GENERAL CHEMISTRY- REVIEWER Examples: Texture, Color, Odor, Hardness,

Density
LESSON 1: MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES
 EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES
MATTER - Depend so much on the amount or quantity of matter.
Examples: Volume, Mass, Length, Area
- anything that occupies SPACE and has MASS  CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- Includes all that can and cannot be seen - Change in composition occurs during the
- Includes all that can be touched determination or measurement of these properties.
* Everything we see and use are form of matter (not matter- Examples: Exposure of peeled potatoes to air
energy, sound, light) causes it to oxidize and so, turn brown.
Silver jewelry tarnish, Flammability,
PARTICLES COMPOSING MATTER: Corrosiveness, Reactivity with acids
THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND ITS VARIOUS
 ATOMS - smallest particles FORMS
 MOLECULES - compose of atom
 IONS - particles w/ charges

STATES OF MATTER

I II III

I. SOLID
- closely packed; restricted motion SUBSTANCE - form of matter that has a definite (constant)
- fixed shape and volume composition and distinct properties.
- cannot be compressed
PURE SUBSTANCE
- Strong forces between the particles
II. LIQUID - Are always homogeneous
- far apart; free movement - Made up of only one kind of matter
- fixed volume but does not have fixed shape - Have definite composition
- cannot be compressed easily - Have definite melting and boiling points
- weaker than the forces in a solid
III. GAS ELEMENTS
- very far apart; very free (chaotic) movement - Have a definite or fixed, composition and distinct
- does not have fixed shape or volume properties.
- can be compressed easily - Pure substances that are made up of only one kind of
- weak forces between the particles atoms.
- particles can vibrate, rotate and move freely - It cannot be broken down into simpler substances
- rate of collision is greater than the rate of collision in a simply because it is the simplest form of matter.
liquid
Elements are further classified as:
PLASMA
 Metals
- made up of electrons and ions of gases
 Non-metals
- require special conditions to maintain state
 Metalloids
- requires electricity

PHASE CHANGES OF MATTER

METALS

- Hard
- Ductile, they can be made into thin wires
- They are also malleable; they can be hammered
without breaking them
- Good conductors of heat and electricity

Example Of Metals:

Change in the energy of a system can cause the particles to 1. Aluminum -most common metallic element in the earth’s
move faster or slower resulting in changes in the arrangement crust -used in
and attractive forces existing among molecules. Matter changes manufacture of aluminum foil, door knobs, kitchen utensils,
from one state to another depending on the energy content of and air planes
the system. 2. Copper- cheap metal -
PROPERTIES OF MATTER: used for electrical wirings

 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 3. Silver and Gold -used before in manufacture of coins -used
- No change in composition takes place during the for jewelry making
determination or measurement of these properties. 4. Calcium -used in the production of steel and glass, utilize in
Examples: Color, Odor, Taste, Volume, constructing roads
Hardness, Density, Boiling point, Texture,
Electrical conductivity, Solubility, Malleability, 5. Cobalt -is present in Vitamin B12 used in the treatment of
Tensile strength anemia
 INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
NONMETALS
- Not dependent on the amount of matter.
Dependent on the kind or quality of matter.
 - Easily break
- They cannot be hammered and molded without
breaking
- They are insulators
- Like metals, non-metals have many uses also
Example Of Nonmetals:
1. Oxygen - used in welding and in converting iron (a metal)
2. Sulfur- Amino acids, the major component of proteins
contain sulphur
3. Nitrogen -exists as nitrogen gas
present in plants and animals in the form of proteins
-in its nitrate form it is used in making fertilizers
METALLOIDS
• Remember that compounds can be only formed if the
right amounts of its components are present. Compounds
are only formed when elements are present in a definite
proportion by mass!
• Compounds are represented with symbols known as
chemical formulae. A chemical formula shows the
elemental parts or components of a compound. The number
written on the lower right side of the symbol of the element
is the subscript.
• The subscript tells the number of atoms of each
- element in the compound. An atom is the smallest particle
present in an element.
Chemical Formulas and Chemical Names of Some
Common Compounds

- Behave like metals and non-metals

- They have the same physical appearance as metals
- They behave chemically like non-metals

Compound and Compound Components

Example of Metalloid:

1. Silicon - occurs in the form of silica and sand, silica is

the combination of silicon and oxygen MIXTURE (Homogeneous And Heterogeneous Mixtures)

o MIXTURE
- Physical combination of two or more pure substances.
- The components of mixture can be mixed in any
proportion.
- The characteristics of the components of mixture are
retained in the mixture.
- Mixture can be separated by ordinary physical
processes.
Question: What happens when the salt solution is
heated?
- What does this imply? It implies that mixtures can be
COMPOUND separated by ordinary physical process i.e.
evaporation. Because mixture is just a physical
- Have a definite or fixed, composition and distinct combination of pure substances.
properties.
- Pure substances made up of two or more kinds of
atoms.

ELEMENT + ELEMENT = COMPOUND?

Does the combination of an element plus an element always

result to a compound?

- If two metals are just physically combined, it will

result to the formation of an alloy. Alloy is not a
compound.

COMPOUND

- Is a combination of elements. But remember that a

compound is a chemical combination of two or more
elements. A chemical combination results to a
formation of a new substance.

QUESTION:

1. Were you able to separate the water into its components

– hydrogen gas and oxygen gas?

What does this imply?

• This implies that physical processes cannot be used to

separate the components of water.