GIS - Step by Step Illustration

PRACTICAL RECORD
REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

UNIQUE PAPER CODE:12291501
SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT OF DEGREE
B.A. (Honours) Geography
Submitted By:-
EKTA KUMARI
Semester V
3rd Year
Roll No. 19033513023
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
KALINDI COLLEGE
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
2020-2021
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CERTIFICATE
This to certify that the practical file submitted by Ekta Kumari (19513029) in partial fulfilment of the
requirement of degree B.A.(Honours) in Geography for the paper ‘Remote Sensing and GIS (practical) to the
Department of Geography, Kalindi College, University of Delhi, is a record of the student, prepared under the
supervision of her teacher Mr. Akhilesh Mishra.
Mr. Akhilesh Mishra

(Assistant Professor)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I, take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to our principal madam Dr. Naina
Hasija and T.I.C., Dr. Seema Sahdev and our teacher Mr. Akhilesh Mishra for their exemplary guidance,
monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this long way in the journey of life. I also
take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to my classmates and fellow field researchers for their
cordial support, valuable information and guidance, which helped me in completing this task through various
stages. I would also thank authorities of Kalindi College and the University of Delhi for introducing such a
valuable subject in our curriculum. It has been a great which will help me throughout my life.
Last, I would extend my gratitude to my parents and all those persons who have been knowingly or
unknowingly involved in my study.
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CONTENTS
S. TOPIC Page REMARKS

No -No.
1. EXERCISE 1: PHOTO SCALE 6-12
2. EXERCISE 2: ANNOTATION OF AERIAL 13-30
PHOTOGRAPHY AND SATELLITE IMAGERY
3. EXERCISE 3: GEOREFERENCING 31-42
4. EXERCISE 4: RUBBER SHEET 43-50
5. EXERCISE 5: DIGITIZATION 51-76
1. SPATIAL DATA CREATION
 Polygon
 Point
 Line
2. NON-SPATIAL DATA CREATION
 Adding data to layer
6. EXERCISE 6: THEMATIC MAPS 77-
1. ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
2. CHOROPLETH
102
3. PIE-DIAGRAM
4. HISTOGRAM
7. EXERCISE 7: QUERY(SQL) 103-
1. SELECT FEATURE BY GRAPHICS
 Select Feature(s)
136
 Select Features by Polygon
 Select Features by Freehand
 Select Features by Radius
2. SELECT FEATURE BY VALUE
3. SELECT FEATURE BY EXPRESSION
4. SELECT FEATURE BY LOCATION
8. EXERCISE 8: OVERLAY (GEO-PROCESSING) 137-

1. BUFFER
160
 Reprojection
2. CLIP
3. CONVEX HULL
4. DIFFRENCE
5. DISSOLVE
6. INTERSECTION
7. SYMMETRICAL DIFFERENCE
8. UNION
4
9. EXERCISE 9: RASTER ANALYSIS 161-
1. NDVI 191
2. NDWI
3. HILLSHADE
4. RELIEF
5. CONTOURS
10. EXERCISE 10: WATERSHADE 192-
194
APPENDIX 1 195-
APPENDIX 2
229
LAYOUTS
LAYOUT 1: ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS ............................................................................ 85

LAYOUT 2: CHOROPLETH ......................................................................................................... 93
LAYOUT 3: PIE DIAGRAM ......................................................................................................... 98
LAYOUT 4: HISTOGRAM.......................................................................................................... 102
LAYOUT 5: NDVI ....................................................................................................................... 170
LAYOUT 6: NDWI....................................................................................................................... 176
LAYOUT 7: HILLSHADE ........................................................................................................... 189
LAYOUT 8: RELIEF .................................................................................................................... 190
LAYOUT 9: CONTOURS ............................................................................................................ 191
LAYOUT 10: WATERSHED ....................................................................................................... 194
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EXERCISE 1: PHOTO SCALE
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PHOTO SCALE
The scale of an aerial photograph is the ratio of the distance on the photo to the correspondingdistance on the
ground, i.e. 1 unit on the photo equals "x" units on the ground.
METHODS OF DETERMINING SCALE OF VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHS
1. Scale of vertical photograph over a flat terrain:-
i. Computing Scale by Relating Focal Length to Altitude Above-Ground-Level:-
Scale can be expressed in terms of camera focal length f, and flying height above the groundH, by equating the
geometrically similar triangles ∠oa and ∠PA in the given figure 1.
Where,
S= Scale
f= Focal length H= Flying height
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P
Figure 1- Two dimensional view of a vertical photograph taken over flat terrain
Example:- Vertical photo taken over flat terrain with 183 mm focal length camera at a height of1830 m above ground.
What is the photo scale?
Solution:- Here,
f= 183 mm
H= 1830m
H = 1830×1000 [because 1m=1000mm]So, H = 1830000mm
S= f / H
S = 183 / 1830000
S = 1 / 10000
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ii. Computing Scale By Ground Measurement vs. Photographic Size:-
The scale, s, of a vertical aerial photograph obtained over nearly level terrain is the ratio of the size of the object as
measured on the aerial photograph, ab, compared to the actual measured length of the object in the real world, AB:
S = ab / AB
This relationship is based on the geometry of similar triangles ∠ ab and ∠ AB [Figure-1].
Example:- If a measured distance from point A to point B on a vertical aerial photograph is 0.113 in. The same distance
measured on the ground is 56.1 ft. What is scale of aerial photograph?
Solution:- Here, ab= 0.113 inches
AB= 56.1 ft = 56.1×12 inches {because 1ft= 12 inches}
= 673.2 inchesScale= ab / AB
= 0.113 / 673.2
Scale = 1 : 5,957
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iii. Scale of vertical photograph over variable terrain:-
a. If flying height H, focal length f and h are available, then scale :-
h is the measurement of the elevation of a point above the sea level and the H is the altitude above sea level. Average
scale can be derived by calculating the scale for minimum elevation point and maximum elevation point, i.e
Figure 2:- Scale of a vertical photograph over variable terrain
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Example:- The highest, average, and lowest terrain points are 610, 460, and 310 m above sea level respectively.
Calculate the maximum scale, minimum scale, and average scale if the flying height above mean sea level is 3000 m and the
camera focal length is 152.4 mm.
Solution:- Smax =f / H- hmax
= 152.4mm / 3000m- 610m
= 152.4mm / 2390× 1000mm [Because 1m=1000mm]
Smax = 1: 15,700
Smin = f / H- hmin
= 152.4mm / 3000m-310m
= 152.4mm/ 2690×1000mm [Because 1m=1000mm]
Smin = 1: 17,700
And ,
Savg = f / H- havg
= 152.4mm / 3000m- 460m
= 152.4mm / 2540×1000mm [Because 1m=1000mm]
Savg = 1: 16,700
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b. If the f, H and h are not available, but a map is available then:-
Example:- The length of an airport runway measures 160 mm on a vertical photograph. On a map, whose scale is
1:24,000, the runway scales 103 mm. What is the scale of the photograph at the runway elevation?
Solution:- Here, Photo distance= 160mm
Map distance= 103mm
Map scale= 1:24,000
Scale= (160 mm /103 mm) * (1/24,000)

Scale =1: 15,450
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EXERCISE 2: ANNOTATION OF AERIAL
PHOTOGRAPH AND SATELLITE
IMAGERY
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AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND SATELLITE IMAGERIES
1. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS:
The photographs taken from an airborne platform (eg.aircraft or helicopter) using a precision camera are termed aerial
photographs. The photographs so obtained have been found to be indispensable tools in the topographical mapping and
interpretation of the images of the objects.
TYPES OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS:
The aerial photographs are classified on the basis of the position of the camera axis, scale, angular extent of coverage and
the film used. The types of the aerial photographs based on the position of optical axis and the scale are given below :
1. Types of Aerial Photographs Based on the Position of the Cameral Axis: On the basis of the position of
the camera axis, aerial photographs are classified into the following types:
i. Vertical Photographs: While taking aerial photographs, two distinct axes are formed from the camera lens
centre, one towards the ground plane and the other towards the photo plane. The perpendicular dropped from
the camera lens centre to the ground plane is termed as the vertical axis, whereas the plumb line drawn from
the lens centre to the photo plane is known as the photographic/optical axis. When the photo plane is kept
parallel to the ground plane, the two axes also coincide with each other. The photograph so obtained is known
as vertical aerial photograph.
Fig.2.1- Vertical Aerial Photograph
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ii. Low Oblique: An aerial photograph taken with an intentional deviation of 15° to 30° in the camera
axis from the vertical axis is referred to as the low oblique photograph. This kind of photograph is often used in
reconnaissance surveys.
Fig.2.2: Low oblique photograph
iii. High Oblique: The high oblique are photographs obtained when the camera axis is intentionally
inclined about 60° from the vertical axis. Such photography is useful in reconnaissance surveys.
Fig.2.3 High oblique photograph

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2. Types of Aerial Photographs Based on Scale:
The aerial photographs may also be classified on the basis of the scale of photograph into threetypes:
(i) Large Scale Photographs: When the scale of an aerial photograph is 1 : 15,000 and larger, the
photography is classified as large-scale photograph.
(ii) Medium Scale Photographs: The aerial photographs with a scale ranging between 1 : 15,000 and 1 :
30,000 are usually treated as medium scale photographs.
(iii) Small Scale Photographs: The photographs with the scale being smaller than 1 : 30,000, are
referred to as small scale photographs.
ADVANTAGES OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY:

The basic advantages that aerial photographs offer over ground based observation are :
a. Improved vantage point: Aerial photography provides a bird’s eye view of large areas, enabling us
to see features of the earth surface in their spatial context.
b. Time freezing ability: An aerial photograph is a record of the surface features at an instance of
exposure. It can, therefore, be used as a historical record.
c. Broadened Sensitivity: The sensitivity of the film used in taking aerial photographs is relatively
more than the sensitivity of the human eyes. Our eyes perceive only in the visible region of the electromagnetic
spectrum, i.e. 0.4 to 0.7 µm whereas the sensitivity of the film ranges from
0.3 to 0.9 µm.
d. Three Dimensional Perspective: Aerial photographs are normally taken with uniform exposure
interval that enables us in obtaining stereo pair of photographs. Such a pair of photographs helps us in getting a
three-dimensional view of the surface photographed.
USES OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS:
Aerial photographs are used in topographical mapping and interpretation. These two different uses have led to the
development of photogrammetry and photo/image interpretation as two independent but related sciences.
Photogrammetry: It refers to the science and technology of making reliable measurements from aerial photographs. The
principles used in photogrammetry facilitate precise measurements related to the length, breadth and height from such
photographs. Hence, they are used as the data source for creating and updating topographic maps.
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Image Interpretation: It is an art of identifying images of objects and judging their relative significance. The principles
of image interpretation are applied to obtain qualitative information from the aerial photographs such as land use/land
cover, topographical forms, soil types, etc. A trained interpreter can thus utilise aerial photographs to analyse the land-use
changes.
Fig.2.4: A labelled aerial photograph
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INTERPRETATION OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH
Objective: Identification of land use and land cover from aerial photograph.
Requirements: Tracing sheets, aerial photos and colour pencils
Procedure:
 First get an aerial photo to interpret

 Find out the land use and land cover classes in the aerial photo now start making a tablewith all the elements
for keys of image interpretation of the features identified in the image.
 After making the table take a tracing sheet and then mark the features on it and then fillthe features with
respective conventional colours
 Also make both line arrows on tracing sheet and write its number. now on below marklegend and on the top
write the annotations.
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
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ANNOTATION OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH:
 Photo specification number : 1415

 Flying agency: A (Indian Air Force)
 Strip number : 31
 Photo number : 4
 Photo frame number : 005
 Time of acquisition : 2:22 PM
 Altitude : 3500 m
 Fiducial marks : (Symbol in the corner of the photograph)
INTERPRETATION ELEMENTS AND KEYS OF LAND USE AND LAND COVER MAPPING
FEATURE TONE SIZE SHAPE TEXTURE PATTERN ASSOCIATION LOCATION

S
Agriculture Light Mediu Irregular Coarse Contiguous Plain region Interspersed
m to by built up and
large water bodies.
patches
Settlements Light Small Irregular Smooth Dispersed Along roads Distributed
between
agricultural
lands
Roads Light Small Regular Smooth Sinuous and Amidst Across
width with contiguous agricultural land agricultural
smooth and settlement lands
curves connecting
settlements
Water bodies Dark Small Sinuous Smooth Contiguous Flood plain Amidst
inwidth and and non- cultivated land
irregular linear
Fallow land Light Small Irregular Smooth Dispersed In between Amidst

patches agricultural lands cultivated land
and near roads
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INTERPRETATION OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH:-
Aerial photograph captured by the Indian Air Force at an altitude of 3500 in the afternoon time depicts a region with five
major features such as cultivated lands, water bodies, settlements, roads and barren land. This reason is dominated by
cultivated lands. The settlements are found intermittently in between the cultivated lands. The cultivated land is healthy
near the water bodies while it is less healthy away from water bodies. This reason is provided with ample road network.
The roads seem to be smaller and provides a good connection between the cultivated lands and settlement. The
settlements are dispersed and are located far away from each other. The canal in this region is meandering and provides
water for irrigation in the cultivated land. The barren landis interspersed among the agricultural reason.
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3. SATELLITE IMAGERIES:
Satellite imagery (also Earth observation imagery, spaceborne photography, or simply satellite photo) are images of Earth
collected by imaging satellites operated by governments and businesses around the world.
USES OF SATELLITE IMAGERIES
Satellite images have many applications in meteorology, oceanography, fishing, agriculture, biodiversity conservation,
forestry, landscape, geology, cartography, regional planning, education, intelligence and warfare. Less mainstream uses
include anomaly hunting, a criticized investigation technique involving the search of satellite images for unexplained
phenomena.[4] Images can be in visible colors and in other spectra. There are also elevation maps, usually made by radar
images.Interpretation and analysis of satellite imagery is conducted using specialized remote sensing software.
INTERPRETATION OF SATELLITE IMAGERIES:-
All of the images one sees in Google Earth, for example, are taken from satellites. Many people think that these images
are the same as maps, but they are not. Maps are representational drawings of Earth features while images are actual
pictures of the Earth. While one may be able to see roads on an image, they are not labeled as roads. One must interpret
what one sees on an image because as it is not labelled.
There are several clues one can use to help in interpreting images. Sometimes one can use the clues separately but most
of the time you have to use more than one clue to figure out what you are seeing. Below are descriptions of the clues
that are used to interpret imagery.
1. Shape
The general outline of objects can help one to determine objects. Some objects have very distinct shapes while others are
more difficult to distinguish. Man-made features tend to have straight edges while natural features do not.
One can tell that this feature is a river because it does not have straight lines.
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Fig.2.5
Whereas this straight feature is a man-made canal.
Fig.2.6
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2. Size
The size of an object can help one to interpret what it is. In this example, there is a middle schoollocated next to houses.
Fig.2.7
3. Pattern
Certain objects have a distinct pattern.Man-made features, such as cities tend to have very regular patterns, while
natural features do not have regular patterns.
This is a picture of the regular street pattern in San Francisco.
Fig.2.8
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Whereas, this picture shows the irregular drainage patterns in the mountains.
Fig.2.9
4. Tone/Color
The brightness and variation of color of an object can help you identify it. For example in this image, this image shows
many different types of crops in agricultural fields.One can see this from the many different shades of green.
Fig.2.10
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5. Shadow
Shadows can provide information about an object’s height and shape. This is an image of buildings in downtown San
Francisco. Shorter buildings have smaller shadows while tallerbuildings have longer shadows.
Fig.2.11
6. Association
Sometimes one can identify an object by what is surrounding it, or what it is associated with.
Fig.2.12: High desert lake

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Fig.2.13: Mountain lake
7. Spatial Resolution
The other term one needs to know when working with satellite imagery on a computer is spatial resolution. This refers to
how much detail one can see on the ground. For example, when image zoomed out in Google Earth (looking at large
areas with less detail), you are looking at Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite imagery that has a spatial resolution of 30
meters.30 meters is about the size of a baseball diamond.
As one zoom in to Google Maps, the satellite imagery changes to a very high spatial resolution imagery of about 1 meter,
sometimes less. Google acquires these images from different sources. Note that not all areas in Google maps have high
spatial resolution imagery.
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INTERPRETING SATELLITE IMAGERY OF THE ALLAHABAD CITY
OBJECTIVE:-
To analyse the land use and land cover of the area captured in satellite imagery.
Requirements:-
Tracing Sheet, Satellite Imagery, scale, marker and colouring items.
PROCEDURE:-
1. First acquire a satellite imagery to interpret.
2. Then find out the land use and land cover features in the satellite imagery. Now make a table containing
the interpretation of all the elements or features identified in the image.
3. After table formation, take a tracing sheet and mark the features with the marker and colour them with
different colours; such as light red colour to settlements, blue colour to water bodies, dark green to forestcover,
etc.
4. Also draw a boundary around the image on the tracing sheet by marking its imagery details given ofthe
top and bottom of the imagery and the map scale too present on it.
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ANNOTATION OF SATELLITE IMAGERY:-
1. Name of the Satellite Imagery: LANDSAT

2. Name of the Sensor: OLI
3. Spatial Resolution: 30 meter
4. Colour Composition: False Colour Composite (FCC)
Blue Band -2
Green Band -3
Red Band -4
5. Path and Rows: Path - 143 and Row – 042

6. Date of Pass: 27 November, 2017
7. Number of Bands: 03
8. Projection: UTM, Zone 44
9. Datum: World Geodetic System (WGS) – 1984
10. Source:- United States Geological Survey [USGS], Earth Explorer
INTERPRETATION ELEMENTS AND KEYS OF LAND USE AND LAND COVER

MAPPING:-
S.NO FEATURES TONE/COLOU SIZE/SHAP TEXTURE PATTERN

R E
1. SETTLEMENT RED LARGE FINE COMPACT
2. FOREST GREEN SMALL TO FINE DISCONTINU
MEDIUM OUS
3. RIVER BLUE SMALL TO FINE CURVED
MEDIUM
4. SAND WHITE SMALL TO ROUGH IRREGULAR
MEDIUM
INTERPRETATION :-
The satellite imagery was captured from Landsat and the sensor used in it was OLI. The
satellite image was taken on 27 November, 2017. The satellite imagery extends from 81°45´0´´ E to 81°54´0´´E and
25°24´0´´ N to 25°30´0´´ N longitunally and latitudinally respectively. The satellite imagery region is dominated by built-
up area. There is small area of forest or vegetation among other feature. River is curved and continuous and passes
through both the built up region and forest cover. The width of river is quite large. The density of settlement is very high
means there are a compact settlement.
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EXERCISE 3: GIS AND GEOREFERENCING
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GIS
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system build to capture, store, manipulate, analyze,
manage and display all kinds of spatial or geographical data. GIS application are tools that allow end users
to perform spatial query, analysis, edit spatial data and create hard copy maps. In simple way GIS can be
define as an image that is referenced to the earth or has x and y coordinate and it’s attribute values are
stored in the table. These x and y coordinates are based on different projection system and there are various
types of projection system. Most of the time GIS is used to create maps and to print. To perform the basic
task in GIS, layers are combined, edited and designed.
Geographic information systems are utilized in multiple technologies, processes, techniques and methods. It
is attached to various operations and numerous applications, that relate to: engineering, planning,
management, transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, and business. For this
reason, GIS and location intelligence applications are at the foundation of location-enabled services, that
rely on geographic analysis and visualization. A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system
for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface. By relating
seemingly unrelated data, GIS can help individuals and organizations better understand spatial patterns and
relationships.
GIS technology is a crucial part of spatial data infrastructure, which the White House defines as “the
technology, policies, standards, human resources, and related activities necessary to acquire, process,
distribute, use, maintain, and preserve spatial data.”
GIS can use any information that includes location. The location can be expressed in many different ways,
such as latitude and longitude, address, or ZIP code.
Many different types of information can be compared and contrasted using GIS. The system can include
data about people, such as population, income, or education level. It can include information about
the landscape, such as the location of streams, different kinds of vegetation, and different kinds of soil. It
can include information about the sites of factories, farms, and schools, or storm drains, roads, and electric
power lines.
With GIS technology, people can compare the locations of different things in order to discover how they
relate to each other. For example, using GIS, a single map could include sites that produce pollution, such
as factories, and sites that are sensitive to pollution, such as wetlands and rivers. Such a map would help
people determine where water supplies are most at risk.
GEOREFERENCING
Georeferencing means that the internal coordinate system of a map or aerial photo image can be related to a ground
system of geographic coordinates. The relevant coordinate transforms are typically stored within the image file
(GeoPDF and Geo TIFF are examples), though there are many possible mechanisms for implementing
georeferencing. The most visible effect of georeferencing is that display software can show ground coordinates (such
as latitude/longitude or UTM coordinates) and also measure ground distances and areas. In other words,
Georeferencing means to associate something with locations in physical space.
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Fig.3.1
The term is commonly used in the geographic information systems field to describe the process of associating a
physical map or raster image of a map with spatial locations. Georeferencing may be applied to any kind of object or
structure that can be related to a geographical location, such as points of interest, roads, places, bridges, or buildings.
Geographic locations are most commonly represented using a coordinate reference system, which in turn can be
related to a geodetic reference system such as WGS-84. Examples include establishing the correct position of an
aerial photograph within a map or finding the geographical coordinates of a place name or street address
(Geocoding).
Fig.3.2: Georeferencing an image

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IMPORTANCE OF GEOREFERENCING:
 Georeferencing is crucial for making aerial and satellite imagery, usually raster images, useful for mapping
as it explains how other data, such as the above GPS points, relate to the imagery.
 Different maps use different projection systems. Georeferencing tool contain methods to combine and
overlay these maps with minimum distortions.
 This technique helps in flattening the curved area of a small region into a flat surface for referencing
purposes.
 Data obtained from the surveying may be given at a point of reference from topographic maps by this
application.
 It may be required to establish the significant relationship between the social survey results by the
Georeferencing application.
STEPS INVOLVED IN GEOREFRENSING
Step 1: Click on the icon of QGIS. A box will appear as shown below and will get loaded after a while.
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Step 2: QGIS opens as shown below.
Step 3: Click on Raster ‣ Georeferencer to open the plugin.
35
Step 4: Click on the (Open Raster) icon at the top of the georeferencer window to select and import the raster
image.
36
Step 5: Now we need to assign coordinates to some points on this map. If we look closely, we can see coordinate grid
with markings. Using this grid, we can determine the X and Y coordinates of the points where the grids intersect.
Click on (Add Point) in the toolbar.
Step 6: By (Zoom In) icon, zoom at the intersection point and click on any point then a box pop-up in the
window.
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Step 7: Now zoom out by this icon and enter the coordinates in the pop-up window. Remember that X=longitude
and Y=latitude. Click OK.
Step 8: Now, we can see the GCP table. Similarly, add at least 4 GCPs covering the entire image. The more points
you have, the more accurate your image is registered to the target coordinates.
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Step 9: Click on the (Setting) icon and a window appears.
Here, choose the Transformation type as Linear. Name your output raster. Choose EPSG:4326(or any other name
you want to give of your WGS 84 as the target SRS so the resulting image is in a widely compatible
datum. Make sure to the Load in QGIS when done option is checked. Click OK to continue the procedure.
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Step 10: Now, we can see the residual values in the GCP table.
Step 11: Make sure that the residual value is less than 0.03. If not zoom the image and move the GCP point by
clicking on (Move GCP Point) icon until it becomes less than 0.03.
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Step 12: Here, we can see the residual value of first point which is less than 0.3. Similarly, repeat the process for
other points also.
Step 13: Given below the adjusted residual value of all the points.
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Step 14: Now the image is ready to georeference. Click on the (Start Georeference) icon at the top of the
georeferencing window to complete the process. Now the Andhra Pradesh map that appears on the projected layer is
georeferenced.
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EXERCISE 2: RUBBER SHEET
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RUBBER SHEET
Rubber Sheet is a technique used to assign coordinates to an image. It enables us to do georeferencing even when we
don’t have coordinates information marked or mentioned in our image.
In cartography, rubber sheeting refers to the process by which a layer is distorted to allow it to be
seamlessly joined to an adjacent geographic layer of matching imagery, such as satellite imagery (most
commonly vector cartographic data) which are digital maps. This is sometimes referred to as image-to-
vector conflation. Often this has to be done when layers created from adjacent map sheets are joined
together. Rubber-sheeting is necessary because the imagery and the vector data will rarely match up
correctly due to various reasons, such as the angle at which the image was taken, the curvature of the
surface of the earth, minor movements in the imaging platform (such as a satellite or aircraft), and other
errors in the imagery.
STEPS INVOLVED IN RUBBER SHEET
Step 1: Click on Web ‣ QuickMapServices ‣ Google ‣ Google Normal to open the world map.
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Step 2: Zoom the map at Andhra Pradesh state as shown below.
Step 3: Click on Raster ‣ Georeferencer to open the plugin.
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Step 4: Click on the (Open Raster) icon at the top of the georeferencer window to select and import the raster
image.
Step 5: Click on (Add Point) in the toolbar. Then zoom in the image and click on any intersecting point in the
boundary then a box pop-up in the window. Here, click on the (From Map Canvas) icon.
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Step 6: Zoom in the map and click on the same intersecting point in the boundary as shown below.
Step 7: Now the coordinates appears in the pop-up window. Click OK.
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Step 8: Similarly, add at least 4 GCPs covering the entire image. The more points you have, the more accurate your
image is registered to the target coordinates.
Step 9: Click on the (Setting) icon and a window appears.

Here, choose the Transformation type as Linear. Name your output raster. Choose EPSG:4326(or any other name
you want to give of your WGS 84 as the target SRS so the resulting image is in a widely compatible
datum. Make sure the Load in QGIS when done option is checked. Click OK to continue the procedure.
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Step 10: Now, we can see the residual values in the GCP table.
Step 11: Make sure that the residual value is less than 0.03. If not zoom the image and move the GCP point by
clicking on (Move GCP Point) icon until it becomes less than 0.03. Similarly, repeat the process for other points
also.
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Step 12: Given below the adjusted residual value.
Step 13: Now the image is ready to georeference. Click on the (Start Georeference) icon at the top of the
georeferencing window to complete the process. Now the Andhra Pradesh map that appears on the projected layer is
georeferenced.
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EXERCISE 3: DIGITIZATION
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DIGITIZATION
The process of converting an analogue map into a digital format is known as “Digitization”. This process
becomes necessary when available data is gathered in formats that cannot be immediately integrated with
other GIS data. The x, y coordinates of point, line and polygon features are recorded and stored as the
spatial data. The features attributes are also recorded during the digitizing process. It is the most common
and labour intensive method to create a spatial database. The method is used especially when existing maps
are available as the source of data.
Traditionally, digitizing means the creation of a spatial dataset from a hardcopy source such as a paper map or a plan.
On-screen digitizing is the creation of a spatial dataset by tracing over features displayed on a computer monitor with
the help of a mouse. In both cases, the newly created dataset picks up the spatial reference of the source document.
SPATIAL DATA
Spatial data, also known as geospatial data, is information about a physical object that can be represented by
numerical values in a geographic coordinate system. Generally speaking, spatial data represents the location, size and
shape of an object on planet Earth such as a building, lake, mountain or township. Spatial data may also include
attributes that provide more information about the entity that is being represented. Geographic Information Systems
(GIS) or other specialized software applications can be used to access, visualize, manipulate and analyse geospatial
data. Spatial data comprise the relative geographic information about the earth and its features. A pair of latitude and
longitude coordinates defines a specific location on earth.
Spatial data are of two types according to the storing technique-
1. Raster data
2. Vector data.
1. Raster data
Raster data are composed of grid cells identified by row and column. The whole geographic area is divided
into groups of individual cells, which represent an image. Satellite images, photographs, scanned images,
etc., are examples of raster data.
2. Vector data
Vector data are composed of points, lines and polygons with vertices. Vectorization is the process of creation of
different set of layers Viz. Rivers, roads, schools, ward boundaries and building blocks from a single map. Vector
data is easy to edit, update and is more accurate as compared to raster data. Vector data is more efficient for GIS
analysis. Digitizing is important because it lets use do inquiries on the geometry of the produced vector data. Due to
these reasons vectorization is the first step in many GIS projects.
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Vector data is mainly of three types –
a) Polygon: It is a series of (X, Y) coordinates in a sequence closing a figure where first and last points are the same.
For example, lakes, building blocks, village blocks, ward areas and forests etc.
b) Point: It consists of single points having (X, Y) coordinates, for example lamp posts, bus stops and post box positions
etc.
c) Line: It consists a series of (X, Y) coordinates in a sequence (from start node to end node with a number of vertices
joining these two nodes). For example, roads, power lines, ward boundaries and contours etc.
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STEPS INVOLVED IN POLYGON
Step 1: Open the georeferenced raster image of Andhra Pradesh and click on the (New ShapeFile Layer) icon.
Step 2: Do the necessary changes in the window that appears on the screen. Through Browser select the directory
where we want to save our shapefile. Enter the File Name-polygon, Geometry Type- Polygon and select the CRS as
EPSG: 4326 – WGS84 CRS for our districts layer.
Then click OK.
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Step 3: The shapefile with the given name is now created. Click the (Toggle Editing) icon to put the layer in
editing mode as it activates the add feature tool and other tools.
Step 4: Click on the (Add polygon Feature) icon and start digitizing the map.
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Step 5: After the polygon is made, right click and a small pop up window will open which is known as Attributes.
Name it as Andhra Pradesh (district) then press OK.
Step 6: Polygon looks like this.
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Step 7: Right click on polygon in the layer panel. Then click on Properties ‣ Symbology, reduce the opacity and
click OK. Then the map looks like this.
Step 8: Click on (Split features) icon and start splitting the Andhra Pradesh state into its districts.
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Step 9: After the splitting is made, right click and a small pop up window will open which is known as Attributes.
Leave it as Null (district) then press OK.
Step 10: Splitting of 'North Andhra Pradesh' district from the entire state is shown below.
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Step 11: Similarly split the other districts also and after splitting the entire polygon it looks like this.
Step 12: Click on (Open Attribute Table) icon. Then Click on (Dock Attribute Table) icon.
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Step 13: Click on (Select features) icon. Now select any district in the polygon then the respective row also
get selected in the attribute table. Then add respective district name like 'North Andhra Pradesh' as shown below.
Step 14: Similarly select other polygon also one by one and name the districts. Finally it look like this.
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Step 15: Right click on polygon in the layer panel. Then click on Properties ‣ Symbology, Select the colour as per
your choice. Click Apply.
Step 16: Click Label ‣ Single Labels. Select district in the value and modify it as per your choice. Click Apply then
OK.
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Step 17: Now the map is finally digitised with district names and is shown below.
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STEPS INVOLVED IN POINT
Step 1: Open the shapefile of polygon layer.
Step 2: Click on Layer ‣ Add Layer ‣ Add Delimited Text Layer.
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Step 3: A window pop up in the screen. Enter the details as shown below and Click on Add.
Step 4: You can now see the cities of entire India.
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Step 5: Zoom in and see the cities of Andhra Pradesh as shown below.
Step 6: To extract the cities of only Andhra Pradesh , here we use the Clip feature of Geoprocessing tool.
Click on Vector ‣ Geoprocessing Tools ‣Clip.
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Step 7: Fill in the required details in Dialog Box. Choose cities_latlong as input layer and polygon as the
overlay layer. Click on Run button.
Step 8: The cities of the Andhra Pradesh got clipped from entire India as shown.
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Step 9: Right click on point in the layer panel. Then click on Properties ‣ Symbology,. Modify the point design and
map colour as per your choice. Click Apply.
OK.
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Step 11: Now the map is finally digitised with cities names and is shown below.
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STEPS INVOLVED IN LINE
Step 1: Open the shapefile of polygon layer.
Step 2: Add the shapefile of road network of entire India. You can now see the roads of entire India.
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Step 3: Zoom in and see the roads of Andhra Pradesh as shown below.
Step 4: To extract the roads of only Andhra Pradesh , here we use the Clip feature of Geoprocessing tool.
Click on Vector ‣ Geoprocessing Tools ‣Clip.
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Step 5: Fill in the required details in Dialog Box. Choose roadl_Ind as input layer and polygon as the
Step 6: The roads of the Andhra Pradesh got clipped from entire India as shown.
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Step 7: Right click on point in the layer panel. Then click on Properties ‣ Symbology,. Modify the line design and
map colour as per your choice. Click Apply.
OK.
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Step 9: Now the map is finally digitised with roads names and is shown below.
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NON-SPATIAL DATA
ATTRIBUTES are the non-spatial characteristics that describe spatial objects. Attributes are commonly arranged in
tables were a row is equivalent to one entity and a column is equivalent to one attribute, or descriptor, of that entity.
Typically, each row relates to a single object and a geospatial data model. Typically, each object will have multiple
attributes that describe the object, usually in what is called an ATTRIBUTE TABLE. Attributes can store all kinds of
different descriptive statistical information, which can be broken down into four different categories: nominal,
ordinal, interval, and ratio. Geographic features often contain characteristics that are non-spatial but important to
study nonetheless, both on their own and as complements to geographic information.
ADDING DATA TO LAYER
Here we have used the Data regarding Andhra Pradesh state which was collected and arranged by the Census of
India
The Indian Census is the largest single source of a variety of statistical information on different characteristics of the
people of India. With a history of more than 130 years, this reliable, time tested exercise has been bringing out a
veritable wealth of statistics every 10 years, beginning from 1872 when the first census was conducted in India non-
synchronously in different parts. Post 1949, it has been conducted by the Registrar General and Census
Commissioner of India under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. All the censuses since 1951 were
conducted under the 1948 Census of India Act. The last census was held in 2011, whilst the next will be held in 2021.
To scholars and researchers in demography, economics, anthropology, sociology, statistics and many other
disciplines, the Indian Census has been a fascinating source of data. The rich diversity of the people of India is truly
brought out by the decennial census which has become one of the tools to understand and study India.
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STEPS INVOLVED IN ADDING DATA TO LAYER
Step 1: From the Browser panel, add the excel sheet containing the details of the respective spatial data to
the layer panel.
Step 2: Right click on the polygon layer then click on Properties then Joins option. In the Joins option,
click on the icon (Add New Join) , then a pop up window named “Add Vector Join” will appear as
shown. Add the join field and target field in their respective text fields. Click on OK button. Now click on
Apply and OK button of the join window.
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Step 3: Then, go to attribute table and check if the data has been joined properly and fields are correct. A
correct table will look like this.
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EXERCISE 4: THEMATIC MAPS
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THEMATIC MAPS
A 'thematic map' is a map that focuses on a specific theme or subject area. This is in contrast to general reference
maps, which regularly show the variety of phenomena—geological, geographical, political—together. The contrast
between them lies in the fact that thematic maps use the base data, such as coastlines, boundaries and places, only as
points of reference for the phenomenon being mapped. General maps portray the base data, such as landforms, lines
of transportation, settlements, and political boundaries, for their own sake.
Thematic maps emphasize spatial variation of one or a small number of geographic distributions. These distributions
may be physical phenomena such as climate or human characteristics such as population density and health issues.
Thematic maps are sometimes referred to as graphic essays that portray spatial variations and interrelationships of
geographical distributions. Location, of course, is important to provide a reference base of where selected phenomena
are occurring.
Thematic maps serve three primary purposes:-
1. They provide specific information about particular locations.
2. They provide general information about spatial patterns.
3. They can be used to compare patterns on two or more maps
ELEMENTS OF MAP
There are eight basic elements in a map:
1. Data Frame
2. Legend
3. Title
4. North Arrow
5. Scale
6. Border
7. Inset Map
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ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
An administrative division, unit, entity, area or region, also referred to as a subnational

entity, constituent unit, or country subdivision, is a portion of a country or other region delineated for the
purpose of administration. Administrative divisions are granted a certain degree of autonomy and are
usually required to manage themselves through their own local governments. Countries are divided up into
these smaller units to make managing their land and the affairs of their people easier. A country may be
divided into provinces, states, counties, cantons or other sub-units, which, in turn, may be divided in whole
or in part into municipalities, counties or others.
STEPS INVOLVED IN ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION MAP CREATION

Step 1: Open the prepared administrative division map. Click on a (New Print Layout) icon.
Step 2: A pop-up window will open up. Fill it with desired name click OK.
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Step 3: On the appeared window, Click on Add Items ‣ Add map.
Step 4: Drag the map to the layout. Click on Layout ‣ layout properties. A window will appear then modify it as per
your choice.
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Step 5: Right click on map then select Item Properties. A window will appear then modify it as per your choice like
draw grid and coordinates.
Step 6: Add scale by clicking on Add Items ‣ Add Scale Bar and modify its properties as per your choice.
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Step 7: Add title one by one by clicking on Add Items ‣ Add Label and modify its properties as per your choice.
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Step 8: Add legend by clicking on Add Items ‣ Add Legend and modify its properties as per your choice.
Step 9: Add north arrow by clicking on Add Items ‣ Add North Arrow and modify its properties as per your choice.
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Step 10: Here, the map layout is ready as shown below. Now, export it by clicking on Layout ‣ Export as Image,
select the directory and save it.
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LAYOUT OF ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION MAP OF ANDHRA
PRADESH, 2011
LAYOUT 1: ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
INTERPRETATION
Andhra Pradesh is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-largest state by area
covering an area of 162,975 km2 (62,925 sq mi) and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants. It
is bordered by Telangana to the north-west, Chhattisgarh to the north, Odisha to the north-east, Tamil Nadu to
the south, Karnataka to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the east. It has the second longest coastline in India
after Gujarat, of about 974 km.
Andhra Pradesh comprises three regions: Coastal Andhra, Uttarandhra and Rayalaseema. It has a total of 13
districts-Anantapur, Chittoor, East Godavari, Guntur, Krishna, Kurnool, Prakasam, Srikakulam, Sri Potti
Sriramulu Nellore, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram, West Godavari, YSR
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CHOROPLETH
Choropleth maps are popular thematic maps used to represent statistical data through various shading patterns or
symbols on predetermined geographic areas (i.e. countries). They are good at utilizing data to easily represent
variability of the desired measurement, across a region. Choropleth Maps display divided geographical areas or
regions that are colored, shaded or patterned in relation to a data variable. This provides a way to visualize values
over a geographical area, which can show variation or patterns across the displayed location. The data variable uses
color progression to represent itself in each region of the map. Typically, this can be a blending from one color to
another, a single hue progression, transparent to opaque, light to dark or an entire color spectrum.
STEPS INVOLVED IN CHOROPLETH MAP CREATION

Step 1: Add shapefile of Andhra Pradesh to the layer panel. Right click on it select properties.
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Step 2: In the properties window, Click on Symbology ‣ Graduated. Select the desired field on Value. Click on
Classify. Select the Classes and color of your own choice. Click on OK button.
Step 3: The Map will be shown like this having different shades according to the classes.
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Step 4: Click on a (New Print Layout) icon. A pop-up window will open up. Fill it with desired name click
OK.
Step 5: A window appears. Click on Add Items ‣ Add map..
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Step 6: Drag the map to the layout. Click on Layout ‣ Layout Properties. A window will appear then modify it as
per your choice.
Step 7: Right click on map then select item properties. A window will appear then modify it as per your choice like
draw grid and coordinates.
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Step 8: Add scale by clicking on Add Items ‣ Add Scale Bar and modify its properties as per your choice.
Step 9: Add title one by one by clicking on Add Items ‣ Add Label and modify its properties as per your choice.
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Step 10: Add legend by clicking on Add Items ‣ Add Legend and modify its properties as per your choice.
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Step 11: Add north arrow by clicking on Add Items ‣ Add North Arrow and modify its properties as per your
choice.
Step 12: Here, the map layout is ready as shown below. Now, export it by clicking on Layout ‣ Export as Image,
select the directory and save it.
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LAYOUT OF CHOROPLETH MAP SHOWING POPULATION
DISTRIBUTION OF ANDHRA PRADESH, 2011
LAYOUT 2: CHOROPLETH
INTERPRETATION
Vishakhapatnam is the most populous district with 2035922 people, followed by Krishna and Guntur
people whereas Srikakulam is the least populous district with 436702 people, followed by Vizianagaram
and Prakasam.
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PIE-DIAGRAM
A pie chart (or a circle chart) is a circular statistical graphic, which is divided into slices to illustrate numerical
proportion. In a pie chart, the arc length of each slice (and consequently its central angle and area), is proportional
to the quantity it represents. Pie Charts help show proportions and percentages between categories, by dividing a
circle into proportional segments. Each arc length represents a proportion of each category, while the full circle
represents the total sum of all the data, equal to 100%. Pie Charts are ideal for giving the reader a quick idea of the
proportional distribution of the data.
PROPORTIONATE CIRCLES
These are used for showing a quantity (such as the population of a country) that can be divided into parts
(such as different ethnic groups). A circle is drawn to represent the total quantity. It is then divided into
segments proportional in size to the components. The actual size of the circle can also be used to represent
data.
STEPS INVOLVED IN PIE DIAGRAM MAP CREATION
Step 1: Add shapefile of Andhra Pradesh to the layer panel. Right click on it select properties.
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Step 2: In the properties window, Click on Diagram ‣ Pie Chart. Then Select the desired fields from the attributes.
Step 3: Click on Size fill in the details as per the requirement.
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Step 4: We will represent the Pie size using a Proportionate Circle, so we made the classes manually as shown
below.
Then, click on OK ‣ OK button.
Step 5: The pie-chart gets created as shown below.
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Step 6: Prepare the layout of the map as shown below by using the steps used before. Now, export it by clicking on
Layout ‣ Export as Image, select the directory and save it.
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LAYOUT OF PIE-CHART SHOWING THE LITERACY RATE OF
ANDHRA PRADESH, 2011
LAYOUT 3: PIE DIAGRAM
INTERPRETATION
The highest literates are found in Vishakhapatnam with 1496082 people with 804481 males and 691601 female
literates. The lowest literates are found in Srikakulum with 308719 people with 165702 male and 143017 female
literates.
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HISTOGRAM
A histogram is used to summarize discrete or continuous data. In other words, it provides a visual interpretation of
numerical data by showing the number of data points that fall within a specified range of values (called “bins”). It is
similar to a vertical bar graph. However, a histogram, unlike a vertical bar graph, shows no gaps between the bars
Creating a histogram provides a visual representation of data distribution. Histograms can display a large
amount of data and the frequency of the data values. The median and distribution of the data can be
determined by a histogram. In addition, it can show any outliers or gaps in the data.
STEPS INVOLVED IN HISTOGRAM MAP CREATION
Step 1: Add shapefile of Uttarkhand to the layer panel. Right click on it select properties.
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Step 2: In the properties window, Click on Diagram ‣ Histogram. Then Select the desired fields from the attributes.
Step 3: Click on Size fill in the details as per the requirement.Then, click on OK and Apply button.
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Step 4: The histogram gets created as shown below.
Step 5: Prepare the layout of the map as shown below by using the steps used before. Now, export it by clicking on
Layout ‣ Export as Image, select the directory and save it.
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LAYOUT OF HISTOGRAM MAP SHOWING THE WORKING
POPULATION OF ANDHRA PRADESH, 2011
LAYOUT 4: HISTOGRAM
INTERPRETATION
The given map represents that highest and lowest number of working population which is in the Vishakhapatnam
(725292) and Krishna(685195) district consisting of more male workers than the female workers.
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EXERCISE 5: QUERY
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QUERY
A spatial query is a special type of database query supported by geo databases and spatial databases. The
queries differ from non-spatial SQL queries in several important ways. Two of the most important are that
they allow for the use of geometry data types such as points, lines and polygons and that these queries
consider the spatial relationship between these geometries.
In some instances, data are already available, organized, and stored in a database. In order to understand
what is contained in your database, a procedure known as querying is performed. A query is an inquiry into
the database about any kind of information contained within that particular database, allowing you to
extract variables of interest. For example, you may only be interested in seeing available data for females
ages 15–49. Querying also allows you to
 Combine datasets into a bigger dataset
 Modify data—e.g., update or delete
 Aggregate data using some inbuilt functions—e.g., count
 Rearrange data for better viewing
SEVERAL WAYS
In a layer or shapefile containing polygons, points or lines it helps to select or export some parts into a new
shapefile. QGIS has many different ways to select features. Each way have their own benefits.
It mainly has 4 different tools.
1. Select Features by Graphics

2. Select Features by Value
3. Select Features by Expression
4. Select Features by Location
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SELECT FEATURE BY GRAPHICS
Select feature by graphic is used to select some parts of a shapefile.
The Select Features by Area has 4 different tools.

1. Select Feature(s)
2. Select Features by Polygon
3. Select Features by Freehand
4. Select Features by Radius
1. SELECT FEATURE(S)
This tool helps to select points, polygon or polyline by dragging it over the QGIS canvas. This tool will
select your object with a rectangle shape or you can also click the feature directly.
STEPS INVOLVED IN SELECT FEATURE
Step 1: Add the polygon Shapefile. Click on the (Select features by single click or by area) icon ‣ Select
Features.
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Step 2: Select the area which you want to highlight as shown below.
Step 3: Then the respective districts got highlighted.
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SELECT FEATURES BY POLYGON
This tool can be used if you need to select objects/features using polygon. It is good to select a complex
feature.
STEPS INVOLVED IN SELECT FEATURE BY POLYGON
Step 1: Add the polygon Shapefile. Click on the (Select features by single click or by area) icon ‣ Select
Features by Polygon.
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2. SELECT FEATURES BY FREEHAND
This tool has a similar function to the previous tool. But, the polygon/select area will follow your mouse cursor. You
have to click once and then move your mouse over the features.
STEPS INVOLVED IN SELECT FEATURE BY FREEHAND
.Step 1: Add the polygon Shapefile. Click on the (Select features by single click or by area) icon ‣ Select
Features by FreeHand.
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3. SELECT FEATURES BY RADIUS
This tool will select features using a circle shape. Click on any area on your canvas and then move your cursor. It will
create a circle that will select all features inside the circle radius.
STEPS INVOLVED IN SELECT FEATURE BY RADIUS
.Step 1: Add the polygon Shapefile. Click on the (Select features by single click or by area) icon ‣ Select
Features by Radius.
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SELECT FEATURE BY VALUE
Select features by Value creates a selection in a vector layer. The criteria for selecting features is based on
the values of an attribute from the input layer.
STEPS INVOLVED IN SELECT FEATURE BY VALUE
Step 1: Add the polygon Shapefile. Click on (Open Attribute Table) icon. Click on (Dock Attribute
Table) icon in the attribute table. Then, Click on the Select Features by Value icon then click on select features by
Value.
Step 2: A pop-up window appears.
Step 3: Put any condition to select the common features from the digitized map. Examples are shown below
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Example 1:
Step 1: Enter the condition as "Number of households less than 100000". Then Click Select Features.
Step 2: The districts that fulfils the criteria has been highlighted as shown.
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Example 2:
Step 1: Enter the condition as "Is it contains West Godavari". Then Click Select Features.
Step 2: The district that fulfils the criteria has been highlighted as shown.
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Example 3:
Step 1: Enter the condition as "Total Female Population greater than or equal to 400000". Then Click Select
Features.
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Example 4:
Step 1: Enter the condition as "Total illiterate population greater than 200000". Then Click Select Features.
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Example 5:
Step 1: Enter the condition as "Literate population between 500000 and 1000000". Then Click Select Features.
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SELECT FEATURE BY EXPRESSION
Based on layer data and prebuilt or user defined functions, Expressions offer a powerful way to manipulate
attribute value, geometry and variables in order to dynamically change the geometry style, the content or
position of the label, the value for diagram, the height of a layout item, select some features, create virtual
field, etc.
STEPS INVOLVED IN SELECT FEATURE BY EXPRESSION
Step 1: Add the polygon Shapefile. Click on (Open Attribute Table) icon. Click on (Dock Attribute
Table) icon in the attribute table. Then. Click on the Select Features by Value icon then click on select features by
Expression.
Step 2: A pop-up window appears.
Step 3: To make a expression, go to Fields and Values and double click on the any Field. Then go to the
Operators and select any operator from there and define the expression Put any condition to select the common
features from the digitized map. Examples are shown below-
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Example 1:
Step 1: Here, LIKE operator is used. Enter the condition as "Any district which start with S". Then Click Select
Features.
SYNTAX- “District-1” LIKE ‘S%’
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Example 2:
Step 1: Here, LIKE operator is used. Enter the condition as "Any district whose Non-Working Population ends
with 0". Then Click Select Features.
SYNTAX- “tri_NON_WORK_P” LIKE ‘%0’
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Example 3:
Step 1: Here, ILIKE operator is used. Enter the condition as "Any district which end with A". Then Click Select
Features.
SYNTAX- “District-1” LIKE ‘%A’
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Example 4:
Step 1: Here, ILIKE operator is used. Enter the condition as "Any district which second alphabet is O". Then
Click Select Features.
SYNTAX- “District-1” ILIKE ‘-O%’
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Example 5:
Step 1: Here, ILIKE operator is used. Enter the condition as "Any district which contain h". Then Click Select
Features.
SYNTAX- “District-1” ILIKE ‘%h%’
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Example 6:
Step 1: Here, MOD (%) operator is used. Enter the condition as "Any district whose Total Population is odd in
number ". Then Click Select Features.
SYNTAX- “tri-TOT_P” % ‘2’
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SELECT FEATURE BY LOCATION
Select features by location creates a selection in a vector layer. The criteria for selecting features is based on
the spatial relationship between each feature and the features in an additional layer.
STEPS INVOLVED IN SELECT FEATURE BY LOCATION
Step 1: Add the polygon, roads, cities Shapefile.
Step 2: Click on (Toolbox) icon then the Processing Toolbox appears.

Put any condition to extract the common features from the digitized map. Examples are shown below.
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Example 1:
Step 1: Select any district by clicking on (Select features) icon. Like here, I have selected Guntur
district. Then, Double click on Extract by Location.
Step 2: A pop-up window appears. Here fill in the details and click Run.
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Step 3: The district that has been selected got extracted as shown.
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Example 2:
Step 1: Select any number of cities by clicking on Select features icon. Like here, I have selected few
cities. Then, Double click on Extract by Location.
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Step 3: The cities that has been selected got extracted as shown.
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Example 3:
Step 1: Select any number of roads by clicking on Select features icon. Like here, I have selected few
roads. Then, Double click on Extract by Location.
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Step 3: The roads that has been selected got extracted as shown.
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Example 4:
Step 1: To select the lines crossing through a particular district, first extract the district from polygon. Then,
Double click on Extract by Location.
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Step 3: The lines that that fulfils the criteria got extracted as shown.
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Example 5:
Step 1: To select the cities in a particular district, first extract the district from polygon. Then, Double
click on Extract by Location.
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Step 3: The cities that that fulfils the criteria got extracted as shown.
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EXERCISE 6: OVERLAY
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OVERLAY
Overlay is a GIS operation that superimposes multiple data sets (representing different themes) together
for the purpose of identifying relationships between them. An overlay creates a composite map by
sets. combining the geometry and attributes of the input data Feature overlays from vector data are
created when one vector layer (points, lines, or polygons) is merged with one or more other vector
layers covering the same area with points, lines, and/or polygons. A resultant new layer is created
that combines the geometry and the attributes of the input layers.
TYPES OF OVERLAY
1. Point-in-polygon: In the vector model, this overlay determines the points lying inside a specific polygon.
In the example, we are looking for all hotels that are located in the settlement areas.
2. Line-in-polygon: The overlay of lines and polygons is more complex. The example shows the calculation
of roads section located in the settlement area. In the raster model a simple addition identifies the interest
areas.
3. Polygon-on-polygon: In the vector model the most complex case is the intersection of polygon. The
overlay of contour lines results in a variety of new intersections and polygons for which the attributes have
to be assigned.
VECTOR GEOPROCESSING TOOLS

1. Buffer
2. Clip
3. Convex Hull
4. Difference
5. Dissolve
6. Intersection
7. Symmetrical difference
8. Union
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BUFFER
Buffering usually creates two areas: one area that is within a specified distance to selected real world
features and the other area that is beyond. The area that is within the specified distance is called the buffer
zone. There are several variations in buffering. The buffer distance or buffer size can vary according to
numerical values provided in the vector layer attribute table for each feature.
In a GIS Application, buffer zones are always represented as vector polygons enclosing other polygon, line
or point features.
Buffer (in yellow) of points, line and polygon.
STEPS INVOVLED IN BUFFER

Step 1: Click on Vector ‣Data Management Tools ‣Reproject Layer.
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Step 2: Fill in the required details in the Reproject Layer dialog box and click on Run.
Step 3: Now click on Vector ‣ Geoprocessing Tools ‣Buffer.
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Step 4: Fill in the required details in Buffer dialog box and select the reprojected layer as the input layer.
Click on Run.
Step 5: Buffer is created around the districts as shown below.
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Step 6: Follow the same procedure for line feature e.g., road.
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CLIP
Clip creates a vector layer using the features of an additional polygon layer. Only the parts of the features in
the input layer that fall within the polygons of the overlay layer will be added to the resulting layer.
Clipping operation between a single-features input layer and a single feature overlay layer (left) - resulting
features are moved for clarity (right).
STEPS INVOVLED IN CLIP

Step 1: Go to the Select Feature Toolbar and select the desired part of the digitized map which you want to
clip. Here, I have selected 4 districts. Go to Vector ‣ Geoprocessing Tools ‣Clip.
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Step 2: Fill in the required details in Dialog Box. Choose cities as input layer and polygon as the overlay
layer. Click on Run button.
Step 3: The cities of the selected districts got clipped from all cities of Uttarakhand as shown.
144
CONVEX HULL
It calculates the convex hull for each feature in an input layer. See the ‘Minimum bounding geometry’
algorithm for a convex hull calculation which covers the whole layer or grouped subsets of features.
Black lines identify the convex hull for each layer feature.
STEPS INVOVLED IN CONVEX HULL
Step 1: Go to Vector ‣ Geoprocessing Tools ‣ Convex Hull.
145
Step 2: Fill in the required details in Dialog Box. Choose polygon as input layer. Click on Run button.
Step 3: Convex Hull is created as shown below.
146
DIFFERENCE
It extracts features from the input layer that don’t fall within the boundaries of the overlay layer. Input layer
features that partially overlap the overlay layer feature(s) are split along the boundary of those feature(s)
and only the portions outside the overlay layer features are retained
.
Difference operation between a two-features input layer and a single feature overlay layer (left) - resulting
features are moved for clarity (right)
STEPS INVOVLED IN DIFFERENCE
Step 1: Go to Vector ‣ Geoprocessing Tools ‣ Difference.
147
Step 2: Fill in the required details in Dialog Box. Choose polygon as input layer and buffer_line as the
Step 3: Difference is created as shown below.
A. INPUT
148
B. OUTPUT (DIFFERENCE)
149
DISSOLVE
The Dissolve Tool unifies boundaries based on common attribute values. In other words, dissolve merges
neighboring boundaries if the neighbors have the same attributes.
Dissolve the polygon layer on a common attribute.
STEPS INVOVLED IN DISSOLVE
Step 1: Go to Vector ‣ Geoprocessing Tools ‣ Dissolve.
150
Step 2: Fill in the required details in Dialog Box. Choose polygon as input layer. Click on Run button.
Step 3: Dissolve is created as shown below.
151
INTERSECTION
It extracts the portions of features from the input layer that overlap features in the overlay layer. Features in
the intersection layer are assigned the attributes of the overlapping features from both the input and overlay
layers.
Intersection operation between a two-features input layer and a single feature overlay layer (left) -
resulting features are moved for clarity (right)
STEPS INVOVLED IN INTERSECTION
Step 1: Go to Vector ‣ Geoprocessing Tools ‣ Intersection.
152
Step 3: Intersection is created as shown below.
A. INPUT
153
B. OUTPUT (INTERSECTION)
154
SYMMETRICAL DIFFERENCE
It creates a layer containing features from both the input and overlay layers but with the overlapping areas
between the two layers removed. The attribute table of the symmetrical difference layer contains attributes
and fields from both the input and overlay layers.
Symmetrical difference operation between a two-features input layer and a single feature overlay layer
(left) - resulting features are moved for clarity (right)
STEPS INVOVLED IN SYMMETRICAL DIFFERENCE
Step 1: Go to Vector ‣ Geoprocessing Tools ‣ Symmetrical Difference.
155
Step 3: Symmetrical Difference is created as shown below.
A. INPUT
156
B. OUTPUT (SYMMETRICAL DIFFERENCE)
157
UNION
Union allow to merge two layer into one layer but it does not remove the boundary line.
Union operation between a single features input layer and a single feature overlay layer (left) - resulting
features are moved for clarity (right).
STEPS INVOVLED IN UNION
Step 1: Go to Vector ‣ Geoprocessing Tools ‣ Union.
158
Step 3: Union is created as shown below.
A. INPUT
159
B. OUTPUT (UNION)
160
EXERCISE 9: RASTER ANALYSIS
161
RASTER ANALYSIS
Raster or “gridded” data are stored as a grid of values which are rendered on a map as pixels. Each pixel value
represents an area on the Earth’s surface. A raster file is composed of regular grid of cells, all of which are the same
size.
Fig.9.1: A raster is composed of a regular grid of cells. Each cell is the same size in the x andy direction
A raster dataset can have attributes associated with it as well. For instance in a Lidar derived digital elevation model
(DEM), each cell represents an elevation value for that location on the earth. In a LIDAR derived intensity image,
each cell represents a Lidar intensity value or the amount of light energy returned to and recorded by the sensor.
162
Fig.9.2: Rasters can be stored at different resolutions. The resolution simply represents thesize of each
pixel cell
RASTER DATA ANALYSIS
a. Raster data analysis is based on cells and rasters.

b. Raster data analysis can be performed at the level of individual cells, or groups of cells, or cells within
an entire raster.
c. Some raster data operations use a single raster; others use two or more rasters.
d. Raster data analysis also depends on the type of cell value (numeric or categorical values).
163
1. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) quantifies vegetation by measuring the difference between near-
infrared (which vegetation strongly reflects) and red light (which vegetation absorbs).
NDVI always ranges from -1 to +1. But there isn’t a distinct boundary for each type of land cover.
For example, when one has negative values, it’s highly likely that it’s water. On the other hand, if one has an NDVI
value close to +1, there’s a high possibility that it’s dense green leaves. But when NDVI is close to zero, there aren’t
green leaves and it could even be an urbanized area.
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) uses the NIR and red channels in its formula.
Healthy vegetation (chlorophyll) reflects more near-infrared (NIR) and green light compared to other wavelengths.
But it absorbs more red and blue light.
This is why our eyes see vegetation as the color green. If one could see near-infrared, then it would be strong for
vegetation too. Satellite sensors like Landsat and Sentinel-2 both have the necessary bands with NIR and red.
164
Fig.9.3
The result of this formula generates a value between -1 and +1. If there is low reflectance (or low values) in the red
channel and high reflectance in the NIR channel, this will yield a high NDVI value and vice versa.
Overall, NDVI is a standardized way to measure healthy vegetation. When there is high NDVI values, it implies healthier
vegetation. When there is low NDVI, it implies less or no vegetation.
165
STEPS INVOLVED IN THE CALCULATION OF NDVI:-
Step 1: Download anyone Landsat data of the provided state using EarthExplorer, USGS and open it in
QGIS. Add the band 4 and band 5 data in the panel.
Step 2: Go to Raster< Raster calculator.
166
Step 3: Insert the expression for calculation of NDVI and calculate using the formula provided above i.e. (Band 5 - Band
4)/ (Band 5 + Band 3).Click OK and close.
Step 4: The raster expression would be calculated as follow.
167
Step 5: Mask out any one district which coincides with the data. Here, it is Prakasm District as shown below.
Step 5: Open the Properties of the calculated NDVI layer and change the symbol settings. Select the ‘Singleband
pseudocolor’ render type from the layer propeties window symbology. Select the color ramp as Green. Select Mode as
Equal interval or continous. Click on classify and then click Apply and OK.
168
Step 6: Now NDVI RASTER image is created and added in the Layer’s Panel of the QGIS window. The NDVI range for
this image is from -1 to 1. Different colour shades have following
NDVI RANGE:-
Dark green (Dense vegetation)- NDVI:1
Light green (Moderate vegetation)-NDVI:0
White (No vegetation)- NDVI:-1
169
LAYOUT OF NDVI MAP
LAYOUT 5: NDVI
170
2. Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)
Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), introduced for the first time in 1996 in Gao (Gao),reflects moisture
content in plants and soil and is determined by analogy with NDVI as:
OR
G  NIR
NDWI 
G  NIR
Where, NIR – near infrared range with wavelengths in the range of 0.841 – 0.876 nm
SWIR – a part of the range with wavelengths in the range of 1.628-1.652 nm
G- Green band
The functionality of the formula is explained by the following considerations: instead of using the red range, the
reflection intensity in which is determined by the presence of chlorophyll, a short- wave near-infrared (SWIR) is used in
which high absorption of light by water occurs. A wider range of 1500-1750 nm is possible. The use of the same near
infrared (NIR) as in the case of NDVI is due to the fact that water does not absorb this part of the electromagnetic
spectrum, thus the index is resistant to atmospheric effects, distinguishing it from NDVI. When observing forests, the
NDWI index is characterized by a more stable decrease in values upon reaching critical anthropogenic load, which can
serve as an indicator of the ecological state of forests more sensitive than NDVI.
The results of NDWI can be presented in the form of maps and graphs, providing information on both the spatial
distribution of water stress on vegetation and its temporal evolution over longer periods of time.
The NDWI product is dimensionless and varies from -1 to +1, depending on the hardwood content, as well as the type
of vegetation and cover. The high NDWI values (in blue) correspond to high plant water content and coating of high
plant fraction. Low NDWI values (in red) correspond to low vegetation content and cover with low vegetation. During
periods of water stress the NDWI rate will decrease.The NDWI index for assessing risk of fire is used to determine the
presence of moisture in vegetation cover. Higher NDWI values indicate sufficient moisture, while a low value indicates
water stress.
171
STEPS INVOLVED IN THE CALCULATION OF NDWI:-
Step 1: Download anyone Landsat data of the provided state using EarthExplorer, USGS and open it in
QGIS. Add the band 4 and band 5 data in the panel.
Step 2: Go to Raster< Raster calculator.
Step 3: Insert the expression for calculation of NDVI and calculate using the formula provided above i.e. (Band 3 -
Band 5)/ (Band 3 + Band 5). Click OK and close.
172
Step 4: The raster expression would be calculated as follow.
Step 5: Mask out any one district which coincides with the data. Here, it is Prakasm District as shown below.
173
Step 6: Open the Properties of the calculated NDVI layer and change the symbol settings. Select the ‘Singleband
pseudocolor’ render type from the layer propeties window symbology. Select the color ramp as Green. Select Mode
as Equal interval or continous. Click on classify and then click Apply and OK.
Step 7: Now NDVI RASTER image is created and added in the Layer’s Panel of the QGIS window. The NDVI
range for this image is from -1 to 1. Different colour shades have following
174
NDVI RANGE:-
• Dark Blue (High water content)- NDWI:1
• Light Blue (Moderate water content) NDWI:0
• White (Less or no water content)- NDWI:-1
175
LAYOUT OF NDWI MAP
LAYOUT 6: NDWI
176
HILLSHADE, RELIEF AND CONTOURS
1. A hillshade is a grayscale 3D representation of the surface, with the sun's relative position taken into account for shading the image.
This function uses the altitude and azimuth properties to specify the sun's position.
2. Relief (or local relief) refers specifically to the quantitative measurement of vertical elevation change in a landscape. It is the difference
between maximum and minimum elevations within a given area, usually of limited extent.
3. Like any piece of paper, maps are flat, but the land they cover is often quite hilly. Contour lines are a map's way of showing how high
the land is. They join together points of equal height and never cross. When contour lines appear close together, this means the land
slopes sharply and would be steep to climb. The further apart the contour lines are, the flatter the land will be.
STEPS INVOVLED IN MAKING HILLSHADE, RELIEF AND

CONTOURS
Step 1: Add shapefile of Andhra Pradesh to the layer panel. Extract any one district (here
West Godavari) from the State Andhra Pradesh.
177
Step 2: The district got extracted as shown.
Step 3: Download the STRM data using the shapefile of the district from Earth Explorer,
USGS and open it in QGIS.
178
Step 4: Now, since the District is covered by 4 tiles of SRTM DATA; therefore, all 4 tiles
of SRTM DATA need to be merged. Now, for merging all 4 data tiles, Go to Raster ‣
Miscellaneous ‣ Merge.
Step 5: A pop-up window would appear on the main QGIS interface titled ‘Merge’. Add
all 4 Raster SRTM as Input layers. Then, Click on Run.
179
Step 6: Merged layer would appear as shown.
Step 7: Right click on srtm-Andhra Pradesh in the layer panel. Then click on Properties ‣
Transparency. Enter 0 in the Addition no data value. Click Ok.
180
Step 8: Go to Raster ‣ Extraction ‣ Clip Raster by Mask Layer to clip out SRTM DATA of
West Godavari district.
Step 9: A window titled ‘Clip Raster by Mask Layer’ would pop-up on the main QGIS window.
Add merge layer as input layer and West Godavari shapefile layer as the Mask layer.
181
Step 10: A clipped layer would appear as shown.
Step 11: Go to Properties ‣ Symbology of the clipped (mask) layer and select Hillshade in the
Render type.
182
Step 12: The Hillshade would look like this.
Step 13: Create the layout for the Hillshade of West Godavari district using the same steps as
followed for creation of thematic maps.
183
Step 14: Duplicate this clipped layer. Go to Properties ‣ Symbology of the copied layer and select
Singleband Pseudocolour in the Render type and reduce the opacity to approx. 70%.
Step 15: The pseudocolour would look like this.
184
Step 16: Tick the Hillshade map in the Layers panel and bring it below the copied layer. Then the
relief features will look like this as shown below.
Step 17: Create the layout for the relief features of West Godavari district using the same steps as
185
Step 18: For drawing contours on the same clipped (mask) layer, go to Raster< Extraction<
Contour.
Step 19: A window would pop up on the screen. Add the input layer as srtm-West
Godavari(clipped mask layer), select the contour interval. Here, contour interval is taken as 100.
click on Run.
186
Step 20: The contour layer output will be displayed like this.
Step 21: Go to the properties of the contour’s layer and add single labels to the contours
(elevation). Then it appears like this.
187
Step 22: Create the layout for the contours of West Godavari district using the same steps as
188
LAYOUT OF HILLSHADE MAP
LAYOUT 7: HILLSHADE
189
LAYOUT OF RELIEF MAP
LAYOUT 8: RELIEF
190
LAYOUT OF CONTOURS MAP
LAYOUT 9: CONTOURS
191
EXERCISE 10: WATERSHED
192
WATERSHED
A watershed is the upslope area that contributes flow—generally water—to a common outlet
as concentrated drainage. It can be part of a larger watershed and can also contain smaller
watersheds, called subbasins. The boundaries between watersheds are termed drainage
divides. The outlet, or pour point, is the point on the surface at which water flows out of an
area. It is the lowest point along the boundary of a watershed.
Watershed components
Delineating watersheds
Watersheds can be delineated from a DEM by computing the flow direction and using it in
the Watershed tool.
193
LAYOUT FOR THE WATERSHED OF THE ANDHRA PRADESH
LAYOUT 10: WATERSHED
194
APPENDIX 1
DISTRICTS TOTAL TOTAL MALE FEMALE
POPULATION LITERACY LITERACY LITERACY
Anantapur 1145711 764566 421416 343150
Chittoor 1231386 910662 486043 424619
East Godavari 1313972 958816 493239 465577
Guntur 1652738 1162507 617432 545075
Krishna 1843660 1352126 707349 644777
Kurnool 1149286 736702 404858 331844
Prakasam 664582 468522 255098 213424
Sri Potti 857630 634570 338976 295594
Sriramulu
Nellore
Srikakulam 436703 308719 165702 143017
Visakhapatnam 2035922 1496082 804481 691601
Vizianagaram 490911 346550 184187 162363
West Godavari 808777 616759 315548 301211
Y.S.R. 979132 654410 363759 290651
TOTAL MALE FEMALE

WORKERS WORKERS WORKERS
440225 320077 120148
442838 332642 110196
457226 368190 89036
637448 465691 171757
685195 515699 169496
447297 310687 136610
246025 181480 64545
290243 229894 60349
161524 117807 43717
725289 572361 152928
176506 134212 42294
287751 224693 63058
359359 267585 91774
SOURCE: CENSUS OF INDIA, 2011
195
APPENDIX 2
S.NO. CITIES DISTRICTS LATITUDE LONGITUDE
1. Achampet Guntur 16.65 80.1333
2. Addanki Prakasam 15.8166 79.9833
3. Addatigala East Godavari 17.4833 82.0166
4. Adoni Kurnool 15.6333 77.2833
5. Aduripalle Nellore 14.4333 79.6
6. Agiripalle Krishna 16.6833 80.65
7. Agraharam Srikakulam 18.3333 84.1166
8. Ahobilam Kurnool 15.1333 78.7166
9. Ainavolu Guntur 15.9833 79.6666
10. Akividu West Godavari 16.6 81.3833
11. Akkivaram Srikakulam 18.3666 84.15
12. Akkurti Chittoor 13.7833 79.6666
13. Akkuvaram Srikakulam 18.3666 84.15
14. Aklvidu West Godavari 16.5833 81.3833
15. Alamanda Vizianagaram 17.9833 83.2333
16. Alamuru East Godavari 16.7833 81.9
17. Alipur Vishakhapatnam 17.7166 83.3
18. Allagadda Kurnool 15.1333 78.5166
19. Alli Konda Nellore 14.3833 79.6833
20. Allur Prakasam 15.4666 80.1333
21. Allur Nellore 14.6833 80.0666
22. Allur Nellore 14.6833 80.0666
23. Alluru Prakasam 15.4666 80.1333
24. Alluru Nellore 14.6833 80.0666
25. Alluru Road Nellore 14.7 79.9833
26. Alturti Nellore 14.45 79.6833
27. Alur Kurnool 15.3833 77.2333
28. Aluru Prakasam 15.5 80.1333
29. Amalapuram East Godavari 16.5833 82.0166
30. Amalapuram Canal East Godavari 16.5 82.05
31. Amancherla Nellore 14.4 79.8666
32. Amaravati Guntur 16.5833 80.3666
33. Ammalapadu Srikakulam 18.65 84.4
34. Ammanabrole Prakasam 15.5833 80.15
35. Ammanabrolu Prakasam 15.5833 80.15
36. Ammavaripalem Nellore 14.4666 79.7166
37. Ampalam Srikakulam 18.3666 84.1333
38. Ampalam Creek Srikakulam 18.35 84.1333
39. Amudalavalasa Srikakulam 18.4166 83.9
40. Anakapalle Vishakhapatnam 17.6833 83.0166
41. Anamasamudrampeta Nellore 14.7 79.6833
42. Anantamadugu Nellore 14.1333 79.7166
43. Anantapur Anantapur 14.6833 77.6
196
44. Anantapuramu Anantapur 14.6833 77.6
45. Anantasagaram Nellore 14.5833 79.4166
46. Anantasagram Nellore 14.5833 79.4166
47. Andra Vishakhapatnam 18.35 83.2
48. Ankalampadu West Godavari 16.9833 81.1666
49. Annavaram East Godavari 17.2833 82.4
50. Antarvedi East Godavari 16.3333 81.7333
51. Antarvedidalem East Godavari 16.4166 81.7833
52. Antarvedipalem East Godavari 16.4166 81.7833
53. Anumalkuduru Krishna 16.4833 80.65
54. Apalrao Tank Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.3166
55. Appikatla Guntur 15.9666 80.5
56. Araku Vishakhapatnam 18.3333 82.8666
57. Ardavidu Prakasam 15.6833 78.9666
58. Armagon Nellore 13.9666 80.15
59. Aruru Nellore 13.9166 80.05
60. Aspari Kurnool 15.4833 77.3833
61. Athmakur Nellore 14.6166 79.6166
62. Atmakur Kurnool 15.8833 78.5833
63. Atmakur Nellore 14.6166 79.6166
64. Atmakuru Anantapur 14.65 77.35
65. Attili West Godavari 16.7 81.6
66. Avagudem Vizianagaram 18.35 83.55
67. Avalakonda Chittoor 13.2 79.2666
68. Avaleonda Chittoor 13.2 79.2666
69. Avanigadda Krishna 16.0166 80.9166
70. Avuku Kurnool 15.2166 78.1166
71. Avulamanda Prakasam 15.95 79.5
72. Ayirala Chittoor 13.3833 78.9833
73. Badanahalu Anantapur 14.8333 76.8666
74. Bahuda River Srikakulam 19.0666 84.75
75. Baipille Srikakulam 18.75 84.4833
76. Baireddipalle Chittoor 13.0833 78.6166
77. Baireddirpalle Chittoor 13.0833 78.6166
78. Baivanabal Kurnool 15.1666 77.2
79. Baivanhal Kurnool 15.1666 77.2
80. Balapalapalle Kurnool 15.45 78.1
81. Balijipeta Vizianagaram 18.6166 83.5166
82. Ballipalle Prakasam 15.25 79.4666
83. Banaganapalli Kurnool 15.3166 78.2333
84. Bandamurlanka East Godavari 16.45 81.9666
85. Bandar Krishna 16.1666 81.1333
86. Bandar Fort Krishna 16.1666 81.1666
87. Bandarupalle Guntur 16.3833 80.3666
88. Bandi Atmakuru Kurnool 15.5833 78.5166
89. Banganapalle Kurnool 15.3166 78.2333
197
90. Banganapilly Kurnool 15.3166 78.2333
91. Bangarpett Nellore 13.9666 79.6
92. Bangarupet Nellore 13.9666 79.6
93. Bangarupeta Nellore 13.9666 79.6
94. Bank Canal East Godavari 16.9166 81.7833
95. Bantumilli Krishna 16.35 81.2833
96. Bantumilli Canal Krishna 16.3333 81.05
97. Bapatla Guntur 15.9 80.4666
98. Baruva Srikakulam 18.8833 84.5833
99. Baruva Road Srikakulam 18.9 84.55
100. Bathpuram Srikakulam 18.75 84.4666
101. Battili Srikakulam 19.0166 83.7833
102. Battulapalle Anantapur 14.5166 77.7833
103. Battulapallepadu Nellore 14.4833 79.8
104. Battulapallipadu Nellore 14.4833 79.8
105. Battulapuram Chittoor 13.75 78.3166
106. Batturapuram Chittoor 13.75 78.3166
107. Batupuram Srikakulam 18.75 84.4666
108. Bavanapadu Srikakulam 18.5666 84.35
109. Bavanasi River Kurnool 16.0166 78.3333
110. Bellary Kurnool 15.3833 77.2333
111. Beluguppa Anantapur 14.7166 77.1333
112. Bendi Srikakulam 18.7 84.3833
113. Bendi Hills Srikakulam 18.7 84.3833
114. Beripeta Nellore 13.6666 80.2
115. Bestavarapeta Prakasam 15.55 79.1166
116. Bestavarapupeta Prakasam 15.55 79.1166
117. Betamcherla Kurnool 15.4666 78.1666
118. Bevinahalu Kurnool 15.1666 77.2
119. Bevinamalu Kurnool 15.1666 77.2
120. Bezawada Krishna 16.5166 80.6166
121. Bezwada Krishna 16.5166 80.6166
122. Bhairi Srikakulam 18.3666 83.9833
123. Bhakarapet Chittoor 13.6666 79.1666
124. Bhakarapeta Chittoor 13.6666 79.1666
125. Bhattiprolu Guntur 16.1 80.7833
126. Bhavanipuram Krishna 16.5166 80.5833
127. Bheemunipatnam Vishakhapatnam 17.8833 83.4333
128. Bhimadol West Godavari 16.8166 81.2666
129. Bhimadolu West Godavari 16.8166 81.2666
130. Bhimavaram West Godavari 16.5333 81.5333
131. Bhimunipatnam Vishakhapatnam 17.8833 83.4333
132. Bhogapuram Vizianagaram 18.0666 83.5
133. Bhogavolu Kurnool 15.4833 77.9166
134. Bhusar Tank Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.3166
135. Bikkavolu East Godavari 16.95 82.05
198
136. Bimlipatam Vishakhapatnam 17.8833 83.4333
137. Biradavolu Nellore 14.35 79.7666
138. Bisanattam Chittoor 12.8333 78.25
139. Bitragunta Nellore 14.7666 79.9833
140. Bobbarlanka Guntur 15.95 80.8833
141. Bobbili Vizianagaram 18.5666 83.3666
142. Bodagiri Srikakulam 19.05 84.5833
143. Bogolu Kurnool 15.4833 77.9166
144. Bonagi Vizianagaram 18.1666 83.2333
145. Bonangi Vizianagaram 18.1666 83.2333
146. Buchchiretidipalem Nellore 14.5333 79.8833
147. Buchireddipalem Nellore 14.5333 79.8833
148. Buckingham Canal Prakasam 15.65 80.2166
149. Buckinghampet Krishna 16.5 80.6333
150. Budarasingi Srikakulam 18.9333 84.45
151. Budimeru River West Godavari 16.5833 81.1166
152. Budithapalem Prakasam 15.3333 79.4
153. Bugganipalle Kurnool 15.4833 78.2
154. Bukkapatnam Anantapur 14.2 77.8
155. Buravalli Srikakulam 18.3333 84.0166
156. Burrakayalakota Chittoor 13.7333 78.35
157. Busikota Vishakhapatnam 17.8333 82.5666
158. Byrey Srikakulam 18.3666 83.9833
159. Calingapatam Srikakulam 18.3333 84.1166
160. Callingapatam Srikakulam 18.3333 84.1166
161. Cannavaram Canal East Godavari 16.3666 81.7333
162. Carnatic Nellore 14 79.5
163. Central Plateau Anantapur 14 77
164. Chagalamarri Kurnool 14.9666 78.5833
165. Chagallu West Godavari 16.9833 81.6666
166. Chagalmurri Kurnool 14.9666 78.5833
167. Chaganam Nellore 14.2 79.6833
168. Chakaralapalle Anantapur 14 77.5833
169. Chakarlapalli Anantapur 14 77.5833
170. Chakavel Anantapur 13.8166 78.1
171. Chakicherla Prakasam 15.1 80.05
172. Challapalle Krishna 16.1166 80.9333
173. Champavati River Vizianagaram 18.2 83.4666
174. Chandalur Prakasam 15.7666 79.6
175. Chandaluru Prakasam 15.7666 79.6
176. Chandragiri Chittoor 13.6333 79.3166
177. Chandragiri Chittoor 13.5833 79.3166
178. Chandrasekharapuram Prakasam 15.1833 79.2833
179. Chanugondla Kurnool 15.3666 77.7
180. Chapara Srikakulam 18.7666 84.1833
181. Chatagotla Nellore 14.3833 79.7666
199
182. Chattram Prakasam 15.55 79.3166
183. Chaudepalle Chittoor 13.4333 78.6833
184. Chavutapalem Nellore 14.3 79.8833
185. Chebrolu Guntur 16.2 80.5333
186. Chejerla Nellore 14.5166 79.5666
187. Chelama Kurnool 15.4333 78.7
188. Chelima Kurnool 15.4333 78.7
189. Chelur Chittoor 13.7 78.1
190. Chemudu Vizianagaram 18.6333 83.2166
191. Chennur Nellore 14.15 79.8166
192. Chennuru Nellore 14.15 79.8166
193. Cherlopalle Prakasam 15.2833 79.5666
194. Cherlopalle Anantapur 14.4166 77.0666
195. Cherlopalle Chittoor 13.8333 78.6333
196. Cherlopalli Chittoor 13.8333 78.6333
197. Cherukuru Prakasam 15.9833 80.3833
198. Chicacole Srikakulam 18.3 83.9
199. Chikati Srikakulam 19.2 84.6166
200. Chikitigarh Srikakulam 19.2 84.6166
201. Chilakalapudi Krishna 16.2166 81.1666
202. Chilakalurupet Guntur 16.0833 80.1666
203. Chilamannuru Nellore 13.9166 79.7
204. Chilamatturu Anantapur 13.8333 77.7
205. Chillakur Nellore 14.1333 79.8666
206. Chimakurti Prakasam 15.5833 79.8833
207. Chimata Prakasam 15.5 79.75
208. Chimidithe Nellore 14.1333 79.75
209. Chinaganjam Prakasam 15.7 80.25
210. Chinapallipalem Nellore 14.4333 80.15
211. Chinna Ganjam Prakasam 15.7 80.25
212. Chinna Hagari River Anantapur 14.95 77.0333
213. Chinna Palipeta Srikakulam 18.3333 84.1166
214. Chinnakraka Nellore 14.8333 79.85
215. Chinnapailepalem Nellore 14.4333 80.15
216. Chinnapallepalem Nellore 14.4333 80.15
217. Chinnapalli Petta Srikakulam 18.3333 84.1166
218. Chinnekuntapall Anantapur 14.45 77.8666
219. Chinnekuntapalle Anantapur 14.45 77.8666
220. Chintakunta Kurnool 15.25 77.1666
221. Chintaladevi Nellore 14.9833 79.65
222. Chintalapudi West Godavari 17.0666 80.9833
223. Chintapalle Vishakhapatnam 17.8666 82.35
224. Chintaparti Chittoor 13.6333 78.7
225. Chippigiri Kurnool 15.2333 77.3166
226. Chipurupalle Vizianagaram 18.3 83.5666
227. Chirala Prakasam 15.8166 80.35
200
228. Chiramana Nellore 14.6833 79.7333
229. Chirrayanam East Godavari 16.5333 82.1666
230. Chittavalsa Vishakhapatnam 17.9333 83.4333
231. Chittavapalle Nellore 14.4 79.7166
232. Chittavapalli Nellore 14.4 79.7166
233. Chittigudur Krishna 16.2166 81.0666
234. Chittiguduru Krishna 16.2166 81.0666
235. Chittivalasa Vishakhapatnam 17.9333 83.4333
236. Chittivalsa Vishakhapatnam 17.9333 83.4333
237. Chittoor Chittoor 13.2 79.1166
238. Chittor Chittoor 13.2 79.1166
239. Chitturu Chittoor 13.2 79.1166
240. Chiwna Hagari Anantapur 14.95 77.0333
241. Chodavaram Vishakhapatnam 17.8333 82.95
242. Chodavaram East Godavari 17.45 81.7666
243. Chunda Prakasam 15.1666 79.6833
244. Chundi Prakasam 15.1666 79.6833
245. Cittiguduru Krishna 16.2166 81.0666
246. Cocanada East Godavari 16.9333 82.2166
247. Cocanada Canal East Godavari 16.9166 81.8666
248. Cocanada River East Godavari 16.9166 81.8666
249. Coconada East Godavari 16.9333 82.2166
250. Colair Lake West Godavari 16.65 81.2166
251. Coringa East Godavari 16.8 82.2333
252. Coringa Canal East Godavari 16.8166 82.2
253. Cumbum Prakasam 15.5666 79.1166
254. Dachepalle Guntur 16.6 79.7333
255. Dachur Nellore 14.3666 79.5666
256. Dachuru Nellore 14.3666 79.5666
257. Dalavayihaili Anantapur 14.2333 77.3333
258. Dalavayihalli Anantapur 14.2333 77.3333
259. Damalcheruvu Chittoor 13.4833 79.05
260. Danayanicheruvu Anantapur 14.0666 78.3666
261. Dandinahirehalu Anantapur 15.0166 76.85
262. Darga Hill Vishakhapatnam 17.6833 83.2833
263. Dargah Krishna 16.5333 80.5833
264. Darsi Prakasam 15.7666 79.6833
265. Deccan Anantapur 14 77
266. Deccan Plateau Anantapur 14 77
267. Degapudi Nellore 14.3166 79.7166
268. Dekkan Anantapur 14 77
269. Derarapalle West Godavari 17.0333 81.55
270. Devada Srikakulam 18.3833 84.0166
271. Devada Vizianagaram 18.25 83.55
272. Devadi Srikakulam 18.3833 84.0166
273. Devanakonda Kurnool 15.5333 77.55
201
274. Devarapalle West Godavari 17.0333 81.55
275. Devaravemuru Nellore 14.2833 79.7666
276. Dhandaparti Vishakhapatnam 17.7166 83.3
277. Dharakonda Vishakhapatnam 18 82.1166
278. Dharmavaram Anantapur 14.4333 77.7166
279. Dhone Kurnool 15.4166 77.8833
280. Diguvametta Prakasam 15.3833 78.8333
281. Dolphins Nose Vishakhapatnam 17.6666 83.2666
282. Donakonda Prakasam 15.8333 79.4833
283. Dondaparti Vishakhapatnam 17.7166 83.3
284. Dontali Nellore 14.3833 79.8833
285. Doranala Prakasam 15.9 79.1
286. Doravarichattram Nellore 13.8166 79.95
287. Dosapadu Krishna 16.4833 80.9666
288. Dowlaishwaram East Godavari 16.95 81.8
289. Dowlaiswaram East Godavari 16.95 81.8
290. Draksharama East Godavari 16.8 82.0666
291. Dronachellam Kurnool 15.4 77.8666
292. Dubacherla West Godavari 16.9166 81.35
293. Duddukuru Prakasam 15.7333 80.1666
294. Dudukur Prakasam 15.7333 80.1666
295. Dugarajupatnam Nellore 13.9666 80.15
296. Dugarazpatam Nellore 13.9666 80.15
297. Dugarazpatnam Nellore 13.9666 80.15
298. Dugarazupatnam Nellore 13.9666 80.15
299. Duggirala Guntur 16.3166 80.6333
300. Dupad Prakasam 15.9166 79.3666
301. Dupadu Kurnool 15.7166 78.0333
302. Dupadu Prakasam 15.9166 79.3666
303. Durgada East Godavari 17.2333 82.3666
304. Durgarajupatnam Nellore 13.9833 80.15
305. Durgi Guntur 16.4333 79.5333
306. Duthalur Nellore 14.85 79.4166
307. Duttaluru Nellore 14.85 79.4166
308. Duvvam Vizianagaram 18.25 83.5333
309. Dwarapudi East Godavari 16.95 81.9333
310. East Godavari East Godavari 16.9333 82.2166
311. Elamanchili Vishakhapatnam 17.55 82.8666
312. Elesvaram East Godavari 17.2833 82.1
313. Ellanuru Anantapur 14.7 78.0833
314. Ellasiri Nellore 13.9333 80.0333
315. Ellore West Godavari 16.7 81.1
316. Ellore Canal Krishna 16.5166 80.6166
317. Eluru West Godavari 16.7 81.1
318. Eluru River East Godavari 17.0833 82.25
319. Elwinpet Vizianagaram 18.9833 83.6666
202
320. Emmiganur Kurnool 15.7333 77.4833
321. Emmiganuru Kurnool 15.7333 77.4833
322. Erpedu Chittoor 13.6833 79.6
323. Errabalem Guntur 16.45 80.5666
324. Erragondapalem Prakasam 16.05 79.3166
325. Erragundapalem Prakasam 16.05 79.3166
326. Errakalava River West Godavari 16.9333 81.55
327. Erramala Hills Kurnool 15.5 78.1666
328. Erramala Range Kurnool 15.5 78.1666
329. Erravaripalem Chittoor 13.7166 79.15
330. Eruru Nellore 14.1666 80.05
331. Etikoppaka Vishakhapatnam 17.5 82.7333
332. Fakirgudem Krishna 16.4833 80.6333
333. False Divi Point Guntur 15.7166 80.8166
334. False Point Divi Guntur 15.7166 80.8166
335. Gaddamnagepalle Anantapur 14.7666 77.7833
336. Gadekallu Anantapur 15.1166 77.2333
337. Gadidemadugu Kurnool 15.7833 78.1666
338. Gadigarevula Kurnool 15.6333 78.45
339. Gajapatinagaram Vizianagaram 18.3 83.3333
340. Gajjelakonda Prakasam 15.75 79.4
341. Galli Hill Vishakhapatnam 17.7166 83.2833
342. Gampalagudem Krishna 16.9833 80.5166
343. Ganapavaram West Godavari 16.7 81.4666
344. Gangadevepalle Nellore 14.15 79.7333
345. Gangapatnam Nellore 14.5333 80.15
346. Gangarajumadugula Vishakhapatnam 18.0166 82.5
347. Gangarajumadugulu Vishakhapatnam 18.0166 82.5
348. Gangineni Krishna 16.7333 80.5166
349. Ganginenipatem Krishna 16.7333 80.5166
350. Ganguvada Srikakulam 18.6666 84.1166
351. Gani Kurnool 15.6833 78.3333
352. Ganjivaripalle Prakasam 16.0333 79.2
353. Gannavaram East Godavari 16.6 81.9
354. Gannavaram Krishna 16.5333 80.8
355. Gannavaram Canal East Godavari 16.3666 81.7333
356. Ganporam Vishakhapatnam 17.7166 83.2833
357. Gantikorlam Vishakhapatnam 17.8 82.7833
358. Gara Srikakulam 18.3333 84.05
359. Garabandh Srikakulam 18.8333 84.2666
360. Garbham Vizianagaram 18.3666 83.45
361. Garimanipenta Nellore 14.3666 79.4666
362. Garimenapenta Nellore 14.3666 79.4666
363. Gariparon Vishakhapatnam 17.7166 83.2833
364. Garividi Vizianagaram 18.2833 83.55
365. Garladinne Kurnool 15.3166 77.9333
203
366. Garladinne Anantapur 14.8333 77.6
367. Garnimitta Chittoor 13.8166 78.9
368. Gattimanikonda Kurnool 15.5333 78.1833
369. Gazulapalle Kurnool 15.4333 78.6
370. Gazulapalli Kurnool 15.4333 78.6
371. George Town Anantapur 14.7166 77.5833
372. Ghantasala Guntur 16.15 80.2666
373. Ghattu Chittoor 13.6666 78.3333
374. Giddalur Prakasam 15.35 78.9166
375. Girisola Srikakulam 19.1666 84.7166
376. Gnanapuram Vishakhapatnam 17.7166 83.2833
377. Godavari East Godavari 17.0166 81.7833
378. Godavari East Godavari 16.9333 82.2166
379. Godavari River East Godavari 17 81.8
380. Gogulapalle Prakasam 15.2666 79.3166
381. Goguleru Creek Krishna 16.35 81.3833
382. Gokaram East Godavari 17.2666 81.85
383. Gokavaram East Godavari 17.2666 81.85
384. Golla Anantapur 14.6 77.2
385. Golla Konda Vishakhapatnam 17.65 83.1833
386. Gollapalem Krishna 16.3666 81.5333
387. Gollapalem Nellore 14.3 79.7833
388. Gollapalem Nellore 14.1 79.8
389. Gollapalle Krishna 16.7166 80.9
390. Gollapalli Krishna 16.7166 80.9
391. Gollapudi Krishna 16.5333 80.5666
392. Gonegandia Kurnool 15.7166 77.6
393. Gonegandla Kurnool 15.7166 77.6
394. Gooty Anantapur 15.1166 77.6333
395. Gopala Singavaram Kurnool 15.8666 77.9166
396. Gopalapuram West Godavari 17.1 81.5166
397. Gopavaram Krishna 16.8166 80.9
398. Goppili Srikakulam 18.8166 84.35
399. Gorantla Anantapur 13.9833 77.7666
400. Gostani River Vishakhapatnam 17.9 83.45
401. Gotlagattu Prakasam 15.55 79.4333
402. Govindapuram Srikakulam 18.6833 84.3666
403. Govundlapalem Nellore 14.6166 80.15
404. Griddaluru Nellore 14.2666 79.7833
405. Gudali Nellore 14.0166 80.0166
406. Gudavallaru Nellore 14.9833 79.6666
407. Gudem Vishakhapatnam 17.8666 82.2
408. Gudikal Kurnool 15.7333 77.4833
409. Gudikallu Kurnool 15.7333 77.4833
410. Gudipalle Chittoor 12.7833 78.25
411. Gudipalli Chittoor 12.7833 78.25
204
412. Gudivada Krishna 16.45 80.9833
413. Gudlavalleru Krishna 16.35 81.05
414. Gudlur Prakasam 15.0666 79.9
415. Gudluru Prakasam 15.0666 79.9
416. Gudur Kurnool 15.7666 77.8166
417. Gudur Nellore 14.1333 79.85
418. Guduru Kurnool 15.7666 77.8166
419. Gujjangivalasa Vizianagaram 18.3 83.5
420. Gulapalem Anantapur 15.0833 77.4
421. Gulapalyamu Anantapur 15.0833 77.4
422. Gullipadu East Godavari 17.4166 82.6333
423. Gumada Vizianagaram 18.9 83.4666
424. Gunadala Krishna 16.5166 80.6666
425. Gundlabrahmeswaram Kurnool 15.6666 78.75
426. Gundlakamma Guntur 15.9833 79.65
427. Gundlakonda Kurnool 15.4833 77.65
428. Gundugolanu West Godavari 16.7833 81.2333
429. Guntakai Anantapur 15.1666 77.3833
430. Guntakal Anantapur 15.1666 77.3833
431. Guntur Guntur 16.3 80.45
432. Gurandi Srikakulam 18.8166 84.2166
433. Gurramkonda Chittoor 13.7833 78.5833
434. Gurrumkonda Chittoor 13.7833 78.5833
435. Gurtedu East Godavari 17.85 81.95
436. Guruvajipeta Prakasam 15.2166 79.4
437. Guruzala Guntur 16.5666 79.65
438. Guttur Anantapur 14.1833 77.6333
439. Gutturu Anantapur 14.1833 77.6333
440. Hadobhangi Srikakulam 18.8166 83.95
441. Halvi Kurnool 15.8833 77.1333
442. Hanmantu Creek Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.35
443. Haripur Srikakulam 18.85 84.5166
444. Haripuram Srikakulam 18.85 84.5166
445. Harivanam Kurnool 15.6333 77.1
446. Hebbetti Kurnool 15.55 77.15
447. Hindupur Anantapur 13.8166 77.4833
448. Hiramandalam Srikakulam 18.6666 83.95
449. Holalagondi Kurnool 15.5 77.0666
450. Holalagundi Kurnool 15.5 77.0666
451. Honnuru Anantapur 14.9 77.0833
452. Hosuru Kurnool 15.3833 77.45
453. Ichapur Srikakulam 19.1 84.6833
454. Ichapuram Srikakulam 19.1166 84.7
455. Ichchapur Srikakulam 19.1166 84.7
456. Ichchapuram Srikakulam 19.1166 84.7
457. Ichekapuram Srikakulam 19.1166 84.7
205
458. Iliuru Kottapeta Kurnool 15.2833 78.25
459. Inamanamelluru Prakasam 15.6 80.0666
460. Indukapet Nellore 14.45 80.1333
461. Indukurupeta Nellore 14.45 80.1333
462. Injaram Canal East Godavari 16.75 82.15
463. Injeram Canal East Godavari 16.75 82.15
464. Inkole Prakasam 15.8333 80.2
465. Inkollu Prakasam 15.8333 80.2
466. Innaglur Anantapur 14.0333 78.0833
467. Inukurti Nellore 14.35 79.7166
468. Ipuru Guntur 16.2333 79.8
469. Irakam Nellore 13.5666 80.1666
470. Iskagundam Prakasam 15.6 78.8166
471. Iskapalle Nellore 14.7333 80.1
472. Iskapalli Nellore 14.7333 80.1
473. Iskapally Nellore 14.7333 80.1
474. Isukapalli Metta Vishakhapatnam 17.6833 83.2666
475. Itamukkala Prakasam 15.3666 80.1166
476. Jaddangi East Godavari 17.4833 82.15
477. Jafalapuram Nellore 14.2166 79.7
478. Jaganathpuram East Godavari 16.9333 82.2333
479. Jagannadhapuram East Godavari 16.9333 82.2333
480. Jagannadharaju Chattram Vizianagaram 18.2 83.6833
481. Jaggammapet East Godavari 17.1833 82.05
482. Jaggampeta East Godavari 17.1833 82.05
483. Jaggayyapeta Krishna 16.9 80.1
484. Jajur Anantapur 14.3666 76.85
485. Jakkalacheruvu Anantapur 15.1166 77.7333
486. Jakkulacheruvu Anantapur 15.1166 77.7333
487. Jalantra Srikakulam 18.95 84.55
488. Jalaput Reservoir Vishakhapatnam 18.45 82.5666
489. Jalar Petta Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.35
490. Jalaripeta Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.35
491. Jallivari Pullalacheruvu Prakasam 15.5 78.9166
492. Jalumur Srikakulam 18.5166 84.0333
493. Jalumuru Srikakulam 18.5166 84.0333
494. Jami Vizianagaram 18.05 83.2666
495. Janjhavati River Vizianagaram 18.8666 83.4666
496. Jarada Srikakulam 19.0833 84.5166
497. Jaradagodo Srikakulam 19.0833 84.5166
498. Jaradakota Srikakulam 19.0833 84.5166
499. Jararha Srikakulam 19.0833 84.5166
500. Jayamangali River Anantapur 13.9 77.4833
501. Jayampu Nellore 14.0333 79.7166
502. Jayantipur Srikakulam 19.0833 84.6166
503. Jhadupudi Srikakulam 19.0333 84.6166
206
504. Jogipalle Nellore 14.2166 79.7333
505. Jogipalli Nellore 14.2166 79.7333
506. Jonnagiri Kurnool 15.2333 77.5833
507. Julakalava Anantapur 14.8333 77.7833
508. Julakalva Anantapur 14.8333 77.7833
509. Junction Canal West Godavari 16.8333 81.6333
510. Juturu Anantapur 14.9666 77.9
511. Kadapatra Nellore 13.7833 80.1666
512. Kadavakuduru Prakasam 15.7333 80.25
513. Kadiri Anantapur 14.1166 78.1666
514. Kadiyam East Godavari 16.9166 81.8333
515. Kadur Vizianagaram 18.2833 83.55
516. Kaikalur Krishna 16.5666 81.2
517. Kaikaram West Godavari 16.8166 81.3666
518. Kakaraparru Canal West Godavari 16.8666 81.6666
519. Kakinada East Godavari 16.9333 82.2166
520. Kakinada Canal East Godavari 16.9333 82.0833
521. Kakitalapuru Nellore 14.2166 79.9
522. Kalakada Chittoor 13.8166 78.8
523. Kalasamudram Anantapur 14.2166 78.1
524. Kalava Kurnool 15.6333 78.2
525. Kalichedu Nellore 14.3 79.7333
526. Kalicherla Chittoor 13.8833 78.5333
527. Kaligiri Nellore 14.8333 79.7
528. Kaligotla Vishakhapatnam 17.9166 82.9666
529. Kalikiri Chittoor 13.6333 78.8
530. Kalikri Chittoor 13.6333 78.8
531. Kalingapatam Srikakulam 18.3333 84.1166
532. Kalingapatnam Srikakulam 18.3333 84.1166
533. Kallur Chittoor 13.5666 79
534. Kalluru Anantapur 14.9166 77.5833
535. Kalluru Chittoor 13.5666 79
536. Kaluvaya Nellore 14.5 79.4166
537. Kalyandrug Anantapur 14.55 77.1
538. Kamavarapukota West Godavari 17.0166 81.2
539. Kambakamdurgam Chittoor 13.5666 79.85
540. Kambakkam Drug Chittoor 13.5666 79.85
541. Kambalapalle Kurnool 15.8333 78.5166
542. Kambhampadu Krishna 16.9833 80.6666
543. Kambhamu Prakasam 15.5666 79.1166
544. Kamsadhara Srikakulam 18.35 84.1333
545. Kanaganapalle Anantapur 14.45 77.5166
546. Kanaganapally Anantapur 14.45 77.5166
547. Kanakamachutram Chittoor 13.2166 79.7666
548. Kanakammachattram Chittoor 13.2166 79.7666
549. Kandamuru Nellore 14.4666 79.8
207
550. Kandenavolu Kurnool 15.8333 78.05
551. Kandleru River Prakasam 16.0166 79.5666
552. Kandukur Prakasam 15.2166 79.9166
553. Kandukur Chittoor 13.75 78.1666
554. Kandukuru Anantapur 14.6 77.6333
555. Kandukuru Anantapur 14.5833 77.6333
556. Kandur Chittoor 13.55 78.7666
557. Kanduru Chittoor 13.55 78.7666
558. Kanekallu Anantapur 14.8 77.0833
559. Kangundi Chittoor 12.75 78.4333
560. Kanigiri Prakasam 15.4 79.5166
561. Kanigiri Reservoir Nellore 14.5833 79.8333
562. Kankipad Krishna 16.45 80.7833
563. Kankipadu Krishna 16.45 80.7833
564. Kannapuram West Godavari 17.1833 81.4
565. Kanuparti Prakasam 15.5833 80.2166
566. Kanuparti Nellore 14.4333 79.7
567. Kapdukur Chittoor 13.75 78.1666
568. Kapileswarapuram Krishna 16.3333 80.8666
569. Kappa Konda Vishakhapatnam 17.95 82.5833
570. Karameda Krishna 16.2 81.1666
571. Karanchedu Prakasam 15.8833 80.3166
572. Karapa East Godavari 16.9 82.1666
573. Karavadi Prakasam 15.55 80.1166
574. Karedu Prakasam 15.1833 80.0666
575. Karempudi Guntur 16.4333 79.7166
576. Karivemula Kurnool 15.6 77.6166
577. Karnulu Kurnool 15.8333 78.05
578. Karur Anantapur 15.0166 77.3833
579. Karur Anantapur 15.0166 77.3833
580. Karvetnagar Chittoor 13.4166 79.45
581. Kashinagar Srikakulam 18.8666 83.8833
582. Kasibugga Srikakulam 18.7666 84.4166
583. Kasipatnam Vishakhapatnam 18.2 83.1166
584. Kasumuru Nellore 14.35 79.8666
585. Katarukonda Kurnool 15.4333 77.7333
586. Kattaleru River Krishna 16.7166 80.3333
587. Kattipudi East Godavari 17.25 82.3333
588. Kattubadipalli Nellore 14.3 79.7666
589. Kavali Nellore 14.9166 79.9833
590. Kaviti Srikakulam 19.0166 84.6833
591. Kavur Guntur 16.15 80.1333
592. Kavuru Guntur 16.15 80.1333
593. Kavutaram Krishna 16.3333 81.0833
594. Kedaripuram Vizianagaram 19.1166 83.6333
595. Kesanapalli Guntur 16.5833 79.7333
208
596. Kesanupalle Guntur 16.5833 79.7333
597. Kesigi Kurnool 15.85 77.2666
598. Khadarpet Anantapur 14.9833 77.55
599. Khadarpett Anantapur 14.9833 77.55
600. Khadarupeta Anantapur 14.9833 77.55
601. Khilogodo Vishakhapatnam 18.3166 82.5333
602. Khirsinga Srikakulam 18.7 84.45
603. Kisina Krishna 15.95 80.9833
604. Kistama Nellore 14.4666 79.75
605. Kistna Krishna 16.1666 81.1333
606. Kistna Canal Guntur 16.4833 80.6166
607. Kistna River Krishna 15.95 80.9833
608. Kistnapatam Nellore 14.2833 80.1166
609. Kodavalur Nellore 14.5666 80.0166
610. Kodavaluru Nellore 14.5666 80.0166
611. Kodumur Kurnool 15.6833 77.7833
612. Kodumuru Kurnool 15.6833 77.7833
613. Kodur Nellore 14.3833 80.15
614. Koduru Vizianagaram 18.2833 83.55
615. Koduru Vishakhapatnam 17.9333 83.0333
616. Koduru Nellore 14.3833 80.15
617. Koilkuntia Kurnool 15.2333 78.3166
618. Koilkuntla Kurnool 15.2333 78.3166
619. Kokkanti Anantapur 13.9333 78.2666
620. Kolakalur Guntur 16.3166 80.6
621. Kolakaluru Guntur 16.3166 80.6
622. Kolanukonda Guntur 16.45 80.6
623. Kolimigundla Kurnool 15.0833 78.1166
624. Kolleru Lake West Godavari 16.65 81.2166
625. Kolleru River Nellore 14.1833 79.8333
626. Kollur Guntur 16.1833 80.8
627. Kolluru Guntur 16.1833 80.8
628. Komarolu Prakasam 15.2666 79
629. Komatipalle Vizianagaram 18.3833 83.35
630. Kommalapadu Prakasam 16.0333 79.95
631. Kommalapudi Nellore 14.2833 79.8833
632. Kommamur Canal Guntur 16.35 80.6166
633. Kommanur Canal Guntur 16.35 80.6166
634. Kommarapudi Nellore 14.2833 79.8833
635. Kommi Nellore 14.9666 79.7666
636. Konada Vizianagaram 18.0166 83.5666
637. Konakanametla Prakasam 15.65 79.5
638. Kondagunta Nellore 14.0833 79.8
639. Kondakarla Ava Vishakhapatnam 17.6 83
640. Kondakomarla Anantapur 14.0833 77.95
641. Kondakumerla Anantapur 14.0833 77.95
209
642. Kondapalle Krishna 16.6166 80.5333
643. Kondapalle Reserve Forest Krishna 16.65 80.5
644. Kondapalli Krishna 16.6166 80.5333
645. Kondavidu Guntur 16.25 80.25
646. Kondlapalli Nellore 14.4666 79.7
647. Kondur Nellore 14.0166 80.1166
648. Konduru Krishna 16.6833 80.5833
649. Koradi Nellore 13.7666 80.1333
650. Korosavada Srikakulam 18.7166 84.0666
651. Korukollu Krishna 16.5 81.25
652. Kosgi Kurnool 15.85 77.2666
653. Kosigi Kurnool 15.85 77.2666
654. Kota East Godavari 17.6 81.9
655. Kota Nellore 14.0333 80.05
656. Kota Uratla Vishakhapatnam 17.5833 82.6833
657. Kotabommali Srikakulam 18.4833 84.2
658. Kotabommali Srikakulam 18.5333 84.1666
659. Kotananduru East Godavari 17.4666 82.4666
660. Kotipalle East Godavari 16.7 82.0333
661. Kotrapalle Vishakhapatnam 17.9166 82.9
662. Kotta Agraharam Srikakulam 18.3333 84.1166
663. Kottakota Vishakhapatnam 17.7833 82.7
664. Kottakota Chittoor 13.6666 78.2666
665. Kottapalem Guntur 15.8833 80.8166
666. Kottapalle Vishakhapatnam 17.9166 82.9
667. Kottapatam Prakasam 15.4666 80.1666
668. Kottapatnam Prakasam 15.4666 80.1666
669. Kottapatnam Nellore 14.1166 80.1166
670. Kottapeta East Godavari 16.7166 81.9
671. Kottaravupeta Srikakulam 18.3833 84.15
672. Kottavalasa Vishakhapatnam 17.9 83.2
673. Kotturu Srikakulam 18.7666 83.8833
674. Kovur West Godavari 17.0166 81.7333
675. Kovur Nellore 14.4833 79.9833
676. Kovurupalle Nellore 14.7666 80
677. Kovvur West Godavari 17.0166 81.7333
678. Koyyalagudem West Godavari 17.1166 81.3
679. Koyyuru Vishakhapatnam 17.6666 82.2333
680. Krishna Krishna 15.95 80.9833
681. Krishna Krishna 16.1666 81.1333
682. Krishna Canal Guntur 16.4833 80.6166
683. Krishnadevipeta Vishakhapatnam 17.6833 82.3833
684. Krishnagiri Kurnool 15.5666 77.8333
685. Krishnapatnam Nellore 14.2833 80.1166
686. Krishnayapalem Guntur 16.4833 80.55
687. Kristnapatam Nellore 14.2833 80.1166
210
688. Krosur Guntur 16.55 80.1333
689. Krosuru Guntur 16.55 80.1333
690. Kuderu Anantapur 14.7333 77.4333
691. Kunchanapalle Guntur 16.45 80.6166
692. Kundurpi Anantapur 14.2833 77.0333
693. Kuppagallu Kurnool 15.7333 77.25
694. Kuppagullu Kurnool 15.7333 77.25
695. Kuppam Nellore 13.6166 80.1333
696. Kuppam Chittoor 12.75 78.3666
697. Kuppili Srikakulam 18.1666 83.8166
698. Kurabalakota Chittoor 13.65 78.4833
699. Kurichedu Prakasam 15.9 79.5833
700. Kurmul Kurnool 15.8333 78.05
701. Kurnool Kurnool 15.8333 78.05
702. Kurnool Cuddapah Canal Kurnool 15.8333 78.05
703. Kurupam Vizianagaram 18.8666 83.5666
704. Kuruva Nagalapuram Kurnool 15.7666 77.9166
705. Kutravada East Godavari 17.6333 81.7
706. Laivsons Bay Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.35
707. Lakkavarapukota Vizianagaram 18.0333 83.15
708. Lakshmipur Vishakhapatnam 18.4 82.4333
709. Lakshmipuram Vishakhapatnam 18.4 82.4333
710. Lakshmipuro Vishakhapatnam 18.4 82.4333
711. Lammasingi Vishakhapatnam 17.8166 82.4833
712. Languli Srikakulam 18.2166 83.9333
713. Langulini Srikakulam 18.2166 83.9333
714. Languliya Srikakulam 18.2166 83.9333
715. Langulya Srikakulam 18.2166 83.9333
716. Lankavanidibba Guntur 15.7833 80.85
717. Lawsons Bay Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.35
718. Lepakshi Anantapur 13.8166 77.6
719. Lingapa Tank Vishakhapatnam 17.7166 83.2833
720. Lotugadda Vishakhapatnam 17.9666 82.4
721. Macherla Guntur 16.4833 79.4333
722. Machilipatnam Krishna 16.1666 81.1333
723. Machilisam Srikakulam 18.3333 84.1166
724. Madakasira Anantapur 13.9333 77.2666
725. Madal Palao Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.3166
726. Madamanuru Nellore 14.2333 79.85
727. Madanapalle Chittoor 13.55 78.5
728. Madanapalle Road Chittoor 13.65 78.55
729. Maddikera Kurnool 15.25 77.4166
730. Maddilapalem Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.3166
731. Maddipenta Kurnool 15.7333 78.7833
732. Madduluru Prakasam 15.4666 79.8666
733. Madhavaram Kurnool 15.9333 77.35
211
734. Madugula Vishakhapatnam 17.9166 82.8
735. Magaturu Prakasam 15.7 79.1
736. Mahal Chittoor 13.7833 78.7666
737. Mailavaram Krishna 16.7833 80.6333
738. Main Canal Guntur 16.5 80.6
739. Maipadu Nellore 14.5 80.1666
740. Makkajipalle Anantapur 14.2 77.6166
741. Makkajipalli Anantapur 14.2 77.6166
742. Makkuva Vizianagaram 18.6666 83.2666
743. Mal Srikakulam 18.8 84.5166
744. Mal Konda Srikakulam 18.8 84.5166
745. Malakapuram Vishakhapatnam 17.6666 83.2833
746. Malakavemala Anantapur 14.2666 78.0666
747. Malakavemula Anantapur 14.2666 78.0666
748. Malichedu Nellore 14.3 79.7333
749. Mallam Nellore 13.95 80.1166
750. Mallanuru Chittoor 12.6666 78.4166
751. Malliyala Kurnool 15.4 77.7666
752. Maluguru Anantapur 13.9 77.55
753. Malyala Kurnool 15.4 77.7666
754. Mamanduru Chittoor 13.7333 79.4833
755. Mamidipalle Vizianagaram 18.6166 83.1833
756. Mandapeta East Godavari 16.8666 81.9333
757. Mandapeta Canal East Godavari 16.9166 81.8666
758. Mandasa Srikakulam 18.8666 84.4666
759. Mandasa Road Srikakulam 18.8333 84.5
760. Mangalagiri Guntur 16.4333 80.55
761. Mangalagunta Nellore 14.3166 79.8666
762. Mangalampet Chittoor 13.6 79.1
763. Mangalampeta Chittoor 13.6 79.1
764. Mangalapuru Nellore 14.1166 79.8
765. Manidipalle Vizianagaram 18.6166 83.1833
766. Manneru River Prakasam 15.1166 79.9166
767. Manubolu Nellore 14.2166 79.8833
768. Manubolu Nellore 14.1833 79.8833
769. Manubrolu Nellore 14.1833 79.8833
770. Maonderu River Vishakhapatnam 17.7 83.3
771. Mappin Hill Vishakhapatnam 17.6833 83.2833
772. Maradam Vizianagaram 18.4 83.35
773. Mardaguda Vishakhapatnam 18.2333 83
774. Markapur Prakasam 15.7333 79.2833
775. Markapur Road Prakasam 15.7166 79.3
776. Marlapenta Prakasam 15.8 79
777. Marupuru Nellore 14.4 79.8
778. Maruru Anantapur 14.5 77.6333
779. Maruteru West Godavari 16.6333 81.7333
212
780. Marutur Prakasam 15.9666 80.1
781. Maruturu Prakasam 15.9666 80.1
782. Masanutippa East Godavari 16.6666 82.3166
783. Masulipatam Krishna 16.1666 81.1333
784. Masulipatam Canal Krishna 16.4166 80.7666
785. Masulipatnam Krishna 16.1666 81.1333
786. Matsavaram Krishna 16.5166 80.65
787. Mayalur Kurnool 15.1 78.3666
788. Mayaluru Kurnool 15.1 78.3666
789. Medapadu East Godavari 17.0166 82.1666
790. Medarametla Prakasam 15.7333 80.0333
791. Medikurti Chittoor 13.7166 78.7666
792. Meliyaputtu Srikakulam 18.7666 84.1666
793. Melyaputtu Srikakulam 18.7666 84.1666
794. Mentada Vishakhapatnam 18.3166 83.2333
795. Midutur Kurnool 15.7666 78.3
796. Miduturu Kurnool 15.7666 78.3
797. Mijuru Nellore 13.7666 80.0833
798. Mittatukuru Nellore 14.2333 79.8
799. Mogallapalem Nellore 14.4333 79.8333
800. Mogallu West Godavari 16.6 81.5666
801. Mogalluru Nellore 14.4 79.6666
802. Mogalrajapuram Krishna 16.5 80.6333
803. Mogalrazapuram Krishna 16.5 80.6333
804. Mogaltur West Godavari 16.4166 81.6
805. Mogalturru West Godavari 16.4166 81.6
806. Mohammadnagar Krishna 16.5 80.65
807. Molagavalli Kurnool 15.3666 77.3333
808. Momidi Nellore 14.2 80.05
809. Mondemkhallu Vizianagaram 18.9166 83.7
810. Mopadu Prakasam 15.1 79.4666
811. Mopuru Nellore 14.4333 79.8166
812. Mopuru Nellore 14.0666 79.6
813. Motumala Prakasam 15.4833 80.2
814. Mouths of the Krishna Krishna 15.75 81
815. Muddavaram Kurnool 15.5 78.0833
816. Muddumudi Nellore 14.2833 79.8666
817. Mudigodu Nellore 14.3333 79.7166
818. Mudigubba Anantapur 14.3333 77.9833
819. Mudinepalle Krishna 16.4 81.1166
820. Mudivedu Chittoor 13.7166 78.5166
821. Muhammadabad Anantapur 13.9833 78
822. Mukhalingam Srikakulam 18.6 83.9666
823. Muktapuram Anantapur 14.4 77.9333
824. Mulacalacheruvu Chittoor 13.8 78.2666
825. Mulakalacheruvu Chittoor 13.8 78.2666
213
826. Mummidivaram East Godavari 16.65 82.1166
827. Mundlapad Prakasam 15.3333 78.9
828. Mundlapadu Prakasam 15.3333 78.9
829. Munero River Krishna 16.6333 80.3333
830. Muneru River Krishna 16.6333 80.3333
831. Mungamuru Nellore 14.8166 80.0166
832. Mungonda East Godavari 16.6 81.9166
833. Muraripur Srikakulam 18.6666 84.4
834. Murkhi Srikakulam 18.7666 84.4333
835. Musalimadugu Kurnool 15.9833 78.4333
836. Musera River Prakasam 15.3333 80.1
837. Musi River Prakasam 15.3333 80.1
838. Mustabada Krishna 16.5666 80.7333
839. Musunur Nellore 14.8666 79.9833
840. Musunuru Nellore 14.8666 79.9833
841. Muthukuru Nellore 14.2666 80.1
842. Mutssukota Anantapur 14.85 77.8666
843. Muttukuru Nellore 14.2666 80.1
844. Muttukuru Chittoor 13.2833 78.6166
845. Mutukula Prakasam 16.1666 79.5333
846. Mutyalammapadu Krishna 16.5166 80.6333
847. Mutyalapadu Kurnool 15.05 78.6
848. Mutyalapadu Nellore 14.1166 79.9
849. Nachugunta Krishna 15.7833 80.8833
850. Nadimi Eru Krishna 15.7166 80.9333
851. Nagaladinne Kurnool 15.9166 77.5666
852. Nagalapuram Kurnool 15.7666 77.9166
853. Nagalapuram Chittoor 13.4 79.7833
854. Nagalapuram Hills Chittoor 13.5833 79.8333
855. Nagaram East Godavari 16.4333 81.8333
856. Nagaram Island East Godavari 16.4333 81.8333
857. Nagari Chittoor 13.3333 79.5833
858. Nagari Hills Chittoor 13.5 79.6666
859. Nagarjuna Durgam Guntur 16.5333 79.25
860. Nagarjuna Durgam Guntur 16.5833 80.35
861. Nagarjuna Sagar Guntur 16.5 79.2166
862. Nagarjunakonda Guntur 16.5833 80.35
863. Nagarjunakondam Guntur 16.5833 80.35
864. Nagarjuni Konda Guntur 16.5833 80.35
865. Nagarur Kurnool 15.55 77.3
866. Nagaruru Kurnool 15.55 77.3
867. Nagasamudram Anantapur 14.3 77.65
868. Nagavali River Srikakulam 18.2166 83.9333
869. Nagayalanka Krishna 15.95 80.9166
870. Nagulavaram Guntur 15.9666 79.8833
871. Naikaneri Chittoor 12.95 78.6
214
872. Nakad Palao Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.3166
873. Nakka Vagu Guntur 16.0666 80.4666
874. Nakkodipalem Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.3166
875. Nali Creek West Godavari 16.35 81.65
876. Nallacheruvu Anantapur 14.0166 78.1833
877. Nallamala Hills Prakasam 16.2833 79.4833
878. Nallamalai Hills Prakasam 16.2833 79.4833
879. Nallamalai Range Prakasam 16.2833 79.4833
880. Nallamalais Prakasam 16.2833 79.4833
881. Nallamara Vagu Guntur 15.8666 80.5333
882. Nallapalem Nellore 14.5 79.7666
883. Nallejerla West Godavari 16.95 81.4
884. Nalraylu Hill Vishakhapatnam 17.7166 83.2833
885. Namanamelluru Prakasam 15.6 80.0666
886. Nambur Guntur 16.3666 80.5
887. Namburu Guntur 16.3666 80.5
888. Nancherla Kurnool 15.25 77.3666
889. Nandanavanam Prakasam 15.4666 79.2833
890. Nandavanam Prakasam 15.4666 79.2833
891. Nandavaram Kurnool 15.85 77.5
892. Nandavaram Nellore 14.7 79.45
893. Nandial Kurnool 15.4833 78.4833
894. Nandigam Srikakulam 18.65 84.3
895. Nandigama Krishna 16.7833 80.3
896. Nandikotkur Kurnool 15.8666 78.2666
897. Nandipadu Kurnool 15.05 78.15
898. Nandipadu Nellore 14.8 79.35
899. Nandipaud Nellore 14.8 79.35
900. Nandivargam Kurnool 15.4333 78.3333
901. Nandivaya Nellore 14.4333 79.7333
902. Nandyal Kurnool 15.4833 78.4833
903. Nandyala Kurnool 15.4833 78.4833
904. Naraharipet Chittoor 13.1 79.15
905. Naraharipeta Chittoor 13.1 79.15
906. Naranjigundlapalle Anantapur 14.7 77.0666
907. Narapala Anantapur 14.7166 77.8166
908. Narasannapeta Srikakulam 18.4166 84.05
909. Narasapatnam Vishakhapatnam 17.45 82.7333
910. Narasapur West Godavari 16.45 81.6666
911. Narasapur Canal West Godavari 16.75 81.7333
912. Narasapur Point East Godavari 16.3333 81.7333
913. Narasaraopet Guntur 16.25 80.0666
914. Narasimharaopalem Krishna 17.0333 80.8333
915. Narasingapuram Chittoor 13.6166 79.3333
916. Narasingarayanpet Chittoor 13.1666 79.2166
917. Narasingarayapetta Chittoor 13.1666 79.2166
215
918. Narava Gedda Vishakhapatnam 17.7166 83.2333
919. Narayanavanam Chittoor 13.4166 79.5833
920. Narnuru Kurnool 15.7166 78.0833
921. Narsannapet Srikakulam 18.4166 84.05
922. Narsipatnam Vishakhapatnam 17.6666 82.6166
923. Narsipatnam Road Vishakhapatnam 17.45 82.7333
924. Naupada Srikakulam 18.5666 84.3
925. Navabpalem West Godavari 16.8333 81.6
926. Navuru Nellore 14.4833 79.6833
927. Navutala Srikakulam 18.6833 84.0333
928. Nawabupalem West Godavari 16.8333 81.6
929. Nayakkaneri Chittoor 12.95 78.6
930. Nayudupet Nellore 13.9 79.9
931. Nayudupeta Nellore 13.9 79.9
932. Neconda Hill Vishakhapatnam 17.6666 83.2833
933. Nekarikallu Guntur 16.3833 79.95
934. Nekonda Hill Vishakhapatnam 17.6666 83.2833
935. Nellaturu Nellore 14.1333 79.8166
936. Nellimarla Vizianagaram 18.1666 83.4333
937. Nellore Nellore 14.4333 79.9666
938. Nellurapalem Nellore 14.65 79.6166
939. Nennur Nellore 14.1166 79.7333
940. Nerabailu Chittoor 13.7666 79.1666
941. Neraballu Chittoor 13.7666 79.1666
942. Nerabylu Chittoor 13.7666 79.1666
943. Nereducherla Kurnool 15.2 77.9
944. Nerukona Vanka Nellore 14.45 79.7333
945. Nidadavol West Godavari 16.9166 81.6666
946. Nidadavole West Godavari 16.9166 81.6666
947. Nidubrolu Guntur 16.0666 80.5666
948. Nidumolu Krishna 16.2666 81.0333
949. Niduorolu Guntur 16.0666 80.5666
950. Nilarevu River East Godavari 16.7166 82.3333
951. Nimbagallu Anantapur 14.8833 77.2
952. Nindali Nellore 14.1 79.7
953. Nishankonda Prakasam 15.5166 79.5833
954. Nizampatam Guntur 15.9 80.6666
955. Nizampatam Canal Guntur 16.2333 80.6333
956. Nizampatnam Guntur 15.9 80.6666
957. Nosam Kurnool 14.9833 78.4
958. Nossam Kurnool 14.9833 78.4
959. Nutalapadu Prakasam 15.9333 80.25
960. Nutimadugu Anantapur 14.5 77.3166
961. Nuvalrevu Srikakulam 18.7 84.4333
962. Nuzvid Krishna 16.7833 80.85
963. Obalapura Anantapur 14.4666 76.9333
216
964. Obalapuram Anantapur 15.0166 76.85
965. Obalpuram Anantapur 15.0166 76.85
966. Oblapura Anantapur 14.4666 76.9333
967. Odur Nellore 14.0666 79.85
968. Oduru Nellore 14.0666 79.85
969. Olluru Chittoor 13.5166 79.7333
970. Ongole Prakasam 15.5 80.05
971. Oppadu Konda Vishakhapatnam 17.8333 83.4166
972. Owk Kurnool 15.2166 78.1166
973. Pachipenta Vizianagaram 18.4666 83.1166
974. Paderoo Vishakhapatnam 18.0833 82.6666
975. Paderu Vishakhapatnam 18.0833 82.6666
976. Padmanabham Vishakhapatnam 17.9833 83.3333
977. Padugupadu Nellore 14.4833 79.9833
978. Pagidyala Kurnool 15.9333 78.3333
979. Pakal Chittoor 13.4666 79.1166
980. Pakala Chittoor 13.4666 79.1166
981. Palacole West Godavari 16.5333 81.7333
982. Palakollu West Godavari 16.5333 81.7333
983. Palakonda Srikakulam 18.6 83.75
984. Palar River Prakasam 15.3166 80.0833
985. Palasa Srikakulam 18.75 84.4333
986. Palasa Srikakulam 18.7666 84.4166
987. Palasmudram Anantapur 13.9833 77.6833
988. Palaverkkadu Nellore 13.6666 80.1666
989. Palavlasa Srikakulam 18.8833 84.55
990. Paleru River Prakasam 15.3166 80.0833
991. Palicharlapadu Nellore 14.3666 79.8166
992. Palicherla Nellore 14.1 79.8
993. Palicherlapadu Nellore 14.3666 79.8166
994. Palkonda Srikakulam 18.6 83.75
995. Pallapatla Guntur 15.9833 80.75
996. Palleru River Krishna 16.8333 80.1
997. Pallevada Krishna 16.5833 81.3
998. Palli Petta Srikakulam 18.35 84.1166
999. Pallipeta Srikakulam 18.35 84.1166
1000. Palmaner Chittoor 13.2 78.75
1001. Palraiu Canal Krishna 16.3333 81.05
1002. Paluru Nellore 14.1166 79.7166
1003. Palvalsa Srikakulam 18.8833 84.55
1004. Pamarru Krishna 16.3166 80.95
1005. Pamidi Anantapur 14.95 77.5833
1006. Pamndura Anantapur 14.2666 77.9833
1007. Pamudurthi Anantapur 14.2666 77.9833
1008. Pamudurti Anantapur 14.2666 77.9833
1009. Pamuduru Anantapur 14.2666 77.9833
217
1010. Pamuru Prakasam 15.1166 79.4166
1011. Panaipakkam Chittoor 13.5 79.2166
1012. Panapakam-chandragiri Chittoor 13.5 79.2166
1013. Panapakkam Chittoor 13.5 79.2166
1014. Panem Kurnool 15.5166 78.35
1015. Panema Kurnool 15.5166 78.35
1016. Paradarami Chittoor 13.0833 78.9833
1017. Paralakhemundi Srikakulam 18.7833 84.1
1018. Paravada Vishakhapatnam 17.6333 83.1
1019. Paria Kimedi Srikakulam 18.7666 84.0833
1020. Parige Anantapur 13.9 77.4666
1021. Parigi Anantapur 13.9 77.4666
1022. Parlakimidi Srikakulam 18.7833 84.1
1023. Parlakimidi Srikakulam 18.7666 84.0833
1024. Parlapalli Nellore 14.35 79.7666
1025. Parnapalle Anantapur 14.5666 77.9833
1026. Partiala Krishna 16.65 80.4
1027. Partitala Krishna 16.65 80.4
1028. Paruchuru Prakasam 15.9666 80.2666
1029. Parumanchala Kurnool 15.8 78.4
1030. Parvatipuram Vizianagaram 18.7833 83.4333
1031. Pasaluru Anantapur 14.65 77.6666
1032. Pasupugallu Prakasam 15.8 79.8
1033. Pata Polavaram Vishakhapatnam 17.4166 82.8166
1034. Pata Polovaram Vishakhapatnam 17.4166 82.8166
1035. Patagunta Chittoor 13.45 79.2833
1036. Patakottacheru Anantapur 15.15 77.5
1037. Patakottacheruvu Anantapur 15.15 77.5
1038. Patal River Vishakhapatnam 18.3833 82.5333
1039. Patamata Krishna 16.4833 80.65
1040. Patamatalanka Krishna 16.4833 80.65
1041. Patapatnam Srikakulam 18.75 84.0833
1042. Pathikonda Chittoor 13.1833 78.65
1043. Patnam Anantapur 14.2333 78.1
1044. Patrapur Srikakulam 19.1333 84.5666
1045. Pattangi Srikakulam 18.9166 84.5
1046. Pattikonda Kurnool 15.4 77.5166
1047. Pattikonda Chittoor 13.1833 78.65
1048. Payakapuram Krishna 16.5333 80.65
1049. Payikapuram Krishna 16.5333 80.65
1050. Pedakurapadu Guntur 16.4833 80.2666
1051. Pedana Krishna 16.2666 81.1666
1052. Pedapariya Nellore 14.0333 79.8833
1053. Pedda Ahobilam Kurnool 15.1333 78.7166
1054. Pedda Alavalapadu Prakasam 15.3333 79.6333
1055. Pedda Aravidu Prakasam 15.8 79.2333
218
1056. Pedda Arikatla Prakasam 15.5333 79.5333
1057. Pedda Dokulapadu Srikakulam 18.7166 84.4666
1058. Pedda Eru East Godavari 17.1 82.35
1059. Pedda Ganjam Prakasam 15.65 80.2333
1060. Pedda Irlapadu Prakasam 15.2 79.6
1061. Pedda Machchilisam Srikakulam 18.3333 84.1166
1062. Pedda Palipeta Srikakulam 18.35 84.1333
1063. Pedda Sana Srikakulam 18.5833 84.1666
1064. Pedda Waltair Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.3333
1065. Peddaalavpad Prakasam 15.3333 79.6333
1066. Peddaballe Anantapur 13.9833 78.3833
1067. Peddachama Prakasam 15.9333 78.9333
1068. Peddacheruvu Kurnool 15.9833 78.8333
1069. Peddahodanam Kurnool 15.1333 78.7166
1070. Peddakurapadu Guntur 16.4833 80.2666
1071. Peddamallepalle Anantapur 14.7166 78.05
1072. Peddapadu West Godavari 16.6333 81.0333
1073. Peddapalli Srikakulam 18.35 84.1333
1074. Peddapariya Nellore 14.0333 79.8833
1075. Peddapatnam Krishna 16.2833 81.25
1076. Peddapavani Prakasam 15.0166 79.8166
1077. Peddapudi East Godavari 16.9666 82.1666
1078. Peddapuram East Godavari 17.0833 82.1333
1079. Peddapuram Town East Godavari 17.0833 82.1333
1080. Peddarikatla Prakasam 15.5333 79.5333
1081. Peddatippasamudram Chittoor 13.7166 78.2
1082. Peddavalasa Vishakhapatnam 17.7833 82.2666
1083. Peddavullagallu Prakasam 15.8 79.7666
1084. Pedduru Chittoor 12.8 78.5666
1085. Pellakuru Chittoor 13.8333 79.8333
1086. Penchupadu Chittoor 13.4666 78.45
1087. Pendekallu Kurnool 15.3666 77.65
1088. Pendurti Vishakhapatnam 17.8333 83.2
1089. Pennamur Chittoor 13.3666 79.1833
1090. Penner River Nellore 14.5833 80.1666
1091. Penneru Nellore 14.5833 80.1666
1092. Pentakota East Godavari 17.3 82.6166
1093. Penuganchiprolu Krishna 16.9166 80.25
1094. Penugonda West Godavari 16.6666 81.7333
1095. Penuguduru East Godavari 16.9166 82.2
1096. Penukonda Anantapur 14.0833 77.5833
1097. Penumaka Guntur 16.4833 80.5666
1098. Penumur Chittoor 13.3666 79.1833
1099. Penumuru Chittoor 13.3666 79.1833
1100. Perecherla Guntur 16.3333 80.3333
1101. Perur Anantapur 14.35 77.3333
219
1102. Peruru Anantapur 14.35 77.3333
1103. Phirangipuram Guntur 16.3 80.2666
1104. Piduguralla Guntur 16.4833 79.9
1105. Piler Chittoor 13.65 78.9333
1106. Pileru Chittoor 13.65 78.9333
1107. Pillutla Guntur 16.5333 79.9
1108. Pippara West Godavari 16.7166 81.55
1109. Pithapuram East Godavari 17.1166 82.2666
1110. Podalakur Nellore 14.3666 79.7333
1111. Podile Prakasam 15.6166 79.6166
1112. Podill Prakasam 15.6166 79.6166
1113. Point Narasapatnam East Godavari 16.3333 81.7333
1114. Point Pudi Nellore 13.7833 80.25
1115. Pokkandala Nellore 14.2333 79.75
1116. Pokur Prakasam 15.1833 79.8333
1117. Pokuru Prakasam 15.1833 79.8333
1118. Poladpur Vishakhapatnam 17.9833 83.4666
1119. Polakampad Guntur 16.4833 80.6
1120. Polaki Srikakulam 18.3666 84.1
1121. Polarvaram West Godavari 17.25 81.6333
1122. Polavaram West Godavari 17.25 81.6333
1123. Polireddipalem Nellore 13.7666 79.9833
1124. Poliroddipalem Nellore 13.7666 79.9833
1125. Polukalin Kurnool 15.8333 77.75
1126. Polukallu Kurnool 15.8333 77.75
1127. Pondur Prakasam 15.4166 79.9333
1128. Ponduru Prakasam 15.4166 79.9333
1129. Ponnalore Prakasam 15.2833 79.8
1130. Ponnaluru Prakasam 15.2833 79.8
1131. Ponnuru Guntur 16.0666 80.5666
1132. Poondi Srikakulam 18.6666 84.4333
1133. Potakamur Prakasam 15.7333 79.7666
1134. Potakamuru Prakasam 15.7333 79.7666
1135. Prabhagiripatnam Nellore 14.4666 79.75
1136. Prakkilanka West Godavari 17.1333 81.6666
1137. Pratakota Kurnool 15.95 78.3833
1138. Prattipadu East Godavari 17.2333 82.2
1139. Prattipadu Guntur 16.1833 80.3333
1140. Pratur Guntur 16.4666 80.6333
1141. Priya Srikakulam 18.4333 84.15
1142. Priya Agraharam Srikakulam 18.4333 84.15
1143. Pudi Chittoor 13.5833 79.5166
1144. Pulakurthi Anantapur 14.95 76.8666
1145. Pulakurti Anantapur 14.95 76.8666
1146. Pulicat Nellore 13.6666 80.1666
1147. Pulicat Lake Nellore 13.6666 80.1666
220
1148. Pulicherla Chittoor 13.6 79.0333
1149. Pulicut Nellore 13.6666 80.1666
1150. Pulikonda Kurnool 15.4666 77.5666
1151. Pullalacheruvu Prakasam 16.1666 79.4
1152. Pundi Srikakulam 18.6666 84.3666
1153. Pundi Srikakulam 18.6666 84.4333
1154. Punganuru Chittoor 13.3666 78.5833
1155. PurlaKimedy Srikakulam 18.7666 84.0833
1156. Putalapattu Chittoor 13.3333 79.1
1157. Putluru Anantapur 14.8166 77.9666
1158. Puttur Chittoor 13.45 79.55
1159. Pyapali Kurnool 15.2333 77.7333
1160. Pyapalle Kurnool 15.2333 77.7333
1161. Rachaveli Kurnool 14.95 78.5
1162. Racherla Prakasam 15.4666 78.9666
1163. Rahimanpuram Kurnool 15.4 78.05
1164. Rajahmondry East Godavari 16.9833 81.7833
1165. Rajahmundry East Godavari 16.9833 81.7833
1166. Rajamahendravaram East Godavari 16.9833 81.7833
1167. Rajamahendri East Godavari 16.9833 81.7833
1168. Rajamandri East Godavari 16.9833 81.7833
1169. Rajamundry Canal East Godavari 16.9166 81.8666
1170. Rajanagaram East Godavari 17.0833 81.9
1171. Rajapur Srikakulam 19.05 84.6666
1172. Rajapuram Srikakulam 19.05 84.6666
1173. Rajoli Kurnool 14.95 78.5
1174. Rajul Banda Kurnool 15.95 77.1833
1175. Rajulabanda Kurnool 15.95 77.1833
1176. Rajupalem Nellore 14.2166 79.7
1177. Rajupalem Nellore 14.1166 79.7333
1178. Ramabhadrapuram Vizianagaram 18.5 83.2833
1179. Ramachandrapuram East Godavari 16.85 82.0166
1180. Ramagiri Anantapur 14.3 77.5
1181. Ramakuppam Chittoor 12.8833 78.5
1182. Ramallakota Kurnool 15.5833 78
1183. Ramapatnam Prakasam 15.0333 80.05
1184. Ramapuram Kurnool 15.2833 77.8666
1185. Ramapuram Chittoor 13.1166 79.2
1186. Ramasagaram Nellore 14.1833 79.7833
1187. Ramasamudram Chittoor 13.3666 78.4333
1188. Ramavaram East Godavari 17.6833 81.95
1189. Ramayapatnam Prakasam 15.0333 80.05
1190. Ramperu River Prakasam 15.6833 80.2666
1191. Rangapuram Kurnool 15.4166 78.1
1192. Rapur Nellore 14.2 79.5166
1193. Rasapudipalem Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.3166
221
1194. Raspari Palao Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.3166
1195. Ratti Srikakulam 18.8166 84.5333
1196. Ravutalapudi East Godavari 17.3833 82.3833
1197. Ravutulapudi East Godavari 17.3833 82.3833
1198. Rayadrug Anantapur 14.7 76.8666
1199. Rayalacheruvu Anantapur 15.0666 77.8166
1200. Rayalapeta Chittoor 13.3333 78.7333
1201. Rayalcheruvu Anantapur 15.0666 77.8166
1202. Rayanapadu Krishna 16.5666 80.5666
1203. Rayapeta Nellore 14.7333 80.1
1204. Rayavaram Prakasam 15.7166 79.3166
1205. Razam Srikakulam 18.4666 83.6666
1206. Razole East Godavari 16.4833 81.8333
1207. Razupalem Nellore 14.1166 79.7333
1208. Reddiaudem Guntur 16.45 80.05
1209. Reddigudem Guntur 16.45 80.05
1210. Reddivaripalle Anantapur 14.2666 78.2166
1211. Regadiguduru Kurnool 15.7166 78.4833
1212. Relangi West Godavari 16.7166 81.6666
1213. Remidicherla Guntur 16.3 79.6666
1214. Renigunta Chittoor 13.65 79.5166
1215. Rentachintala Guntur 16.5666 79.55
1216. Repalle Guntur 16.0166 80.85
1217. Rettapalle Nellore 14.0833 79.8833
1218. Rettapalli Nellore 14.0833 79.8833
1219. Right Bank Canal Guntur 16.1166 80.8
1220. Roddam Anantapur 14.1 77.4333
1221. Rolla Anantapur 13.8333 77.1
1222. Rollapenta Prakasam 15.8833 78.8166
1223. Ross Hill Vishakhapatnam 17.6833 83.2833
1224. Rudakota Vishakhapatnam 18.3 82.4666
1225. Rudravaram Kurnool 15.2333 78.6
1226. Ryves Canal Krishna 16.35 80.9166
1227. Sabbavaram Vishakhapatnam 17.7833 83.1333
1228. Saidapuram Nellore 14.1666 79.7333
1229. Salur Vizianagaram 18.5333 83.2166
1230. Samalkot East Godavari 17.05 82.1833
1231. Samalkot Canal East Godavari 16.9166 81.8333
1232. Sanada Vishakhapatnam 17.4333 82.8666
1233. Sanagalaguduru Anantapur 14.8166 78.05
1234. Sandrapodu Prakasam 15.3166 78.7833
1235. Sandy Point Srikakulam 18.3 84.1166
1236. Sangam Nellore 14.6 79.75
1237. Sangamkonda Nellore 14.6 79.75
1238. Sanjamala Kurnool 15.1666 78.3
1239. Sanjemula Kurnool 15.1666 78.3
222
1240. Sankarayalapeta Chittoor 13.2166 78.6
1241. Santa Metta Vishakhapatnam 17.6833 83.25
1242. Santajuturu Kurnool 15.6333 78.5333
1243. Santamagulur Guntur 16.15 79.9333
1244. Santamaguluru Guntur 16.15 79.9333
1245. Sarada River Vishakhapatnam 17.4333 82.8666
1246. Sarvakota Srikakulam 18.6 84.05
1247. Sattenapalle Guntur 16.4 80.1833
1248. Sesikhaliu Vizianagaram 19.0166 83.4333
1249. Sesikhallu Vizianagaram 19.0166 83.4333
1250. Setturu Anantapur 14.45 76.9833
1251. Siddapura Anantapur 14.8 76.8
1252. Siddeswaram Kurnool 16.0333 78.3333
1253. Sigadam Srikakulam 18.35 83.6833
1254. Sigadam Srikakulam 18.3833 83.6833
1255. Simhachalam Vishakhapatnam 17.75 83.2333
1256. Simhachalam Vishakhapatnam 17.75 83.1666
1257. Singanamala Anantapur 14.8 77.7166
1258. Singaraya Konda Pagoda Prakasam 15.25 80.0333
1259. Singarayakonda Prakasam 15.25 80.0333
1260. Sirvei Kurnool 15.3166 78.5333
1261. Sirvel Kurnool 15.3166 78.5333
1262. Sitam Petta Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.3166
1263. Sitammapeta Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.3166
1264. Sitanagaram Vizianagaram 18.6666 83.3666
1265. Sitanagaram East Godavari 17.1833 81.7
1266. Sitanagaram Guntur 16.4833 80.6
1267. Sitarampuram Nellore 15.0333 79.1333
1268. Sivajipalem Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.3333
1269. Sivarampuram Vizianagaram 18.5333 83.2333
1270. Sivji Palao Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.3333
1271. Somala Chittoor 13.4666 78.8166
1272. Somalapuram Anantapur 14.9 76.8666
1273. Somavaram East Godavari 17.2333 82.1333
1274. Somidevipalle Prakasam 15.45 79.0333
1275. Sompet Srikakulam 18.9666 84.5833
1276. Sompeta Srikakulam 18.9666 84.5833
1277. Sompeta Srikakulam 18.9333 84.6
1278. Soona Metta Vishakhapatnam 17.6833 83.2666
1279. Sorala Srikakulam 19.1333 84.75
1280. Southern Lighter Channel Vishakhapatnam 17.7 83.2833
1281. Srigiripadu Guntur 16.3166 79.3333
1282. Sriharikota Nellore 13.75 80.1666
1283. Sriharikota Island Nellore 13.75 80.1666
1284. Srikakulam Srikakulam 18.3 83.9
1285. Srikakulam Krishna 16.2 80.85
223
1286. Srikurmam Srikakulam 18.2666 84.0166
1287. Srisailam Kurnool 16.0833 78.8666
1288. Srungavarapukota Vizianagaram 18.1166 83.1666
1289. Stuartpuram Guntur 15.8833 80.4166
1290. Sulurpet Nellore 13.7 80.0166
1291. Sulurpeta Nellore 13.7 80.0166
1292. Suluru Nellore 13.7 80.0166
1293. Sundi Penta Kurnool 16.0833 78.9
1294. Sunkarimetta Vishakhapatnam 18.2666 82.9666
1295. Suntadasupalli Nellore 14.2166 79.8166
1296. Surareddipalem Prakasam 15.4166 80.0666
1297. Suriapalem Krishna 16.55 80.55
1298. Suvarnamukhi River Vizianagaram 18.6166 83.5666
1299. Tada Chittoor 13.5833 80.0333
1300. Tadepalle Guntur 16.4833 80.6
1301. Tadepalle Guntur 16.4666 80.6
1302. Tadepallegudem West Godavari 16.8333 81.5
1303. Tadepalli Guntur 16.4666 80.6
1304. Tadepalligudem West Godavari 16.8333 81.5
1305. Tadi Vishakhapatnam 17.6833 83.0833
1306. Tadiconda Guntur 16.4166 80.45
1307. Tadikalapudi West Godavari 16.9 81.1666
1308. Tadikonda Guntur 16.4166 80.45
1309. Tadimarri Anantapur 14.5666 77.8666
1310. Tadivaripalle Prakasam 15.6 79.2833
1311. Tadivaripalli Prakasam 15.6 79.2833
1312. Tadpatri Anantapur 14.9 77.9833
1313. Tadpatri Anantapur 14.9166 78.0166
1314. Taduku Chittoor 13.5 79.5333
1315. Talagadadivi Krishna 15.9166 80.9166
1316. Talamanchi Nellore 14.6166 79.9833
1317. Tallapalem Vishakhapatnam 17.65 82.9
1318. Talupula Anantapur 14.25 78.2666
1319. Tamballapalle Chittoor 13.8166 78.4333
1320. Tammenapatnam Nellore 14.2333 80.1
1321. Tammileru River West Godavari 16.65 81.1666
1322. Tanakallu Anantapur 13.9166 78.1833
1323. Tandava East Godavari 17.3 82.6
1324. Tandava Nadi East Godavari 17.3 82.6
1325. Tanesh Petta Srikakulam 18.3333 84.1166
1326. Tangeda Guntur 16.6666 79.8333
1327. Tangutur Prakasam 15.35 80.05
1328. Tanguturu Prakasam 15.35 80.05
1329. Tanisahippeta Srikakulam 18.3333 84.1166
1330. Tanuku West Godavari 16.75 81.7
1331. Tarigonda Chittoor 13.7 78.6333
224
1332. Tarlakota Srikakulam 18.8166 84.4
1333. Tarlapadu Prakasam 15.65 79.2333
1334. Tarlupadu Prakasam 15.65 79.2333
1335. Taticherla Prakasam 15.3833 79.05
1336. Tatiparti Nellore 14.5166 79.7666
1337. Tatparti Nellore 14.5166 79.7666
1338. Tayyuru Chittoor 13.3 79.3166
1339. Tekkali Srikakulam 18.6166 84.2333
1340. Temburu Srikakulam 18.6333 84.1333
1341. Tenali Guntur 16.25 80.5833
1342. Tettu Prakasam 15.05 80
1343. Thadakal Eru Anantapur 14.7666 77.65
1344. Thadi Vishakhapatnam 17.6833 83.0833
1345. Thulipalem Nellore 14.75 80.1
1346. Tikao Palao Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.2833
1347. Tikkavadipalem Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.2833
1348. Tilaru Srikakulam 18.4833 84.0833
1349. Tilramswami Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.3166
1350. Tilramswami Tank Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.3166
1351. Timmanayanipela Kurnool 15.0333 78.1666
1352. Timmanayanipet Kurnool 15.0333 78.1666
1353. Timmanayanipeta Kurnool 15.0333 78.1666
1354. Timmanayudupeta Nellore 14.7166 79.2166
1355. Timmapuram East Godavari 17.3833 82.0333
1356. Timmareddipalle Prakasam 15.4833 79.3666
1357. Timmasamudram Chittoor 13.65 79.75
1358. Timmnayudupet Nellore 14.7166 79.2166
1359. Tipanuru Nellore 14.1 79.8666
1360. Tippavarapadu Nellore 14.15 79.7833
1361. Tippireddipalli Nellore 14.1666 79.7166
1362. Tirumala Chittoor 13.6833 79.35
1363. Tirumalai Chittoor 13.65 79.4166
1364. Tirupati Chittoor 13.65 79.4166
1365. Toderu Nellore 14.4 79.7666
1366. Togarakunta Anantapur 14.4833 77.4666
1367. Tokalapudi Nellore 14.1666 79.6833
1368. Tokapalle Prakasam 15.8833 79.2833
1369. Tondangi East Godavari 17.25 82.4666
1370. Totakurapalem Vishakhapatnam 17.6833 82.8333
1371. Totapalleguduru Nellore 14.3833 80.1
1372. Totapalliguduru Nellore 14.3833 80.1
1373. Totapallo-Guduru Nellore 14.3833 80.1
1374. Tripurantakam Prakasam 15.9833 79.45
1375. Tsadam Chittoor 13.55 78.9166
1376. Tsadum Chittoor 13.55 78.9166
1377. Tsandavolu Guntur 16 80.6166
225
1378. Tuggali Kurnool 15.3333 77.55
1379. Tumbagad Srikakulam 19.0166 84.4666
1380. Tumbagarh Srikakulam 19.0166 84.4666
1381. Tummalapenta Nellore 14.9 80.0666
1382. Tummalatalupur Nellore 14.3 79.6833
1383. Tummidala Metta Vishakhapatnam 17.7 83.2666
1384. Tummurukota Guntur 16.55 79.4666
1385. Tumuluru Guntur 16.2833 80.75
1386. Tungabbadra River Kurnool 15.9333 77.3
1387. Tungabhadra Kurnool 15.9333 77.3
1388. Tungabhadra River Kurnool 15.9333 77.3
1389. Tuni East Godavari 17.35 82.55
1390. Tunkapalem Nellore 14.3 79.8333
1391. Turimerla Nellore 14.2666 79.7333
1392. Turpupundla Nellore 14.1833 79.7833
1393. Uchapalem Nellore 14.3666 79.6666
1394. Udayagiri Nellore 14.8666 79.3166
1395. Ulavapad Prakasam 15.1666 80
1396. Ulavapadu Prakasam 15.1666 80
1397. Ulindakonda Kurnool 15.6333 77.9833
1398. Ullapalem Prakasam 15.2333 80.0666
1399. Undavalle Guntur 16.4833 80.5833
1400. Undavalli Guntur 16.4833 80.5833
1401. Undi West Godavari 16.6 81.4666
1402. Undragedda Vishakhapatnam 18.2833 82.6333
1403. Uppada East Godavari 17.0833 82.3333
1404. Uppada Konda Vishakhapatnam 17.8333 83.4166
1405. Uppalada Srikakulam 18.8333 84.1666
1406. Uppalaguptam East Godavari 16.5666 82.1
1407. Uppalapadu Prakasam 15.9 79.9166
1408. Uppalapadu Prakasam 15.5833 79.75
1409. Uppalapadu Kurnool 15.1666 78.0333
1410. Upper Tirupati Chittoor 13.6833 79.35
1411. Uppugundur Prakasam 15.65 80.2
1412. Uppugunduru Prakasam 15.65 80.2
1413. Uppugunduru Prakasam 15.6666 80.1666
1414. Uppuluru Krishna 16.5 80.8
1415. Upputeru River Vishakhapatnam 17.6833 83.2833
1416. Upputeru River Prakasam 15.2166 80.0833
1417. Upputeru River Nellore 14.8166 80.0833
1418. Upputeru River Nellore 14.25 80.1333
1419. Upputuru Nellore 14.4333 79.8
1420. Uravakonda Anantapur 14.95 77.2666
1421. Ustakayalapenta Chittoor 13.85 79.0333
1422. Ustekayalapenta Chittoor 13.85 79.0333
1423. Ustikoilpenta Chittoor 13.85 79.0333
226
1424. Utsapalem Nellore 14.3666 79.6666
1425. Uttaravilli Vizianagaram 18.4666 83.4833
1426. Uttukuru Nellore 14.5666 80.15
1427. Utukuru Nellore 14.5666 80.15
1430. Utukuru Nellore 14.2333 79.7333
1431. Uyyalavada Kurnool 15.6333 78.0833
1432. Uyyalavada Kurnool 15.1 78.4166
1433. Vadamala Chittoor 13.5666 79.5166
1434. Vadamalapet Chittoor 13.5666 79.5166
1435. Vadarevu Prakasam 15.8 80.4166
1436. Vaddadi Vishakhapatnam 17.85 82.8833
1437. Vaddepa Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 82.6
1438. Vadlapudi Nellore 14.3166 79.8
1439. Vainateyam Godavari River East Godavari 16.4 81.95
1440. Vaisakhapattanam Vishakhapatnam 17.7 83.3
1441. Vajrakarur Anantapur 15.0166 77.3833
1442. Vakalapudi East Godavari 17.0166 82.2833
1443. Vala Metta Vishakhapatnam 17.6333 83.2333
1444. Valaparia Prakasam 15.9166 80.05
1445. Valaparla Prakasam 15.9166 80.05
1446. Valasala Kurnool 15.3833 77.9666
1447. Valasarapalli Nellore 14.45 79.7666
1448. Valassala Kurnool 15.3833 77.9833
1449. Valassala Kurnool 15.3833 77.9666
1450. Vamsadhara River Srikakulam 18.35 84.1333
1451. Vanganur Anantapur 14.85 78.05
1452. Vanganuru Anantapur 14.85 78.05
1453. Vanteyam Godavari East Godavari 16.4 81.95
1454. Varadayyapalaiyam Chittoor 13.6 79.9333
1455. Varadiapalem Chittoor 13.6 79.9333
1456. Varakallu Kurnool 15.6833 78.1833
1457. Varakuru Kurnool 15.6833 78.1833
1458. Varana Vishakhapatnam 17.5666 82.7166
1459. Varana Nadi Vishakhapatnam 17.5666 82.7166
1460. Varanasi Srikakulam 18.8666 83.8833
1461. Variguntapadu Nellore 14.9833 79.4166
1462. Variguntapadur Nellore 14.9833 79.4166
1463. Vasishta Godavari River West Godavari 16.3333 81.7166
1464. Vatturupallepalem Nellore 14.85 80.0833
1465. Vayalpad Chittoor 13.65 78.6333
1466. Vedayapalem Nellore 14.4 79.9666
1467. Vedichela Nellore 14.1 79.7666
1468. Vedullacheruvu Prakasam 15.35 79.2333
1469. Veeraghattam Vizianagaram 18.6833 83.6
227
1470. Vegavati River Vizianagaram 18.5333 83.5
1471. Velampalle Prakasam 15.6333 80.0166
1472. Veldurti Kurnool 15.5666 77.9166
1473. Velikonda Hills Nellore 14.75 79.1666
1474. Velikonda Range Nellore 14.75 79.1666
1475. Vellanti Nellore 14.4666 79.8166
1476. Veludurti Guntur 16.35 79.3666
1477. Velugodu Kurnool 15.7166 78.5833
1478. Vemulachedu Nellore 14.1333 79.6666
1479. Venadu Nellore 13.6333 80.15
1480. Vendodu Nellore 14.0166 79.7333
1481. Venkatachelam Nellore 14.3166 79.9166
1482. Venkatachellum Nellore 14.3166 79.9166
1483. Venkatagiri Nellore 13.9666 79.5833
1484. Venkatagiri Chittoor 13.2 78.9166
1485. Venkatagiri Town Nellore 13.9666 79.5833
1486. Venkatagirikota Chittoor 13 78.5
1487. Venkatapuram Vishakhapatnam 17.5166 82.6333
1488. Vepagunta Chittoor 13.3833 79.5666
1489. Vepanapalli Chittoor 12.7 78.2
1490. Vepanappalle Chittoor 12.7 78.2
1491. Veppanapalli Chittoor 12.7 78.2
1492. Verrampalli Anantapur 14.3333 77.65
1493. Vetapalem Prakasam 15.7833 80.3166
1494. Vidapanakallu Anantapur 15.0666 77.1833
1495. Viguyanagram Vizianagaram 18.1166 83.4166
1496. Vijalapuram Chittoor 12.8333 78.4666
1497. Vijayarayi West Godavari 16.8166 81.0333
1498. Vijayavada Krishna 16.5166 80.6166
1499. Vijayawada Krishna 16.5166 80.6166
1500. Vijayawada Buckinghampet Krishna 16.5 80.6333
1501. Vijilapuram Chittoor 12.8333 78.4666
1502. Vijrakarur Anantapur 15.0166 77.3833
1503. Vindur Nellore 14.1833 79.8166
1504. Vinjamoor Nellore 14.8333 79.5833
1505. Vinjamur Nellore 14.8333 79.5833
1506. Vinnadivaram Prakasam 16.0166 79.55
1507. Vinukonda Guntur 16.05 79.75
1508. Viraghattam Vizianagaram 18.6833 83.6
1509. Virampalle Nellore 14.2833 79.8166
1510. Virampalli Nellore 14.2833 79.8166
1511. Viravalli Krishna 16.6333 80.9333
1512. Viravilli Krishna 16.6333 80.9333
1513. Visakhapatnam Vishakhapatnam 17.7 83.3
1514. Vishakhapatnam Vishakhapatnam 17.7 83.3
1515. Vissannapeta Krishna 16.95 80.7833
228
1516. Vizag Vishakhapatnam 17.7 83.3
1517. Vizagapatam Vishakhapatnam 17.7 83.3
1518. Vizianagaram Vizianagaram 18.1166 83.4166
1519. Vizianagram Vizianagaram 18.1166 83.4166
1520. Vizianagram City Vizianagaram 18.1166 83.4166
1521. Vogarivagu Guntur 16.0833 80.2166
1522. Vogaru Vagu Guntur 16.0833 80.2166
1523. Volteir Vishakhapatnam 17.7166 83.3333
1524. Vuyyuru Krishna 16.3666 80.85
1525. Wajrakarur Anantapur 15.0166 77.3833
1526. Waltair Vishakhapatnam 17.7166 83.2833
1527. Waltair Vishakhapatnam 17.7166 83.3333
1528. Waltair Junction Vishakhapatnam 17.7166 83.2833
1529. Waltair Point Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.35
1530. Walthair Point Vishakhapatnam 17.7333 83.35
1531. West Bank Canal Guntur 16.1166 80.8166
1532. West Godavari West Godavari 16.7 81.1
1533. Wynchpet Krishna 16.5166 80.6
1534. Yadiki Anantapur 15.05 77.8833
1535. Yalmel Srikakulam 18.8333 84.4666
1536. Yanam East Godavari 16.7333 82.2166
1537. Yanaon East Godavari 16.7333 82.2166
1538. Yarada Hill Vishakhapatnam 17.6833 83.2833
1539. Yarada Konda Vishakhapatnam 17.6666 83.25
1540. Yarrampalle Anantapur 14.3333 77.65
1541. Yarrampalli Anantapur 14.3333 77.65
1542. Yelatturdibba Krishna 15.7666 80.8833
1543. Yeleru East Godavari 17.0833 82.25
1544. Yellakaru Chittoor 13.8333 79.6666
1545. Yellakuru Chittoor 13.8333 79.6666
1546. Yellamanchili Vishakhapatnam 17.55 82.8666
1547. Yellamanchilli Vishakhapatnam 17.55 82.8666
1548. Yellanur Anantapur 14.7 78.0833
1549. Yellasiri Nellore 13.9333 80.0333
1550. Yerpedu Chittoor 13.6833 79.6
1551. Yerrampalli Anantapur 14.3333 77.65
1552. Yerravaripalem Chittoor 13.7166 79.15
1553. Yerravaripallem Chittoor 13.7166 79.15
1554. Yerur Nellore 14.1666 80.05
1555. Zaladanki Nellore 14.8833 79.9166
1556. Zangalapalle Anantapur 14.6 77.6333
1557. Zangareddigudem West Godavari 17.1166 81.3
1558. Zulakallu Guntur 16.45 79.8
1559. Zuvvaladinne Nellore 14.8 80.0666
SOURCE: CENSUS OF INDIA, 2011

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PRACTICAL RECORD

REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

Mr. Akhilesh Mishra

S. TOPIC Page REMARKS

8. EXERCISE 8: OVERLAY (GEO-PROCESSING) 137-

LAYOUT 1: ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS ............................................................................ 85

METHODS OF DETERMINING SCALE OF VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHS

1. Scale of vertical photograph over a flat terrain:-

i. Computing Scale by Relating Focal Length to Altitude Above-Ground-Level:-

f= Focal length H= Flying height

H = 1830×1000 [because 1m=1000mm]So, H = 1830000mm

This relationship is based on the geometry of similar triangles ∠ ab and ∠ AB [Figure-1].

Solution:- Here, ab= 0.113 inches

AB= 56.1 ft = 56.1×12 inches {because 1ft= 12 inches}

a. If flying height H, focal length f and h are available, then scale :-

Figure 2:- Scale of a vertical photograph over variable terrain

Solution:- Smax =f / H- hmax

= 152.4mm / 3000m- 610m

= 152.4mm / 2390× 1000mm [Because 1m=1000mm]

= 152.4mm/ 2690×1000mm [Because 1m=1000mm]

= 152.4mm / 3000m- 460m

= 152.4mm / 2540×1000mm [Because 1m=1000mm]

Solution:- Here, Photo distance= 160mm

Map distance= 103mm

Map scale= 1:24,000

Scale= (160 mm /103 mm) * (1/24,000)

TYPES OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS:

Fig.2.1- Vertical Aerial Photograph

Fig.2.2: Low oblique photograph

Fig.2.3 High oblique photograph

ADVANTAGES OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY:

USES OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS:

Fig.2.4: A labelled aerial photograph

Requirements: Tracing sheets, aerial photos and colour pencils

 First get an aerial photo to interpret

 Photo specification number : 1415

FEATURE TONE SIZE SHAPE TEXTURE PATTERN ASSOCIATION LOCATION

Fallow land Light Small Irregular Smooth Dispersed In between Amidst

USES OF SATELLITE IMAGERIES

INTERPRETATION OF SATELLITE IMAGERIES:-

Whereas this straight feature is a man-made canal.

This is a picture of the regular street pattern in San Francisco.

Fig.2.12: High desert lake

1. Name of the Satellite Imagery: LANDSAT

5. Path and Rows: Path - 143 and Row – 042

INTERPRETATION ELEMENTS AND KEYS OF LAND USE AND LAND COVER

S.NO FEATURES TONE/COLOU SIZE/SHAP TEXTURE PATTERN

Fig.3.2: Georeferencing an image

STEPS INVOLVED IN GEOREFRENSING

Step 3: Click on Raster ‣ Georeferencer to open the plugin.

Click on (Add Point) in the toolbar.

STEPS INVOLVED IN RUBBER SHEET

Step 3: Click on Raster ‣ Georeferencer to open the plugin.

Step 9: Click on the (Setting) icon and a window appears.

Spatial data are of two types according to the storing technique-

Step 6: Polygon looks like this.

Step 1: Open the shapefile of polygon layer.

Step 2: Click on Layer ‣ Add Layer ‣ Add Delimited Text Layer.

Step 4: You can now see the cities of entire India.

Step 1: Open the shapefile of polygon layer.

ADDING DATA TO LAYER

1. They provide specific information about particular locations.

2. They provide general information about spatial patterns.