosecu ted.
Transpa sser means one who enters some one's land without permiss ion
I will punish you.
(d) Determ ination
I will work hard and score good marks.
(e) Compu laion
You ■hall be here before 5 p.m for the meeting.
I will finish this work by tomorrow in some way or the other.
Rule (2): Imperat ive sentenc e beginnin g with let ua/let'a , will have 'shall we' in the
Questio n Tag.
E.g.: Let ua dance together , shall we?
Note: In the following type of sentenc es shall/w ill is not used.
E.g.: If the sentenc e starts with paat.
He ..__,__,
hoped hoped that he will would pass the test .
V2

► If the sentenc e starts with Paat Tense, use would/ should and not will/ shall.
► This rule is applicab le even when Modal or any verb is used in place of will/
shall.
E.g.: He ...___.
said that he i6 was coming.
V2 ..

Thia rule is not applica ble if the 2nd part ia a univen al truth, habitua l
action, general fact, Idiom or phrase.
E.g.:
(1) He said that man is not a machine . (✓)

(2) Our teacher told us that honesty is the best policy. (✓)
~

V2 ~-
' .
El1fllishJorGenera1 Cotn petlt #on- ----- ----- ----- ----- 1111 11
,
■2. If tw o a c ti o n
s ta k e p la c e in fu tu re o n e a ft e r th e o th e r , a n
d e p e n d s o n th
e second,
d t h ~/ ~
t
(a) T h e t in t
a c ti o n W1'11 b. e 'n p ,e a e n I n d e ft n it e T e n s e .
(b) T h e a e c o 1 in F u tu
r e I n d e fi n it
n d a c ti o n w il e Tense.
l be
E.g.: If I -will- c o m e
, I w il l m e e t y o
P re se nt
u.
Indefi
)l at Action•nite F ut ur e 1nd~ ~
)2 nd Action te
Those who w
il l w o rk h a rd
, w il l p a s s th
n it e T e n a e 1•s o t u s e d im m . (✓)
ll o te : F u tu r e I n d e fi e exam
In s te a d P r e a n e d ia te ly a ft e .
e n t I n d e fi n it r th e fo ll o w
If, • • a o o n aa, e T e n a e is u s in g words.
in c a a e , p r o v ed:
id e d , u n le s s ,
u n ti l, b e fo r e
, a ft e r , w h e n
(S e • C .
WOULD h a p t. r 'C o n
d tt L o n a l ~
R u le 1 : Would is u s e d
to e x p re s s P u
th e a c ti o n s ta t r o u ti n e . W o
rt s w il l P a s t T u ld is u s e d to
V e rb . e n s e a n d th e express pas
V e rb fo ll o w in t ro u ti n e if
E .g.: . 1. W h g W o u ld is
e n l w a s a k id n o t a Stative
, I w o u ld g o to
2 . It w o u ld b school by bu
e a q u ie t s tr e s.
e t. (x)
It u s e d to b e
R u le 2 : . a q u ie t s tr e e t.
(✓)
W o u ld s h o ~ s
. e x p re s s c h o p r e fe r e n c e / c h o ic e
ic e . If th e s e c . G e n e ra ll y w
E.g.: 1. I o n d o p ti o n is e u s e 'r a th e
w o u ld ta k e te . m e n t· d r ' w it h 'w o u
ld' to
a. io n e w e u s
2 . H e w o u ld e. 't h e n'.
r a th e r d ie th a
: _3 . - I w o u ld n beg.
. R u le 3 : r a th e r ta k e c o ff e e
· If th e s e n te .
n c e is in p u
E.g.: H t , it w il l
e h o p e d th a t .
R o te : h e w il l w o u ld c o n ti n u e ·m.
We can use e p a s (W past
it h e r 'W s . O . ·
· ould' 'ua d t u ld lS th
R o u ti n e A c ti
o n . W o u ld h a' e p a s t o f w il
E.g.: (1) I Wied. s rees tno' o r 'P a l)
to g o to s c h c te d a t I n d e fi n it e
b use f T e n s e ' to e x p
0 01
Y a s a re s s pa•t
11 N d to + V b us. r a s p a s t ro u ti
1
n e is c o n c e rn d,
e
(2). W h e n I w
a s a k id , I w o
u ld
~on
I t
(3) W e p la y 1'o'llld. + V.f o o t
e d fo r h o u rs 1 .

-
b e fo re re tu rn · · If a s e n te n
P a s t, W e· c acn
V2 e s ta rt s w it h
.
in g h o m e . u s e 'w o u ld'
to e x p re s s P a s t R o u ti n
e
 rid ,aASJCJ---------------------1■
(4) It would ~ a quite street. (><)
atat.lve Wou ld cannot come with Stative Verbs
Verb
In 1en tcncea of Past Routine. Stative
It u sed to be a quite street. ( ✓) Ve rbs den ote 1late and not a ction

Would is used in th e Principa l Clauae of Preaent lma1lna tlon and Paet

Conditio nal Sentence■ .
E.g.: (1) If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky. (Present Imaginat ion)
(2) If I had seen you, I would have stopped my car. (Past Condition al Sentence )
Note: In sentence s of Present Imaginat ion we use 'were' with all the subjects.
E.g.: (1 ) I wish, I were a bird.
(2) If I were you, I would never trust him.
Note: If sentence s are of Past Imaginar y, Position, we use 'had been'.
E.g.:. (1) If I had been a doctor, I would have helped them.
(2) If Dr. Manmoh an Singh were the Finance Minister now, the economy would
be in a better condition . (Present Imaginat ion)
(3) If Amit Shah had been the Home Minister in 1990s, Kashmir Pandits would
not have faced this exile. (Past Imaginat ion)
E.g.: I wish, as though, if, as if, would that and suppose.
Rule 6: 'Would' is used as the past of 'will' in indirect speech.
E.g.: He said, "He will go there." (Direct)
He said that he would go there. (Indirect )
Rule 7: Would is used for making a 'Polite request' in an Interrog ative sentence .
E.g.: Would you help me?
Rule 8: Would denotes 'probabi lity'.
E.g.: He would be sleeping.
Rule 9 : Would expresse s a 'wish'.
E.g.: I wish, India would become a develope d country soon.
Rule 10: 'Would like' shows 'wish'.
E.g.: I would like to talk to the manager.

!HOULD
R,ule 1: Should is used to express suuesti on/ advice.
E.g.: 1. You should study English.
2. You should not laugh at his mistake.
R..ule a;_ If •hould is used after lest, it shows negative purpose.
E.g.: He ran fast, lest he should miss the train.
h_te: Le
----- at can also take 'V b.r.
E.g.: Take care lest you/he fall.
Ertgllsh'forGeneral Competttio,-,- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --.-
' L-------
Note : 'Leet' doesn 't ta
k e ·n o t' after it
-:-::----
-nu~
E.g. He d o e sn 't ta . \
k e risk le st he h o u \d not o sc al \ h is m o n ey . (l le m o .e
h lt 3 ; ln c e rt a in Condition s Dot\
a l S e n te nce a, 'i f can bc re p la c e d b y .s h o u ld' .
E.g.: S h o u ld vnu n e e d m
J- e, le t me know
.
OlJQHT TO
Ibale 1; • O q h t d
to" sh o w s moral o
E.g.: w e o q b U & atlo n o r u ty .
h t to love o u r
c o u n tr y .
ll tJ S T
R111e 1: ll u a
t is u se d to d e n
o te compulalo
,.. _U_& U..&,d a te • m
E .g.: '-" n.
uat write in in
R1ale ::I: ll u a k .
t also sh o w s b
e d determlna
E.g.: In d ia mu tlon.
at w in th e Worl
Rule 3 : ll u a t d Cup.
e x p re ss e s duty
E.g.: A soldie .
r muat fight fo
r h is c o u n tr y .
USED TO
(l) 'Uaed to' d e n o
te s Paat r o u tl n
e /a lt u a tl o n .
E.g.: He u a e d to st u
d y till 1 0 p.m.
(ll) 'Uae to' o r 'Uae
a to' d o e s n o t
Indefinite T e n se sh o w p r e a e n t
is u se d for su c r o u ti n e a c ti o
E.g.: He u se s to st u d h a p u rp o se . n . In s te a d Pre
y till 1 0 p.m. a
sent
( He lltudlea till n d th e n goes to b e
1 0 p .m . a n d th d . (x)
Rote: e n goes to bed.
S e e th e u a e o ( ✓)
f 'uaed to' in A
(a) Afllrmatlv ff lr m a tl v e /B
e : He u a e e p tl v e /I n te n
(b) 1 1 e p tl v e d to c o m e h e re o p tl v e S e n te
. n c e.
: He u a e d n o
t to c o m e h e re
.
(c) In te r r o 1 a tl He d id n o t u a
v e : Uaed h e e to c o m e h e re
to c o m e h e re ? .
Rote: D ld h e u s
W h e n V 1 + ln&
, is u se d after verbe to c o m e h e re ?
E.g.: + u a e d to it h
I a m u a e d to g ""-'
e tt in g u p la te 8
in th e m o rn in g' o w s u a b lt u a l
a c ti o n .
V1+lnc .
11ote:
In th e followin
H e re 't o ' is n o tg c a se s, to + v.,., is n o t u se d
a pa . In s
a ll th e prepoalt l rt o f in ll n lt lv e 't o + V , H t · ·,.
S o m e of th e im o m , if we u
s e a v e rb 1,thr • e re o e~ td 'V 1 + m& 1S u s e d , •.
p o rt a n t p h ra se rb ' is a p afte~,;0
#
given below. s from ~ h ie ~ v r e p lt l

- e 1:11uat be o a o n a nd au..••
ln
q u est io n s are a 'V1 + ln&' foflll·
s k e d in exmns

E n g ll sh fo rG en
e, a / ~
eJ< \
_, ,-ASICJ-------------------■
c . . . aaed to, accuatomed to, a,rerae to, with a 'riew to addlcted to ' deYOted to'
s:i,.g,. •
lD addition to, look forward to, object to, owtnc to, li••n to, taken to, prone
to.
E.g.: 1. He is addicted to smoking.
2. I am loolwl1 forward to meeting you.
3. He got uaed to driving on the right when he was in London.

um/NEED
-► 'Dare' and 'Need' are used as both 'Main Verb' as well as 'modal'.
► Dare expresses challen1e• or coura1e.
► Need expresses requirement•.

E.g.: (1) He ~ me.

11 , V

(2) She doe• does not dare to 10 to go there.

"'--v---' "--v-J
B •V II. V IDftDltive

..__.,_., tomorrow
(3) You need not come .
.
llodal II. V

► Need/Dare is not used as Modal in positive sense.

E.g.: (1) I need help him. (x)

""-_.J .__....-, .___.., .......,_,
Sub. modal V1,.1 Obj.

(2) I need to help him. (✓)

'--.,.-J~
II • V Inf!nitiye

To+ v come• after need and dare, tneed and dare are used in a positive
► b.f
sentence.

E.g.: need• to work hard.

(1) He ______,
II. V to+V1,,1

will not .___.,

(2) He .__..,_. to come here .
dare ______.;
H.V 11.V lllftDltift
► If need/ dare is used in -,re sentence, 'not' is followed by a Bare Inftnltifl,
This means only ' V ~.,' and not 'to + V ~.,' •
E.g.: (1) I need not come tomorrow.
(2) He dare not cheat anyone again.

(3) You need not )( worry

Ellfll&htorGeneral c:.or,,pe~-..,;._-""."'\_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____

 ~----------
- : - : : : :~Jd~n~:i a~re;q;
► FollowinC Mo da ll are uae d for ma
Mo da l• UM
Ca n Friendly re qu es t
Co uldFormal re qu es t
May Request with re sp ec t
Would Polite Request
~
u;•~•;t_ _ _ _ _ n Q
-
Exam pl e
can we be fri en ds .
Co ul d I talk to Mr. Si ng
h?
Ma y I co m e in Si r?
W ou ld yo u he lp m e?

► Modal• are u1ed ln t he fi0 Uowt111 waya ln Acttve and P -i •• Volce:-

~1
IIODALS ACTIVE VOICE PA881VEVOIC&
ladeftnlte Sub+modal+V ~., +obj. Ob j+ mo da l+ be + V3 +b
y+ IUb.
Coatlnuoua Su b+ mo da l+ be +~ + ing
+ obj. )()( )()( )(

Perfect Su b+ mo da l+ ha ve + V +
obj. Obj + mo da l + ha ve + be
3 en + "+ by + sub.
Perfect Conthluou, Su b + modal + have + be en + V
+ ing + obj + for / since + 1 xx xx x
time.
► In the above mention
ed ch art you will find th at a modal la alw
► See th e str uc tu re given be ays followecl bJ I Vu • I

us ag e too. low, wh er e Modal is us ed in Pe

rfe ct Te ns e. Note the

ISub + modal + have +V + obj

3
.
► When some Moclala are u1
ed ln
th e 1tructure 'Moclal + ha
ha ve come, could have go ve + V ' (~.g. shoul_d
ne, ne ed no t ha ve se en ,
a hidd meaning in th m us t ha ve se en 3etc .), there
se nt en•nce . e se nt en ce wh ich is op po
sit e to th e m ea ni ng of 18
the
( This is not applicable in
ca se of will, •hall, would
E.g.: (1) . I could scor~ go an d m ig ht )
od ma rk s. (Meaning-I ha
(2) I could have scored go
d th e abWty)
had th e ability) od ma rk s. (Hidden lll ea ni ....
.. cllcln' tho
(3) You should work ha
- . ·1 t acore u&b I
rd . (Juat a auggeation)
(4) You 1hould have wo
rked ha rd (Hidd ,..
· en aaeantng - You didn't)
PRIM
Do, have, be ar e PrimAR Y AUXILIARY VERB
ary AwrtJiaV V .
Maln Verba. S
ry erba. Th ey ar e us ed as
E.g.: (1) 'Do'
H el pi ng as well a5
ha s th e following forms·
D
· ~ ~ Did Done

- (a) · I do my work.

-r---------------~v. 11.V.
Vl

1
(b) ~
VI, 8/ee

B.V.
'?
n o t~ him ·
M
2
~
V3

-Engllsh/orGene,r,I ~
-
~ (BASICJ- - - - - - - - - - - -
-- - -- - - - -
('.l) The form s o f 'Hav e' nre :- Hn s/ hnve HAd Had
---r- -- -,-- ,
v, v, v..
(i)
'Hav e' dcm ons t rn tc-~ poa aeaa lon.

l hav
_____e, n c-nr .
11,V.

(ii) 'Hav e' is u sed ns a help ing verb in Per fect &
Per fect Con tlnu oua Ten ae .
ln) l hav
...._,....._.e not ..____.._
see n... him .
H.V. M .V .

(b) I .........._
had_. bee n wait ing for him for a long time .
~
H .V. M .V .

(iii) Hav e+ Infi niti ve den otes forc ed acti on.

{a) I hav e to wor k hard .
(b) She had to leav e her job.

(3) Be has the foll o~n g form s: Be

~

Vb.f

► Now let's see how it is use d as help ing and mai

n verb .
(a) I ...........,..
am_ a doc tor
11.V

(b) He was wor

~ .._,_king
___, hard .
H.V M .V

(b) He has bee n to Lon don .

~ ~
H .V M.V

MA IN VE RB
MAIN VERBS:-
I. Tho se verb s that exp ress an acti on, an occu rren
ce or a stat e of bein g and
thos e whi ch hav e V /V /V /ing or /s/e s form
1 2 3 s are call ed Mai n Ver bs.
E.g.: I ~ you .
V1

I ~y ou .
V2

I have kno wn you for two yea rs.

'--v ---'
Va

iur-Generol Com petit ion --------

EngnSh'--
-- ------------,11■

I
 -;;;:;:;:=-:::nu ll4tiq
~-- -- -- -: ::;::;:VERB .
'11 change if the
tense of the sen tcnc.c ch.angta.
The form• of Main Verb• Wl

FORMS OF
~~: :::-==--;-3 _-,;a;::~ rorm)
form)
1. Preaent (1'' rorm) 4 . (-lnl
l. Pa•t (l•11 form) .:..:, __:: ,__- ----- ---,
Main Verbs
Irregu lar Verbs
Regula r Verbs forms are formed
Here verb s to 'V2' & 'V3'
Where only 'ed' is needed to
make verbs 'V2' & 'V3' forms.
in differe ,t ways. l J
All forms Two forms are All forms
GII II II II are the same. the same. are different.
walk walked walked
talk talked talked
OIi put sit go - V.
: put - sat went - Vi
paint painted painted sat gone - V.
put -

GROUP - I {IRREGULAR VER BS!

Pre■ent w Past -Ing Form a/ea Form
(l•For m) (2nd Form) (3 rd Form)
Arise ~ arose arisen arisin g arises
Awake ~ awoke awake n awaki ng awake s
Be(Vb.J) m was, were been being is
'---v-'
(am,are)
V1
Bear ~ t.rr bore born
Bear ~~ bore . bearin g bears
home bearin g
Become 1fAT became bears
Begin ~~
become becom ing becomes
began begun
*Bite ~ ~ cfi1G'fT bit beginn ing begins
Blow Wcllcf iT~ bitten
blew biting bites
Bleed blown
~ aw-rr bled blowing blows
Bind ~
bled
bound bleedi ng bleeds
Bid ~ ~. -31Ni:li~ ~ bade bound
bindin g binds
Bid ~ ~ ~ ~ bid bidden
bid biddin g bids
Break ~ broke biddin g
Bring ffl'iT broken bids
brought breaki ng breaks
Build iFIFWf.tinorctir-!r brought
built bringi ng brings
Burn ~/~ bl.lilt
burnt buildin g builds
Buy ~ burnt
Catch bought burnin g burns
~ caught bought
Choose buying
~~~1T caught buys
Cling chose
clung chosen catchi ng catche s
clung choosi ng chooses
clingin g clings

Eng/&1,forGenerol ~
 ,,_,.,-c,
~ ca me come
corne coming comes
~ dug dug digging
Oil digs
~ did done doing does
[))
~ drew drawn drawing draws
oraw
~~ dream t dreamt d reaming dreams
oreaJ11 ,fi.n drank drunk/ drunken drinkin g drinks
orink .
d nven 1A4
~ drove driving drives
orive
llRl ate eaten eating eats
F,at
~ fell fallen falling falls
Fall
Feel ~ / ~~cfiv1 T felt felt feeling feels
Flee 'lJ1AT fled fled fleeing flees
Fight ~ fought fought fighting fights
Find
'qRT found found finding finds
Fly ~.~ flew flown flying flies
lATcfivl l forbade forbidden forbidding forbids
Forbid
~~ forgot forgotte n forgetting forgets
Forget
~~ froze frozen freezing freezes
Freeze
'qRT got got getting gets
Get
~ gave given giving gives
Give
'tftWIT ground ground grinding grinds
Grind
grew grown growing grows
Grow ~.'a'1A T
(."fc!.cfii-11 hung hung hanging hangs
Hang*
hanged hanging hangs
Hang 'tfimt' tR~ hanged
has
~~ cfivll~ had had having
Have h ides
nJqRT ~ hid hidden hiding
Hide holds
held held holding
Hald tniAT knows
knew known knowing
Know 'ijfpAf
kneels
· knelt knelt kneelin g
Kneel ~cfi" 'i@~ learning learns
Learn ~cfivll . ~ learnt learnt/learned!A4-1
left leaving leaves
Leave · ~ left
lent lending lends
Lend ~~ lent
led leading leads
Lead -qpf~ led lies
lain lying
Lie ~ lay loses
lost losing
Lose 'ffl~ lost makes
made making
Make ar,:JRT made meets
met meeting
Meet ~ met means
meant meanin g
Mean 3ltf WTRl meant rides
ridden riding
Ride ~cfiv ll· rode rings
rung ringing
Ring ~~ rang rising rises
Rise risen
O O ' f f ~ ~ ~ rose seeing sees
See saw seen sells
~tfre; n selling
Sell sold sold
~

Eltfll&htorGenerol C,ornpftJtlon
'
,
■. ----
. ~
---- ---- ----
sen t sent
-~= =:--
sendin g
vaaa
Rend
taq
•
~
'q
Send s hook sha ken shaking shake•
Sh k ~ell-111 ~ h. ·
a e s hone s in1ng
0
s hin e ....
Sh . i:tlicfi .,, s hone .
1ne s hot shooting shoot•
Sh t ~ ~cfitl-111~ ~ shot "'
oo
Shrink f'li«M1t shr a nk shrunk/ shrinking shrinks
shrunken 1A., 1
Sing TtRT sang sung sin ging sings
Sink ~(~~) sank sun k sink in g sinks
Sit ~ sat sat s itting sits
Slay lN ~ ('l'R-n cfi1G ~ ) slew slain slaying s lays
Speak ~ spoke spoken speaking s peaks
Spit ~ spat spat spitting s pit,
Spend w;:f ~ spent spent spending spends
Stand ~ mT stood stood standing stands
Steal ~ stole stolen stealing steals
Stick filq(f,11 stuck stuck sticking sticks
Strike 'i:tlG~ struck struck striking str ikes
Swear ~~ swore sworn swearing swears
Sweep ~~ s~ept swept sweeping sweeps
Swim ~ swam swum swimming swims
Swing ~ swung swung swinging swings
.Take ~ took taken taking takes
Tear ~ tore tom tearing tears
Tell ~ told told telling tells
Teach ~1f~@11 taught taught teaching teaches
Think ~ thought thought
Understan d thinking thinks
~li$11i understood understood
Wear 'tffl"1"1l
urxlerstanding ~
wore worn
Weep ~ wearing wears
wept wept
· Weave weeping weeps
~ wove woven
Win ,iffiRT weaving weaves
won won
Wind(~ ) ~~ winning wins
wound(~) wound
Wound(~ ) ~cfwll winding winds
wounded wounded
wounding wounds
Write f(-1~11 wrote written writing writes
Wring Hi:1 1~ 11 wrung wrung wringing
The following Irregular Verba have all three forms same. wrings
Present ~ Paat - ing Form
(1st Form) 114
(2 Form) (3rd Form) a/ea Fol'III
Bid -am.-ft' ~ bid bid
Bet ffl ~ bet bidding bids
bet
Burst burst betting bets
burst bursting
Cast cast bursts
cast
casting casts
111111!11,- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -EngllshforGenerol o,,,,p,ddO"
 ~ cut cost
('ut
costing costs
~ q(lq'f-11 hun cut cutting cuts
Hurt ~ ~ hun hurting hurts
L,ct
~ let I
ct letting lets
put ~ • put put putting puts
Read m rend
~ reu d rending reads
Set set
~ ...... sc t sett In g sets
Shed .... ~ ".,, s hed s h ed sheddin g sheds
Shut ~" shut
~ s h ut shutting s h uts
Spre 8<i(' ll1I spread spread
11trust ~/~ th spreadi ng spreads
. ~ rust thrust thrustin g thrusts
ftRead~.Study~
· .am. t, Study quit quit quitting quits
--n, ... , t
~ 3'v:f ~ ~ ~
~<1111"1 Re a d ll' Mapztn e,
aewapaper $NI~ ~ ~ t,
1. I read a novel every month.
2. I study English every day.

GRO UP - II (REGULAR VERBS)

rile 'WUN pven below have the same 2D4 and 3n1 form.
Pre■ent anf' Past 3n1 Form) -ing Form a/es Form
(l•hrm ) -~ 4
(21l Form)
Abuse ~ -t-:n,~qiif,, ~ abused abused abusing abuses
Act cfi1q ~a:tN- ill ~ acted acted acting acts
Mi ~ added added adding adds
Admire Wffl ~ admire d admired admirin g admires
Advise ~-t-:n advised advised advising advises
Allow a:t~fo -t-u allowed allowed allowing allows
Answer ~~ answer ed answer ed answer ing answers
Appoint ~~ appoint ed appoint ed appoint ing appoints
Appear ~~ appeare d appeare d appeari ng appears
Arrive 4(i:1-il arrived arrived arriving arrives
Arrest arreste d . arrested arrestin g arrests
fll<'ffll( qwff
Ask asked asked asking asks
~~
Attack attacke d attackin g attacks
a:tiw,qo1 ~ attacke d
Bark barked barking barks
~ barked
bathes
Bathe bathed bathed bathing
-i&<."'11'11
Beg begged begging begs
iftlflWRl begged believes
Believe believe d believin g
fqlfqj~ ~ believe d behaves
Behave behaved behavin g .
oqqgl( ~ behave d blesses
Bless blessed blessing
a\llfftcii<:. ~ blessed
e,..,,/orGeneraJ Com •tl""rtlolthn•--- --- --- --- --- --- ---~-
...rpe
...
r
~
■
B oi l
B oa st
Borrow
C al l
d ◄R-111
~~
~~
bo il ed
bo as te d
borrowed
bo il ed
bo as te d
bo rr owed
b o il in g
b o as ti n g
'1 or ro w in g
boasts
borrows
=~
'Ji:fii<-\1 ca ll ed ca ll ed c all in g
Carry* ca ll s
~~ ca rr ie d ca rr ie d c a rr y in g
C le an ~~
ca rr ie s
cl ea ne d cl ea n ed cl ea n in g
C lo se ~~ cl ea n s
cl os ed cl os ed cl o si n g
C ha ng e ~ cl os es
ch an ge d ch an g ed ch an g in g
C he ck ~~~ ch ec ke d ch an g es
Climb ch ec k ed c h e c k in g
~ cl im be d ch ec k s
Clap cl im be d cl im b in g
~~ cl ap pe d cl im bs
C op y cl ap pe d cl ap p in g
~~
co pi ed cl ap s
Collect co pi ed co p y in g
~~ co ll ec te d co pi es
C om pl ai n ~l cf ilq d ~
co ll ec te d co ll ec ti n g
co m pl ai ne d co ll ec ts
C oo k "qcfiR'( co m p la in ed co m p la in in g co
C ou nt co ok ed co ok ed m pl ai ns
ftR-u co un te d
co o k in g co ok s
C on fu se ~lt6@~ co u n te d co u n ti n g
C on su lt co nf us ed co nf us ed co u n ts
~~ co n fu si n g
Cover co ns ul te d co n su lt ed co nf us es
~ co n su lt in g
Crow co ve re d co ve re d co ns ul ts
~ ~
C ro ss crowed co v er in g co ve rs
'q'R~ cr ow ed
cr os se d cr o w in g
C re ep
C ry
m cr ep t
cr os se d
cr o ss in g
cr ow s
' f-i:ltttHI cr ep t cr o ss es
D ec or at e cr ie d cr ee p in g cr ee p s
~ cr ie d
D an ce ~
de co ra te d cr y in g cr ie s
de co ra te d
D ec ei ve ~~ da nc ed d ec o ra ti n g
da nc ed de co ra te s
D ef ea t ~
de ce iv ed d an ci n g
D ec id e de ce iv ed d an ce s
~ c fi B T de fe at ed d ec ei v in g
D es ir e de fe at ed de ce iv es
~ cfiBT
de ci de d d ef ea ti n g
D is co ve r de si re d- de ci de d de fe at s
• cfiBT de si re d d ec id in g de ci de s
Dip di sc ov er ed
~ di sc ov er ed d es ir in g d es ir es
D ie ~ dipp ed
Div id e • di pp ed d is co v er in g di sc ov
~ di ed er s
Dry di ed d ip p in g di ps
~~ divided
Drown di vi de d d y in g d ie s
~ dr ie d
Dye dr ie d d iv id in g di vi de s
~ drowned
E ar n dyed drownec1 d ry in g d ri es
cn1lRl
E nt er ea rn ed dyed d ro w n in g
~ cfiBT dr ow ns
Employ en te re d ea rn ed d y ei n g
~1:R~ dy es
E xp la in employed en te re d e a rn in g
~' 1~ H l ea rn s
F ac e ~ cfiBT ex pl ai ne d em pl oy ed en te ri n g

-
en te rs
fa ce d ex pl ai ne d em p lo y in g em pl oy s
fa ce d ex p la in in g ex pl ai ns
· fa ci n g
fa ce s
- En gl /s hf or c; e,
-, .,, 1
 ,.,,. (IIAIUC)
Fail
~m failed failed failing fails
fear
TI-IT feared feared fearing fears
fttetl ➔I fed fed feeding feeds
Feed
~ felled felled felling fells
Fell
Finish ~'lfivTI fini s hed fi nis hed fini s h ing finishes
Fine ~"ff'lAT fined fined fining fines
F}oat
m ( m,J ~ ) floated floated floating floats
~ grazed grazed grazing grazes
Graze
Gather ~~/!R T gathered gathered gathering gathers
Hate irrrr~ hated hated hating hates
Hang WWTAT hanged hanged hanging hangs
Hear WAT heard heard hearing hears
Help ~tllfdl ~ helped helped helping helps
Improve ~/G{ffl"f flT improved improved improving improves
Invite A'1°3,101 -t.rr invited invited inviting invites
Join . mtt iY mr. joined joined joining joins
Jump ~ jumped jumped jumping jumps
Keep ~ kept kept keeping keeps
Kill ~~~ killed killed killing kills
Knit* ~ knitted knitted knitting knits
Lay ~/(am') ~. laid laid laying lays
..lfl@lcH ~
Lie ~~ lied lied lying lies
Laugh ~ laughed laughed laughing laughs
Like ~ liked liked liking likes
Listen ~(~~) listened listened listening listens
Look ~ looked looked looking looks
Live ~ lived -lived living lives
Love Wfcti"f=fl loved . loved loving loves
Many ~ cti"f=fT married married marrying marries
Move ~ moved moved moving moves
Melt N~cl11, M~cl111 melted melted/ melting melts
molten (Adj.)
Mend mended mended mending mends
~
Mix fi@RJ.~ mixed mixed m ixing mixes
Name named named naming names
'1TiJ ffl1T
Need needing needs
-3tiq~lfcfidl ~ needed needed
,Nip nipping nips
~ ~ i:fi-clcl11 nipped nipped
Obey obeyed obeyed obeying obeys
-3trallJFAJ
Open opening opens
~ opened opened
Order ordering orders
~ -t.rr ordered ordered

Eng#ls/,forGeneral CompetJtlon
r opPosed
opPosed
paid
opposing
paying
;~~
pays
~~ paid 1--' &tying plays
Oppose played
Pay ¥Ffl pJayed praying prays
Tfl-Al prayed
Play prayed praising praises
~ ~ praised
Pray praised preaching preaches
Praise ~~ preached
preached peeping peeps
Preach ~'!fir-fl peeped
peeped planting plants
Peep ~ planted planted
~WTAT plu cking plucks
Plant plucked plucked
Pluck ~(~~~%) prepared preparin g prepares
~~
prepared pulls
Prepare pulled pulling
~ pulled prevents
Pull prevented preventing
Prevent m prevented
punished punishing punishes
Punish ~t-rr punished
proved/provenlA41 proving proves
Prove ~~ proved
promised promised promising promises
Promise ~t-rr
Push ~t,rr;~ pushed pushed pushing p ushes
Plough ~(mf) ploughed ploughed ploughing ploughs
Quarrel ~ quarrelled quarrelled quarrelling quarrels
Rain m
cfEri rained rained raining r ains
Reply ~t-rr replied replied replying r eplies
Reach •
~ reached reached reaching rea ches
Receive i:n,f, W<Jqir,:JT received received receiving r eceives
Refuse fcf;R q;r,:rr refused · refused refusing refuses-
Rest 3ITTJlJ q;r,:rr rested rested
Resign ~t.rr resting rests
resigned .resigned
Repair ~ cfiBT
resigning resigns
repaired repaired
Remember ~ ~ repairing r epairs
remembered remembered
Return ~. ~ remembering rememberS
returned returned
Roar 1'J'{iiAT
roared returning returns
Say ~
roared
Said roaring roars
Seek aw~ cfi'BT$r sought
Said
saying says
Save afi:fRT · sought
saved seeking seeks
Saw am:~~ sawed
saved
savin g s a ves
Select WAT(~) sawed
selected sawing saws
Sleep ~ selected
slept selecting selects
Stay ~ slept
stayed sleeping sleeps
Stop ~ stayed
stopped staying
Study · ~ stopJ>ed stays
Slip studied stopping
NHR11T
slipJ>ed studied stops
Talk Gf@qit,:ff slipped Studying studies
talked
talked slipping slips
talking talks
e .
nollsh.torGenera/ eompetid""
 tllf6 ~sJ('~ t 1ed
fled
Ttr tyl~ ti es
~ touched IOU1..h,cl
f cllld 1 touch in g touches
~~ tried 11 kd I rying tries
fr\ ~~ t r11 s tc-cl 1111 :1 lc-rl lfll ', ILn g
rr,as! tru sts
~~ I l ~ t· ( I 11 ~("(1
usr 11·11nv, use s
m:r-o wn lkrd wnlkc d wo lkin ~
walk tITT'I W,Jlk'i
wn s h n i wn :; h ed
Wash wa Hhin K wa,hc,
~~$T-ll w a it ed
W!lll waited wa itin g WfJJl.''i
~~ worked
Work worked working worv.s
~ 11(1::ft cfi"Bl watch ed
Watch watc hed watching watch e:;
~ wished wi s h ed
Wish wishing wishes
~/ ~ wand ered wa ndered
Wander wandering wanders
~ cfi"Bl wasted wasted
Waste wasting wastes
Wed ~tfiBT wedded wedded wedding weds
~ tfiBT wounded wounded
Wound wounding wounds
Worship ~ tfiBT worshipped worshipped worshipping worship s
Wonder m "ITTII ~ wondered wondered wondering wonders
Wrap ~ wrapped wrapped wrapping wraps
Yield ~/~cfiBT yielded yielded yielding yields
CONFUSING PAIR
1. Bear bore born ➔ to give birth
Bear bore borne ➔ to tolerate
2. Fall fell fallen ➔ to descend freely
Fell felled felled ➔ to bring down
3. Find found found ➔ to come across

Found founded founded ➔ to establish

4. Grind ground ground ➔ to reduce to power or small pieces
Ground grounded grounded ➔ to bring to ground, to stop from flying
5. Hang hanged hanged ➔ to suspend by the neck
Hang hung hung ➔ to suspend from peg etc.
6. Lie ➔ to make an untrue statement
lied lied
Lie lay ➔ to move in to a horizontal position
lain
~ T o sacrifice
Lay laid laid ➔ To keep in a horizon tal pos ition
Hens lay eggs
7. Rend ➔ to t ear or break something v~olently
rent rent
Rent
rented ➔ to grant possession in exchange of a fixed amount
8. Rise rented
rose ➔ to get up, t o progress, to ascend
risen

~lorGel'tf!ro/ Competition
 ◄
■ Raise
Raze
raised
razed
raised
razed
➔
➔
~ (~
~cnvn
. ~~,f~) .... ~
seen ➔ ~
9. See saw
Saw sawed sawed/sawn ➔ 3lRT ~ i:fl ~ '11/ cfiR"1T
wound wound ➔ ~ / l-14l-il/ ~ ~
10. Wind
Wound wounded wounded ➔ ~cf>Bl
11. Fly flew flown ➔ ~
Flow flowed flowed ➔ ~

VERBS CONFUSED WITH VERB/ NOUN/ ADJECTIVE,

All the following words are very easy but meanings are given in Hindi for bett;"
understanding as far as their usage is concerned.
1. Practice,., ~ 11. Amend(Vl ~~
Pr~ctisecv, ~'q;"v=rJ
EmendM at:ijf.;qj m@ t.n
.2. Advice1■, ~
12. Bought
AdviseM ~t,=rr ~ • V3 l'orm of lna7l
&:O""''
3. Complaincv, focfil'-ld ~ Brought ~
Complaint
. !Rt ~lcfii'-ld ~ • V3 l'orm of briq)

4. AffectM ~ ~
-.__13. ;ComposeM GRAT.
Effect1•ttM qfto11q; wi:tJq ~ ~ Comprise(V, "iART/ ~ ~ ffll
5. AssureM dffR-0 t,=rr 14. Deface ~~
M
EnstireM EffaceM fi1lr -t-n
Insure_M :~:~~ .15. Deprecate (Vt ..,,qe·" qw{T \

6. _I:IearM Depreciate ~qill-gAT

WAT M
Listen(V) 16. Envelop ~ (31Jq{Ufcfiffl)
~~'WAT - M
7. · Heal(V)
cftcn~c~~~(fiJ)
.
17.
Envelope
ExciteM ·
,., f("flf>ilf>I
Heel,., . aitf"'ld cfi'fff
~ .
8. Prescribe Incite (V) \.l~ifiMI
(VJ ~~ 18. -Flout
Proscribe(V) M
a~dEI~ Cfivll _
~~ Flaunt · R&lcfl~ ..
9. Adopt M
M ~c-RT 19. Hoard fiJqr ~ ~ cfiflJ .
Ada pt . M
M ~ Horde(II) . ~ -q ;j~
AdeptIAcij.)
10. Allude .
~ 20. Loathe .
(V)
. ..,,qe~ q;r,lT
M q} ~ ~ Loath ~f.:t~if>
. (A~.)
(Indirectly)~ cfivn 21. Lose(V) ~1¢
Elude

- ~~
M
_ Loss,111 ~I 1TFf
Loose,~.)
Engl&I,:__,,,, ✓I
 --- ~ - -~
,......
-~ - - - - G- - - - - - - - -rt
~ (~ ~ ct)
..,
22. 11" jtig•te(YI \¥Rilc\_<:1 m la re / GlowerfV1111~ ~ ~ 1 ~ nn\*1JU
t.4 Uit8tefVl 3 -!H-il ~
2J. pour.., m G la n c e IV / Ill V<:F.= '
. • -'""'~ ~ / ~~
pore CJII -==
, ...,, ..,,., ,.~ ~
~ ~ ~ G limpse IV/Ill " s:17 1 / ~ ~
pour over~.v.1
ed ~~ ~ . 35. Li ght ~riITT- n; n;;;.i~. ... ==
-=>11'1 "'1~'11 (Adj ./ II/VI ,i- -, 1<.1 "
24. ~ ~~ ~
"l'l'<.7 1
(YI Burn 1v1111 "'ifT-fRJ ; ~ ~~ "fTTI
J>recedeM ( '.fi'.fi·r,11) "'
2s. J>ra)'.(VI ~~ 36. Catch(V/111 fcfim ,,nwfl(;1 ".fii qq; ,s -11
PrCY1Y1•1 ~ ~ I fflcf;R /~
26. RoU~ ~~ m Hold(V/NI ~~~~ 'lfTtRT /
~
Routell'l 37 . c anvass, v, ~(1'1
1'11l- 1'11l ....;.. ~~
-&-: , -b. , q, q1c .,,.n,
Roo~ ~ Canvas " lTTcT ~ (~ ~
Uproo~ ~~ d&i~11
11
~ ic ffl ~)
27. Censure M ~~ 38. Refuse, v, lRT cfi'BT
CensorM ~~ Deny /Refute( V ~ cfi'BT
1
28. Wave,.,v, ~ / l-1~<111 Decline 1v1 6if<:flcfiR cfi'vn/ cfill m1f
WaiveM ~~ 39. Peddle(V1 ~-~ ct mllR ~
ffl ~ ~ 'ifAl Pedal(N/V) ~,~fcfi<:1 ~ m 'l'.:R ~
29. TowM w ~ ~ t, 1
Toe,.,. ~ cfft ~:i!If<.-ttii Pedal ~
TiptoeM ~ cfft ~·!f<.-141° 'l'.:R ~ 40. Ride(V/NI c;1qfo~ a; ~ cfft ~
30. SiteCK,
s·1gh tCK,
f.:ll:lfuT ~ cfi'BT I m:
~ "ltl' 'a'"""
;,,-mo Drive(V/N)
m:ffl cfft -~
"'qf{
I
cfi'vTT
CiteM dl-'cl& ~
31. Defuse 41. Wither( V lj,{$1111
01'Jq~~ 1
(V)
DiffuseM ~(1111 Weathe r1" 1 fc:::f- Slfof.::1 cfil ~ .
32. Desert ~ ~ I {fil~l1 Whether(Conj.) ~ ....... ~ 1T ('Whethe r .. .
(V/ ■)
Dessert(1') Meals cf> ~ or· Co-rela tive 't)
q;J sweet
dish Whithe r1AdJ.i Where (~ ) [ ~
33.Sever qi'gcf> 31WT ~~
~cfi l~~~ ]
CV)
(Obsole te English )
Severe(Alij.) <m{ .
42. Sink1v1 ~ ( ~ c f i l)
Sewer
34. See
. ,., Drown1v 1 ~
IV) 43. Cease 1v1 ~
Look
IV,., ~11-if < Seize1v1 ~ cfi'vTT
Stare i:.rr.:n
p IV) o..' " 44. lnvent1v1 d-lfct&:fil< ~
eep1V1 ~icfi1I, wrct ~ ~ Discov er1v1 fflcfiBT
&to#shtorGenera/ Com petld on--- --- - - - - - - - - -- ----- ---1-

II
 ■
~ ;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:----- ~·~
- ;
See bow the con fus ed wo r
d• are use d in the fol low in aen ten cea

bun g the pic tur e on the wa ll

-

The ser van t ~

1. ~

ks asid e and lie dow n to res t.

2. Lay you r boo ~

3. Practice ma kes a ma n per fec t.

~
Roun

4.
Practise ·the que stio ns giv en in the ass ign
~ . me nt.
.
Vedl

5. I nee d you r advice .

l'lolm

6. Do not adv ise me.

~
Velb

7 I hav e lod ged acom1»Jaiu+ aga ins t him

~
.
~
8. He com pJa iued aga ins t me.
I
Verb
,_
9. ·• Bad wea the r affects you r hea lth
'---, ,.--- '
and the effe ct is cou gh and col d
Vezb . ~
lloul l .
10. Ma ny son gs are not wor thli sten ing
to.( Rem ove 'to')
11. He ligh ted the can dle and bur nt
the pap ers .
12. The thie f elu ded., arre st.
,______.
Vedl

13. The earth 's atm osp. h .

ere com pns es
· . 0 ot
foll owe d by 'of ) of thr ee lay ers . (In act ive voi ce, corn Prise is
. 14. Mir aba i com pos ed ma ny son gs.
15. I ref use d to hel p him .
16. The thie f den ied the cha rge s.
1 7. I dec line d the offe r.
18. Sile nce pre ced es the sto rm.
19. Thi s is a goo d site for a sch ool .
20.. Ple ase cit e an exa mp le.

'·I
I•. 11 11 ,- - - - - - - - - --- -- -E
nf ll ls hf or _, ol ~ J
 SPO TTI NG THE ERR OR
. .
- (a) He wa s so inqu isitiv e/ (b) t h a t h e rose m a n y / (c ) ques tion s m th e class . / (d) No
I.
error . .
'a) He was born e of poor par e~, / (b) but brou ght up/ (c) man· affl
fami ly./ (d)
2· ' u ent
No error.
. d .
3 _ (a) The univ ersit y was / (b) foun d in 1950 / (c) when India was not self d epen ent m
many aspe cts./ (d) No erro r.
warnings / (c) he failed to
4. (a) I co~p laint agai nst him / (b) as in spite of my repe ated
mend his way s./ (d) No error .
n / (c)becaus e only the
5. (a) Failure _must not have / (b) perm anen t affect on a perso .
tough sufVl.ve./ (d) No error .
6. (a) I keep my .~ool / (b) and neve r loose my temp er/ (c)
even when provoked / (d) No
error .
bree ze./ (d) No error.
7. (a) He lied on the gras s/ (b) for hour s/ (c) enjoying the cool
8. (a) Duri ng the rain y seas on/ (b) man y river s overflew
their bank s/ (c) and cau sed
great diffi culty ./ (d) No error .
for a while ./ (d) No error.
9. (a) He lay his lugg age/ (b) asid e and lay dow n/ (c) to rest
brav ely./ (d) No error .
10. (a) Whe n cala mity fell the villa ge,/ (b) they faced it/ (c)
11. ja) The assa ssin was conv icted / (b) and orde red to/
(c) be hung ./ '(d) No error .
before 9 p.m. / (d) No error .
12. (a) Ifl leave now ,/ (b) I will not be able to/ (c) retu rn back
13. (a) Whe n the com pany offered him a purs e on his retir
eme nt/ (b) he refus ed to/ (c)
agree it . / (d) No erro r.
14. (a) The timi d crea ture was driv en/ (b) into a narr ow
lane / (c) wher e it was slewed
by the kidn appe r./ (d) No error .
15. (a) Being impl icate d in a mur der case ,/ (b) he was conc
lusively susp ecte d/ (c) for all
the unso lved mur der case s./ (d) No error .
d/ (c) him steal the scoo ter./
16. (a) My brot her thin ks/ (b) that some body mus t have dare
(d) No error .
an./ (d) No error .
17. (a) Whe n I was youn g,/ (b) I can run/ (c) faste r than Moh
dark ./ (d) No erro r.
18. (a) Hari sh need s not/ (b) com e here / (c) as it is getti ng
19. (a) He dare / (b) not to/ (c) go ther e./ (d) No error .
s./ (d) No error .
20. (a) I use to/ (b) play Hoc key/ (c) whe n I was of ten year
his coun try's hono ur./ (d)
21. (a) A sold ier/ (b) coul d figh t/ (c) for his coun try and save -
No error .
22. (a) I wou ld rath er/ (b) die/ (c) then beg. / (d) No error .
error .
23. (a} Run fast/ (b) lest you / (c) will miss the train / (d) No
g colo urs./ (d) No error .
24. (a) He hope d/ (b) that he will/ (c) pass the exam with flyin
wast e time on unimpor:tant
25. (a) You need to wor k hard / (b) but you need not/ (c) to
. . .
lesso ns/ (d) No erro r.
cam e to Delh i last mon th. I
26. (a) She wou ld brok e A(b) a plate ever y day/ (c) whe n she
(d) No error. I . . .

-
27- (a) The old lady / (b) pray ed that he/ (c).may live long ./ (d) No error .
28· (a) -Rama mus t not t~/ (b) have trc;a ted his mist ress / (c) like that ./ (d) No error.

~forGene,u1 Compet/tlon -11'>~-;·-"' e: ;,/

/ /.>.
_,.
/~;;- -
../_,~~ef~ .. .
/ ,,._,,;. ~ ... -·# .~~:::./ '
■29. (a) Waste material/ (b) should be recycle/ (c) if possible/ (d) No error. VZJra ~
30. (a) The Gov ernm ent can not/ (b) be able
to cont .run / (c) Enc eph aliti s by SJ>cn<iirig
just 1 % of GDP on Hea lth sect or./ (d) No erro r.
31. (a) The poli ce thin k/ (b) that he may be
ther e/ (c) yeS t e rd ay at the scen e of CI'inie./
(d) No erro r.
32. (a) "He may live long "/ (b) his sad mot her/ (c)
pray ed./ (~) No erro ~.
33. (a) He retu rned the purs e/ (b) thou gh
he coul d kee p/ (c) it very eaSi ly./ (d) No error
34. (a) Whe n you had been you ng/ (b) you
oug ht to lear n/ (c) goo d hab its./ (d) No error:
35. (a) If you get good mar ks/ (b) I shal l hap py/
(c) as muc h as you ./ (d) No erro r.
36. (a) We oug ht to/ (b) hon est/ (c) in our deal
ings ./ (d) No erro r.
37. (a) It is very cold here / (b) I shou ld brin g/
(c) my woo len clot hes but I didn 't ./ (d) No
erro r.
38. (a) Are you / (b) used to get/ (c) up earl y?/
(d) No erro r.
39. (a) Our know ledg e of histo ry does not com
e to our help / (b) and som etim es we even
fail to rem emb er/ (c) who inve nted Ame rica ./
(d) No erro r.
40. (a) I thin k/ (b) the new s/ (c) mig ht true ./
(d) No erro r.
41. (a) Very soon / (b) I real ised / (c) that he is
at faul t/ (d) No erro r.
42. (a) He rem emb ered / (b) that his visa / (c) will ·be
expi red in a mon th/ (d) No error.
43. (a) r, was n't/ (b) at the last mee ting and /
(c) neit her was you / (d) No erro r.
44. (a) It;t any case no disc iplin ary acti on/ (b) are requ
ired / (c) to be take n/ (d) No error.
45. (a) The capi tal of Yem en/ (b) is situ
atin g/ (c) 219 0 .met res abov e the sea level/ (d)
.' No eq-o r. 1
·. .
46. (a) Owi ng to the heav y rain s,/ (b) the ship
(d) No erro r. drow ned / (c) in,th ~ mid die of the ocean./
47. (a) ~fyo ur jogg ing clot hes/ (b) were not mad
(d) 1n you r e of/ (c) perm e~b le fabr ic you will drown/
swea t. · ' l.1·
.

Ans wer s wit h Exp lan atio n

1. (b) 'rais ed' is the corr ect word . 'Ros e' mea
. n s t o ,get up, .
2. (a) V 3 of bear ( to prod uce offspri .
ngs ) is 'b , ·
3 (b) use 'foun ded' in plac e of 'fi d'
. orn · V 3 of bea r ,.(tp tole rate ) is born e.
4. (a) V /V of com plain is co oun . . V 3 of foun d ( t 0 b . . . d d'
2 3 mp1ame d. Com plai t . esta lish , 1 ) 1s 'fau n e • .,
grie vanc e or a prob lem. n IS a nou n. 'Com plai• nt, rneans ..
5. (b) Use effec\NJ in plac e of affec t {V)"
. 6. (b) Loos e (AdjJ is not an appr opri ate wor d h
/ 7 . (a) ' .
Use 'lay' in plac e of 'lied '. ere. Lose 'M i~ the corr ect word .
/ 8. (b) Ove rflow ed is the corr ect word h
I . . . . · •calBf
spac e beca use it has beco m
9. (a)
. . ere
Laid 1s the corr ect word andeV surp,lus', ·
whi ch mea ns
.
+to flow out of a pefll
lo . (a ) 'Be fi 11' ·
e 1s an appr opri ate w d2 of h lay · . )
.
espe ciall y as if by fate'. or ere whic h mea ns 'to hap pen (sorn ethil lg b9d
11. (c) Use 'Han ged' in plac e of 'h , ,
ung · Han ged' m ,
eans ,to :susp end by the n eclc ·
la r- -- -- - - - - - - - - -~BshforGene'
OI~
 ----- ------J■
n u fMSICJ -~~=--------- '
mo ve 'ba c k'. Th
rfl
e wo rd 'ba c k' ma ke s 're tu rn su pe uo us
12. (c) Re , ,• 1 ·
'ag re e'.
I3. (c) Us e acce pt m pa ce of wr on g .
Sl ain is th e V3 of 'sl ay'. Sl ew ed is
14 . (c)
ea ns 'pu tti ng an en d to a de ba te , qu es t·ion or d oub t , Th e wo rd ,
15. (b) 'Co nc lus,ive ly' m
d 't . ,
co nc lus ive ly' as th e se nt en ce be co me s sel f-c o~ tra. dict ory.
Su sp ec t oe sn go Wtth
16. (c) Add 'to ' be fo re 'st ea l'.
e co uld (p as t) as th e se nt en ce is in pa st ten se . b
17. (b) Us
of 'ne ed s'. 'N ee d' is a mo da l he re an d no t a rna i
18. (a) Us e 'ne ed ' in pl ac e
'. n ve ·r
'go ' an d no t 'to go
19. (b) 'da re no t' is fol low ed by ex pr es se s pa st ro uti ne ac tio n.
e to' . 'U se d to'
20. (a) Us e :1 us e? to: in pl ac in pl ac e of 'co uld '.
e of 'I us
to'
21. (b) Us e m us t or ou gh t
'th en '
22. (c) Us e 'th an ' in pl ac e of .
e 'sh ou ld ' in pl ac e of 'w ill' . 'Le st' is followed by 'sh ou ld'
23. (c) Us en ce is in pa st ten se .
e wo ul d (p as t) as th e se nt
24. (b) Us
'N ee d no t' is fo llo we d by 'V 1'. He nc e rem ov e 'to '. ·
25. (c) ok e'.
ed af ter all th e mo de ls . Us e 'br ea k' in pl ac e of 'br
26. (a) V 1 is us
in pl ac e of 'm ay ' (p res en t) as th e se nt en ce is in pa st.
27. (c) Us e 'm igh t' (p as t) us t be in th e fo rm ula 'm us t+ no t+ ha ve + 3
V '
se nt en ce m
28. (a) Re mo ve 'to ' as th e 'R ec yc led ' is th e ap pr op ria te wo rd . ·
low ed by 'V ' .
29. (b) 'Sh ou ld be " is fol 3
'be ab le to' . If we us e bo th 'ab le to' an d 'ca n'
tog eth er
ili ty, rem ov e
30. (b) 'C an no t' sh ow s ab be co me s su pe rfl uo us .
in a se nt en ce , th e se nt en ce ter da y' de no tes 'pa st tim e'. He nc e
pa st for m
to 'm igh t' (pa st) . 'Y es
31. (b) Ch an ge 'm ay ' in
of 'm ay ' m us t be us ed . ive se nt en ce , 'M ay ' co me s at th e sta rti ng of
ht. In an op tat
32. (a) 'M ay he liv e lon g' is rig
th e se nt en ce .
uld ha ve ke pt' . Fr om th e se nt en ce we un de rst an d th at
'co
33. (b) Ch an ge 'co ul d ke ep ' to
di d no t ke ep th e pu rse '. ·
th e hi dd en me an in g is - 'he d to 'ou gh t to ha ve lea rn t'. Fr om th e se nt en ce
ld be ch an ge
34. (b) 'O ug ht to lea rn ' sh ou en me an in g is . .; 'he did no t lea rn go od ha bit s'.
we un de rs ta nd th at th e hi dd
er 'sh all '. A mo da l m us t be followed by a ma in ve rb.
35. (b) Ad d m ain ve rb 'be ' ¢t da l m us t be followed by a ma in
ve rb .
'ou gh t to' . A mo idden
36. (a) Ad d 'be ' af ter
br ou gh t'. Fr om th e se nt en ce we un de rst an d th at th e h
37. (b) Us e 'sh ou ld ha ve
'.
me an in g is - 'he di d no t br ing 'us ed to' de no ted a ha bi tu al ac tio n) .
· ge tti ng ' (H ere so ~e th in g
38. (b) Ch an ge 'ge t' in to co ve red ' as 'to inv en t' me an s 'to ma ke
' in to ' dis
39. (c) Ch an ge 'in ve nt ed
fo re th at tim e. 'To dis co ve r' me an s 'to fin d ou t
ne w th at wa s no t th er e be s no t in th e kn ow led ge of th e
people'·
r th e fir st tim e wh ich wa
so me th in g fo
40. (c) Us e 'be ' af ter 'm igh t'
41. (c) Ch an ge 'is' in to 'w as '. pir e'.
42. (c) Ch an ge 'w ill be ex pir ed ' in to 'w ou ld ex . .
'w ere '. 'Y ou ' tak es 'w ere ' an d no t 'waS'.
43 · (c) Ch an ge 'w as in to
ca us e th e su bj ec t "d isc ipl ina ry ac tio n" is sin gu lar.
44· (b) Ch an ge 'ar e' in to 'is ' be .
. .
45 . (b) Ch an ge 'si tu ati ng ' to 'si tu ate d'. 'Si nk ' .co me s for no n-l ivi ng thi ng s.
in pl ac e of 'dr ow ne d'.
46. (b) Us e sa nk (V )
ce is in pa St ten se .
47· (c) Ch an ge 'will~ in to 'w ou ld' as th e se nt en