Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................2
Overview of the Sub-Structure Work Process.......................................................................................2
Key Considerations for Sub-Structure Work.............................................................................................3
CHAPTER FOUR......................................................................................................................................4
Super structure works............................................................................................................................4
Types of Super Structure Works............................................................................................................5
1. Foundations............................................................................................................................................5
2. Walls......................................................................................................................................................5
3. Columns.................................................................................................................................................5
4. Beams.....................................................................................................................................................5
5. Floors.....................................................................................................................................................5
Importance of Super Structure Works.......................................................................................................6
Restoration of buildings.............................................................................................................................6
1. Assessment.............................................................................................................................................6
2. Design....................................................................................................................................................6
3. Implementation......................................................................................................................................6
4. Completion.............................................................................................................................................7
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................7

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION.

This report aims to provide an overview of substructure works, including the purpose
of substructure works, the types of sub structure works, and the safety considerations
associated with this type of construction.

Substructure works refer to the foundations, columns, and other load-bearing elements
that support a structure. They are the most essential part of any construction project
and their safety and stability is paramount. Substructures are typically made up of
reinforced concrete, steel, and/or masonry, de pending on the building’s specific
requirements.

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Substructure works are essential for providing the necessary support on which the
superstructure of a structure is built. They can be used in a variety of applications,
including bridges, tunnels, buildings, and other structures. The purpose of
substructure works is to transfer the loads of the superstructure to the ground, while
also preventing any unwanted movement of the structure itself.

Substructure works are divided into two main categories: piles and caissons. Piles are
long cylindrical columns made of reinforced concrete, steel, or timber, designed to
transfer the loads of the superstructure to the ground. Caissons are large boxes made
of reinforced concrete, steel, and/or masonry, which are sunk into the ground to serve
as foundations for bridges and other structures.

In addition to piles and caissons, there are other forms of substructure works that can
be used for different applications. These include spread footings, mat foundations, and
pile caps. Each of these elements serves a specific purpose in ensuring the stability
and safety of a structure.

When undertaking any type of substructure work, it is essential to consider the safety
of workers and the public. Proper safety measures should be taken to ensure that the
works are carried out safely and effectively. This includes the use of personal
protective equipment, risk assessments, safe working practices, and proper
supervision.

In conclusion, substructure works are essential to the stability and safety of any
structure. It is important to understand the purpose of these works and the various
types of sub structure works that can be used in different applications. Furthermore, it
is essential to consider the safety of the workers and the public when undertaking
substructure works

Sub-structure works are an essential part of any building construction project. They
involve the excavation, installation, and proper backfilling of all foundation elements
such as footings, piles, and retaining walls, as well as the installation of any necessary
drainage systems. Sub-structure works are necessary for the successful completion of
any building project, as they provide the necessary support and stability that is needed
to ensure the building’s structural integrity.

CHAPTER TWO
Overview of the Sub-Structure Work Process

The sub-structure work process begins with the excavation of the foundation area.
This process involves the removal of any existing soil, rocks, and other obstacles that
may be present, in order to provide a level area for the foundation to be built upon.
This process may also involve the use of excavation machinery such as backhoes,
excavators, and bulldozers, to ensure that the excavation is conducted properly and
efficiently.

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Once the foundation area has been properly excavated, the next step is to install the
necessary foundation elements. This includes footings, piles, and retaining walls, all
of which are used to provide the necessary support and stability to the building’s
structure. Footings are typically created by pouring concrete into a formwork, and are
placed at the base of the foundation to ensure proper support. Piles are generally used
if the building’s foundation is located in an area with unstable soils, and they are
typically made of steel or concrete, depending on the type of soil present. Retaining
walls are used to provide lateral support to the foundation, and are typically
constructed out of concrete blocks or poured concrete.

Once the foundation elements have been properly installed, the next step is to
properly backfill the area. This process involves the use of fill material such as sand,
gravel, and soil, in order to ensure that the foundation area is level and properly
supported. The backfilling process is essential in order to ensure that the foundation is
secure, and that the building’s structure is properly supported.

In addition to the installation of the foundation elements and backfilling process, the
sub-structure work process also includes the installation of any necessary drainage
systems. This includes the installation of pipes and drainage channels, which are used
to ensure proper water drainage away from the building. This is essential in order to
avoid any potential water damage to the building’s structure.

Key Considerations for Sub-Structure Work

When undertaking a sub-structure work project, there are several key considerations
that must be taken into account in order to ensure the successful completion of the
project. These considerations include:

1. Site Investigation: Prior to commencing any work, it is essential to conduct a

thorough site investigation, in order to identify any existing obstacles or hazards that
may be present. This includes examining the soil conditions, determining the slope of
the ground, and identifying any underground utilities that may be present.

2. Excavation: It is important to ensure that the excavation process is properly planned

and executed in order to ensure that the foundation area is properly prepared. This
includes confirming the depth of the excavation, determining the size of the
foundation area, and verifying that the excavation machinery is properly maintained
and operated.

3. Foundation Elements: It is essential to ensure that the foundation elements are

properly installed in order to provide the necessary support and stability for the
building’s structure. This includes verifying that the correct type of foundation
elements are used, that the foundation elements are installed correctly, and that the
foundation elements are properly backfilled.

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4. Drainage Systems: The installation of any necessary drainage systems is essential
in order to ensure proper water drainage away from the building. This includes
installing the appropriate pipes and drainage channels, and ensuring that the drainage
systems are properly connected to the existing sewer and drainage systems.

Sub-structure works are an essential part of any building construction project, and
involve the excavation, installation, and proper backfilling of all foundation elements,
as well as the installation of any necessary drainage systems. The key considerations
for successful sub-structure work include conducting a thorough site investigation,
properly planning and executing the excavation process, installing the correct
foundation elements, and installing any necessary drainage systems. When properly
planned and executed, sub-structure works can help ensure the successful completion
of any building construction project.

Foundation works can refer to a variety of tasks involved in the construction of a

foundation for a structure, such as a building. These tasks often include excavation,
grading, pouring concrete, and erecting structural steel components. Other activities
can include the installation of footings, walls, and drainage systems. Foundation
works may also include foundation waterproofing measures and the installation of
geotechnical instruments.

1. Slab-on-grade foundation: This type of foundation is generally used when the

soil conditions are good and the structure is relatively light. It is usually made
of concrete poured onto a level, compacted soil base.

2. Pile foundation: This type of foundation is used when the soil conditions are
unfavorable or the structure is too heavy for a slab-on-grade foundation. Piles are
driven deep into the ground and used to transfer the load of the structure down to
more stable soil layers.

3. Foundation wall: This type of foundation consists of a continuous wall

constructed of concrete, masonry, or wood. It is used to support heavy structures or to
provide extra stability in areas with poor soil conditions.

4. Trench footing: This type of foundation is constructed by digging a trench and

filling it with concrete. It is generally used to support structures with light loads.

5. Caissons: These are large, cylindrical structures that are sunk into the ground
and filled with concrete. They are used to support large structures with heavy loads.

CHAPTER FOUR
Super structure works

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a building on a building site are the most important and fundamental elements in the
construction of a building. Super structure works include the structural framework of
the building that is made of various structural systems and materials, such as steel,
concrete, and masonry. The structural elements of a building consist of its
foundations, walls, columns, beams, and floors. This essay will discuss the different
types of super structure works and their importance in a building's construction.

Types of Super Structure Works

1. Foundations
Foundations are the first and most important element of a building's super structure
works. Foundations are used to support and bear the load of the entire building
structure. They are typically made of concrete, masonry, or steel and are used to
transfer the building's weight to a solid ground. Foundations can also be used to
protect the building from water, corrosion, and other potential damages.

2. Walls
Walls are the second most important element of a building's super structure works.
Walls can be made of different materials such as brick, concrete, wood, and stone.
Walls provide both structural integrity and insulation to the building. They are used to
divide the building into smaller rooms and spaces, as well as provide privacy and
security.

3. Columns
Columns are another important element of a building's super structure works. They
are typically made of steel or reinforced concrete and are used to support the weight
of the building's floors and walls. Columns can be used to provide structural support
for the entire building, as well as to divide it into smaller sections.

4. Beams
Beams are structural members that are used to transfer the weight of the building from
one part of the structure to another. Beams can be made of steel, timber, or reinforced
concrete, and they are typically used to create strong and rigid structures. Beams are
often used to support the floors and walls of a building, and they can also be used to
create an open plan space.

5. Floors
Floors are the final element of a building's super structure works. Floors can be made
of different materials such as wood, concrete, or tile. Floors are used to provide a

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level and durable surface for the building's occupants to walk on. Floors can also be
used to create a sense of openness in a building and to divide the structure into
different sections.

Importance of Super Structure Works

Super structure works are essential for the safety and stability of a building. The
structural framework of a building needs to be strong and rigid in order to be able to
support the weight of the building, as well as to protect it from external forces such as
wind and earthquakes. Super structure works are also important for ensuring the
building is energy-efficient and comfortable for its occupants.

Super structure works are essential for the safety and stability of a building. The
different types of super structure works include foundations, walls, columns, beams,
and floors. These elements are used to provide stability, support, and insulation to the
building. Super structure works are important for the safety and comfort of a
building's occupants, as well as for ensuring the building is energy-efficient and
secure.

Restoration of buildings
is a growing industry, especially in the wake of the many natural and man-made
disasters that have occurred in recent years. Building restoration is a complex process
that requires a great deal of knowledge of both the building and its environment. This
report will provide a detailed overview of the building restoration process, from the
initial assessment of the structure, through the design and implementation of the
restoration works, to the final completion of the project.

1. Assessment
The first step in the building restoration process is an assessment of the building and
its environment. During this stage, the condition of the structure is evaluated and any
potential problems or hazards are identified. This stage is critical, as it will determine
the nature and scope of the restoration works required. The assessment should include
a detailed survey of the building, its surroundings, and any structural features such as
foundations, walls, roofs and other features.

2. Design
Once the assessment is complete, the design of the restoration works can begin.
During this stage, the design team will review the survey results and identify the
necessary restoration works, such as structural repairs, material replacement, and any
other treatments or improvements necessary. The design should take into account the
existing structure, local building codes, and any other applicable regulations.

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3. Implementation
The implementation of the restoration works is the next step in the process. During
this stage, the restoration team will begin to repair and replace any damaged
materials, and any other necessary treatments or improvements. This stage will also
involve the installation of any new features or systems, such as electrical, plumbing,
and air conditioning systems.

4. Completion
The final stage of the building restoration process is the completion of the project.
During this stage, the restoration team will inspect the works to ensure that all
materials and systems have been properly installed and tested. Finally, the restoration
team will complete the project by cleaning up any debris, making any necessary
repairs, and preparing the building for occupancy.

Conclusion
The building restoration process is a complex undertaking, requiring a great deal of
knowledge and expertise. This report has provided a detailed overview of the process,
from the initial assessment of the structure, through the design and implementation of
the restoration works, to the final completion of the project. By understanding the
various steps involved in the process, building owners and restoration teams can
ensure that the restoration works are completed in a safe and efficient manner.

Restoration of a building is a complex process that requires a great amount of

research, planning, and work. Whether it is a historic building or a modern building,
the process of restoration requires a deep understanding of the structure and its
components. This essay will discuss the process of restoring a building, from the
initial planning to the execution of the project. It will cover the different elements of
restoration, such as surveying the building, assessing its condition, preparing the right
materials, and executing the work. The essay will also discuss the importance of
preserving the original design and character of the building, and how to do so.
Additionally, it will provide examples of different building restoration projects, and
their outcomes.

The Basics of Building Restoration

Before beginning a building restoration project, a survey of the building must be

conducted. This survey should include an assessment of the building's condition and
its features. The survey should also include a list of materials that will be needed to
complete the project, such as lumber, mortar, and any special items that may be

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required. Once the survey is complete, a plan of action must be created to ensure that
the restoration is done properly.

When it comes to restoring a building, it is important to remember that the goal is to

preserve the original design, character, and integrity of the building. In order to do
this, the original materials and techniques should be used whenever possible. When
replacing materials, such as wood, brick, or stone, it is important to use materials that
are similar in quality, color, and texture to the original materials. Additionally, when
making repairs, it is important to use materials that are appropriate for the building's
age and style.

Ensuring Structural Integrity

The structural integrity of a building is essential for its safety and longevity. When
restoring a building, it is important to ensure that the structure is sound and stable.
This can be done by inspecting the building thoroughly and making necessary repairs
and reinforcements. In some cases, the building's foundation may need to be
reinforced, or the entire structure may need to be replaced. In other cases, the
structure may need to be supported or braced to ensure that it does not move or
become unstable.

Preserving Original Features

When restoring a building, it is important to preserve its original features and

character. Original features, such as windows, doors, trim, and moldings, should be
maintained whenever possible. If any of the original elements have been damaged or
destroyed, they should be replaced with materials that match the original as closely as
possible. Additionally, any new features, such as lighting or plumbing, should be
designed in a way that complements the original design.

Execution of the Project

Once the plans for the restoration have been finalized, it is time to begin the actual
work. Depending on the scope and complexity of the project, it may be necessary to
hire professional contractors to complete the work. It is important to hire a contractor
who is experienced in restoring historic buildings and who has the necessary skills
and knowledge to ensure the project is done correctly.

Restoring a building is a complex process that requires extensive planning, research,

and work. It is important to survey the building, assess its condition, and prepare the
right materials before beginning the project. Additionally, it is essential to preserve
the original design, character, and integrity of the building, and use materials and
techniques that are appropriate for its age and style. Finally, it is important to hire
experienced professionals to ensure that the project is done correctly. With the right
planning and execution, a building restoration project can be a success.

1. Plan the project: The first stage in a building restoration project is to plan the
project. This involves understanding the scope of the project, the timeline, budget and

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materials needed for the project. It is important to plan for safety and sustainability to
ensure the project is completed in an efficient and compliant manner.

2. Assess the current condition: Once a plan is in place, the next step is to assess the
current condition of the building. This includes looking at the structure, the
foundation, the walls, the roof and the windows. It is important to identify any
possible hazards that could be present, such as mold, asbestos or structural issues.

3. Select materials: Once the current condition of the building has been determined, it
is time to select the materials needed to restore the building. This includes selecting
paint, plaster, flooring, fixtures and other items. It is important to choose materials
that will properly restore the building while maintaining its historical integrity.

4. Begin the restoration: After the materials have been chosen, the restoration process
can begin. This can include replacing the roof, repainting the walls, restoring original
fixtures, refinishing flooring and more. Depending on the scope of the project, this
process can take several weeks or months.

5. Finalize the project: Once the restoration is complete, the next step is to make sure
the building is safe and compliant with all local regulations. This can include
installing smoke detectors, fire extinguishers, and other safety features. Once this is
done, the building is ready for occupancy.

1. Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar

Fasil Ghebbi is a fortress-city located in the historic region of Gondar, Ethiopia. It
was built by Emperor Fasilidas and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The fortress-
city has been the subject of extensive restoration since the 1970s, involving the
restoration of the palaces, fortifications, and churches within the city.

2. Negash Mosque, Tigray

Negash Mosque is the oldest known mosque in Ethiopia and is believed to date back
to the 10th century. The mosque underwent extensive renovation from 2010 to 2013,
funded by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture and the Negash Foundation. The
renovation included the reconstruction of the mosque’s walls, the restoration of its
Islamic decorative elements, and the provision of new sanitary facilities.

3. Yekatit 12 Monument, Addis Ababa

Yekatit 12 Monument is a memorial erected in Addis Ababa in 1960 in
commemoration of the victims of a massacre that took place on the same day in 1937.
The monument underwent restoration in 2013, involving the replacement of the
central brass tree and the construction of a new mast.