MODUL

Oposuiuoual Api
OLOetvu
OpeLotuona ayio
ONLOwna auriiau cuouacteuis hu

ea luual ampu)i0 Couioualud

Opeuatouwa! oupia

ullaierA
a u uouikin
Couteua

auol DU iuuolfoloal Sulats

SPwsoiolal

Nethwek Rullote
Ladoler
We suolo &ulahe

Mulh viLae tols

3 toe astolde
Siule
Cactaolleal
Cugtoul
OpoLoDuo OpeU (Of AMP

8ymlool a euauoual CLwp is

otow

+W
Aupr'y
uveuthiuq uput
Outpu F
Nan-uxhug

npat - ve Auppl

uputs aud out Outpu

"

uput wakad

T
wwwhi o put
KuDuuv
oukRol +"
uput

Nu-extiu iupu
8upples pe'ive pouRL
Two poH
vea@hive poue Auppliy
90pua
Mast
0p0alunal
auptes
t6v t tiSv)
- Cal pouul upp ypicoluy
Op amp palanuicou:
)open-Loop Voltage gain (Av(oL)) -

SThe ogen -Roop voltag gam d an opamp

delmed, a ue tato outpud Voltase

f'nput votag ain 9thout eeAback sAvCoL)
Vo tage
pen loop gam ExpseMed m
decbek (dB) f.eAv (ou) ao lo,Vout

Not Mokt opamp hawe open loop Voltaj

9am 1odB mbe
Clohe oop Voltag gam (A Cc)
Clokt& oop voltye 0m a n opomp
delmad as Hu atio otput Voltase t fu

input Uo Hage. ram c0THh feaA yack Au Cc).

Vout
Av(cy) VM.
Tnput hUBtanu CRm):-
ag
Aesthtance on opamp defsne
Input Cusunt ExplemMed
ts p
4 ato /P
ohn
n

9 Outpu heAstante CKout)

an opam dened os
olttpuet helstante
Hoto open
Cthcuft outPut Uoltaje ts tu
e|He Outpurt Culnt ExpAeMed m ohms
hat Ciluit
 Rott Vou Co)
Tout (s)
Tnel Sset Votage(io)
TIP o e Vo lHage K he Vo Hage a must

eapplicd /is Hhe Two input

emnau Auch ts
Otput vo Hage beComey 3elo
vatue d [p oMes volta
TyptCas
(5mV
m mv t
Fult poioes bandordt :
undcotdBh an opamp
Ful Full PoDe ohtck h maXimum
at
equt valent equancy
Vo Itaje huon hall
undod Peak ou4put
vau.
0.404 th lo enuency
hut pouoe
band otd 4 tang om
Typfcal devces
å Some high pee devices
IdKHto oue IMH3
Cuco Rate a n opamp Ha
Sleco ate:- lta w m
dhang eutput Vo
ats
pesleck 6tpunckom t/p
ftespmse fo
a

m
Seokate Vput
At
outpu Vo Itagi
ohee AVut change
celpondmg tmtetvas dtime
Ketono
meaRule n v
V/H
eleus Late
6le katr anges Am
TpfCal alu
oue o vH
 An opamp opcRaAM h ncgatiu
Po6Lens:- v Lhe n

ced back PRockttcel a n atpul VoHa

ho Valu
an p toof v DefeenmA
Sappleed c auo Ay(cL) TA dB.
closedloop ain and
fen VoLddv, V a n t 004 V

eT A (cL) = Vourt
tool
AVCE
Tn dB o logim Av (c)

m dB : Ao log,, l sooo) 4 dB
AvCcL)
An opexakmal amplake has an lp
Ha lp Gustuntt
PestA4ane d aML. Deeam
Smv î Peuse ntE
shen ?[p vo lta9

kT
So
niue -3
an ML

|VnSmv
tn9
Trn.5
ChaaackeAsATCS:
|OPaattanal ample e high,
uethh.
uey
houl
open (op Vo Hage gam
Should
vely high
3) nput esCstana

lesrstance
hald ey loo
Ourtput cofole ag
band Loid t 8hould eas
4 Full PoLoCR
Pos1le
 Toloal paLuu cluosuefeuktha oPolea
poLacho Cpous
TolLal Opamp

Opou - lo00p
gHOsAtoce
2TuPuput
3 Tua 903iAtauCe ZU0
Output
Full POuea looluwislt
SStew 9ate
6. uput 4t Valtoup h 20
hachual pamp

T open lop gauu 3uould b veu

2
Tu uput aatouce &uould e veuy wu
3. T Output 90ktauute Louls
Full pouey Lawelwdtu 8uulol be a wwolo as

pos Lle peaiLle

8uould len as
SStew oke
Buoulol k a 8muall as peblo
Juput Ht
opeuotuowal
f Counpaig on
STolole belouw 9oad dvics
pautet oleal auol
aue
Pauome4es 3olea eeal
Voltaup piu uuie 100,000
uput putoue| iuie00 M
Du-tpurt 940iktaue zew 20 2
Baudw id u miui | 2 N#Z|
Slew sale teov)4s
Gput F
 CouiAT
Opiatono awpluj

Cuveuhiq Cu
i a lowu below
Suahiug aup 4 cinuu
ww

upit outpu b

Ouyauhwa apliA UMUu

ha
aumpe upu votapr i applzol
tenmiuou

Output cuull Qmpleok aol i 180 out

phon! with Yuput

owmpl'o d ieu keu
eh u
Durtpuk yotae 9
n AP

Neoh 8iqu dicoRa Dutpu Out-)-phau uutupt

wem a a wwu oe lou
updt-outpu
V

Vour

Juput-outpu wwwwrm
uweA ue_Cwpli
 many applfcakionk, Ahtil a anled ac gnal
Supcampoeol an anwanel dcVoHaqe
may be
euLt. Sohn he andcNdit
he araplake
tgna hat
Exceds +had
eat ly
equile d to ampl huch Case
Ualu may e
applopltak
Capacita
u e Led m es te

and n Pahalled 01
he eedbau usB48,R,
C
as shawm m gue
Cn anm

mod t y a
CapacafA
t
kq AdAma
inueltn9 op amp cilcwt
e u s ney epone
appLoffat valuut tapaci
By 4nueR4m opelationd
Aesporde4 an
Hhe eauency tatl&e mutt
n u

mmay Ket e Basly tatl&e

uly Eastly
ampleea
amplefea leauiiement
pasfiul
ut
equen Cy
louoeR
The
value - Ctm
and
Ran
Ran,
detCem trecd
8 Fen y
lowel Gus-6t equny
0.tS
Ctn Kin
 Whlefi6 Hhe (ower Cut equn
Cm i n taR a ds and R n i8 mohrn

CL 1 equen
The and
Capacane, C
desCemmed y e eedack
huch hat
eed back
Ae8tane Kp,
O54

aTG CR
e appea Cud Reauency m
ohu f n ohms,
ohrms,
malads and R, %
,C,
opexaTo
PoHem- An nueshmy op amp T
.
t heotouom ectkcakon
actddma
(oo
VolHae atm= m:0and)
lokn¥

Input HAR ance o

Loud t kequerey d50H}

Reauenu: 5kH3
OPpea Cut - he alsoue pe ccetiu
utt Kaefi
Destan a
Pelahinal
amplke
anmplees
an
m
Restatance, Rm
=
lo Kn
4nut
To deteimme Ay Rp loo (tok
:

K loook

To deeimn Cn , O.1Sq-0LS
Cnin CTnxt0 k
 Cm
1 6 3x1PF
a5oxiok 2,5x1
Ctn : 63nE

To dettamme C O(59

CPE
Os9
C 5X1oloooxlo
D.[S4 0 , ol0G Xlo'E 6 PF
ISxlo

C o 6pF
AAA-
63nF
fok tooka

Opeiational amplii CERuRty :-

Th CiJit
ellocotng a op-amp

Vota eltouo es
) Druentia
Integatdy \
Comp anatoiu

8ummtng arnplRen
eu -Duveuh ug

Nou tuAiwo awiiu cint % a

wowu

wwww

Qutput
uput

Neu-iuwutiug awple

eu-wuing oupliiau iuput votoup

toualual. pa
oplitol
iU pha
uwll aplitd aud
Output
Puput au-eth uapl A
Output votap
Heute gan A 1+K
be lo
Tupu output

7.

e O
Fie: Jupt -tpuNo-uesh'uq amplije
 Dj0keubal p l i
eincut uut pAoue es Q aitput tha
loeteu tu puts aplual
to tu wou- iuvOutiug Ouol Juvesttiug teuuiuols

9speeively
oPamp SuDuwn

ww-

m-

Duput
www-
output
P

Fiq Dutiel ampliqiea

to
output voltaue eual out -v)
oE V, -V,
 Opouououn awpliou CLOU
)VoHage solloweA ouefput Vo Ha
tm cohich h
A A Ct uit CalCed"Ve Hazi
o ltow he enput Uo(Hoje
CiRit
Clcuit WSm oP-amp
Vo Hag ollocoe

hosn

N en
thu
and dufput- Jatuefäm
a
Typcal npt
Bhosn M

Vo Hae llocoe3

9) DonftaaM;- dlfetenfak
o
Ccu
htck PLodu c u s cal Ceal
The Oufpu+
at
input voltajs

Peniahs

e d i p t en a t
m an p-amp
A
houn m

Vout
 Typtcal and ol lae Jam As a
d:yelen ias
8houSn m
Vn

Vou

Th Aquae Oaup nput Conuel

Shat dukaion Pulkes a Au olp.
|tLatn ecaue Hu
The Oaue am
appked t Muesn
ienal has een
ap. amp -Rc dv:
vottou qivn R out t
The 0utput
Tnteaató : - ClcuiH e
an 9ntekai
Tn
h e n e l akm he
bhousm
OP -aMps
An

AAM-

Typttal and
ofe aue am ä
hosn ue.
BneakA
Vou

L A
SuoL wOe upt to ateaa
iA CouHteol t tsuaunuls ape

Tu output vetagt
t
9w
Vo t
RC
 SqAaleWale1( (onueek d - -Rgangudef
Anap S ineRfed
ofp auefbm

ompaka t5A:-
ued CompaRatiy
OP-am en as
wrh
Cornpal he amplthuds 0 Vo Haj

anet 1 6h owm
Compala sing an Op- am
A pti5V

(
a

r an olp aue &m

Typt Cal Heguu
Comatattd a houm

+
AA
Isv - SV deenn
6thes
the L
Ad /P
Pelatiue opex hy
OAClaleis:-
PoAiliuecellack:-
Fgute boc dragkam an
amplke Sage Lottk posihuokodback appl:ed

Armpd ArMplkes
Cgam Av Arnyke,
puttd ( )
out put
hake it 96
eedkco

Feediack nlw TA
erdlact Jako:ß
) out
(7hate AheE-
and
phale stH 1
Amplku RoUrdu t86. Thus u
udtles
pedvack nfo Plouides
a

ouutallhale Aht Vout

guen
gacn
The

cUL Vtp Umt PVout

Aplm
VTo=U4n Vout

and VotAv XV
u Ay he mtcina qam he amplikes

Cnout AX Um A
Um
BVput
CnAyVtn

VtPAyVn
 Ay Ay Vn
A)
Au
-BAv
hon osctllakim;(LasKhoway utes
Cond
mus e PoAi4u
The edback
aLLiue sack
Ktgnal Jed ac mul
ranal a th p)
he
n-phake Mult
Outall loop elfai qatm
9heatesHan surcent
mut
amplReu gam
Crokas R any
o-o
OeOCor he oMes
n o o k)
equncy Selectue fudkack
eack

oelatd-
Nefw ikk
LOLddeR O%llart baled
Pae- htft
tmple C-R lasAes neooks
Stage
in ue

R
VC
R
C C Vout
TR
R3
T OV
Hcte TR ommon Eottex anplie

9ovidinma
Clnd an c19ovzde frnhfc? &tabiltzalisn
Thefotal phale hit plouided y e
C-Rladdet a eaueny
OSCtlatisn
The +Ransish Phovides 04ue 1o
Phale Kholt oal e an oul al
Phase het 36 0
Ihe eauen OßClfotisn CRRCAt

Ruen

TTJC Rc
t (addel
The Los aMoctad<d Lou
ampl/res must
nehodt 1 , thu
lovtds a gatn Ct (eat 3
to oAcelte

PHOen :-O Detetmrne 4te peua ny 66

Ocsllatian a hue Btage lad des nfo
ONcal(aon cohich C fonF and R -(ok

AlRT
t i VERe

TTO 6Xoxi5xlo xt7

:C+4H3
Jen Ollatå:-
oallatX new k
Smple 'n rdge
Sho Fa
A

w W

The inpuit rgnal applied Aand

c And D
B taftenom
ovie oP
one pasetaulas eaueney, , +t
Podute& y +e nehwstk ot
Phale ef+
eEXocty 30k0 ts
Te mu ampleke gam eaiied
Sustatn OßRtlafton
Ay + C
C R
|In mokt Ca^es, CC and R R, henCe
trfmum armpl?e gatn col 3.
The Xeauiny oicd +Ce phase Ahofl Lofll

guen

TIKCRR
and C=9 Requiny
a nd
hch Phase 8ht
guen
TTRC
TT Irp2
C C1
RRKa and

o8 c
callah
allats
OB
Ce
A rdag
F
PPollern CIEG=
loonFE.
ARAaUancte
detelnen He
deeimn olp
Lhen RR:lk
Lhen R,B: 6F
[kn
So hen R, R :

TRC

(SkH
h e n 8 , Gkn

TTRC 2rtx Gxto tooyto

AC5H3
 MultivibAadis a9 a amy 0Gllakd

Clcuih GatP9toduco oud ps cO0umy Cons345n

m å Hekangulas
Pulkes
ne

ke Poganelatiue udback
Mult fuibntd
Ce, fos?kiue kedback)
TYres
)Atuble Ma l4tutbta +3A:that PHOvidlela

Con ftn os
4arn Pube.
Plodkuce a
utlRvtAatsd:- thot
3 Monotalle

Atnals ouutput Re
hau
ha
that
mulivtklahid:
-

BKtabke pule
ouile
a +2ger
Srates and om me State
t at
table
t cange
ContAoBanal

anothe
aalle O8Clatå:.
Stoge tage
atable
Smle ingle ampu
an opelakonal
Oßatah na
Vout
Zhasn n
MM

Vout
AC
C
oV
The CEut
EnploysPohifiue ce dack
oufpud edback tne nen .inuettsang
nput Vtoa the Totntial drvide Bme y
and
AMume that C i înskaly unchalged
and u voltaje at the fnuekn9- inpu
Sahty le than +he VoHage at e no

Th output Volta coftt iRe

inuetttn p votage at u
and He
aprdy +Vcc
t Atse éxponenftal
of ( ean
inus inp
a Capalths chasges Aough R
Vetta at tnuet na lp
>Euntually
Ualu hat Caufes 4e
CO haw klaclr& a

inueans put &xcos

Velta
hat Phelert
A Port ue ofp vota PtRapd(y
zal t Uce , CapacaC wt then Btast

clalR
clan oos dinecron and tte

vata oLt fnulkn COT

x povuantal
Uo Ha odie tnuiin4 1
kuentually a Ualu hatCauley
eoached

4 nueatmg to e l tuan
H Uo Hae

hat
Phekent at ttu nm- muestmg
elp
lp.
 Prini Vella
Cycle
fiafilly
9tcpcat
Th pfc tesholI Volayo orr

V Ce
ltn y
Volfage orll e
Tue gegholA

- Jct
Sme (onplst
mally ftm
Poduced y th
Cycs0 tut
of wauelam
talds Ot(a&
T 9RC An 2
CentAolledoA(laA

CPyital
e an Elethontc
A CAytal ltati
Hcd ler mechantc
OKG(Ad Ciu-f
Pezo8lecke
Cyits g
a vibiafng oH
heion.an
an AcAgeca Snas
to Cea
Mobel a
Consfo H nt hown
Caystal
A sonls Mas2 -
o rh 44MH3-
helonant
he
ACT1315
 quot (sustaulVLstes toueer a
poteutia tplu ol auwk

BLRALLU ukLloivou dteutusd ka

utoul ut auuol pluaical ige

Cou a Monqutusaol opetwn

Csuysto
J asduMolameutal wboda OvON

efeuolug 9tDu 00 KHZ to 20 N Hz

L Oohw 0o

ov
2 M H to

Susoiolal OUnol MDU iwsoiolol cAulloteu

Diuii a
oulloteia ciit u poluu SiwsD iala
tuout
wDu 8uusoiolo ullotinuy aPpyiua
exleual Juput
illat plo posibve
vedeeolleatk
Suusoiald ulla hy wucu
ullot
Rlatoiu oL tue
Swsiolad
Re adoltu Nethuelk
3uupialol iulh'aug. E
PHADlue
heiu audkp eAulok
Mutiviltaelu )
Rullohs ulic
Jou
Gusoiala
ae tu ullahl
ullonsl
Ne-Siuuolal

hullehomeu Ex Siugle Stao

OM-Pusoiolal
Phboltee
ohullato
astolde