Biomedical

Instrumentation Design 1
BMI–D1
By:
Dr. Nebras H. Ghaeb
 Course Outlines
N Topics N Topics
1 Introduction BMI – D1 8 Exam no. 2
2 Basic Concepts 9 Biopotential signals
3 Basic sensors 1 10 ECG
4 Basic sensors 2 11 EMG
5 Exam no. 1 12 EEG
6 Amplifiers and signals 1 13 1st Term exam
7 Amplifiers and signals 2 14 Seminar no.1

Item Score Total Mark

Quiz 3 15

Term exam 10 20

Seminar 1 5

Total 40
Extra +2
 Welcome on Board

Biomedical Instrumentation Design 1

1. Understand the basic concepts of the:
MEDICAL MEASUREMENTS

2. Understand the basic concepts of:

SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS

3. Understand the general:

MEDICAL SYSTEM DIAGRAM

4. Understand the general:

MEDICAL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY

01 – Week 01
1. Introduction to BMI – D1
1. Terminology of Medical Devices.
2. Generalized Medical Instrumentation System.
3. Modes of Operation for Medical Devices.
4. Medical Instrumentation Constraints.
5. Classification of Biomedical Instruments.
6. Interfering and modifying Inputs.
7. Compensation Techniques.
8. Generalized Static Characteristics.
9. Generalized Dynamic Characteristics.

02 – Week 01
1. Terminology of Medical Devices
Basic
Sciences

Specialization Biomedical Medical

Course Engineering Courses

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/

Dictionary of Medical Eponyms

03 – Week 01
The label used to describe a medical instruments or device should be:
1. Instructive,
2. Reliable, and
3. Short-term.

1. The annual Health Device Sourcebook is a directory of U.S. and Canadian medical
device products, trade names, manufacturers and related services.
2. This book uses internationally accepted nonculture and a numerical coding system for
over 5000 product categories.
3. This book was written by the ECRI Institute (formerly the "Emergency Care
Research Institute"), is an independent nonprofit organization that researches
approaches to improving patient care.
4. The Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation (Webster, 2006) has
many details descriptions.

04 – Week 01
2. Generalized Medical Instrumentation System.

05 – Week 01
2.1. Measurand

1. The physical amount, property, or state what the system measures

is called the Measurand.
2. The availability of the Measurand is significant because;
a. It may be internal (blood pressure),
b. It may be on the body surface (electrocardiogram potential),
c. It may originate from the body (infrared radiation), or
d. It may be derived from a tissue sample (such as blood or a
biopsy) that is removed from the body.
3. Most medically essential Measurand can be grouped in the
following classes:
a. Biopotential, pressure, flow, dimensions (imaging),
b. Displacement (velocity, acceleration, and force),
c. Impedance,
d. Temperature, and
e. Chemical concentrations.
4. The Measurand may be restricted to an exact organ or anatomical
structure.

06 – Week 01
2.2. Sensors and Transducers.

Commonly the term:

Transducer is defined as a device that convert one form of
energy to another.
Sensor converts a physical Measurand to an electric output.

Many sensors have:

1. A primary sensing element such as a diaphragm, which
converts pressure to displacement.
2. A variable conversion element, such as a strain gage, then
converts displacement to an electrical voltage.
3. Sometimes the sensitivity of the sensor can be adjusted over
a wide range by altering the primary sensing element.
4. Many variable conversion elements need external electric
power to obtain a sensor output.

07 – Week 01
2.3. Preprocessing.

1. Usually the sensor / transducer output had a range of millivolts.

2. Needs to be amplified initially and processed finally.
3. The gain of the amplifier on this stage depends strongly on the
next stage requirements.
4. Often the output are converted to digital form and then processed
by specialized digital circuits or a microcomputer as there will be
logic and arithmetic units.

08 – Week 01
2.4. Logic and Mathematical Calculations.

1. Basic and complicated modes of calculations for the

raw amplified data gathered from the patient's body
through the sensor / transducer are done on this element.
2. For example, signal filtering adjustment, based on
operator selection mode, mathematical manipulation
between inputs to calculate required parameter and so
on.

09 – Week 01
2.5. Post Processing.

1. Processing here to final output elements,

2. Either based on manipulating the signal to match the
requirement of the output elements
3. Or to adjust the scale of
1. time,
2. frequency and
3. signal level for the real shape mode.
4. Specialized digital circuits or a microcomputer is example,
1. To average repetitive signal
2. To reduce noise,
3. Or it may convert information from the time domain to
the frequency domain, is a good example of it.

10 – Week 01
2.6. Output.
1. The results of the measurement procedure must be
demonstrated to an arrangement that the human operator can
identify.
2. The finest form of the display may be:
a. Arithmetical or graphical,
b. Discrete or continuous,
c. Long-lasting or brief,
d. Depending on the specific Measurand and how the
operator will use the evidence.
3. Although most displays depend on our past experience, some
information (Doppler ultrasound signals, for example) is best
perceived by the other senses (here, the auditory sense).
4. The different modes suggested in Figure are almost used in
most of the medical devices, either alone or by matching
number of them according to the device design criteria.

11 – Week 01
 2.7. Control System.

1. A calibration signals with the properties of the Measurand should be applied to the
sensor / transducer input or
2. As early in the signal – processing series as possible.
3. Many form into control and feedback may be requisite to elicit the Measurand, to fine-
tune the sensor and signal conditioner, and to direct the flow of output for display,
storage, or transmission.
4. Control or feedback may be automatic or manual.
5. Data may be stored concisely to meet the requirements of the signal conditioning or to
allow the operator to examine data that precede alarm conditions.
6. Otherwise, data may be stored before the signal conditioning, so that different
processing arrangements can be used.
7. Conventional principles of communications can often be used to transmit data onto
remote displays at nurses’ stations, medical centers, or medical data – processing
facilities.

12 – Week 01