IAO 8??3 Hujnmlojtmbs `h Iaoldimb Ojkdjoordjk Urmitdio

Nosdkj `h  m Nrydjk @db Ur`nuitd`j Ur`ioss

Gy

U`tadwmj Bmf`jp`j 895;5;55=54

Lmjmssmwdj Uaotgumsmf 895;5;55==9
[uttdiamd Tdjkiamr`ojlmf 895;5;55==?
Yupmwd Wujksmojk 895;5;55==4

^oiajdimb Mnvds`r3 Msst. Ur`h. Nr. A`jk-Ldjk Fu

Ojkbdsa Mnvds`r3 Nr. J`jsoo Jdldtsdrdwmt

^ao Iaoldimb Ojkdjoordjk Urmitdio Yia``b

Fdjk L`jkfut—s _jdvorsdty `h ^oiaj`b`ky ^a`jgurd

 

Urohmio

^ads rop`rt ds m pmrt `h Ubmjt Nosdkj Ur`coit (IAO 8??). ^ao purp`so `h tads rop`rt ds t`
 pr`vdno tao nosdkj pr`ioss `h potr`iaoldimb pbmjt tamt robmtos wdta djtokrmtd`j `h prmitdimb
fj`wbonko `h iaoldimb ojkdjoordjk gmso `j smhoty mjn oi`j`ldi.

Nrydjk `db ds m typo `h vokotmgbo `dbs wadia mro mnndtdvos t` pr`nuits bdfo pmdjt mjn
vmrjdsa t` mdn tao nrydjk pr`ioss waoj taoso pr`nuits mro i`mton `j m surhmio. Nrydjk `db
 pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss ds nosdkjon dj `rnor t` pr`nuio tao nrydjk `db mt ?5,555 t`js/yr.
t`js/yr . ^ads pr`ioss
ds ndvdnon djt` hdvo soitd`js, i`jsdstdjk `h hoon propmrmtd`j soitd`j, romitd`j soitd`j, kul
sopmrmtd`j soitd`j, miotybmton imst`r `db sopmrmtd`j soitd`j, mjn nrydjk `db sopmrmtd`j soitd`j. ^ads
rop`rt nosirdgos mg`ut tao notmdb `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss tamt ds ndvdnon djt` sovoj
iamptors djibundjk djtr`nuitd`j, tao`ry mjn bdtormturo rovdow, lota`n`b`ky, sdlubmtd`j mjn
rosubts, sdzo mjn i`st ostdlmtd`j, oi`j`ldi mjmbysds, mjn i`jibusd`j mjn sukkostd`j. [o a`po

wa` k`os tar`uka dt wdbb hdjn dt usohub mjn w`rta bomrjdjk.

D
 

Mgstrmit

Nrydjk `db (N@) ds m i`lp`ujn tamt ds roqudron h`r pmdjts, vmjdsaos, surhmitmjts,
notorkojts, mjn s`mps. N@ imj go lmjuhmituron hr`l miotybmton imst`r `db (MI@) wadia imj
 pr`nuio miotdi midn (MM) ms m soi`jnmry pr`nuit. Aojio, tads pr`coit mdlon t` ovmbumto tao

sdlpbdhdon N@ pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss hr`l MI@ mjn tao pr`hdtmgbo `pormtdjk i`jndtd`js `h pr`ioss
tamt imj pr`nuio ?5,555
?5,5 55 t`js/yr `h nrydjk `db wdta 44 wt% pu
purdty.
rdty.

^ads pr`ioss wms ndvdnon djt` hdvo soitd`js wadia woro hoon propmrmtd`j soitd`j, romitd`j
soitd`j, kul sopmrmtd`j soitd`j, MI@ sopmrmtd`j soitd`j, mjn N@ sopmrmtd`j soitd`j. Hdrstby,
MI@ wms ldxon wdta roiyibon MI@ goh`ro i`lprosson t` 9 gmrs. ^ao ldxturo wms aomton up t`
>55µI mjn wojt t` tao romitd`j soitd`j. ^ads romitmjt stroml wms hon djt` tao romit`r W-=5= t`
 pr`nuio tao N@, MM, mjn kul (wmsto). Mhtor tamt, tao pr`nuit stroml wms i``bon n`wj mjn
ojtoron kul sopmrmtd`j soitd`j t` rol`vo tao kul mjn taoj tao hdbtrmto ojtoron tao joxt soitd`j

waoro MI@ wms hurtaor purdhdon hr`l tao pr`nuit mjn wojt gmif t` hdrst soitd`j ms m roiyibo
stroml. Hdjmbby, tao pr`nuits wadia mro N@ mjn MM woro sopmrmton. N@ mjn MM wdta 44 wt%
mjn 44.? wt% purdty rospoitdvoby, woro sojt t` i``b n`wj goh`ro tmfdjk t` st`rmko.

Dj mnndtd`j, oqudplojt sdzdjk, mjn i`stdjk woro imrrdon `ut t` ovmbumto tao oi`j`ldi
homsdgdbdty h`r tao pr`ioss. Ms m rosubt, tao hdxon impdtmb djvostlojt (HID) i`st wms 7=,447,7>?
_YN. _btdlmtoby, tao oi`j`ldi mjmbysds wms porh`rlon t` ovmbumto tao pr`hdtmgdbdty `h tao pbmjt.
Mssulo tamt, dt roqudron 9 yomrs `h i`jstruitd`j mjn amn m bdhotdlo `h 75 yomrs. ^aoroh`ro, tao
 pmygmif pord`n
p ord`n (UGU) wms 7 yomrs mjn ? l`jtas.
l`jta s. ^ao djtorjmb rmto `h roturj (DWW) wms 95.;5%.

^ao oqudvmbojt mjjumb `pormtdjk i`st (OM@I) wms ->,=1=,5=> _YN/yr. ^ao vmbuos `h taoso
 pr`hdtmgdbdty irdtordm sa`won tamt tads pr`coit
pr`coit wms mttrmitdvo h`r djvostlojt.

DD
 

^mgbo `h i`jtojts

Umko

Urohmio  D

Mgstrmit DD

^mgbo `h i`jtojts  DDD

Bdst `h hdkuros  XDD
Bdst `h tmgbos  DQ
Iamptor = Djtr`nuitd`j  =
=.= Gmifkr`ujn `h nrydjk `db  =
=.7 _so `h nrydjk `db   =
=.9 Nrydjk `db lmrfot kr`wta   7
=.9.= Y`utaomst Msdm lmrfot   7

=.9.7 Our`po lmrfot  >

=.> @gcoitdvos  ?
=.? Yi`po `h w`rf   ?
Iamptor 7 ^ao`ry mjn bdtormturo rovdow   8

7.= Nohdjdtd`j mjn pr`portdos `h nrydjk `db   8

7.7 Womitd`j djh`rlmtd`j  1
7.9 Ur`ioss nosirdptd`j  4
7.> Bdtormturo rovdow  =5

7.>.= Ur`nuitd`j `h =-totrmnoiojo mt =55 t`js/yr   =5

7.>.7 Mjmbysds, syjtaosds, mjn nosdkj `h iaoldimb
iao ldimb pr`iossos3 Djh`rlmtd`j h`r tao
=5
 probdldjmry nosdkj `h obovoj iaoldimb pr`iossos 
Iamptor 9 Lota`n`b`ky  ==

9.= Lota`n`b`ky  ==
9.=.= Nosdkj m probdldjmry pr`ioss hb`wsaoot mjn porh`rl sdlubmtd`j  ==
9.=.7 Dlpr`vo tao probdldjmry pr`ioss hb`wsaoot mjn porh`rl sdlubmtd`j   ==
9.=.9 Ostdlmto `h tao sdzo mjn i`st `h lmdj oqudplojt  ==

9.=.> Uorh`rl mj oi`j`ldi ovmbumtd`j   ==

DDD
 

Umko 

9.7 [`rf pbmj  =7

Iamptor > Ydlubmtd`j mjn rosubts   =>

>.= ^ypos `h tao `pormtd`j =>

>.7 Djput-`utput struituro =>

>.9 Ur`porty lota`ns soboitd`j =?
>.> Ydlubmtd`j `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss =;

>.>.= Hoon propmrmtd`j soitd`j =;

>.>.7 Womitd`j soitd`j =4
>.>.9 Kul sopmrmtd`j 75
>.>.> MI@ sopmrmtd`j soitd`j 7=
>.>.? N@ sopmrmtd`j soitd`j 7?

>.>.8 Lmss mjn ojorky gmbmjio 74

>.>.; Ytroml sullmry 95
Iamptor ? Ydzo mjn i`st ostdlmtd`j 9>
?.= Oqudplojt mjmbysds 9>
?.=.= Womit`r 9>
?.=.7 Hdbtor 9?
?.=.9 Ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj 9?
?.=.> Uulp 98

?.=.? Hdron aomtor 98

?.=.8 Aomt oxiamjkor 9;
?.7 I`stdjk imbiubmtd`j 94
Iamptor 8 Oi`j`ldi mjmbysds >5

8.= ^`tmb impdtmb djvostlojt >5

8.7 I`st `h lmjuhmiturdjk >=
8.7.= Ndroit i`sts >=
8.7.7 Hdxon i`sts >7

8.7.9 Kojormb oxpojsos >7

DX
 

Umko 

8.9 Oi`j`ldi ovmbumtd`j >8 

8.9.= Imsa hb`w ndmkrml >1
8.9.7 Oqudvmbojt mjjumb `pormtdjk i`st ?=

Iamptor ; I`jibusd`j mjn sukkostd`j ?7

;.= I`jibusd`j ?7
;.7 Yukkostd`j ?7

Wohorojios ?9
Mppojndx M I`st mjn sobbdjk prdio ??
Mppojndx G Oqudplojt sdzdjk mjn i`stdjk ?8
G.= Uulp ?8

G.=.= Uulp sdzdjk ?8

G.=.7 Uulp i`stdjk 8=

G.7 Ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj 8?
G.7.= Ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj sdzdjk 8?
G.7.7 Ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj i`stdjk ;5
G.9 Hdbtor ;>
G.9.= Hdbtor sdzdjk ;>
G.9.7 Hdbtor i`stdjk ;8

G.> Hdron aomtor ;1

G.>.= Hdron aomtor sdzdjk ;1

G.>.7 Hdron aomtor i`stdjk 15
G.? Womit`r 19
G.?.= Womit`r sdzdjk 19

G.?.7 Womit`r i`stdjk 1?

G.8 Aomt oxiamjkor 1;
G.8.= Aomt oxiamjkor sdzdjk 1;
G.8.7 Aomt oxiamjkor i`stdjk 4;

Mppojndx I _tdbdty i`sts =5=

X
 

Umko 

Mppojndx N Oi`j`ldi imbiubmtd`j =57

N.= Noproidmtd`j =57
N.7 Wovojuo =59

N.9 ^mxmtd`j, imsa hb`w mjn pr`hdt =59

N.> Ndsi`ujt hmit`rs =59
N.? Umygmif pord`n =5>

N.8 Djtorjmb rmto `h roturj =5>

N.; Oqudvmbojt mjjumb `pormtdjk i`st =5?

XD
 

Bdst `h hdkuros

Umko

Hdkuro =.= ^ao nrydjk `db mppbdimtd`js  =

Hdkuro =.7 ^ao rotmdb lmrfot sdzo `h noi`rmtdvo pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks dj ^amdbmjn   7

Hdkuro =.9 ^ao rotmdb lmrfot sdzo `h noi`rmtdvo pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks dj Xdotjml   7
Hdkuro =.> ^ao rotmdb lmrfot sdzo `h noi`rmtdvo pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks dj Djn`josdm,
9
Lmbmysdm, Lymjlmr, Imlg`ndm, mjn Bm`s 

Hdkuro =.? ^ao Our`po pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks lmrfot  >

Hdkuro 7.= ^ao iaoldimb struituro `h =-totrmnoiojo  8
Hdkuro 7.7 ^ao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss hb`wsaoot  4
Hdkuro >.= ^ao gb`if hb`w ndmkrml `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss  =>

Hdkuro >.7 M kudnobdjo h`r usdjk taorl`nyjmldi lota`ns `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j
=?
 pr`ioss D 
Hdkuro >.9 M kudnobdjo h`r usdjk taorl`nyjmldi lota`ns `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j
=?
 pr`ioss DD 
Hdkuro >.> M kudnobdjo h`r usdjk taorl`nyjmldi lota`ns `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j
=;
 pr`ioss DDD 
Hdkuro >.? ^ao pr`ioss hb`w ndmkrml `h tao hoon propmrmtd`j soitd`j   =1
Hdkuro >.8 ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao tolpormturo `h tao hdron aomtor mjn lmss hb`w rmto
=1
`h nrydjk `db dj W-=5= `utbot stroml
Hdkuro >.; ^ao pr`ioss hb`w ndmkrml `h tao romitd`j soitd`j =4
Hdkuro >.1 ^ao pr`ioss hb`w ndmkrml `h tao kul sopmrmtd`j soitd`j 75

Hdkuro >.4 ^ao pr`ioss hb`w ndmkrml `h tao miotybmton imst`r `db sopmrmtd`j soitd`j 7=
Hdkuro >.=5 ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao julgor `h stmkos mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h
77
miotybmton imst`r `db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=5=
Hdkuro >.== ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao hoon stmko mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h
79
miotybmton imst`r `db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=5=
Hdkuro >.=7 ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao rohbux rmtd` mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h
79
miotybmton imst`r `db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=5=
Hdkuro >.=9 ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao ndstdbbmto t` hoon rmtd` mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h
7>
miotybmton imst`r `db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=5=
Hdkuro >.=> ^ao pr`ioss hb`w ndmkrml `h tao nrydjk `db sopmrmtd`j soitd`j 7?

XDD
 

Umko

Hdkuro >.=? ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao julgor `h stmkos mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h miotdi midn
78
dj ndstdbbmto stroml mjn nrydjk `db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=57
^ -=57
Hdkuro >.=8 ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao hoon stmko
st mko mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h miotdi midn
78
dj ndstdbbmto stroml mjn nrydjk `db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=57
^ -=57
Hdkuro >.=; ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao rohbux rmtd` mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h miotdi midn
7;
dj ndstdbbmto stroml mjn nrydjk `db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=57
^ -=57
Hdkuro >.=1 ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao ndstdbbmto t` hoon rmtd` mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h
71
miotdi midn dj ndstdbbmto stroml mjn nrydjk `db
` db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=57
Hdkuro >.=4 ^ao lmss gmbmjio `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss  74
Hdkuro >.75 ^ao pr`ioss hb`w ndmkrml
ndmk rml `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss   95
Hdkuro 8.= Ndsi`ujton iulubmtdvo imsa hb`w ndmkrml
n dmkrml `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j
?=
 pr`ioss 
Hdkuro G.= ^ypo `h pulp soboitd`j  ?;
Hdkuro G.7 Ydzo `h pulp  ?4
Hdkuro G.9 Lmtordmb hmit`rs `h pulp 87
Hdkuro G.> Gmro l`nubo hmit`r `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj   ;=
Hdkuro G.? Xortdimb iybdjnrdimb rmndmjt soitd`j sfotia (Ubmj vdow)  ;4
Hdkuro G.8 Lmtordmb hmit`rs `h hdron aomtor   1=
Hdkuro G.; ^olpormturo nrdvdjk h`rio pr`hdbo h`r A-=58   11
Hdkuro G.1 Umrmlotors `h djbot mjn `utbot stroml `h saobb mjn tugo aomt oxiamjkor   4>

Hdkuro G.4 Wobmtd`j gotwooj i`rroitd`j hmit`r, tolpormturo ohhoitdvojoss mjn

mj n aomt
impmidty rmto rmtd`  4>
Hdkuro G.=5 Lmtordmb hmit`rs `h aomt oxiamjkor   41

XDDD
 

Bdst `h tmgbos

Umko

^mgbo 7.= ^ao pr`portdos `h =-totrmnoiojo  ;

^mgbo 7.7 ^ao fdjotdi nmtm

n mtm h`r tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss   1

^mgbo 9.= ^ao notmdbon w`rf pbmj  =9

^mgbo >.= ^ao nostdjmtd`j i`nos `h stromls h`r tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss   =?
^mgbo >.7 ^ao nosirdptd`j mjn djput nmtm `h tao oqudplojt dj tao hoon propmrmtd`j
=4
soitd`j
^mgbo >.9 ^ao nosirdptd`j mjn djput nmtm `h tao oqudplojt dj tao romit`r soitd`j   75
^mgbo >.> ^ao nosirdptd`j mjn djput nmtm `h tao oqudplojt dj tao kul sopmrmtd`j
7=
soitd`j
^mgbo >.? ^ao nosirdptd`j mjn djput nmtm `h tao oqudplojt dj tao miotybmton imst`r `db
7>
sopmrmtd`j soitd`j

^mgbo >.8 ^ao nosirdptd`j mjn djput nmtm `h tao oqudplojt dj tao nrydjk `db sopmrmtd`j
71
soitd`j
^mgbo >.; ^ao stroml sullmry `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss   9=
^mgbo >.1 ^ao aomt nuty roqudron h`r omia oqudplojt   99
^mgbo ?.= Yullmry `h oqudplojt sdzdjk  9>
^mgbo ?.7 ^ao romit`r sdzdjk rosubts  9?
^mgbo ?.9 ^ao hdbtor sdzdjk rosubts  9?
^mgbo ?.> ^ao ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj sdzdjk rosubts   98

^mgbo ?.? ^ao pulp sdzdjk rosubts  98

^mgbo ?.8 ^ao hdron aomtor sdzdjk rosubts  9;
^mgbo ?.; ^ao aomt oxiamjkor sdzdjk rosubts  91
^mgbo ?.1 ^ao oqudplojt i`st mjn djstmbbmtd`j i`st  94
^mgbo 8.= Ubmjt i`sts ostdlmton hr`l nobdvoron oqudplojt i`st   >5
^mgbo 8.7 ^`tmb impdtmb djvostlojt sullmry dj tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss   >=
^mgbo 8.9 Bdst `h tao i`st `h lmjuhmiturdjk  >7

^mgbo 8.> Notorldjmtd`j `h tao `pormtdjk bmg`r roqudrolojt dj tao nrydjk `db
>>
 pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss 

DQ
 

Umko

^mgbo 8.? _tdbdty i`st `h tao nrydjk `db

` db pr`nuitd`j Ur`ioss  >?
^mgbo 8.8 [msto tromtlojt i`st `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss   >?
^mgbo 8.; Wmw lmtordmb i`st dj tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss   >?

^mgbo 8.1 ^`tmb i`st `h mbb pmrmlotors h`r imbiubmtdjk tao i`st `h lmjuhmiturdjk   >8
^mgbo 8.4 Ndsi`ujton rmto >;
^mgbo 8.=5 LMIWY—s rmtd` h`r imbiubmto noproidmtd`j
noproidmtd `j i`st >1

^mgbo 8.== Imsa hb`w mjmbysds ?5

^mgbo M.= ^ao prdio `h rmw lmtordmbs, pr`nuits, mjn utdbdty ??
^mgbo G.= Djh`rlmtd`j `h pulp ?8
^mgbo G.7 Mjt`djo—s oqumtd`j i`jstmjts 
i`jstmjts   85

^mgbo G.9 I`jstmjts h`r Gmro l`nubo hmit`r `h pulp 8=

^mgbo G.> Dnojtdhdimtd`j julgor `h pulps 87

^mgbo G.? Urossuro hmit`rs `h pulp 89
^mgbo G.8 Oqudplojt i`st nmtm `h pulp 89

^mgbo G.; Djh`rlmtd`j `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj 8?

^mgbo G.1 X`bulo `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj 88
^mgbo G.4 Lmtordmb soboitd`j, typo `h i`bulj, trmy typo mjn trmy sdzo `h ndstdbbmtd`j
8;
i`bulj

^mgbo G.=5 Lmxdlul mbb`wmgbo stross `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj 81

^mgbo G.== [obnon c`djt ohhdidojiy `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj 81
^mgbo G.=7 Ldjdlul prmitdimb wmbb tadifjoss `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj 84
^mgbo G.=9 Nmtm mg`ut tadifjoss `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj 84
^mgbo G.=> I`jstmjts h`r Gmro l`nubo hmit`r `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj ;5

^mgbo G.=? Oqudplojt i`st nmtm `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj ;7

^mgbo G.=8 Djh`rlmtd`j `h hdbtor ;>
^mgbo G.=; Ydzo `h tao hdbtor ;>
^mgbo G.=1 ^adifjoss `h hdbtor ;?
^mgbo G.=4 I`jstmjts h`r Gmro l`nubo hmit`r `h hdbtor ;8

Q
 

Umko

^mgbo G.75 Oqudplojt i`st nmtm `h hdbtor ;;

^mgbo G.7= Gmro l`nubo hmit`rs `h hdron aomtor 15
^mgbo G.77 Dnojtdhdimtd`j julgor `h hdron aomtors 1=

^mgbo G.79 Urossuro hmit`rs `h hdron aomtor 17

^mgbo G.7> Oqudplojt i`st nmtm `h hdron aomtor 17
^mgbo G.7? Djh`rlmtd`j `h romit`r 19

^mgbo G.78 Gmro l`nubo hmit`r `h romit`r 1?

^mgbo G.7; Oqudplojt i`st nmtm `h romit`r 18
^mgbo G.71 Urobdldjmry nmtm `h aomt oxiamjkor 1;
^mgbo G.74 @vormbb aomt trmjshor i`ohhdidojt 45

^mgbo G.95 Ostdlmton aomt trmjshor mrom (J` h`ubdjk hmit`r) 4=

^mgbo G.9= ^ypo `h omia aomt oxiamjkor 47

^mgbo G.97 H`ubdjk hmit`r 49
^mgbo G.99 ^olpormturo ohhoitdvojoss, aomt impmidty rmto rmtd`, tolpormturo
4?
i`rroitd`j hmit`r, `vormbb aomt trmjshor i`ohhdidojt mjn aomt trmjshor mrom
^mgbo G.9> I`lpmrds`j `h aomt trmjshor mrom hr`l ^OLM mjn amjn imbiubmtd`j 4?
^mgbo G.9? Woi`llojnon lmtordmbs h`r strojkta mt adka mjn b`w tolpormturo 48
^mgbo G.98 Lmtordmb `h aomt oxiamjkor 48

^mgbo G.9; I`jstmjts h`r Gmro l`nubo hmit`r `h aomt oxiamjkor 4;

^mgbo G.91 Dnojtdhdimtd`j julgor `h aomt oxiamjkor 4;
^mgbo G.94 Urossuro hmit`rs `h aomt oxiamjkor 41
^mgbo G.>5 Oqudplojt i`st nmtm `h aomt oxiamjkor 44
^mgbo G.>= I`st `h aomt oxiamjkor =55

^mgbo I.= Notorldjmtd`j `h tao utdbdtdos i`st =5=

LMIWY —s  lota`n
^mgbo N.= Noproidmtd`j siaonubo h`r LMIWY—s =57
LMIWY—s  lota`n
^mgbo N.7 Notorldjmtd`j `h noproidmtd`j gy LMIWY—s =57
^mgbo N.9 Wovojuo `h nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss =59
^mgbo N.> Ovmbumtd`j `h imsa hb`w =59

QD
 

Umko

^mgbo N.? I`ll`jby uson hmit`rs h`r imsa hb`w ndmkrml imbiubmtd`js =5>
^mgbo N.8 Iulubmtdvo ndsi`ujton imsa hb`w =5?

QDD
 

Iamptor =
Djtr`nuitd`j

Dj tads iamptor prosojts m vdow `j tao gmifkr`ujn, mppbdimtd`j, mjn lmrfotdjk `h

nrydjk `db (N@). L`ro`vor, tao iamptor j`tdhdos `gcoitdvos mjn
mj n si`po `h tads pr`coit.

=.= Gmifkr`ujn `h nrydjk `db

Nrydjk `db (N@) ds m fdjn `h vokotmgbo `dbs wadia nrdos ujnor i`jndtd`js `h j`rlmb
tolpormturo mjn prossuro.  ^ypdimb oxmlpbos `h nrydjk `dbs djibuno bdjsoon `db, p`ppy `db, wmbjut
`db, sujhb`wor `db, mjn smhhb`wor `db.   @taor fdjns `h vokotmgbo `dbs n` j`t nry ujnor i`jndtd`js `h
j`rlmb tolpormturo mjn prossuro.   Nrydjk `db imj go nry l`ro gy gbomiadjk ujnor tao suj,
aomtdjk t` adka tolpormturo `r g`dbdjk. Gbomiaon nrydjk `db ds imbbon ‒suj-gbomiaon `db“
`db“  `r
‒suj-tadifojon `db“ 
suj-tadifojon `db“  mjn aomton
aomton `jo ds imbbon ‒s
‒ stmjn `db“ 
`db“  V=\. Dj tads pr`ioss, nrydjk `db imj go
 pr`nuion hr`l miotybmton imst`r `db (MI@) V7\.

=.7 _so `h nrydjk `db V9\

^ao lmdj mppbdimtd`j `h nrydjk `dbs ds mnndtdvos dj pmdjt mjn vmrjdsa djnustrdos t` mdn dj
tao nrydjk pr`ioss waoj taoso pr`nuits mro mppbdon t` surhmios. Dj mnndtd`j, nrydjk `dbs mro uson
dj surhmitmjt, notorkojt, mjn s`mp djnustrdos.

Hdkuro =.= ^ao nrydjk `db mppbdimtd`js 

=
 

=.9 Nrydjk `db lmrfot kr`wta

Nrydjk `db ds mj dlp`rtmjt i`lp`jojt `h pmdjts mjn vmrjdsaos wadia mppbdon t` surhmios.
^aoroh`ro, tao nolmjn `h nrydjk `db imj go roprosojton gy tao lmrfot `h pmdjts mjn vmrjdsaos V>\.

=.9.= Y`utaomst Msdm lmrfot

Hdkuro =.7 ^ao rotmdb lmrfot sdzo `h noi`rmtdvo pmdjts

pm djts mjn i`mtdjks dj ^amdbmjn V?\

Hr`l Hdkuro =.7, tao rotmdb noi`rmtdvo pmdjt mjn i`mtdjk lmrfot dj ^amdbmjn rokdstoron
m i`lp`ujn mjjumb kr`wta rmto (IMKW) `h 8.4% gotwooj 75== mjn 75=8, kr`wdjk hr`l
=9.; gdbbd`j ^AG dj 75== t` =4.7 gdbbd`j ^AG dj 75=8.

Hdkuro =.9 ^ao rotmdb lmrfot sdzo `h noi`rmtdvo pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks dj Xdotjml V?\

7
 

Hr`l Hdkuro =.9, tao rotmdb noi`rmtdvo pmdjt mjn i`mtdjk lmrfot dj Xdotjml roi`rnon
m IMKW `h 4.5% gotwooj 75== mjn 75=8, kr`wdjk hr`l >,77>.1 gdbbd`j XJN dj 75== t`
8,?55.5 gdbbd`j XJN dj 75=8.

Hdkuro =.> ^ao rotmdb lmrfot sdzo `h noi`rmtdvo pmdjts

pm djts mjn i`mtdjks dj Djn`josdm, Lmbmysdm,
Lymjlmr, Imlg`ndm, mjn Bm`s V?\ 

Hr`l Hdkuro =.>, tao rotmdb noi`rmtdvo pmdjt mjn i`mtdjk lmrfot dj tao `taor i`ujtrdos `h
Y`utaomst Msdm suia ms Lmbmysdm, Djn`josdm, Lymjlmr, Imlg`ndm, mjn Bm`s rokdstoron
m i`lgdjon IMKW `h 8.>% gotwooj 75== mjn 75=8, kr`wdjk hr`l 141.= ldbbd`j _YN dj 75==
t` =,77>.5 ldbbd`j _YN dj 75=8. Y`, hr`l taoso nmtm dt imj go sooj tamt tao rotmdb lmrfot `h

noi`rmtdvo pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks dj tao foy i`ujtrdos dj Y`utaomst Msdm oxpordojion m stomny
kr`wta adst`rdimbby.

9
 

=.9.7 Our`po lmrfot

Hdkuro =.? ^ao Our`po pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks lmrfot V8\ 

Hr`l Hdkuro =.?, pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks lmrfot dj Our`po ds ostdlmton t` kr`w hr`l
91.7> ldbbd`j _YN dj 75=;, mjn ds mjtdidpmton t` romia up t` ?;.9; ldbbd`j _YN gy 7578. Hr`l
tao h`roimst `h m IMKW `vor tao pord`n `h 75=1-7578, dt ds mr`ujn >.;?% V8\.

^ao nolmjn h`r pr`toitdvo pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks dj tads rokd`j ds nrdvoj gy   bmrko-simbo
djnustrdmbdzmtd`j mjn l`norjdzmtd`j dj tao rokd`j wadia tao kr`wdjk `h mut`l`tdvo lmrfot,
ospoidmbby dj Korlmjy ds mbs` djiromsdjk tao nolmjn h`r mut`l`tdvo pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks
lmrfot V8\.

N@ ds vory dlp`rtmjt iaoldimb tamt mro roqudron h`r tao lmjuhmituro `h pmdjts mjn
i`mtdjks. ^aoroh`ro, tads pr`coit mjmbyzon tao pr`gbols `h sdlpbdhdon nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j
 pr`ioss hr`l MI@, wadia ds pbmjjdjk t` i`jstruit m jow hmidbdty t` djiromso impmidty. ^ao
 pr`coit ds nosdkjdjk m jow hmidbdty tamt pr`nuios ?5,55
?5,5555 t`js/yr `h nrydjk `db wdta 44 wt% purdty.
^ao soi`jnmry pr`nuit ds miotdi midn (MM) wdta 44.? wt% purdty.

>
 

=.> @gcoitdvos

=. ^` nosdkj mjn sdlubmto m iaoldimb pr`ioss h`r pr`nuidjk ?5,555 t`js/yr `h nrydjk `db.

7. ^` ovmbumto m pr`hdtmgdbdty `h tao nosdkjon nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss.

=.? Yi`po `h w`rf

=. MYUOJ Ubus X1.1 ds uson t` sdlubmto m nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss.

7. ^ao pr`nuitd`j rmto `h nrydjk `db ds ?5,555 t`js/yr.

9. ^ao purdty `h nrydjk `db pr`nuit ds mt bomst 44 wt%.

>. Ydzdjk mjn i`stdjk `h mbb lmdj oqudplojt dj tads pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss mro porh`rlon.

?. Oi`j`ldi ovmbumtd`j ds porh`rlon t` mjmbyzo mjn notorldjo m pr`hdt `h tao pr`nuitd`j

 pr`ioss.

?
 

Iamptor 7
^ao`ry mjn bdtormturo rovdow

^ao tao`ry `h tao nrydjk `db (N@) pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss djv`bvos tao nohdjdtd`j mjn
 pr`portdos `h N@, tao romitd`j djh`rlmtd`j, mjn tao pr`ioss nosirdptd`j. ^ao romitd`j djh`rlmtd`j

rohors t` lmdj mjn sdno romitd`j mjn tao romitd`j fdjotdis nmtm. Mnndtd`jmbby, tads iamptor
ndsiussos tao bdtormturo rovdow mjn i`lpmros i`jndtd`js omia `h bdtormturos.

7.= Nohdjdtd`j mjn pr`portdos `h tao nrydjk `db V9\

Nrydjk `db (N@) ds m i`b`rboss bdqudn tamt ams m g`dbdjk p`djt `h 7?=µI. ^aodr uso ams
noibdjon `vor tao pmst sovormb noimnos, ms taoy amvo gooj ropbmion gy mbfyn rosdjs mjn `taor
 gdjnors. N@ i`jsdst `h kbyior`b trd-ostors `h hmtty midns. ^aoso ostors mro iamrmitordzon gy adka
bovobs `h p`byujsmturmton hmtty midns, ospoidmbby mbpam-bdj`bojdi midn. @jo i`ll`j lomsuro `h
tao ‒sdiimtdvo“ (nrydjk)
(nrydjk) pr`porty `h `dbs ds d`ndjo julgor, wadia ds mj djndimt`r `h tao julgor `h
n`ugbo g`jns dj tao `db. @dbs wdta mj d`ndjo julgor kromtor tamj =95 mro i`jsdnoron nrydjk, ta`so
wdta mj d`ndjo julgor `h ==?-=95 mro sold-nrydjk, mjn ta`so wdta mj d`ndjo julgor `h boss tamj
==? mro j`jnrydjk. Goimuso tao N@ ds j`t dj tao MYUOJ Ubus X1.1 nmtmgmjfs, =-totrmnoiojo ds
uson ms m l`nob `h N@ dj tao sdlubmtd`j.

Hdkuro 7.= ^ao iaoldimb struituro `h =-totrmnoiojo V9\

8
 

^mgbo 7.= ^ao pr`portdos `h =-totrmnoiojo V;\  

Djh`rlmtd`j
D_UMI jmlo =-^otrmnoiojo
@taor jmlos ^otrmnoi-=-ojo, =-^otrmnoiojo

IMY Julgor ==75-98-=

Uaysdimb mjn iaoldimb pr`portdos
Iaoldimb h`rlubm I=>A71 
L`bmr lmss =48.>7 k/l`b
Mppomrmjio I`b`rboss bdqudn
@n`r Ldbn pbomsmjt
Nojsdty ;;? fk/l9 mt =?µI (?4µH)
;;> fk/l9 mt 7?µI (;;µH)
;?5 fk/l9 mt ?5µI (=77µH)
Wobmtdvo nojsdty 5.;; mt =?.8µI (85.=µH)
Lobtdjk p`djt ∗=9.4µI (;.5µH)
G`dbdjk p`djt 7?=µI (>1>µH)
Y`bugdbdty dj wmtor Djs`bugbo dj wmtor
Y`bugdbdty Y`bugbo dj aynr`imrg`j s`bvojts
Xmp`r prossuro 5.5= llAk mt 7?µI (;;µH)
Xdsi`sdty 7.8= iYt mt 75µI (81µH)
Amzmrns dnojtdhdimtd`j
Lmdj amzmrns Hbmllmgbo
 JHUM ;5>

Hbmsa p`djt =5;µI (77?µH)

Mut`dkjdtd`j tolpormturo 79?µI (>??µH)
Oxpb`sdvo bdldts 5.?-?.>%

;
 

7.7 Womitd`j djh`rlmtd`j V1\ 

^ao rmw lmtordmb ds miotybmton imst`r `db (MI@), wadia ds l`nobbon dt ms pmbldtdi midn
(I=?A9=I@@A). ^ao prdlmry romitd`j ds `jo dj wadia tao MI@ ds taorlmbby irmifon t` tao N@,
wadia ds l`nobbon dt ms =-totrmnoiojo (I =>A71) mjn miotdi midn (MM, IA9I@@A). ^aoro ds mj

ujnosdron romitd`j dj wadia tao nrydjk `db ndlordzos t` h`rl m kul, wadia ds l`nobbon dt ms
=-`itmi`siojo (I71A?8). ^ao romitd`js tamt tmfo pbmio (mt tao romit`r tolpormturo mjn prossuro)
mro kdvoj gob`w.

I=?A9=I@@A (b) ↗ IA9I@@A (k) + I=>A71 (b) (=)

MI@ MM N@

7I=>A71 (b) ↗ I71A?8 (s) (7)

N@ Kul

^ao fdjotdi nmtm mjn tao romitd`j i`jndtd`js spoidhdon h`r m pmrtdiubmr mg`vo romitd`js
amvo gooj uson dj tads pr`coit. ^ao romitd`j fdjotdi nmtm ds sa`wj dj ^mgbo 7.7.

^mgbo 7.7 ^ao fdjotdi nmtm h`r tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j
pr`nu itd`j pr`ioss V1\ 

Womitd`j jmlo Wmto oxprossd`j Wmto i`jstmjt

p
  ->>, ?55 
 ->>,?55
 
=9
^aorlmb irmifdjk r= <f=I MMII@   f= <?.?91
<?.?91Û=
Û=5
5 ox
oxp
 W^  
 7 
p
  -11,5 55 
 -11,555
 
 78
Ndlordzmtd`j r 7 < f7 I  N@   f 7  <=
<=.?
.??Û
?Û=5
=5 ox
oxp
 W^  
*** ^ao ujdt `h romitd`j rmto (r d) mjn mitdvmtd`j ojorky mro fl`b/l9s mjn fimb/fl`b, rospoitdvoby.

1
 

7.9 Ur`ioss nosirdptd`j V1\

Hdkuro 7.7 ^ao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss hb`wsaoot V1\  

^ao nrydjk `db pr`ioss ds sa`wj dj Hdkuro 7.7. ^ao MI@ hoon ds ldxon wdta roiyibon
MI@ mjn pmsson tar`uka m vossob (X-?5=) tamt aobps lmdjtmdj i`jstmjt hb`w rmto. ^ao MI@
stroml ds aomton t` tao roqudron romit`r tolpormturo dj m hdron aomtor (A-?5=). ^ao a`t MI@
stroml ds hon t` tao romit`r (W-?5=), waoro tao romitd`js (=) mjn (7) pr`ioon.

I=?A9=I@@A (b) ↗ IA9I@@A (k) + I=>A71 (b) (=)

7I=>A71 (b) ↗ I71A?8 (s) (7)

Mhtor tamt, tao romit`r ohhbuojt ds quojiaon t` =15µI dj i``bor wadia usdjk i``bdjk wmtor
ms m londul. Dj kul hdbtor (H-?5=), tao kul ds hdbtoron `ut, mjn tao hdbtrmto ds hon t` m hdrst
ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj (^-?5=), waoro tao ujromiton MI@ ds roiyibon dj tao g`tt`l i`bulj mjn tao
ldxturo `h tao MM mjn N@ ds hon t` m soi`jn ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj (^-?57) wadia purdhdos tao MM
mjn N@.

4
 

7.> Bdtormturo rovdow

^w` bdtormturos woro uson dj tads pr`coit tamt porh`rlon tao hb`w saoot mjn i`jndtd`js `h
N@ pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss.

7.>.= Ur`nuitd`j `h =-totrmnoiojo mt =55 t`js/yr V4\

^ads bdtormturo rovdow amn tw` mdls h`r sdlubmtd`j `h pr`ioss. ^` n` m probdldjmry
mjmbysds t` notorldjo tao homsdgdbdty `h i`jstruitdjk m iaoldimb pbmjt t` lmjuhmituro =55 t`js/yr
`h =-totrmnoiojo hr`l MI@. H`r sdlubmtd`j, MI@ mjn N@ woro l`nobbon dt ms pmbldtdi midn
(I=?A9=I@@A) mjn =-totrmnoiojo (I=>A71), rospoitdvoby. Dj mj ujnosdron sdno romitd`j, m kul
i`ubn go h`rlon, wadia ds l`nobbon dt ms =-`itmi`sojo (I 71A?8).

7.>.7 Mjmbysds, syjtaosds, mjn nosdkj `h iaoldimb pr`iossos3 Djh`rlmtd`j h`r tao probdldjmry
nosdkj `h obovoj iaoldimb pr`iossos V=5\

Dj tao N@ pr`nuitd`j (ujdt ?55) nomb wdta tao nosdkj mjn sdlubmtd`j `h tao N@
 pr`nuitd`j mjn tads pr`ioss wms sdlubmton gy IAOLIMN pr`krml. ^ao pr`nuitd`j rmto `h tao
N@ wms =5,555 t`js/yr wdta 44 wt% purdty hr`l MI@. A`wovor, h`r sdlubmtd`j purp`so, MI@
wms l`nobbon dt ms pmbldtdi midn (I =?A9=I@@A) mjn N@ wms l`nobbon dt ms =-totrmnoiojo
(I=>A71). Dj mj ujnosdron sdno romitd`j, m kul imj go h`rlon, wadia wms l`nobbon dt ms
=-`itmi`siojo (I=>A?8). ^ads bdtormturo porh`rls stroml sullmry, utdbdty sullmry, lmdj
oqudplojt spoidhdimtd`js, mjn i`jndtd`js dj tao N@ pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss tamt imj kudno t`
sdlubmtd`j dj tads pr`coit.

Hr`l tao tw` bdtormturo rovdows, iaoldimb romitd`j hr`l MI@, pr`ioss hb`wsaoot, mjn bdst
`h lmdj oqudplojt mro sdldbmr, gut pr`nuitd`j rmto mjn hrmitd`jmb i`jvorsd`j mro ndhhorojt.

=5
 

Iamptor 9
Lota`n`b`ky

^ads iamptor i`jsdsts `h lota`n`b`ky tamt oxpbmdjs tao pr`ioss `h w`rf mjn strmtokdos t`
miadovo purp`sos `h tads pr`coit mjn tao w`rf pbmj wadia aobps m pr`coit lmjmko w`rfhb`w mjn

ldbost`jo nomnbdjos.

9.= Lota`n`b`ky

9.=.= Nosdkj m probdldjmry pr`ioss hb`wsaoot mjn porh`rl sdlubmtd`j

Goh`ro nosdkjdjk tao nrydjk `db (N@) pr`ioss hb`wsaoot, tao pr`ioss joonon t` go
ujnorst``n dj `rnor t` imrry `ut tao sdlubmtd`j. Miotybmton imst`r `db (MI@) wms uson ms m rmw
lmtordmb dj tads pr`ioss. ^ao purdty `h tao pr`nuit lust go kromtor tamj 44 wt%. Bdtormturo
rovdows woro joonon t` kmtaor usohub djh`rlmtd`j mg`ut tao N@ pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss. ^ao roqudron
djh`rlmtd`j wms pr`ioss `pormtdjk i`jndtd`js mjn rmw lmtordmbs. Hurtaorl`ro, tao prdio `h tao
sugstmjio suia ms rmw lmtordmb, pr`nuit, mjn utdbdty wms i`bboiton dj tads stop ms wobb.

^ao pr`ioss wms nosdkjon gmson `j bdtormturo rovdow—s djh`rlmtd`j t` notorldjo lmss
 gmbmjio mjn ojorky gmbmjio usdjk MYUOJ Ubus X1.1. Dj `rnor t` miadovo tao `gcoitdvos, tao
 pr`ioss wms ndvdnon djt` hdvo soitd`js3 hoon propmrmtd`j
p ropmrmtd`j soitd`j, romitd`j soitd`j, kul sopmrmtd`j
soitd`j, MI@ sopmrmtd`j soitd`j, mjn N@ sopmrmtd`j soitd`j.

9.=.7 Dlpr`vo tao probdldjmry pr`ioss hb`wsaoot mjn porh`rl sdlubmtd`j

Mhtor sdlubmtdjk pr`ioss usdjk tao djh`rlmtd`j hr`l tao pr`gbol stmtolojt mjn
bdtormturos, tao dlpr`von pr`ioss hb`wsaoot wms porh`rlon. ^aoj, tao hb`w rmto `h tao hoonst`if
mjn tao roiyibo stroml woro uson t` imbiubmto tao lmss gmbmjio t` `gtmdj tao N@ pr`nuitd`j rmto
`h ?5,555 t`js/yr wdta 44 wt% purdty. ^ao `pormtdjk i`jndtd`js woro `gtmdjon hr`l pr`gbol
stmtolojt, bdtormturos, mjn c`urjmbs.

9.=.9 Ostdlmto `h tao sdzo mjn i`st `h lmdj

l mdj oqudplojt

^ao sdzo `h mbb lmdj oqudplojt wms imbiubmton gy MYUOJ Impdtmb I`st Ostdlmt`r wadia
uson tao nmtm hr`l sdlubmtd`j stops. H`r tao i`st
i` st `h djvostlojt, tao imbiubmtd`j wms mppr`xdlmton
hr`l tao sdzo `h oqudplojt. Mhtor tamt, puriamsdjk i`st mjn djstmbbmtd`j i`st `h oqudplojt woro
l`nubo—s lota`n. 
`gtmdjon hr`l Oxiob pr`krml wadia wms gmson `j tao Gmro l`nubo—s lota`n. 

==
 

9.=.> Uorh`rl mj oi`j`ldi ovmbumtd`j

^ao homsdgdbdty `h djvostlojt wms mssosson gy djtorjmb rmto `h roturj (DWW), pmygmif
 pord`n, mjn oqudvmbojt mjjumb `pormtdjk i`st (OM@I) ms sa`wj dj Oqumtd`j 9.= mjn Oqumtd`j 9.7

 OM@I < - ( Ur`nuit vmbuo - I`st `h lmjuhmiturdjk - I`st mjjudty )   Oqumtd`j 9.= 

j
d (= + d )
Imp
Impdtmb I`s udtty (IIM
I`st Mjjud IIM) < HID  j   Oqumtd`j 9.7 
(= + d ) -=

^ads stop h`iusos `j tao pr`hdtmgdbdty `h tao N@ pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss. ^aoro woro lmdjby
taroo pmrmlotors tamt amn t` go i`jiorjon. Hdrstby, imsa hb`w mjmbysds wms joonon t` hdjn tao
rovojuo, i`st `h lmjuhmituro, mjn pr`hdt dj omia yomr. Yoi`jnby, tao pmygmif pord`n wms tao
bojkta `h tdlo roqudron t` roi`vor tao i`st `h djvostlojt. Hdjmbby, tao DWW wms tao djtorost rmto
tamt lmfos jot prosojt vmbuo (JUX) oqumbs
oqu mbs t` zor`.

9.7 [`rf pbmj

M w`rf pbmj nosirdgon tao pbmj `h tads pr`coit t` go mii`lpbdsa mjn tao strmtokdos uson t`
miadovo tao `gcoitdvos. ^ao w`rf pbmj i`jsdsts `h hdvo stops ms sa`wj dj ^mgbo 9.=.

=7
 

^mgbo 9.= ^ao notmdbon w`rf pbmj

[oof [oof [oof [oof [oof [oof [oof [oof

Ldbost`jo
= 7 9 > ? 8 ; 1
=. Ur`gbol ujnorstmjndjk mjn hb`wsaoot syjtaosds
=.= Ur`gbol nohdjdtd`j
=.7 Bdtormturo rovdow
=.9 Nosirdptd`j `h tao pr`ioss
7. Lmss mjn ojorky gmbmjios 
7.= Womit`r nosdkj
7.7 Womitd`j taorl`nyjmldis
7.9 Womitd`j fdjotdis
7.> Yopmrmtd`j pr`iossos
7.? I`lpboto `vormbb lmss mjn ojorky gmbmjios
9. Oqudplojt sdzdjk mjn i`stdjk 
9.= I`lpboto aomt oxiamjkor jotw`rf mjn utdbdtdos
9.7 Oqudplojt spoidhdimtd`js
9.9 I`st ostdlmtos (Oqudplojt i`st, Lmjuhmiturdjk
i`st, Kojormb oxpojso)
>. Oi`j`ldi ovmbumtd`j mjn hdjmb prosojtmtd`j
>.= Imsa hb`w mjmbysds
>.7 Jot prosojt vmbuo, pmygmif pord`n mjn djtorjmb
rmto `h roturj mjmbysds
>.9 I`lpboto hdjmb rop`rt

=9

Iamptor >
Ydlubmtd`j mjn rosubts

Dj tads iamptor, tao pr`ioss sdlubmtd`j, mjn rosubts `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss
hr`l MYUOJ Ubus X1.1 woro porh`rlon. Dj mnndtd`j, dt mbs` i`jsdston `h typos `h tao `pormtd`j,  
  pr`porty lota`ns soboitd`j.
djput-`utput struituro, pr`porty

>.= ^ypos `h tao `pormtd`j

Dj iaoldimb djnustrdos, taoro mro tw` typos `h pr`nuitd`j pr`iossos wadia mro i`jtdju`us
mjn gmtia pr`iossos. Dh tao pr`nuitd`j rmto ds l`ro tamj >?5 t`js/yr, m i`jtdju`us pr`ioss sa`ubn
 go uson. ^ao k`mb h`r tads pr`nuitd`j
p r`nuitd`j pr`ioss wms t` miadovo l`ro tamj ?5,555 t`js/yr
t`j s/yr `h nrydjk
 `db (N@). Ms m rosubt, m i`jtdju`us pr`ioss wms ia`soj
ia` soj h`r tads N@ pr`nuitd`j.

>.7 Djput-`utput struituro

^ao N@ pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss i`jsdsts `h hdvo soitd`js wadia mro hoon propmrmtd`j soitd`j,
romitd`j soitd`j, kul sopmrmtd`j soitd`j, miotybmton imst`r `db (MI@) sopmrmtd`j soitd`j mjn N@
sopmrmtd`j soitd`j. Dj tao hoon propmrmtd`j soitd`j, MI@ ds proaomton goh`ro sojt t` tao romitd`j

soitd`j wadia MI@ irmifon t` pr`nuio N@, miotdi midn (MM) mjn kul. ^aoj, tao ohhbuojt `h tao
romit`r ds sojt t` tao kul sopmrmtd`j soitd`j h`r rol`vdjk tao kul. Mhtor tamt, tao bdqudn ldxturo
i`jtmdjdjk MI@, N@, mjn MM ds sojt t` tao MI@ sopmrmtd`j soitd`j waoro MI@ ds roiyibon t`
tao hoon propmrmtd`j soitd`j. ^ao bmst soitd`j ds tao N@ sopmrmtd`j wadia sopmrmtos N@ mjn MM.
^ao gb`if hb`w ndmkrml (GHN) `h tao ojtdro pr`ioss ds sa`wj dj Hdkuro >.=.

Hdkuro >.= ^ao gb`if hb`w ndmkrml `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss

=>

^mgbo >.= ^ao nostdjmtd`j i`nos `h stromls h`r tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss  

J`rlmb g`dbdjk p`djt

I`lp`jojt Ibmssdhdimtd`j Nostdjmtd`j i`no
(µI)
Kul >7;.> Yoi`jnmry pr`nuit [msto
Miotybmton imst`r `db 9?5.5 Womitmjt Woiyibo
Nrydjk `db 7?=.5 Urdlmry pr`nuit Urdlmry pr`nuit
Miotdi midn ==1.= Yoi`jnmry pr`nuit Yoi`jnmry pr`nuit

>.9 Ur`porty lota`ns soboitd`j V==\

Dj `rnor t` miadovo tao miiurmto sdlubmton rosubts, m sudtmgbo taorl`nyjmldi lota`n wms
joonon. ^ao soboitd`j `h tao pr`porty lota`n wms n`jo gy i`jsdnordjk tao i`lp`jojts dj tao
  pr`ioss.

M kudnobdjo h`r ia``sdjk tao taorl`nyjmldi lota`n h`r N@, i`jsdnordjk tao
i`lp`jojts dj tao N@ pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss, taoro woro tw` i`lp`jojts `h p`bmr l`boiubo wadia
woro MI@ mjn MM. ^aoroh`ro, m p`bmr pmtawmy wms ia`soj. Mbs`, mbb `h sugstmjio woro j`t
oboitr`byto. ^ao j`j-oboitr`byto pmtawmy wms ia`soj ms sa`wj dj Hdkuro >.7.

Hdkuro >.7 M kudnobdjo h`r usdjk taorl`nyjmldi lota`ns `h

tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss D V==\  

=?

Dj tao N@ pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss, `pormtdjk prossuro dj tao pr`ioss wms b`wor tamj
=5 gmrs mjn j` djtormitd`j `h sugstmjios. Mnndtd`jmbby, tao i`lp`jojts i`jtmdjon `jo bdqudn
 pamsos. _JDHMI mjn dts Oxtojsd`js pmtawmy wms ia`soj ms sa`wj dj Hdkuro >.9.
 Hdkuro >.9 M kudnobdjo h`r usdjk taorl`nyjmldi lota`ns `h
tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss DD V==\

H`r tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss, taoro wms m vmp`r pamso `h tao i`lp`jojt dj tao
 pr`ioss mjn MM ms m imrg`xybdi midn hujitd`jmb kr`up. ^aoroh`ro, dt i`ubn go ndlordzon dj tao
 pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss. _JDHMI wdta Amynoj @—I`jjobb (_JDH-A@I)
(_JDH-A@I) wms roi`llojnon h`r tads
 pr`ioss wadia ds sa`wj dj Hdkuro >.>.

=8

 
 Hdkuro >.> M kudnobdjo h`r usdjk taorl`nyjmldi lota`ns `h
tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss DDD V==\ 

>.> Ydlubmtd`j `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss

Dj tads t`pdi porh`rls tao sudtmgbo i`jndtd`j `h omia oqudplojt ms usdjk dj tao N@
 pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss mjn rosubt `h omia stomls.

>.>.= Hoon propmrmtd`j soitd`j

^ao romitmjt wms st`ron dj m tmjf mjn taoj wms hon t` tao hoon propmrmtd`j soitd`j ms
sa`wj dj Hdkuro >.?. ^ao i`jndtd`js `h hoon stroml (tolpormturo mjn prossuro) woro j`t sudtmgbo

h`r `pormtdjk dj tao romit`r. Aojio, tao prossuro mjn tolpormturo `h hoon wms mncuston gy pulp
(U-=5=) mjn hurjmio (A-=5=) t` mj mppr`prdmto i`jndtd`j goh`ro ojtordjk tao romit`r.

=;

Hdkuro >.? ^ao pr`ioss hb`w ndmkrml `h tao hoon propmrmtd`j soitd`j
 ^ao hdron aomtor wms tao oqudplojt t` djiromso tao tolpormturo `h tao MI@ hoon, s` tao
 pmrmlotor tamt iruidmb t` tao pr`nuitd`j wms `pormtdjk tolpormturo.

Xmrdon Nohdjon
^olpormturo `h A-=5=, µI Lmss hb`w rmto `h N@ dj W-=5= `utbot stroml, fk/ar

Hdkuro >.8 ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao tolpormturo

t olpormturo `h tao hdron aomtor mjn lmss hb`w rmto
`h nrydjk `db dj W-=5= `utbot stroml

Hr`l Hdkuro >.8, tao tolpormturo `h tao hdron aomtor (A-=5=) wms vmrdon gy sojsdtdvdty t`
nohdjon lmss hb`w rmto `h N@  dj W-=5= `utbot stroml. ^ao sudtmgbo `pormtdjk tolpormturo wms
>55µI wadia kmvo tao adkaost lmss hb`w rmto `h N@ dj W-=5= `utbot stroml.

=1

^ao nosirdptd`j mjn djput nmtm `h tao oqudplojt dj hoon propmrmtd`j soitd`j mro sa`wj dj
^mgbo >.7.

^mgbo >.7 ^ao nosirdptd`j mjn djput nmtm `h tao oqudplojt dj tao hoon propmrmtd`j soitd`j 

L`nob dj
_jdt Oqudplojt Nosirdptd`j Djput nmtm
MYUOJ Ubus
Ldxon hoon stroml mjn
L-=5= Ldxor Ldxor roiyibo stroml goh`ro -
ojtordjk tao pulp
Djiromso prossuro hr`l @utbot prossuro3 9 gmrs
U-=5= Uulp Uulp
= gmr t` 9 gmrs Ohhdidojiy3 5.;
Djiromso tolpormturo Urossuro3 9 gmrs
A-=5= Hdron aomtor Aomtor
 hr`l 758 I t` >55 I ^olpormturo3 >55 I

>.>.7 Womitd`j soitd`j

Dj tao romitd`j soitd`j, MI@ wms irmifon t` pr`nuio N@ mjn MM. Y`lo ml`ujt `h N@
wms ndlordzon t` h`rl m kul wadia wms ujnosdron pr`nuit. ^ao pr`ioss hb`w ndmkrml `h tao
romitd`j soitd`j ds sa`wj dj Hdkuro >.; mjn tao `pormtdjk i`jndtd`js h`r tao romit`r mro sa`wj dj

^mgbo >.9.

Hdkuro >.; ^ao pr`ioss hb`w ndmkrml `h tao romitd`j soitd`j

=4

^mgbo >.9 ^ao nosirdptd`j mjn djput nmtm `h tao oqudplojt dj tao romit`r soitd`j

L`nob dj
_jdt Oqudplojt Nosirdptd`j Djput nmtm
MYUOJ Ubus
Ur`nuio nrydjk `db Urossuro3 9 gmrs
W-=5= Womit`r IY^W
hr`l MI@ Mndmgmtdimbby

>.>.9 Kul sopmrmtd`j

H`r tao kul sopmrmtd`j soitd`j dj Hdkuro >.1, tao i``bor (A-=57) wms uson t` i``b n`wj
tao ohhbuojt hr`l tao romit`r. ^aoj, dt wms sojt t` tao hdbtor wadia sopmrmton kul ms ujnosdron
 pr`nuit hr`l tao bdqudn ldxturo. ^ao bdqudn ldxturo wadia i`jsdston `h MI@, N@, mjn MM, wms
sojt t` tao MI@ sopmrmtd`j soitd`j. ^ao `pormtdjk i`jndtd`js h`r tao i``bor mjn kul hdbtor mro
 sa`wj dj ^mgbo >.>.

Hdkuro >.1 ^ao pr`ioss hb`w ndmkrml `h tao kul sopmrmtd`j soitd`j

75

^mgbo >.> ^ao nosirdptd`j mjn djput nmtm `h tao oqudplojt dj tao kul sopmrmtd`j soitd`j

L`nob dj
_jdt Oqudplojt Nosirdptd`j Djput nmtm
MYUOJ Ubus
Noiromso
^olpormturo3 =15µI
A-=57 I``bor Aomtor tolpormturo hr`l
Xmp`r hrmitd`j3 5
998µI t` =15µI
Hrmitd`j `h s`bdns t` s`bdn `utbot3 =
Yopmrmto kul hr`l Bdqudn b`mn `h s`bdn `utbot3 5.55=
H-=5= Kul hdbtor Hdbtor
 pr`nuit stroml @utbot prossuro3 = gmr
Mndmgmtdimbby

>.>.> MI@ sopmrmtd`j soitd`j

 Dj tao MI@ sopmrmtd`j soitd`j, tao MI@ roiyibo i`bulj (^-=5=) wms uson t` sopmrmto
MI@ hr`l tao pr`nuit stroml. MI@ wadia ujromiton dj tao romitd`j soitd`j wms roiyibon t` tao
MI@ hoon mt tao g`tt`l i`bulj mjn dt wms i``bon dj tao i``bor (A-=5?). ^ao ndstdbbmto stroml `h
tao MI@ roiyibo i`bulj wadia i`jsdston `h N@ mjn MM wms sojt t` tao N@ sopmrmtd`j soitd`j
ms sa`wj dj Hdkuro >.4.

Hdkuro >.4 ^ao pr`ioss hb`w ndmkrml `h tao miotybmton

miotyb mton imst`r `db sopmrmtd`j soitd`j

7=

H`r ^-=5=, nuo t` ndhhorojtdmb `h tao g`dbdjk p`djt, adkaor g`dbdjk p`djt sa`ubn go dj tao
 g`tt`l `h tao i`bulj mjn b`wor g`dbdjk p`djt sa`ubn k` t` tao t`p `h tao i`bulj. ^aoroh`ro,
lmss hrmitd`j `h MI@ sa`ubn go tao lmxdlul dj Y=5 stroml nuo t` taodr g`dbdjk p`djt. Dj
sojsdtdvdty mjmbysds, `pormtdjk pmrmlotors woro vmrdon wadbo lmss hrmitd`j `h MI@ wms nohdjon
t` hdjn tao `ptdlul `pormtdjk i`jndtd`js.

Xmrdon Nohdjon
 Julgor `h stmkos `h ^-=5= Lmss hrmitd`j `h MI@ dj ^-=5= g`tt`l stroml
 Hdkuro >.=5 ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao julgor
julg or `h stmkos mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h miotybmton imst`r `db
dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=5=

Hr`l Hdkuro >.=5, tao julgor `h stmkos `h ^-=5= wms vmrdon wdta lmss hrmitd`j `h MI@
dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=5=. Mt 1 stmkos, tao i`bulj kmvo tao adkaost lmss hrmitd`j `h MI@ dj
 g`tt`l stroml.

77

Xmrdon Nohdjon
Hoon stmko `h ^-=5= Lmss hrmitd`j `h MI@ dj ^-=5= g`tt`l stroml
 Hdkuro >.== ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao hoon stmko mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h miotybmton imst`r `db
dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=5=

Hr`l Hdkuro >.==, hoon stmko wms pb`tton mkmdjst lmss hrmitd`j `h MI@ dj g`tt`l stroml
`h ^-=5=. Lmss hrmitd`j `h MI@ wms lmxdldzon gy
g y hoon tao ldxturo mt stmko 8
8..

Xmrdon Nohdjon
Wohbux rmtd` `h ^-=5= Lmss hrmitd`j `h MI@ dj ^-=5= g`tt`l stroml

Hdkuro >.=7 ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao rohbux rmtd` mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h miotybmton imst`r `db
dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=5=

^ao rohbux rmtd` `h ^-=5= wms `gtmdjon hr`l sojsdtdvdty iurvo dj Hdkuro >.=7. ^ao i`bulj
kmvo tao adkaost lmss hrmitd`j `h MI@ dj g`tt`l stroml waoj tao rohbux rmtd` wms =.
=.8>=1.
8>=1.

79

Xmrdon Nohdjon
Ndstdbbmto t` hoon rmtd` `h ^-=5= Lmss hrmitd`j `h MI@ dj ^-=5= g`tt`l stroml
 Hdkuro >.=9 ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao ndstdbbmto t` hoon rmtd` mjn lmss hrmitd`j
`h miotybmton imst`r `db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=5=

^ao ndstdbbmto t` hoon rmtd` `h ^-=5= wms `gtmdjon hr`l sojsdtdvdty iurvo dj Hdkuro >.=9.
Mt ndstdbbmto t` hoon rmtd` oqumbs t` 5.>1;1, tao i`bulj kmvo adkaost lmss hrmitd`j `h MI@ dj
 g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=5=.

^ao `pormtdjk i`jndtd`js h`r tao MI@ roiyibo i`bulj mjn i``bor mro sa`wj dj ^mgbo >.?.

^mgbo >.? ^ao nosirdptd`j mjn djput nmtm `h tao oqudplojt dj tao miotybmton imst`r `db sopmrmtd`j
soitd`j

L`nob dj
_jdt Oqudplojt Nosirdptd`j Djput Nmtm
MYUOJ Ubus
 J`. `h stmkos3 1
Woiyibo MI@ gmif I`jnojsor3 ^`tmb
MI@ roiyibo Wog`dbor3 Fottbo
^-=5= WmnHrmi djt` MI@ hoon mt tao
i`bulj  g`tt`l i`bulj Xmbdn pamso3 Xmp`r-bdqudn
Wohbux rmtd`3 =.8>=1
Ndstdbbmto t` hoon rmtd`3 5.>1;1
Noiromso
Urossuro3 = gmr
A-=5? I``bor Aomtor tolpormturo hr`l
^olpormturo3 715µI
9>4µI t` 715µI

7>

>.>.? N@ sopmrmtd`j soitd`j

H`r tao N@ sopmrmtd`j soitd`j, tao ndstdbbmto stroml hr`l tao MI@ roiyibo i`bulj wadia
i`jsdston `h N@ mjn MM, wms sojt t` tao N@ purdhdimtd`j i`bulj (^-=57) waoro MM wms
sopmrmton ms m ndstdbbmto mjn N@ ms m g`tt`l pr`nuit. G`ta stromls hr`l tao i`bulj woro i``bon
dj tao i``bor goh`ro sojt t` tao st`rmko tmjf. ^ao pr`ioss hb`w ndmkrml `h N@ sopmrmtd`j soitd`j
ds sa`wj dj Hdkuro >.=>.
 Hdkuro >.=> ^ao pr`ioss hb`w ndmkrml `h tao nrydjk
n rydjk `db sopmrmtd`j soitd`j

H`r `pormtdjk pmrmlotors `h ^-=57 suia ms julgor `h stmkos, hoon stmko, rohbux rmtd`, mjn
ndstdbbmto t` hoon rmtd` imj go `gtmdjon hr`l sojsdtdvdty mjmbysds.

7?

Xmrdon Nohdjon
Lmss hrmitd`j `h MM dj ^-=57 ndstdbbmto stroml mjn
 Julgor `h stmkos `h ^-=57
Lmss hrmitd`j `h N@ dj ^-=57 g`tt`l stroml
 Hdkuro >.=? ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao julgor
julg or `h stmkos mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h miotdi midn
dj ndstdbbmto stroml mjn nrydjk `db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=57

Hr`l Hdkuro >.=?, tao julgor `h stmkos `h ^-=57 wms vmrdon wdta lmss hrmitd`j `h MM dj
ndstdbbmto stroml mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h N@ dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=57. Mt 8 stmkos, tao i`bulj
kmvo tao adkaost lmss hrmitd`j `h MM dj ndstdbbmto stroml mjn N@ dj g`tt`l stroml.

Xmrdon Nohdjon
Lmss hrmitd`j `h MM dj ^-=57 ndstdbbmto stroml mjn
Hoon stmko `h ^-=57
Lmss hrmitd`j `h N@ dj ^-=57 g`tt`l stroml

Hdkuro >.=8 ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao hoon stmko mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h miotdi midn
dj ndstdbbmto stroml mjn nrydjk `db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=57

78

Hr`l Hdkuro >.=8, hoon stmko wms pb`tton mkmdjst lmss hrmitd`j `h MM dj ndstdbbmto stroml
mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h N@ dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=57. Lmss hrmitd`j `h MM mjn N@ wms
lmxdldzon gy hoon tao ldxturo mt stmko >.

Xmrdon Nohdjon
Lmss hrmitd`j `h MM dj ^-=57 ndstdbbmto stroml mjn
Wohbux rmtd` `h ^-=57
Lmss hrmitd`j `h N@ dj ^-=57 g`tt`l stroml
 Hdkuro >.=; ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao rohbux rmtd` mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h miotdi midn
dj ndstdbbmto stroml mjn nrydjk `db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=57

^ao rohbux rmtd` `h ^-=57 wms `gtmdjon hr`l sojsdtdvdty iurvo dj Hdkuro >.=;. ^ao i`bulj
kmvo tao adkaost lmss hrmitd`j `h MM dj ndstdbbmto stroml mjn N@ dj g`tt`l stroml waoj tao
rohbux rmtd` wms 9.7;75.

7;

Xmrdon Nohdjon
Lmss hrmitd`j `h MM dj ^-=57 ndstdbbmto stroml mjn
Ndstdbbmto t` hoon rmtd` `h ^-=57
Lmss hrmitd`j `h N@ dj ^-=57 g`tt`l stroml
 Hdkuro >.=1 ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao ndstdbbmto t` hoon rmtd` mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h miotdi midn
dj ndstdbbmto stroml mjn nrydjk `db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=57

^ao ndstdbbmto t` hoon rmtd` `h ^-=57 wms `gtmdjon hr`l sojsdtdvdty iurvo dj Hdkuro >.=1.
Mt ndstdbbmto t` hoon rmtd` oqumbs t` 5.>494, tao i`bulj kmvo adkaost lmss hrmitd`j `h MM dj
ndstdbbmto stroml mjn N@ dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=57.

^ao `pormtdjk i`jndtd`js dj tads soitd`j mro sa`wj dj ^mgbo >.8.

^mgbo >.8 ^ao nosirdptd`j mjn djput nmtm `h tao oqudplojt dj tao nrydjk `
`db
db sopmrmtd`j soitd`j 

L`nob dj
_jdt Oqudplojt Nosirdptd`j Djput nmtm
MYUOJ Ubus
 J`. `h stmkos3 8
Uurdhy nrydjk `db h`r I`jnojsor3 ^`tmb
N@
romiadjk tao tmrkot Wog`dbor3 Fottbo
^-=57  purdhdimtd`j WmnHrmi
ms tao g`tt`l Xmbdn pamso3 Xmp`r-bdqudn
i`bulj
 pr`nuit Wohbux rmtd`3
Ndstdbbmto 9.7;75
t` hoon rmtd`3 5.>494
Noiromso
Urossuro3 = gmr
A-=59 I``bor Aomtor tolpormturo hr`l
^olpormturo3 7?µI
==;µI t` 7?µI
Noiromso
Urossuro3 = gmr
A-=5>  I``bor Aomtor tolpormturo hr`l
^olpormturo3 7?µI
7>5µI t` 7?µI

71

>.>.8 Lmss mjn ojorky gmbmjio

^ao rosubt `h tao pr`ioss sdlubmtd`j `h tao N@ pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss gy MYUOJ Ubus X1.1
wms porh`rlon dj lmss mjn ojorky gmbmjio. Lmss gmbmjio `h tao N@ pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss ds sa`wj
dj Hdkuro >.=4. 1,755 fk/ar `h MI@ hrosa hoon wms hon t` pr`ioss. @utbot stroml i`jtmdjon 5.19
fk/ar `h kul tamt rol`vmb, =,149.;? fk/ar `h miotdi midn wdta 44.17 wt% purdty mjn 8,95?.>7
fk/ar `h N@ pr`nuit wdta 44.55 wt% purdty. ^ao lmss `h omia stroml mjn aomt nuty roqudron
omia oqudplojt mro sa`wj dj ^mgbo >.; mjn ^mgbo >.1, rospoitdvoby.
 Hdkuro >.=4 ^ao lmss gmbmjio `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss  

74

>.>.; Ytroml sullmry

L-=5= U-=5= A-=5= W-=5= A-=57 H-=57 ^-=5=

Ldxor Uulp Hdron aomtor Womit`r I``bor Kul hdbtor MI@ roiyibo i`bulj
 ^-=57 ^-=59 ^-=5> ^-=5?
N@ purdhdimtd`j i`bulj I``bor I``bor I``bor

Hdkuro >.75 ^ao pr`ioss hb`w ndmkrml `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss

95

^mgbo >.; ^ao stroml sullmry `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss  

MI@
Ytroml Y= Y7 Y9 Y> Y? Kul Y8
Hrosa Hoon
Uamso Bdqudn Bdqudn Bdqudn Bdqudn Ldxon Ldxon Y`
Y`bdn
bdn Bdqudn
Xmp`r hrmitd`j 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.>4 5.55 5.55 5.55
Y`bdn hrmitd`j 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 =.87x=5-?  =.87x=5-?  =.55 5.55
^olpormturo (µI) 7?.55 758.== 758.=8 >55.55 99?.4= =15.55 =15.55 =15.55
Urossuro (gmr) =.55 =.55 9.55 9.55 9.55 =.=; =.=; =.=8
Mvormko L[ 7?8.>9 7?8.97 7?8.97 7?8.97 =49.44 =49.44 947.9? =49.44
^`tmb hb`w rmto
1,755.55 7?,985.8? 7?,985.8? 7?,985.8? 7?,985.8? 7?,985.8? 5.19 7?,9?4.17
(fk/ar)
I`lp`jojt lmss hb`w rmto (fk/ar)
I`lp`jojt
Miotybmton imst`r `db 1,755.55 7?,97>.8= 7?,97>.8= 7?,97>.8= =;,=;7.;? =;,=;7.;? 5.55 =;,=;7.;?
Nrydjk `db 5.55 98.57 98.57 98.57 8,7;;.41 8,7;;.41 5.55 8,
8,7;;.41
7;;.41
Miotdi midn 5.55 5.57 5.57 5.57 =,454.54 =,454.54 5.55 =,454.54
Kul 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.19 5.19 5.19 5.55

9=

^mgbo >.; ^ao stroml sullmry `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss (I`jt.)  

Ytroml Y; Y1 Y4 Y=5 MM N@ MI@-Woiyi

MI@-Woiyibo
bo
Uamso Bdqudn Bdqudn Bdqudn Bdqudn Bdqudn Bdqudn Bdqudn
Xmp`r hrmitd`j 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55
Y`bdn hrmitd`j 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55
 ^olpormturo (µI) =7?.;7 ==;.85 7>?.81 9?8.5 9?.55 9?.55 715.55
Urossuro (gmr) =.=9 =.55 =.=9 =.=8 =.55 =.55 =.5
Mvormko L[ =71.?4 85.=> =4?.91 7?8.78 85.=> =4?.91 7?8.78
^`tmb hb`w rmto
1,=44.=; =,149.;? 8,95?.>7 =;,=85.8? =,149.;? 8,95?.>7 =;,=85.8?
(fk/ar)
I`lp`jojt lmss hb`w rmto (fk/ar)
I`lp`jojt
Miotybmton imst`r `db >1.=9 5.55 >1.=9 =;,=7>.87 5.55 >1.=9 =;,=7>.8=
Nrydjk `db 8,7>=.4; 9.;1 8,791.
8,791.=4
=4 98.5= 9.;1 8,791.
8,791.=4
=4 98.57
Miotdi midn =,454.5; =,114.41 =4.54 5.57 =,114.41 =4.54 5.57
Kul 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55

97

^mgbo >.1 ^ao aomt nuty roqudron h`r omia oqudplojt 

_jdt Oqudplojt Aomt nuty (f[)

U-=5= Uulp =.45
A-=5= Hdron aomtor >,=85.>=
W-=5= Womit`r 5
H-=5= Hdbtor 5
^-=5= 5
Ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj
^-=57 5
A-=57 -9,4>4.8>
A-=59 -=5=.85
A-=5> -49=.=1
A-=5? -=,5==.>5
Aomt oxiamjkor
A-=58 -9,899.?=
A-=5; ?,8;4.81
A-=51 -1;?.=>
A-=54 =,944.>;
 99

Iamptor ?

Ydzo mjn i`st ostdlmtd`j

Dj tads iamptor, sdzdjk, mjn i`stdjk `h mbb lmdj oqudplojt dj tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j
 pr`iossos woro ostdlmton. ^ao oqudplojt sdzdjk wms imbiubmton hr`l MYUOJ Ubus X1.1 mjn
MYUOJ Oxiamjkor Nosdkj & Wmtdjk (ONW) X1.1 t` notorldjo mppr`prdmto sdzos goh`ro
i`jsdnordjk tao djstmbbon i`sts.

?.= Oqudplojt mjmbysds

Mbb lmdj oqudplojt dj tao pr`ioss wms sdzon mjn mjmbyzon djndvdnumbby gmson `j dts

 purp`sos. ^ao oqudplojt `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss ds sa`wj dj ^mgbo ?.=.

^mgbo ?.= Yullmry `h oqudplojt sdzdjk 

Oqudplojt typo Julgor `h oqudplojt

Womit`r =
Hdbtor =
Ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj 7
Hdron aomtor   =
Uulp =
Aomt oxiamjkor 1
 ^`tmb =>

?.=.= Womit`r

M i`jtdju`us stdrron tmjf romit`r (IY^W) wms uson dj tads pr`ioss t` pr`nuio nrydjk `db
(N@) gy irmifdjk `h miotybmton imst`r `db (MI@). ^ao rosdnojio tdlo `h tao romit`r wms
notorldjon gy hdxdjk tao v`bulo `h tao IY^W romit`r mt 95.5 l 9. ^ao rosubts mro sa`wj dj ^mgbo
?.7.

9>

^mgbo ?.7 ^ao romit`r sdzdjk rosubts 

Nmtm W-=5=
^ypo IY^W
X`bulo (l
X`bulo ( l9)  95.5
95.
Ndmlotor (l)  7.=7
Bojkta (l)  1.>1
Wosdnojio tdlo (ar) 5.88
Nosdkj prossuro (gmrk) 7.>9
Nosdkj tolpormturo (`I) >7;..1
>7;
Lmtordmb `h i`jstruitd`j (L@I) Imrg`j stoob

?.=.7 Hdbtor

^ao sdzo `h tao nrul wms imbiubmton gy usdjk bdqudn nojsdty, vmp`r nojsdty, bdqudn hb`w
rmto, mjn vmp`r hb`w rmto tamt woro `gtmdjon hr`l tao MYUOJ Ubus X1.1. ^ao rosubts mro sa`wj dj
^mgbo ?.9.

^mgbo ?.9 ^ao hdbtor sdzdjk rosubts 

Nmtm H-=5=
^ypo A`rdz`jtmb
X`bulo (
X`bulo l9) 
 (l ;.=
 Ndmlotor (l)  =.7
Bojkta (l)  8.5
Wosdnojio tdlo (ar )  5.7=
Nosdkj prossuro ( gmrk)
 gmrk)  =.=;
tolpormturo (`I) 
Nosdkj tolpormturo ( =15.5
^adifjoss (l) 5.5589
Lmtordmb `h i`jstruitd`j (L@I) Imrg`j stoob

?.=.9 Ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj

^ao ndmlotor `h tao i`bulj wms imbiubmton gy MYUOJ Ubus X1.1. ^ao aodkat `h tao
i`bulj i`ubn go imbiubmton gy lubtdpbydjk tao julgor `h stmkos wdta trmy spmidjk. Yugstmjios dj
tao pr`ioss amn j` adka i`rr`sdvo, taoroh`ro imrg`j stoob wms uson h`r i`jstruitd`j. Ydovo trmy
typo wms ia`soj h`r tao stmjnmrn nosdkj. L`ro`vor, tao v`bulo `h tao i`bulj wms joonon h`r tao
imbiubmtd`j `h tao puriamso mjn djstmbbmtd`j i`st. ^ao rosubts mro sa`wj dj ^mgbo ?.>.

9?

^mgbo ?.> ^ao ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj sdzdjk rosubts 

Nmtm ^-=5= ^-=5=

^ypo `h i`bulj ^rmy i`bulj ^rmy i`bulj
^ypo `h trmy Ydovo trmy Ydovo trmy
^rmy mrom (l7) >.?7 7.?>
X`bulo (l9) >=.=; =1.?1
^rmy spmidjk (l) 5.8584 5.8584
 Julgor `h stmkos 1 8
Hoon stmko 8 >

Ndmlotor (l) 7.> =.1

Aodkat (l) 4.= ;.9
Wohbux rmtd` =.8> 9.7;
^adifjoss (l) 5.55;; 5.55;5
Lmtordmb `h i`jstruitd`j (L@I) Imrg`j stoob Imrg`j stoob

?.=.> Uulp

^ao pulp wms ia`soj gy usdjk impmidty mjn ndsiamrko prossuro wadia `gtmdjon hr`l
MYUOJ Ubus X.1.1 ms sa`wj dj ^mgbo ?.?.
 ^mgbo ?.? ^ao pulp sdzdjk rosubts 

Nmtm W-=5=
^ypo Iojtrdhukmb
Impmidty (l9/ar )  9>.7
Hbudn aomn (l)  7;.? 
7;.
Ndmlotor (l) 
(l)  5.=8;  
5.=8;
Yamht w`rf (f[
f[))  7.;= 
;= 
Uulp ohhdidojiy 
ohhdidojiy  5.; 
 JUYA (l) 
(l)  =7.=7  
=7.=7
Ndsiamrko prossuro ( gmr 
 gmr )  7.> 
Lmtordmb `h i`jstruitd`j (L@I
L@I))  Imrg`j stoob

98

?.=.? Hdron aomtor

^ao aomt nuty `h tao hdron aomtor wms imbiubmton gy MYUOJ Ubus X.1.1. ^ao aomt nuty,
djbot tolpormturo, mjn `utbot tolpormturo woro uson ms m irdtord`j h`r soboitdjk typo mjn mbs` uson
h`r imbiubmtdjk tao i`st `h tao hdron aomtor.
a omtor. ^ao rosubts mro sa`wj dj ^mgbo ?.8.

^mgbo ?.8 ^ao hdron aomtor sdzdjk rosubts 

Nmtm W-=5=
^ypo J`jromitdvo
Aomt nuty (f[
f[))  >,=?4.44
Aomt hbux ([/l7)  >=,555.5  
>=,555.5
Udpo mrom (l7)  =78.19 
=78.19 
Udpo ndmlotor (l) 
(l)  5.=94;  
5.=94;
Udpo bojkta (l) 
(l)  711.41  
711.41
^ugo bojkta (l) 
(l)  =1.9  
=1.9
 J`. `h tugo =8
^ugo pdtia (l) 5.9>
Idriulhorojio ?.>>
Yaobb idribo ndmlotor (l) =.;9
Ohhdidojiy  
Ohhdidojiy 5.1 
Lmtordmb `h i`jstruitd`j (L@I
L@I))  Imrg`j stoob
 ?.=.8 Aomt oxiamjkor

Dj sdzdjk `h tao aomt oxiamjkors, aomt trmjshor mrom mjn dts ndlojsd`j woro imbiubmton gy
MYUOJ ONW X1.1. ^ao ^mgbo ?.; roprosojts aomt trmjshor mrom mjn utdbdty pbmiolojt dj omia aomt
oxiamjkor wadia `gtmdjon hr`l MYUOJ ONW X1.1.

9;

^mgbo ?.; ^ao aomt oxiamjkors sdzdjk rosubts 

A-=57 A-=59 A-=5> A-=5?

Nmtm
Yaobb sdno ^ugo sdno Yaobb sdno ^ugo sdno Yaobb sdno ^ugo sdno Yaobb sdno ^ugo sdno
^ypo GOL GOL GOL GOL
_tdbdty -  -  I``bdjk wmtor I``bdjk wmtor
 Julgor `h saobbs = =  = =
 Julgor `h tugos 7=4 ?= ==; ;?
 Julgor pmssos
pmssos por sao
saobb
bb = = = = = = = =
Imrg`j Imrg`j Imrg`j Imrg`j Imrg`j Imrg`j Imrg`j Imrg`j
Lmtordmb `h i`jstruitd`j (L@I
L@I)) 
stoob stoob stoob stoob stoob stoob stoob stoob
Aomt trmjshor mrom (l7)  78..?
78 4.1 9>.=
9>. ?.;
@vormbb aomt trmjshor ([/l7F )  =,55? >95 ?;9 =,=5>
Nuty (f[
f[))  9,4>4 4=.8
4=. 47? =,==8
A-=58  A-=5;  A-=51  A-=54 
Nmtm 
Yaobb sdno ^ugo sdno Yaobb sdno ^ugo sdno Yaobb sdno ^ugo sdno Yaobb sdno ^ugo sdno
^ypo GOL GF_ GOL GF_
- -
_tdbdty   Adka-pross
Adka-prossuro
uro stoml   Adka-prossu
Adka-prossuro
ro stoml
 Julgor `h saobbs = = = =
 Julgor `h tugos 788 ?=> =55 ;8
 Julgor pmssos
pmssos por sao
saobb
bb = = = = = = = =
Imrg`j Imrg`j Imrg`j Imrg`j Imrg`j Imrg`j Imrg`j Imrg`j
Lmtordmb `h i`jstruitd`j (L@I
L@I)) 
stoob stoob stoob stoob stoob stoob stoob stoob
Aomt trmjshor mrom (l7)  >=..;
>= 981 =7..=
=7 >>.7
>>.
@vormbb aomt trmjshor ([/l7F )  =,5?5 =,;97 =,?48 7,598
Nuty (f[
f[))  9,899 ?,151 1;4 =,>51

91
 

?.7 I`stdjk imbiubmtd`j

I`st `h lmdj oqudplojt mjn djstmbbmtd`j dj tao N@ pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss wms ostdlmton gy
Gmro l`nubo i`st ostdlmtd`j wadia i`jsdnoron mrom, lmtordmb `h i`jstruitd`j, mjn `pormtdjk
 prossuro. I`st `h lmdj oqudplojt mjn djstmbbmtd`j ds sa`wj dj ^mgbo ?.1.

^mgbo ?.1 ^ao oqudplojt i`st mjn djstmbbmtd`j i`st

Oqudplojt i`st Djstmbbmtd`j i`st ^`tmb i`st

_jdt Oqudplojt
(_YN) (_YN) (_YN)
U-=5= Uulp >,1>> =8,519 75,47;
A-=5= Hdron aomtor =,58;,=>7 =,=;9,1?8 7,7>5,441
W -=5= Womit`r =9,1;9 >=,8=1 ??,>4=
H-=5= Hdbtor =?,>>9 9=,598 >8,>;4
^-=5= 85,8?; 78;,4;1 971,89?
Ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj
^-=57 99,?41 =9=,;;? =8?,9;9
A-=57 71,?7? 8?,99; 49,187
A-=59 78,479 8=,8?> 11,?;;
A-=5> 95,1?4 ;5,888 =5=,?7?
A-=5? 7;,=15 87,7>7 14,>77
Aomt oxiamjkor
A-=58 97,75? ;9,;>4 =5?,4?>
A-=5; 4=,795 751,?8> 7,44;,4>1
A-=51 7;,=71 87,=77 14,7?5
A-=54 1=,;=1 =1;,=99 781,1?=
^`tmb =,?>=,97? 7,>?9,1=9 8,849,747

94
 

Iamptor 8
Oi`j`ldi mjmbysds

Dj tads iamptor, tao oi`j`ldis `h tao nrydjk `db (N@) pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss wms ostdlmton t`
notorldjo tao homsdgdbdty `h tao djvostlojt. ^` i`jsdnor pr`hdtmgdbdty irdtordm, tao pmygmif pord`n

(UGU), djtorjmb rmto `h roturj (DWW), oqudvmbojt mjjumb `pormtdjk i`sts (OM@I), t`tmb impdtmb
djvostlojt (^ID), mjn i`st `h lmjuhmiturdjk (I@L) woro imbiubmton. Ms m rosubt, tao ^ID mjn
I@L woro ndsiusson goh`ro ovmbumtdjk tao oi`j`ldis.

8.= ^`tmb impdtmb djvostlojt

^ID rohorron t` tao i`sts tamt mss`idmton wdta i`jstruitd`j `h m jow pbmjt `r l`ndhdimtd`js
t` mj oxdstdjk iaoldimb lmjuhmiturdjk pbmjt. ^ID imj go ostdlmton gy usdjk rmtd` ms sa`wj dj tao
^mgbo 8.=.

^mgbo 8.= Ubmjt i`sts ostdlmton hr`l nobdvoron oqudplojt i`st V=7\  
I`sts Hbudn pr`iossdjk
Ndroit i`st
^`tmb oqudplojt mjn djstmbbmtd`j i`st =>;
Djstrulojtmtd`j =1
Udpdjk 88
Oboitrdimb systol ==
Gudbndjk (wdta sorvdios) =1
Bmjn dlpr`volojts =5

Yorvdio hmidbdtdos ;5
Bmjn 8
Djndroit i`st
Ojkdjoordjk, suporvdsd`j 99
I`jstruitd`j oxpojsos >=
Yugt`tmb
I`jtrmit`r—s hoo 
hoo  7=
I`jtdjkojiy >7
[`rfdjk impdtmb
[`rfdjk impdtmb 18
Krmjn t`tmb ?84

>5
 

^mgbo 8.7 ^`tmb impdtmb djvostlojt sullmry dj tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss 

^ypo I`st (_YN)

Ndroit i`st
^`tmb oqudplojt mjn djstmbbmtd`j i`st 8,849,747

Djstrulojtmtd`j 1=4,?1;
Udpdjk 9,55?,=?7
Oboitrdimb systol ?55,1?4
Gudbndjk (wdta sorvdios) 1=4,?1;
Bmjn dlpr`volojts >??,978
Yorvdio hmidbdtdos 9,=1;,717
Bmjn 7;9,=48
Djndroit i`st
Ojkdjoordjk, suporvdsd`j =,?57,?;8
I`jstruitd`j oxpojsos =,188,19;
Yugt`tmb
I`jtrmit`r—s hoo 
hoo  4?8,=1?
I`jtdjkojiy =,4=7,98;
[`rfdjk impdtmb
[`rfdjk impdtmb 9,4=?,159
Krmjn t`tmb 7?,451,5>4

8.7 I`st `h lmjuhmiturdjk

^aoro mro lmjy obolojts tamt djhbuojion tao I@L. ^ao I@L ds ndvdnon djt` taroo
imtok`rdos.

8.7.= Ndroit i`sts

^aoso i`sts roprosojt `pormtdjk oxpojsos tamt vmry wdta tao pr`nuitd`j rmto. [aoj tao
 pr`nuit nolmjn nr`ppon, tao pr`nuitd`j rmto ds iut `hh t` boss tamj tao j`rlmb impmidty. ^aoso
ronuitd`js ldkat go ndroitby pr`p`rtd`jmb t` tao pr`nuitd`j rmto.

>=
 

8.7.7 Hdxon i`sts

^aoso i`sts mro djnopojnojt `h iamjko dj tao pr`nuitd`j rmto. ^aoy i`jsdst `h pr`porty
tmxos, djsurmjio, mjn noproidmtd`j, wadia mro iamrkon mt i`jstmjt rmtos ovoj waoj tao pbmjt ds j`t
dj tao `pormtd`j.

8.7.9 Kojormb oxpojsos

^aoso i`sts roprosojt mj `voraomn gurnoj tamt ds joiossmry t` imrry `ut gusdjoss
hujitd`js. ^aoy i`lprdso `h lmjmkolojt, smbos, hdjmjidjk, mjn rosomria hujitd`js.

I@L ds ostdlmton hr`l tao sullmtd`j `h tao ndroit i`sts, tao hdxon i`sts, mjn tao kojormb
oxpojso. ^ao bdst `h hmit`rs mjn vmbuos wadia mro uson dj tao imbiubmtd`j `h I@L, mro sa`wj dj
^mgbo 8.9.

^mgbo 8.9 Bdst `h tao i`st `h lmjuhmiturdjk 

I`st dtol ^ypdimb rmjko `h lubtdpbydjk

lubtdpbydjk hmit`r Xmbuo uson

=. Ndroit lmjuhmiturdjk i`st 

m. Wmw lmtordmb IWL  IWL 

 g. [msto tromtlojt

tromtlojt I[^  I[^ 

i. _tdbdtdos I_^  I_^ 

n. @pormtdjk bmg`r I@B  I@B 

o. Ndroit suporvds`ry mjn ibordimb bmg`r (5.=-5.7?)I@B  5.=1I@B 

h. Lmdjtojmjio mjn ropmdr (5.57-5.=)HID 5.58HID

k. @pormtdjk suppbdos (5.=-5.7) Bdjo =.H 5.554HID

a. Bmg`rmt`ry iamrkos (5.=-5.7)I@B  5.=?I@B 

d. Umtojts mjn r`ymbtdos (5-5.558)I@L 5.59I@L

^`tmb NLI  IWL + I[^ + I_^ + =.99I@B + 5.59I@L + 5.584HID

7. Hdxon lmjuhmiturdjk i`st 

m. Noproidmtd`j 5.=HID 5.=HID

 g. B`imb tmxos mjn djsurmjio (5.5=>-5.5?)HID 5.597HID

i. Ubmjt `voraomn i`sts (5.?-5.;)(Bdjo =.N + Bdjo =.O + Bdjo =.H) 5.;51I@B + 5.598HID

^`tmb HLI  5.;51I@B + 5.581HID + Noproidmtd`j

>7
 

^mgbo 8.9 Bdst `h tao i`st `h lmjuhmiturdjk (I`jt.)  

I`st dtol ^ypdimb rmjko `h lubtdpbydjk

lubtdpbydjk hmit`r Xmbuo uson

9. Kojormb oxpojso 
m. Mnldjdstrmtd`j i`sts (5.=?)(Bdjo =.N + Bdjo =.O + Bdjo =.H) 5.=;;I@B + 5.554HID

 g. Ndstrdgutd`j
Ndstrdgutd`j i`sts (5.57-5.7)I@L 5.==I@L
i. Wosomria mjn novob`plojt i`sts 5.5?I@L 5.5?I@L

^`tmb KO 5.=;;I@B + 5.554HID + 5.=8I@L

Kojormbby, I@L ds notorldjon gy ostdlmtdjk tao h`bb`wdjk pmrmlotors3

=. Hdxon impdtmb djvostlojt (HID)3 h`r HID wms ostdlmton hr`l ^ID wdta`ut w`rfdjk
impdtmb. ^aoroh`ro, tao HID oqumb t` 7=,447,7>? _YN

7. I`st `h `pormtdjk bmg`r (I @B)

9. I`st `h utdbdtdos (I_^)

>. I`st `h wmsto tromtlojt (I[^)

?. I`st `h rmw lmtordmbs (IWL)

- I`st `h `pormtdjk bmg`r (I @B)

^ao `pormtdjk bmg`r roqudrolojt h`r tao iaoldimb pr`iossdjk pbmjts ds kdvoj gy tao
h`bb`wdjk oqumtd`j.

5.?

J@B < ( 8.74 + 9=.; U

7
+ 5.79J jp )   Oqumtd`j 8.= 

[aoro J @B  ds tao julgor `h `pormt`rs por sadht

U   ds tao julgor `h pr`iossdjk stops djv`bvdjk tao amjnbdjk `h pmrtdiubmto s`bdns

J jp  ds tao julgor `h j`jpmrtdiubmto pr`iossdjk stops.

>9
 

Kojormbby, tao vmbuo `h U ds sot t` zor` mjn tao vmbuo `h Jjp ds kdvoj gy

Jjp <  ( Oqudplojt )

    Oqumtd`j 8.7 

Mnndtd`jmbby, tao mg`vo oqumtd`j i`ujts `jby i`lpross`rs, t`wors, romit`rs, hdron aomtors

mjn aomt oxiamjkors.

 J`to tamt3 J@B  ds tao julgor `h `pormt`rs roqudron por sadht. ^ao julgor `h
`pormt`rs joon por sadht wms >.? `pormt`rs mjn tao mvormko a`urby wmko `h mj `pormt`r wms
=,7;= _YN/l`jta.

^mgbo 8.> Notorldjmtd`j `h tao `pormtdjk bmg`r roqudrolojt dj tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss 

Oqudplojt typo Julgor `h oqudplojt  Jjp 

Womit`r = =
Xossob = -
Ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj  7 7
Hdron aomtor = =
Aomt oxiamjkor 1 1
Uulp = -
^`tmb  =7

^aoroh`ro, tao julgor `h `pormtdjk bmg`rs roqudron por sadht wms 9.5= mjn `pormtdjk bmg`r
wms =9.?> wadia wms r`ujnon up t` => `pormt`rs.

Ms m rosubt, tao julgor `h po`pbo roqudron t` `pormto tads pbmjt wms => po`pbo. ^ao smbmry
wms mssulon t` go =,7;= _YN/l`jta. ^aoroh`ro, tao `pormtdjk bmg`r i`st wms 7=9,?9; _YN/yr.

- I`st `h utdbdtdos (I_^)

H`r tao utdbdty i`st, dt wms imbiubmto gmson `j usmko `h utdbdtdos dj MYUOJ Ubus X1.1. ^ao
t`tmb utdbdty i`st mjn tao notmdbon utdbdty i`st mro sa`wj dj ^mgbo 8.? mjn Mppojndx N,
rospoitdvoby.

>>
 

^mgbo 8.? _tdbdty i`st `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss V1\  

_tdbdty _jdt _jdt/yr _YN/ujdt _YN/yr

I``bdjk wmtor KC 95?,1=5 5.9? =5;,59>
 Jmturmb kms KC ==4,151 9.55 9?4,>7>
Adka-prossuro stoml KC 75;,1=? =;.;5 9,8;1,978
Oboitrdidty  f[ =?,757 5.=5 =,?75
^`tmb >,=>8,95> 

- I`st `h wmsto tromtlojt (I[^)

Ms ojvdr`jlojtmb rokubmtd`js i`jtdjuo t` tdkatoj, tao pr`gbols mjn i`sts mss`idmton wdta
tao tromtlojt `h wmsto iaoldimb stromls djiromso. Dj roiojt yomrs, taoro ams gooj m trojn t` try t`
ronuio `r obdldjmto tao v`bulo `h taoso stromls tar`uka wmsto ldjdldzmtd`j strmtokdos.
Ytrmtokdos djv`bvo utdbdzdjk mbtorjmtdvo pr`ioss toiaj`b`ky `r usdjk mnndtd`jmb roi`vory stops dj

`rnor t` ronuio `r obdldjmto wmsto stromls.

Mii`rndjk t` tao i`sts `h utdbdtdos pr`vdnon, tao oxpojsos h`r ndsp`smb wms imbiubmton gy
usdjk tao wmsto hb`w rmto ms sa`wj dj ^mgbo 8.8

^mgbo 8.8 [msto tromtlojt i`st `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss V1\  

[msto hb`w rmto Ndsp`smb i`st [msto tromtlojt i`st

[msto
(fk/yr) (_YN/fk) (_YN/yr)
Kul 8,8;8 =.55 8,8;8

- I`st `h rmw lmtordmb (IWL)

H`r tao rmw lmtordmb i`st, dt wms imbiubmton gmson `j lmss hb`w rmto `h rmw lmtordmb
wadia wms `gtmdjon hr`l MYUOJ Ubus X1.1. ^ads i`st ds sa`wj dj ^mgbo 8.;.

^mgbo 8.; Wmw lmtordmb i`st dj tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss V1\  

I`lp`jojt _YN/fk fk/yr _YN/yr

Miotybmton imst`r `db 5.?4 8?,855,555 91,;5>,555

>?
 

^mgbo 8.1 ^`tmb i`st `h mbb pmrmlotors h`r imbiubmtdjk tao i`st `h lmjuhmiturdjk 

I`st _YN/yr
Hdxon impdtmb djvostlojt 7=,447,7>?

@pormtdjk bmg`r i`st 7=9,?9;

_tdbdty i`st >,=>8,95>

[msto tromtlojt 8,8;8

Wmw lmtordmb i`st 91,;5>,555

Aojio, tao oqumtd`j tamt wms uson h`r imbiubmtdjk tao I@Ln   wdta`ut noproidmtd`j ds
sa`wj gob`w V=5\

(
I@Ln < =.79 I WL + I[^ + I _^ ) + 7.;9I @B
+ 5.=1HID     Oqumtd`j 8.9 

^ao oqumtd`j sa`ws tamt rmw lmtordmb, wmstowmtor tromtlojt, utdbdty, `pormtdjk bmg`r, mjn
hdxon impdtmb i`st wadia mro roqudron h`r imbiubmtdjk tao I@L. Hdjmbby, tao I@L `h tao N@
 pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss wms imbiubmton hr`l Oqumtd`j 8.9 wadia oqumb t` ?;,7??,875 _YN.

8.9 Oi`j`ldi ovmbumtd`j

- Ur`coit imsa hb`w

Ur`coit imsa hb`w i`jsdst `h ? pmrts

=. Oxpojsos3 tao i`st `h pr`nuitd`j `pormtd`js mjn noproidmtd`j.

Oxpojsos < I@Ln  + n    Oqumtd`j 8.> 

7. Wovojuo (W)3 hr`l pr`nuit smbo

9. Dji`lo tmx3 dji`lo tmx imj go imbiubmton hr`l jot dji`lo lubtdpby gy tmx rmto
(t < 75%) V=9\

Dji`lo tmx < ( W - I@

I@L - n )
n 
t     Oqumtd`j 8.? 

>8
 

>. Mhtor tmx imsa hb`w3 nuo t` noproidmtd`j ds j`t ndroit dji`lo. ^aoroh`ro, mhtor tmx
dji`lo imj go imbiubmton gy

 Mhtor tmx  imsa hb`w < ( W - I@Ln  - n )   (= - t ) + n  Oqumtd`j 8.8 

?. Ndsi`ujton imsa hb`w

Imsa hb`w 
Ndsi`ujton imsa hb`w  < Oqumtd`j 8.; 
(= + d )j

[aoro j  ds julgor `h yomrs

d   ds ndsi`ujton rmto, imj go imbiubmton hr`l

  (= + djhbmtd`j rmto ) - =   Oqumtd`j 8.1 

Ndsi`ujton rmto < (= + romb djtorost rmto ) 

[aoro romb djtorost rmto ds ostdlmton hr`l mvormko bmst 9 yomrs `h tao ? yomrs k`vorjlojt
 g`jns djtorost rmto. ^ao djhbmtd`j rmto ds ostdlmton hr`l mvormko bmst 9 yomrs `h tao djhbmtd`j rmto
dj ^amdbmjn.

^mgbo 8.4 Ndsi`ujton rmto V=>\ 

75=1 75=4 7575 Mvormko

? yomrs k`vorjlojt
=.1>% 7.=8% 5.44% =.88%
 g`jns djtorost rmto

Djhbmtd`j rmto =.5;% 5.;=% 5.>=% 5.;9%

Ndsi`ujton rmto  9.851% 

- Noproidmtd`j

Noproidmtd`j i`st (n) imj go imbiubmton gy tao rmtd` `h tao HID. Dj imbiubmtd`j, tao
l`ndhdon miiobormton i`st roi`vory systol (LMIWY) wms uson t` imbiubmto h`r ? yomrs mjn tao
LMIWY —s rmtd`
oqudplojt bdho wms =5 yomrs. ^ao LMIWY—s  rmtd` tamt uso dj tads pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss ds sa`wj dj
tao tmgbo gob`w.

>;
 

^mgbo 8.=5 LMIWY—s rmtd` h`r imbiubmto noproidmtd`j i`st 

f nf VLMIWY\
= 5.7555
7 5.9755
9 5.=475
> 5.==?7
? 5.==?7
8 5.5?;8

- Ur`hdtmgdbdty mjmbysds

^ao wmy t` n` pr`hdtmgdbdty mjmbysds ds ndsi`ujton pr`hdtmgdbdty irdtordm.

=. Imsa gmsds3 imj go mjmbyzon hr`l tao jot prosojt vmbuo (JUX)

JUX < Iul

Iullu
lubm
bmtdv
tdvo
o  ndsi`
ndsi`ujt
ujton
on imsa
imsa p`sdt
p`sdtd`
d`j
j ojn
ojn `h tao p
pr`
r`coi
coit 
t  Oqumtd`j 8.4 

7. ^dlo gmsds3 imj go mjmbyzon hr`l tao pmygmif pord`n (UGU)

UGU < Tomr mhtor stmrt - _p t` y

yo vorr HID  
omr tamt roi`vo Oqumtd`j 8.=5 

9. Djtorost gmsds3 imj go mjmbyzon hr`l djtorjmb rmto `h roturj (DWW). Dj tads pr`nuitd`j
 pr`ioss, DWW lust adkaor tamj =?% (ldjdlul miioptmgbo rmto `h roturj, LMWW)

DWW
DWW < Djto
Djtorost  `r ndsi
rost ndsi`u
`ujt
jt rmt
rmto
o h`r wadia
wadia ttao
ao JUX
JUX ds oqumb zor` Oqumtd`j 8.== 
oqumb t` zor`

8.9.= Imsa hb`w ndmkrml

^ao imsa hb`w ndmkrml wms iromton dj tao h`bb`wdjk i`jsdnormtd`j. Dt wms ndvdnon djt`
tw` pord`ns `h tdlo. ^ao hdrst pord`n wms djvostlojt stmko `r i`jstruitd`j pord`n. Dj tads pord`n,
tao imsa hb`w dj omia yomr wms jokmtdvo vmbuo. ^ads ml`ujt `h l`joy wms pmdn h`r tao
i`jstruitd`j.

>1
 

Dj tads imso, tao djvostlojt stmko wms ndvdnon djt` taroo yomrs. Mt tao ojn `h tao hdrst yomr,
95% `h tao ^ID wms pmdn. Mt tao ojn `h tao soi`jn yomr, ?5% `h tao ^ID wms pmdn. ^ao rost `h
tao ^ID mjn w`rfdjk impdtmb woro pmdn mt tao ojn `h tadrn yomr.

^ao soi`jn pord`n wms `pormtdjk stmko. ^ao imsa hb`w wms p`sdtdvo vmbuo goimuso dt
kmdjon tao pr`hdt.

^ao dji`lo mjn noproidmtd`j tamt k`t mhtor tao i`jstruitd`j wms i`lpboton dj tao tadrn
yomr. ^ao bdhotdlo `h tads pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss wms 75 yomrs. Hurtaorl`ro, tao dji`lo tmx mjn tao
djtorost rmto woro 75% mjn 9.851%, rospoitdvoby.

>4
 

^mgbo 8.== Imsa hb`w mjmbysds 

^`tmb impdtmb Lmjuhmiturdjk Mhtor tmx imsa hb`w Ndsi`ujton imsa hb`w Iulubmtdvo ndsi`ujton
Tomr n (_YN) HID-
HID-∝n (_YN) 
∝n (_YN)  Wovojuo (_YN) U/H*
djvostlojt (_YN) i`st (_YN) (_YN) (_YN) imsa hb`w (_YN)

= -;,;;7,>=> - - - -  -;,;;7,>=> 5.4; -;,?5=,;19 -;,;;7,>=>

7 -=7,4?>,57> - - - - -=7,4?>,57> 5.49 -=7,58;,87> -=4,1>5,591

9 -?,=1=,8=5 - 7=,447,7>? - - -?,=1=,8=5 5.45 ->,8?1,4;> -7>,>44,5=7

> - >,941,>>4 =;,?49,;48 ;5,45?,?>8 ?;,7??,875 ==,;44,89= 5.1; =5,7>5,585 -=>,7?1,4?7

? - ;,59;,?=1 =5,??8,7;1 ;5,45?,?>8 ?;,7??,875 =7,97;,>>? 5.1> =5,97?,854 -9,499,9>7

8 - >,777,?== 8,999,;8; ;5,45?,?>8 ?;,7??,875 ==,;8>,>>9 5.1= 4,?=5,475 ?,?;;,?;1

; - 7,?99,?5; 9,155,785 ;5,45?,?>8 ?;,7??,875 ==,>78,8>7 5.;1 1,4=8,=84 =>,>49,;>;

1 - 7,?99,?5; =,788,;?9 ;5,45?,?>8 ?;,7??,875 ==,>78,8>7 5.;? 1,85?,;=9 79,544,>85

4 - =,788,;?9 - ;5,45?,?>8 ?;,7??,875 ==,=;9,747 5.;9 1,=7=,45> 9=,77=,98>

=5 - - - ;5,45?,?>8 ?;,7??,875 =5,4=4,4>= 5.;5 ;,88=,9?> 91,117,;=1

== - - - ;5,45?,?>8 ?;,7??,875 =5,4=4,4>= 5.81 ;,94>,?45 >8,7;;,951

=7 - - - ;5,45?,?>8 ?;,7??,875 =5,4=4,4>= 5.8? ;,=9;,==9 ?9,>=>,>77

=9 -9>,187,?=8 - 9>,187,?=8 ;5,45?,?>8 ?;,7??,875

?;,7??,875 -79,4>7,?;? 5.89 -=?,=59,8>9 91,9=5,;;4

=> - >,941,>>4 95,>8>,58; ;5,45?,?>8 ?;,7??,875 ==,;44,89= 5.8= ;,=1>,9?? >?,>4?,=9>

=? - ;,59;,?=1 79,>78,?>4 ;5,45?,?>8 ?;,7??,875 =7,97;,>>? 5.?4 ;,7>>,9;? ?7,;94,?54

=8 - >,777,?== =4,75>,591 ;5,45?,?>8 ?;,7??,875 ==,;8>,>>9 5.?; 8,8;7,;4? ?4,>=7,95>

=; - 7,?99,?5; =8,8;5,?9= ;5,45?,?>8 ?;,7??,875 ==,>78,8>7 5.?? 8,7??,?77 8?,88;,17;

=1 - 7,?99,?5; =>,=9;,57> ;5,45?,?>8 ?;,7??,875 ==,>78,8>7 5.?9 8,59;,;51 ;=,;5?,?9?

=4 - =,788,;?9 - ;5,45?,?>8 ?;,7??,875 ==,=;9,747 5.?= ?,841,7;= ;;,>59,158

75 - - - ;5,45?,?>8 ?;,7??,875 =5,4=4,4>= 5.>4 ?,9;?,=?9 17,;;1,4?4

7= - - - ;5,45?,?>8 ?;,7??,875 =5,4=4,4>= 5.>1 ?,=1;,447 1;,488,4?=

77 - - - ;5,45?,?>8 ?;,7??,875 =5,4=4,4>= 5.>8 ?,55;,9>4 47,4;>,955

79 - - - ;5,45?,?>8 ?;,7??,875 =5,4=4,4>= 5.>> >,197,44? 4;,15;,748

*Hmit`r godjk uson dj i`jvort m huturo vmbuo t` prosojt vmbuo

?5

 
 Hdkuro 8.= Ndsi`ujton iulubmtdvo imsa hb`w ndmkrml `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss  

Hr`l ^mgbo 8.==, tao JUX mt tao ojn `h pr`coit wms 4;,15;,748 _YN. ^ao NUGU wms
imbiubmton gy i`jsdnordjk tao imsa hb`w ndmkrml wadia wms i`ujton sdjio tao pbmjt `pormton.
^aoroh`ro, tao pmygmif pord`n wms oqumb t` 7 yomrs mjn ? l`jtas.

DWW wms imbiubmton gy usdjk s`bvor dj oxiob nmtmsaoot gy sottdjk tao jot prosojt vmbuo
oqumb t` zor` mjn vmrydjk djtorost rmto. Hr`l tao oxiob nmtmsaoot, DWW oqumbs t` 95.;5%.

8.9.7 Oqudvmbojt mjjumb `pormtdjk i`st

G`ta impdtmb i`st mjn imsa hb`w woro romrrmjkon djt` yomrby imsa i`vordjk 75 yomrs `h tads
 pr`coit. ^ao imbiubmtd`j `h tao rovojuo, I@L, impdtmb i`st mjjudty (IIM), mjn OM@I mro
oxpbmdjon dj Mppojndx N.;.

Mt tao ojn `h tads pr`coit, tao JUX wms 4;,15;,748 _YN wadia wms tao t`tmb ml`ujt `h
l`joy lmno gy tads pr`coit. ^ao UGU wms 7.>= yomrs wadia lomj tao HID wms roi`voron mhtor
tao pbmjt ams `pormton h`r 7 yomrs mjn ? l`jtas. L`ro`vor, tao d wms 95.;5% wadia wms adkaor
tamj uson djtorost rmto mt =?% mjn tao OM@I wms oqumb t` ->,=1=,5=> _YN/yr wadia lomj tao
 pbmjt wms pr`hdtmgbo.

?=

Iamptor ;
I`jibusd`j mjn sukkostd`j

Dj tads iamptor sa`ws tao i`jibusd`j mjn sukkostd`j `h tao nrydjk `db (N@) pr`nuitd`j
 pr`ioss.

;.= I`jibusd`j

^ao `gcoitdvos `h tads pr`coit woro t` ovmbumto tao sdlpbdhdon nrydjk `db (N@) pr`nuitd`j

 pr`ioss hr`l miotybmton imst`r `db (MI@) mjn t` sukkost tao pr`hdtmgbo `pormtdjk i`jndtd`js `h
tao pr`ioss. 1,755 fk/ar `h MI@ wms uson ms m rmw lmtordmb `h tao N@ pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss wadia
wms sdlubmton gy usdjk MYUOJ Ubus X1.1. ^ao N@ pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss uson _JDH-A@I ms
 m taorl`nyjmldi lota`n. Hr`l tao sdlubmtd`j, N@ wms 8,95? fk/ar wdta 44.55 wt% purdty mjn
miotdi midn (MM) wms =,14> fk/ar wdta 44.17 wt% purdty. Oi`j`ldi mjmbysds wms porh`rlon t`
i`jsdnor tao homsdgdbdty `h tads pr`coit. ^ao t`tmb impdtmb djvostlojt (^ID), hdxon impdtmb
djvostlojt (HID), mjn i`st `h lmjuhmiturdjk (I@L) `h tads pr`coit woro 7?,451,5>4 _YN,
7=,447,7>? _YN, mjn ?;,7??,875 _YN, rospoitdvoby. Umygmif pord`n (UGU) `h tads pr`coit wms 7
yomrs mjn ? l`jtas wdta 75 yomrs `h pbmjt bdho. Djtorjmb rmto `h roturj (DWW) wms 95.;5%   wadia
wms adkaor tamj ldjdlul miioptmgbo rmto `h roturj (LMWW) mjn oqudvmbojt mjjumb `pormtdjk
i`st (OM@I) wms ->,=1=,5=> _YN/yr wadia dlpbdon m pr`hdtmgbo djvostlojt. Ms m rosubt, tads
 pr`coit wms w`rta t` djvost.

;.7 Yukkostd`j

I`st `h aomt oxiamjkors woro imbiubmton gy usdjk Gmro l`nubo lota`n tamt nopojns `j
aomt oxiamjkor mrom. Dj imso `h tao Aomt oxiamjkor A-=59 mjn A-=5?, Aomt trmjshor mrom `h
A-=5? wms boss tamj A-=59, gut Dt wms l`ro oxpojsdvo tamj A-=59. Dt ndn j`t lmfo sojso

 goimuso tao mrom `h A-=59 mjn A-=5? woro j`t dj m rmjko h`r imbiubmtd`j gy Gmro l`nubo
lota`n. Hr`l tao ^mgbo G.>5, Hdxon tugo saoot aomt oxiamjkor lust amvo aomt trmjshor mrom hr`l
=5 t` =,555 l7 gut aomt trmjshor mrom `h A-=59 mjn A-=5? woro boss tamj =5 l 7. ^aoroh`ro, tao
i`st `h A-=59 mjn A-=5? woro dji`rroit.
dji`rroit. A`wovor, dt ndn j`t dlpmit
dlpmit `j mj oi`j`ldi ovmbumtd`j.
@j tao `taor amjn, tao i`st `h omia aomt oxiamjkor ds lmfdjk sojso hr`l tao imbiubmtd`j `h tao
MYUOJ Ubus X1.1 oi`j`ldi s`htwmro.

?7

Wohorojios

V=\  J.Lmtsufmwm, ‒Nrydjk `dbs,“ 7557. V@jbdjo\. Mvmdbmgbo3 attp3//www.imn-

attp3//www.imn-
ron.i`l/lt7/`db.atlb. VMiiosson3 79-Cub-7575\.

V7\ N. Yi`tt, ‒Nrydjk @dbs,“ 75=;. V@jbdjo\. Mvmdbmgbo3 attps3//nrmwpmdjtmimnoly.i`l/nrydjk-

attps3//nrmwpmdjtmimnoly.i`l/nrydj k-
`dbs/. VMiiosson3 77-Cub-7575\.

V9\  Jmtd`jmb Bdgrmry `h Londidjo, ‒=-

‒=-^otrmnoiojo,“ 7575. V@jbdjo\. Mvmdbmgbo3

attps3//pugiaol.jigd.jbl.jda.k`v/i`lp`ujn/=-^otrmnoiojo. VMiiosson3 7>-Cub-7575\.

V>\ M. Mlojmkamw`j, ‒L`nobbdjk mjn Ydlubmtd`j `h ^aorlmb Noi`l p`sdtd`j `h Miotybmton

 Imst`r @db dj m J`j- Ds`taorlmb Womit`r,“ C. Ojk. Mppb. Yid. , v`b. 1, j`. =, pp. >? ’ ?7,
?7,
75=7.

V?\ Koramrnus F`ia6 ot.mb, ‒Djnopojnojt Lmrfot Wosomria `j tao Umdjt mjn I`mtdjk Djnustry
dj Yoboiton Y`utaomst Msdmj I`ujtrdos,“  JMIO Djt., j`. Lmy, 75=;.

V8\ Djfw``n Wosomria, ‒Our`po Umdjts & I`mtdjks Lmrfot H`roimst 75=1
75=1--7578,“ 75=1.

V@jbdjo\. Mvmdbmgbo3 attps3//www.djfw``nrosomria.i`l/rop`rts/our`po-pmdjts-i`mtdjks-

attps3//www.djfw``nrosomria.i`l/rop`rts/our`po-pmdjts-i`mtdjks-
lmrfot/#rop`rt-sullmry. VMiiosson3 7>-Cub-7575\.

V;\ Umriaol, ‒Ymhoty Nmtm

Nmtm Yaoot `h =-^otrmnoiojo,“
=-^otrmnoiojo,“  Lmtor. Ymh. Nmtm Yaoot , v`b. >, j`. 7,
75=7.

V1\ Fdjk L`jkfut—s _jdvorsdty `h ^oiaj`b`ky ^a`jgurd, ‒IAO8??’ Ubmjt

Ubmjt Nosdkj Ur`coit #9
Yullor 7575,“ v`b. 71, j`. 7, 75=?. 
75=?.  

V4\ M. Fulmr mjn A. M. Famtrd,

Fam trd, ‒UW@N_I^D@J @H =-^O^WMNOIOJO
=-^O^WMNOIOJO M^ =55 ^@JY

UOW TOMW.“ V@jbdjo\. Mvmdbmgbo3

Mv mdbmgbo3 attps3//www.sbdnosamro.jot/mlmjPag/pr`nuitd`j
attps3//www.sbdnosamro.jot/mlmjPag/pr`nuitd`j-`h-=-
-`h-=-
totrmnoiojo-mt-=55-t`js-por-yomr. VMiiosson3 78-Muk-7575\.

V=5\ W. ^urt`j, W. I. Gmdbdo, [. G. [adtdjk,

[adtdjk, mjn C. M.
M. Yamodwdtz, Mjmbysds, syjtaosds, mjn
nosdkj `h iaoldimb pr`iossos, 9rn on. G`st`j3 Urojtdio Ambb U^W, =44?.

V==\ O. I. Imrbs`j, ‒Yuiioondjk mt sdlubmtd`j,“ =448. 

=448. 

?9

V=7\ W. M. Krdsfoy, Iaoldimb Ojkdjoors— U`rtmgbo Amjng``f , =st on. Jow T`rf, _.Y.M.3
LiKrmw-Adbb, 7555.

V=9\ ^WMNDJK OI@J@LDIY, ‒^amdbmjn I`rp`rmto ^mx Wmto,“ 7577. V@jbdjo\. Mvmdbmgbo3
attps3//trmndjkoi`j`ldis.i`l/tamdbmjn/i`rp`rmto-tmx-rmto. VMiiosson3 57-Yop-7575\.

V=>\ ฑดาฎาษแฦซถษะเปมไปว, ‒แฒดลอองง ฬฬออฯฯเมษฤตญ

เมษฤตญกปป  ราฎั
า ฎัฌ,“ 7575. V@jbdjo\. Mvmdbmgbo3
attps3//www.g`t.`r.ta/^amd/Ytmtdstdis/Krmpa/Umkos/Lmdj9.mspx.
attps3//www.g`t.`r.ta/^amd/Ytmtdstdis/Krmpa/Umkos/Lmdj9.mspx. VMiiosson3 57-Yop-7575\.

V=?\ Imbponm, ‒Uulp Imtmb`kuo,“ Yop-75=9.

Yop-75=9.

V=8\ Ojkdjoor Onko, ‒@vormbb Aomt ^rmjshor I`ohhdidojt ^mgbo Iamrts mjn Oqumtd`j,“ 7575.
 V@jbdjo\. Mvmdbmgbo3
attps3//www.ojkdjoorsonko.i`l/taorl`nyjmldis/`vormbbPaomtPtrmjshor-tmgbo.atl.
VMiiosson3 5=-Yop-7575\.

V=;\ W. F. Ydjj`tt, I`ubs`j mjn Wdiamrns`j—s Iaoldimb Ojkdjoordjk , 9rn on. Jow T`rf3
Guttorw`rta-Aodjolmjj, =444.

?>

Mppojndx M
I`st mjn sobbdjk prdio

^mgbo M.= ^ao prdio `h   rmw lmtordmbs, pr`nuits, mjn utdbdty 

Wmw lmtordmbs mjn pr`nuits

Miotybmton imst`r `db 5.?4 _YN/fk
Miotdi midn 5.;=1 _YN/fk
Nrydjk `db =.=4 _YN/fk

[msto ndsp`smb
Kul =.55 _YN/fk
_tdbdty
 I``bdjk wmtor 5.9? _YN/KC
Adka-prossuro stoml 1.8? _YN/KC
Oboitrdidty 5.58 _YN/f[
 Jmturmb kms 9.55 _YN/KC
@taor nmtm
Mjjumb `pormtdjk a`urs 1,555 a`urs (995 nmys)

??

Mppojndx G
Oqudplojt sdzdjk mjn i`stdjk

G.= Uulp

G.=.= Uulp sdzdjk

^ao djh`rlmtd`j `h pulp wadia roqudron dj tads pr`ioss ds sa`wj dj ^mgbo G.=.

^mgbo G.= ^ao djh`rlmtd`j `h pulp 

Uulp Djbot prossuro @utbot prossuro Djbot tolpormturo Lmss hb`w rmto
(Um) (Um) (µI) (fk/s)

U-=5= =55,555 955,555 758.5 ;.5>

 Hr`l ^mgbo G.=, tao pulp imj go imbiubmton sdzo mjn typo `h pulp ms h`bb`w

=. Imbiubmto pulp aomn (A p) hr`l Oqumtd`j G.=

U= X= U7 X7  
+  S= + <   + S7 + + A p + a h    Oqumtd`j G.= 
  k 7 k k 7 k

[aoj U =  mjn U  7   ds prossuro djbot mjn prossuro `utbot, rospoitdvoby (fUm)

 S  mjn  S  7  ds aodkat bovobs `h hbudn djbot mjn `utbot, rospoitdvoby (l)
=

X 
=
mjn   X  7  ds lmss hb`w rmto `h hbudn djbot mjn `utbot, rospoitdvoby (fk/s)

9
    ds nojsdty `h hbudn (fk/l )

 k  ds krmvdtmtd`jmb h`rio (l/s7)

a h   ds hrditd`j aomn (l)

H`r turgubojt hb`w mjn bmldjmr hb`w,    ds oqumb = mjn 5.?, rospoitdvoby

?8

7. Notorldjo tao typo `h pulp gy usdjk tao hb`w rmto mjn pulp aomn (A p) wadia imj go
h`ujn dj Hdkuro G.=.
 Hdkuro G.= ^ypo `h pulp soboitd`j V=5\ 

9. Imbiubmto pulp p`wor ( [  ) wadia sa`ws tao mgdbdty t` pusa hbudn up t` m how lotors.
 s

[ 
 s
A`wovor, tao vmbuo `h  n`os j`t nopojn `jby `j tao A p gut mbs` `j tao lmss hb`w rmto `h tao
sugstmjio. ^ao [ 
 s
 imj go imbiubmton hr`l tao h`bb`wdjk robmtd`jsadp ms sa`wj dj Oqumtd`j G.7

[ s <  lkA     p

Oqumtd`j G.7 

[aoj [  s  ds aynrmubdi p`wor (f[)

>. Imbiubmto pulp ohhdidojiy mjn gromf a`rsop`wor (GAU) `r samht w`rf `h pulps. Dj
kojormb, tao ohhdidojiy `h tao pulp ds gotwooj ?5% mjn 85% nopojndjk `j tao sdzo mjn typo `h

 pulp mjn imj go h`ujn dj tao pulp iurvo.

Aynrmubdi  p`wor 
Gromf
Gromf a`rsop`wor ( GAU )   <
a`rsop`wor   Oqumtd`j G.9 
Ohhdidojiy 

?;

 
 

?. Imbiubmto tao jot p`sdtdvo suitd`j aomn (JUYA) mt `pormtdjk i`jndtd`j (JUYA5)

U= ∗ U  smt 
JUYA 5 <     Oqumtd`j G.> 
   k

8. Nohdjo tao JUYAroqudron  wadia

 wadia nopojns `j tao typos `h pulp

Oxmlpbo imbiubmtd`j sdzo `h U-=5=

Hr`l U-=5=, lmss hb`w rmto ds ;.5> fk/s mjn hr`l Oqumtd`j G.= dt imj go imbiubmton tao
A p ms h`bb`w
 Mssulo  S =  <  S  7    (J` iamjko `h obovmtd`j)

X =  < X  7    (J` lmss hb`w rmto iamjko)

a h   < 5 (J` hrditd`j b`ss)

U= U 7
< ∗ A  p  
  k    k

=55 , 555 Um   955, 555 Um

< - A  p  
( ;>=.>> fk / l ) ( 4.1= l / s )
9 7
( ;>=.>> fk / l ) ( 4.1= l /  s )
9 7

A p <   7;.? l  

^aoroh`ro, typo `h pulp ds iojtrdhukmb pulp.

[ s <   ( ;.5> fk / s ) ( 4.1= l / s ) ( 7;.? l )  

7

[ s <  =, 14

144.7 [ < =.144 f[    

?1

Hr`l tao imbiubmtd`j. X`bulotrdi hb`w rmto (9>.7 l 9/ar) mjn A p  woro uson dj tao pulp
soboitd`j ms sa`wj dj Hdkuro G.7. ^ao sdzo `h tao pulp ds N < =8; ll < 5.=8; l, mjn
mppr`xdlmtoby ohhdidojiy ds ;5%.
 Hdkuro G.7 Ydzo `h pulp V=?\ 

Hr`l Oqumtd`j G.9, imj imbiubmto tao gromf a`rsop`wor (GAU) ms h`bb`w

=.144  f[ 
Gromf
Gromf a`rsop`worr ( GAU 
a`rsop`wo GAU )   <  
5.;

Gromf a`rsop`wor ( GAU )    < 7.;= f[   

?4

Mhtor tamt, JUYA5  wms imbiubmton JUYA5  mt `pormtdjk stmto hr`l Oqumtd`j G.> wadia
sa`ubn uso tao b`wost U smt  vmbuo `h tao sugstmjio h`r provojton tao imvdtmtd`j `h tao pulp.
^aoroh`ro, wo soboiton Usmt  vmbuo `h tao miotybmto imst`r `db (MI@) wms soboiton t` imbiubmton
 JUYA5.

Imbiubmto Usmt  (U*) mt 758.5µI tamt ds djbot tolpormturo `h miotybmto imst`r `db hr`l
jo—s oqumtd`j. 
Mjt`djo—s
Mjt`d oqumtd`j. 

G 
*
 < ∗    
b`k=5 U (gmr ) M
^ (I ) + I  Oqumtd`j G.?

Mjt`djo—s oqumtd`j i`jstmjts 

^mgbo G.7 ^ao Mjt`djo—
 I`jstmjt vmbuos Miotybmto imst`r `db (MI@)
M >.=?9?;
G =195.?=
I =?>.>?

=,195.?=
B`k=5 U (gmr )  
*
< >.=?9?; ∗  
75
758.5 + =?
8.5 =?>.
>.>?
>?

U
*
<   5.==1 gmr < ==, 155 Um  

555 Um
=55, 55   ∗ ==, 155 Um
15
JUYA 5 <  
( ;>=.>> fk / l ) ( 4.1= l /  s )
  9 7

JUYA
5
 
<  =7.=7 l  

Hr`l Hdkuro G.7, tao vmbuo `h JUYA roqudron  wms

 wms 7.= l, wadia wms boss tamj JUYA 5. Y`, dt
imj go `pormton wdta`ut imvdtmtd`j.

- Lmtordmb soboitd`j `h pulp

Dj tao soboitd`j `h lmtordmbs uson h`r tao pulp wms notorldjon gy tao tolpormturo mjn
 prossuro uson dj tao `pormtd`j. ^aoroh`ro, ia``so imrg`j stoob wms ia`soj goimuso dt ds str`jk,
mgbo t` supp`rt adka prossuro, mjn stdbb iaompor waoj i`lpmron t` `taor lmtordmbs.

85

G.=.7 Uulp i`stdjk V=5\

I`st `h pulp imj go imbiubmton hr`l Oqumtd`j G.8.

I
GL
< I   U5
 H 
GL
  Oqumtd`j G.8 

[aoro I GL  ds i`st `h oqudplojt mjn djstmbbmtd`j

I 
U5
 ds i`st `h oqudplojt

H   ds Gmro l`nubo i`st hmit`r

GL
 Gmro l`nubo i`st hmit`r imj go imbiubmton hr`l Oqumtd`j G.; ms sa`wj gob`w.

H
GL
 
< G= + G7 HL HU     
Oqumtd`j G.; 

[aoro G =  mjn G  7   ds m i`jstmjt h`r omia oqudplojt

oqu dplojt

H   ds lmtordmb `h i`jstruitd`j hmit`r

 L

H U   ds prossuro hmit`r

^mgbo G.9 ^ao i`jstmjts h`r Gmro l`nubo hmit`r `h pulp V=5\ 

8=

^mgbo G.> ^ao dnojtdhdimtd`j julgor `h pulps V=5\  

 Hdkuro G.9 Lmtordmb hmit`rs `h pulp V=5\  

87

Urossuro hmit`r imj go imbiubmton hr`l Oqumtd`j G.1 ms sa`wj gob`w

<  I= +  I7 b`k=5 ( U ) + I 9 b`k=5 ( U )    

7
b`k=5 (H ) U 
Oqumtd`j G.1 

[aoro U   ds kmuko prossuro (gmrk)

I 
=
, I  7   mjn I 
 9
 ds i`jstmjt h`r omia oqudplojt

^mgbo G.? Urossuro hmit`rs `h pulp V=5\ 

 I`st `h oqudplojt imj go imbiubmton hr`l Oqumtd`j G.4 ms sa`wj gob`w

 F=
7
I F M F M
U 5
b`k=5 +  7
b`k=5 ( )+ 9
( ) < b`k=5 (
 )   Oqumtd`j G.4 

[aoro  M  ds m impmidty `h omia oqudplojt

F = , F   mjn
 7 
F  9  ds i`jstmjt h`r omia oqudplojt

^mgbo G.8 Oqudplojt i`st nmtm `h pulp V=5\  

89

Oqudplojt mjn djstmbbmtd`j i`st lust go i`jsdnoron mg`ut tao b`imtd`j mjn yomr tamt uso
dj imbiubmtd`j. Oqudplojt mjn djstmbbmtd`j i`st imj go imbiubmton ms sa`wj dj tao Oqumtd`j G.=5

I < I  
I
D,   75 xx 
B
D,G  
  Oqumtd`j G.=5 
75 xx , G 755=, M
I B
D, 755= D, M

[aoro I   ds i`st dj yomr 75xx mjn dj i`ujtry G

 75xx, G 

I 
 755=, M  ds i`st dj 755= mjn dj i`ujtry M
 I   ds i`st djnox
D 

I   ds b`imtd`j djnox (= h`r _YM mjn =.=7

= .=7 h`r Y`uta-Omst Msdm)
D 

Oxmlpbo imbiubmtd`j i`st `h U-=5=

Hr`l U-=5=, tao GAU wms 7.;= f[, mjn `pormto ujnor tao nosdkj prossuro wadia oqumb t`
7.>9 gmrs.

Hr`l Oqumtd`j G.4 imj go imbiubmto i`st `h pulp (dj yomr 755=) ms sa`wj dj

( I ) <    ( 9.9147 ) + ( 5.5?98)b`k

7
b`k=5 U 5 =5
( 7.;= f[ ) +  ( 5.=?91 )b`k=5 ( 7.;= f[ )    

I U 5  
<   7,;?>.7 _YN    

^ao lmtordmb uson h`r U-=5= wms imrg`j stoob wadia ams mj HL oqumb t` =. ^aoj tao H p imj
 go imbiubmton HU ms h`bb`w dj Oqumtd`j G.1.

7
b`k=5 HU ( ) <   5 + ( 5 )b`k  =5 ( 7.>9 gmrk ) +  ( 5 )b` k=5 ( 7.>9 gmrk )  

H 
U 
<  =  

8>

^aoroh`ro, tamt dt imj go notorldjon tao HGL gy Oqumtd`j G.;

H GL <   (=.14 ) + (=.9? ) (=.1 ) (=)  

H 
GL
<   >.97  

IGL ds imbiubmton gy Oqumtd`j G.8

I GL <   ( 7, ;?>.7 _YN )  ( >.97 )  

I GL <  ==,141.= _YN    

 I`st dj yomr 75=4 imj go notorldjon gy Oqumtd`j G.=5 wadia I D, 75=4 oqumb t` 8=4.7 mjn
ID, 75=4 oqumb t` 94>.9

8=
8=4.
4.7
7 =.=
.=7
7
I
75=4
<   (==, 141.= _YN )   < 75, 478.8 _YN    
94>.9 =

G.7 Ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj

G.7.= Ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj sdzdjk

Gmsdi djh`rlmtd`j `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`buljs wadia wms roiodvon hr`l MYUOJ mro sa`wj dj
tao ^mgbo G.;.

^mgbo G.; Djh`rlmtd`j `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj 

Nmtm ^-=5= ^-=57

 Julgor `h stmkos 1 8
Hoon stmko 8 >
Wohbux rmtd` =.8> 9.7;
Urossuro mt tao t`p i`bulj (gmr) =.=9 =.55
Urossuro mt tao g`tt`l i`bulj (gmr) =.=8 =.=9
^olpormturo mt tao t`p i`bulj (µI)  =7?.; ==;.8
^olpormturo mt tao g`tt`l i`bulj (µI)  9?8.5 7>?.;
Nosdkj prossuro (gmrk) 7.>9 7.>9
Nosdkj tolpormturo (µI)  919.1 7;9.?
Ndmlotor (l) 7.> =.1
Aodkat (l) 4.= ;.9

8?

Hr`l ^mgbo G.;, wo imj imbiubmto v`bulo `h omia ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj hr`l Oqumtd`j
G.==.

7
  N a
X  <    Oqumtd`j G.== 
>

^mgbo G.1 X`bulo `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj

Nmtm ^-=5= ^-=57

X`bulo (l9) >=.=; =1.?1
 - Lmtordmb soboitd`j, typo `h i`bulj, trmy typo mjn trmy sdzo `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj

Dj tao soboitd`j `h lmtordmbs uson h`r ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj wms notorldjon gy tao
tolpormturo mjn prossuro uson dj tao `pormtd`j ms sa`wj dj tao ^mgbo G.;. @gvd`usby, tao
`pormtd`j tolpormturo amn m vmbuo gotwooj ->?µI mjn ?=5µI aojio imrg`j stoob ia`soj goimuso
dt ds str`jk, mgbo t` supp`rt adka prossuro mjn stdbb iaompor waoj i`lpmron t` `taor lmtordmbs.

Goimuso `pormtd`j prossuro ds mg`ut tao mtl`spaordi prossuro, taoroh`ro trmy i`bulj wms
sudtmgbo h`r sopmrmtd`j `h pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss

H`r tao typo `h trmy, dt soboiton gy turjn`wj rmtd` h`bb`wdjk Oqumtd`j G.=7

 Lmxdlul vmp`r hb`wrmto
Xmp`r hb`wrmto rmtd` <   Oqumtd`j G.=7 
 Ldjdlul vmp`r hb`wrmto

Dh vmp`r hb`w rmto rmtd` ams vmbuo 73= ia``so trmy typo ds sdovo trmy typo, gut dh rmtd` ?3=
ia``so vmbvo trmy. H`bb`wdjk tao nmtm hr`l MYUOJ, wo ia`so sdovo trmy.

^ao mrom `h omia trmy imj go imbiubmton gy Oqumtd`j G.=9.

7
  N 
 M <    Oqumtd`j G.=9 
>

88

^mgbo G.4 Lmtordmb soboitd`j, typo `h i`bulj, trmy typo mjn trmy sdzo `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj 

Nmtm ^-=5= ^-=57

Lmtordmb Imrg`j stoob Imrg`j stoob
^ypo `h i`bulj ^rmy i`bulj ^rmy i`bulj
^ypo `h trmy Ydovo trmy Ydovo trmy
^rmy mrom (l7) >.?7 7.?>

- ^adifjoss `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj

^ao tadifjoss `h b`jkdtundjmb stross mjn tao tadifjoss `h a``p stross imj go imbiubmton gy
 Oqumtd`j G.=> mjn G.=?, rospoitdvoby.

Ud Nd 
t b`jkdtundjmb   <   Oqumtd`j G.=> 
> YO + 5.1 U d 

Ud Nd 
t a``p   <   Oqumtd`j G.=? 
7 YO ∗ =.7 U 
d 

[aoj U d   ds prossuro dj i`bulj (psd)

N d   ds ndmlotor `h i`bulj (djia)

 Y  ds lmxdlul mbb`wmgbo stross

O   ds wobnon c`djt ohhdidojiy

8;

^mgbo G.=5 Lmxdlul mbb`wmgbo stross `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj V=5\ 

 ^mgbo G.== [obnon c`djt ohhdidojiy `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj V=5\ 

81

 
 

^mgbo G.=7 Ldjdlul prmitdimb wmbb tadifjoss `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj V=5\ 

Oxmlpbo imbiubmtd`j tao tadifjoss `h ^-=5=

 Nmtm `h ^-=5= ds U < =8.; psd, N < 4>.? djiaos, Y < =7,455 psd, mjn O < 5.1?

(=8.;   psd ) ( 4>.? djiaos )

tb`jkdtundjmb < < 5.598 djiaos < 5.5554 l  
> ( =7, 455  psd ) ( 5.1? ) +  5.1 (=8.; psd )
45

(=8.;   psd ) ( 4>.? djiaos )

t a``p < < 5.5;7 djiaos < 5.55=1 l  
7 ( =7, 45
455  psd ) ( 5.1? ) ∗  =.7 (=8.; psd )

Hr`l tao lmxdlul tadifjoss wadia roiodvon hr`l imbiubmtd`j, wo amn t` mnn ? ll
(5.55? l) t` pr`toit tao i`bulj hr`l i`rr`sd`j.

^mgbo G.=9 Nmtm mg`ut tadifjoss `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj 

I`bulj B`jkdtundjmb stross (l) A``p stross (l) ^`tmb tadifjoss (l)
^-=5= 5.5554 5.55=1 5.55;;

^-=57 5.555; 5.55=9 5.55;5

84

G.7.7 Ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj i`stdjk V=5\

^ao prdio `h tao ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj imj go imbiubmton hr`l tao robmtd`j `h tao Gmro
l`nubo hmit`r dj mii`rndjk wdta tao h`bb`wdjk oqumtd`j.

I GL < I   U5
 H 
GL
 

H`r tao Gmro l`nubo i`st hmit`r imj go imbiubmton hr`l oqumtd`j ms sa`wj gob`w.

H
GL
 
< G +G H H  
= 7 L U  
 

^mgbo G.=> I`jstmjts h`r Gmro l`nubo hmit`r `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj V=5\  
 H`r prossuro hmit`r (HU ) imj go imbiubmton gy Oqumtd`j G.=8

HU  < = h`r t  5.5589 l mjn U  ∗5.? gmrk  

 ( U + =) N 
+ 5.559=?
4.7 (=.7 U )
<  ∗ 
=,84
,844
HU  h`r t  5.5589 l mjn U  ∗5.? gm
g mrk  
5.5589

HU  < =.7? h`r U  ∗5.? gmrk   Oqumtd`j G.=8 

[aoj U   ds prossuro (gmrk)

N   ds ndmlotor (l)

;5

H`r i`st `h trmy, dt imj go imbiubmton hr`l tao robmtd`j `h tao Gmro l`nubo hmit`r h`bb`wdjk
Oqumtd`j G.=;.

I GL < I U 5 JHq HGL   Oqumtd`j G.=;

[aoro J   ds julgor `h stmkos

H q  ds qumbdty hmit`r `h trmy

HGL  mjn Hq   imj go imbiubmton gy Hdkuro G.> mjn Oqumtd`j G.=1, rospoitdvoby waoj
julgor `h trmys ds boss tamj 75.
 ( )
7
b`k=5 Hq < 5.>;;= +  5.51?=8b`k=5 ( J ) ∗ 5.9>;9b`k=5 ( J )   Oqumtd`j G.=1

Hdkuro G.> Gmro l`nubo hmit`r `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj V=5\  

Mii`rndjk t` imbiubmto i`st `h oqudplojt, dt imj go uson oqumtd`j ms sa`wj dj gob`w

( ) <  F
7
b`k=5 I U 5 =
+  F 7 b`k=5 ( M ) + F 9 b`k=5 ( M )  

;=

^mgbo G.=? Oqudplojt i`st nmtm `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj V=5\  

^ao imbiubmtd`j `h tao oqudplojt i`st, mjn djstmbbmtd`j i`st nopojn `j tao pbmio `h

`pormtd`j mjn i`st dj tao yomr uson h`r imbiubmtd`js wadia imj go imbiubmton h`bb`wdjk oqumtd`j
I
 
D , 75 xx
B
D, G  
 I < I     
75 xx , G 755=, M
I B
D , 755= D, M

Oxmlpbo imbiubmtd`j i`st `h ^-=5=

H`r ^-=5= ams X < >=.=; l9, N < 7.> l, M < >.?7 l7 , J < 1 , UNosdkj < 7.>9 gmrk

- I`st `h t`wor dj yomr 755=

7
b`k=5 ( I ) <    ( 9.>4;> ) + ( 5.>>1? ) b` k ( >=.=; l )   + ( 5.=5;> ) b` k ( >=.=; l ) 
U 5 =5
9
=5
9
 

I U 5  
<   9=,877.1 _YN    

HL < = goimuso imrg`j stoob wms soboiton. Hr`l `ur nmtm t : 5.5589 l mjn U : -5.? gmrk,
wo amvo t` imbiubmto HU gy Oqumtd`j G.=8.

 ( ( 7.>9 gm
 gmrk ) + =) ( 7.> l ) 
 + 5.559=? 
HU  <  =, 84
844.7
∗ (=.7  ( 7.>9 gmrk ) )  
5.5589

H < =.7;  
U 

;7

Hdjn HGL 

H GL <   ( 7.7? ) + (=.17 ) (=) (=.7; )  

H GL <   >.?8  

Aojio,

I GL <   ( 9=, 877.1 _YN )   ( >.?8 )  

I GL <  =>>,=44.4 _YN    

 - I`st `h trmy dj yomr 755=

7
b`k=5 (I U 5
) <    ( 7.44>4 ) + ( 5.>>8? ) b` k ( >.?7 l )   + ( 5.948=) b` k ( >.?7 l ) 
=5
7
=5
7
 

I
U 5
<   7,18>.7 _YN    

Hr`l Hdkuro G.>, HGL < = mjn h`bb`wdjk Oqumtd`j G.=1 t` hdjn Hq  

( )
7
b`k=5 Hq <  ( 5.>;;=) + ( 5.51?=8 )b`k=5 ( 1) ∗  ( 5.9>;9 )b`k=5 ( 1)  

H q <  =.18  

Aojio,

I
GL
<   ( 7, 18>.7 _YN ) (  1 ) (=.18 ) (=)  

I GL <
 >7,8=4.9 _YN    

- I`st `h ndstdbbmtd`j ^-=5= dj yomr 75=4

75= 4

8=4
=4.7
.7 =.=7
.=7
I
75=4
<   (=>>,=44.4 + >7, 8=4.9 _YN )   < 971, 89?.5 _YN    
94>.9 =

;9

G.9 Hdbtor

G.9.= Hdbtor sdzdjk

^ads pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss uson tao vossob l`nob t` ostdlmto sdzo `h tao sdlpbo s`bdn
sopmrmtd`j oqudplojt.

^mgbo G.=8 Djh`rlmtd`j `h hdbtor  

^olpormturo Urossuro X`bulotrdi hb`w rmto Wosdnojt tdlo

Hdbtor
(µI)  (gmr) (l9 /ar) (ar)
H-=5= =15.5 =.=; 99.4> 5.7=
 H`r tao a`rdz`jtmb pr`ioss vossob, bojkta t` ndmlotor
n dmlotor rmtd` ds kromtor tamj ?3=

Oxmlpbo imbiubmtd`j sdzo `h tao hdbtor (a`rdz`jtmb vossob)

X`
X`bu
bulo
lo `h hd
hdbt
btor
or < (X`
X`bu
bulo
lotr
trdi
di hb
hb`w rmto ) ( Wosd
`w rmto Wosdno
noji
jio
o tdlo )  
tdlo

X`bulo `h  hdbtor ( 99.4> l ) ( 5.7= ar )

9 9
< / ar < ;.= l  

Hr`l tao B3N tamt ds ?3=

7
  N B
X <  < ;.= l
9
 
>

7
  N
   ( ?N )
;.= l
9
 <  
>

N <  =.7 l, B < 8.5 l

 
^mgbo G.=; Ydzo `h tao hdbtor  

Hdbtor Bojkta (l) Ndmlotor (l)

H-=5= 8.5 =.7

;>

 
 

- ^adifjoss `h hdbtor

^ao tadifjoss `h b`jkdtundjmb stross mjn tao tadifjoss `h a``p stross imj go imbiubmton gy
Oqumtd`j G.=> mjn G.=?, rospoitdvoby. ^ao lmxdlul mbb`wmgbo stross mjn wobnon c`djt
ohhdidojiy imj go `gtmdjon hr`l ^mgbo G.=5 mjn ^mgbo G.==, rospoitdvoby.

Oxmlpbo imbiubmtd`j tao tadifjoss `h H-=5=

Nmtm `h H-=5= ds U < =8.4 psd, N < >1.5 djiaos, Y < =7,455 psd, mjn O < 5.1?

(=8.4  psd ) ( >1.5 djiaos )

tb`jkdtundjmb < < 5.5=1 djiaos < 5.555> l  
 ( 455  psd
> =7, 45 ) ( 5.1? ) +  5.1 (=8.4 psd )

(=8.4   psd ) ( >1.5 djiaos )

t a``p < < 5.59; djiaos < 5.5554 l  
7 ( =7, 455  psd ) ( 5.1? ) ∗  =.7 (=8.4 psd )
45

Hr`l tao lmxdlul tadifjoss wadia roiodvon hr`l imbiubmtd`j wo amn t` mnn ? ll
(5.55? l) t` pr`toit tao hdbtor hr`l i`rr`sd`j.

^mgbo G.=1 ^adifjoss `h hdbtor

Hdbtor A``p stross (l) B`jkdtundjmb stross (l) ^`tmb tadifjoss (l)

H-=5= 5.555> 5.5554 5.5589

- Lmtordmb soboitd`j `h hdbtor

Dj tao soboitd`j `h lmtordmbs uson h`r tao hdbtor wms notorldjon gy tao tolpormturo mjn
 prossuro uson dj tao `pormtd`j. ^aoroh`ro, imrg`j stoob wms ia`soj goimuso dt ds str`jk, mgbo t`

supp`rt adka prossuro mjn stdbb iaompor waoj i`lpmron t` `taor lmtordmbs.

;?

G.9.7 Hdbtor i`stdjk V=5\

^ao prdio `h tao hdbtor imj go imbiubmton hr`l tao robmtd`j `h tao Gmro l`nubo hmit`r dj
mii`rndjk wdta tao h`bb`wdjk oqumtd`j ms sa`wj dj gob`w. A`rdz`jtmb vossob l`nob wms uson dj
imbiubmton i`st `h tao hdbtor. 

I GL < I   U5
 H 
GL
 

H`r tao Gmro l`nubo i`st hmit`r imj go imbiubmton hr`l oqumtd`j ms sa`wj gob`w.

H
GL
 
< G= + G7 HL HU     
 ^mgbo G.=4 I`jstmjts h`r Gmro l`nubo hmit`r `h hdbtor V=5\ 

H`r prossuro hmit`r (HU ) imj go imbiubmton gy tads oqumtd`j

HU  < = h`r t  5.5589 l mjn U  ∗5.? gmrk  

 ( U + =) N 
 + 5.559=?

HU  <  =,8
,84
44.7 (=.7 U )
∗ 5.5589  h`r t  5.5589 l mjn U  ∗5.? gmrk  

HU  < =.7? h`r U  ∗5.? gmrk  

Mii`rndjk t` imbiubmto i`st `h oqudplojt, dt imj go uson oqumtd`j ms sa`wj dj gob`w

<  F= +  F 7 b`k=5 ( M ) + F 9 b`k=5 ( M )

7
( )
b`k=5 I U 5  

;8

^mgbo G.75 Oqudplojt i`st nmtm `h hdbtor V=5\ 

^ao imbiubmtd`j `h tao oqudplojt i`st, mjn djstmbbmtd`j i`st nopojn `j tao pbmio `h
`pormtd`j mjn i`st dj tao yomr uson h`r imbiubmtd`js wadia imj go imbiubmton h`bb`wdjk oqumtd`j
I B
D , 75 xx D, G  
I
75 xx , G
< I 
755=, M
     
I B
D , 755= D, M
 Oxmlpbo imbiubmtd`j i`st `h H-=5=

H`r H-=5= ams X < ;.= l9, N < =.7 l, B < 8.5 l, U < =.=; gmrs

7
b`k=5 ( I ) <    ( 9.??8? ) + ( 5.9;;8 ) b` k ( ;.= l )   + ( 5.545? ) b` k ( ;.= l )
U 5 =5
9
=5
9
 

I
U 5
<   1,;15.= _YN    

HL < = goimuso wo soboit imrg`j stoob. Hr`l `ur nmtm t 2 5.5589 l, HU ds mbs` = t``.

Hdjn HGL 

H 
GL
<   (=.>4 ) + (=.?7 ) (=) (= )  

H 
GL
<   9.5=  
Hdjn IGL 

I GL <   ( 1, ;15.= _YN ) ( 9.5=)  

I GL <   78,>71.= _YN    

Y`, i`st `h hdbtor H-=5= dj yomr 75=4 wms oqumb t`

8=4.
8=4.7
7 =.=7
.=7
I
75=4
<   ( 78, >71.= _YN )   < >8, >;1.1 _YN    
94>.9 =

;;

G.> Hdron aomtor

G.>.= Hdron aomtor sdzdjk

Ydzdjk tao rmndmjt soitd`j ds usumbby tao hdrst stop dj nosdkjdjk m hdron aomtor. Dj `rnor t`
kot m hdrst mppr`xdlmtd`j `h tao sdzo, s`lo roms`jmgbo mssulptd`js mjn rostrditd`js lust go lmno.
H`r oxmlpbo

Mssulptd`js =. Ohhdidojiy `h hdron aomtor oqumb 15%

7. ^ugo sdzo `h 8“ JG (=81.9 ll

8“ JG (=81.9 Yia.=75  (=94.;
 ll @N) Yia.=75 (=94.; ll
 ll @N)
9. Xortdimb iybdjnrdimb typo hdron aomtor
 Hr`l MYUOJ

=. ^`tmb nuty oqumb t` >,=?4.44 f[

7. M lmxdlul hbux `h >=,555.5 [/l 7 wms porldtton dj tao rmndmjt soitd`j

 J`w i`jsdnordjk tamt tao nuty roqudron wms >,=?4.44 f[ mjn wo mssulon tamt 15% `h

tads nuty ds mgs`rgon dj tao rmndmjt soitd`j, wo imj taoroh`ro smy tamt tao t`tmb rmndmjt soitd`j nuty
wms ?,=44.44 f[.

Kdvoj tamt wo amn m hbux bdldt `h >=,555.5 [/l 7, wo imj taoroh`ro w`rf `ut tao pdpo mrom
t` loot tads nuty wdta tads kdvoj hbux bdldt3

Udpo mrom,
> ,=?4.44 f[  =555 [  = 7
 
  < =78.19 l
7
5.1 = f[ >=, 555.5 [ / l
 

8 “ JG (=81.9
Mssuldjk tao tugo ndmlotor `h 8“ (=81.9 ll @N) Yia.=75 (=94.; ll @N), wo imj

taoroh`ro imbiubmto tao t`tmb bojkta `h oxp`son tugo wdtadj tao rmndmjt soitd`j ms h`bb`ws3
Udpo mrom   <     Udpo ndmlotor  Udpo bojkta  

=78.19  l
7

Udpo bojkta < < 711.41 l  

    5.=94; l

;1

Ms tao typo `h aomtor, vortdimb tugos woro nosdkjdjk. wo i`jsdnoron m lmxdlul strmdkat
tugo bojkta `h =1.9 l (ms por MUD ?85). ^aoso lomj tamt wo imj imbiubmto tao julgor `h tugos.

  ^`tmb pdpo bojkta
J`. `h tu
tugo
goss <  
Djndvdnumb tugo bojkta

711.41  l
J`. `h tugos <  =8 tugos  
=1.9 l

 J`w, 8“ JG tugos woro uson usdjk, taoy woro spmion mt 7*JG gotwooj omia tugo (d.o.
tugo pdtia). ^ads lomj tamt tao spmio gotwooj omia tugo wms =9 djiaos (5.9> l).
 Hdkuro G.? Xortdimb iybdjnrdimb rmndmjt soitd`j sfotia (Ubmj vdow)  

Ms tao tugos woro dj m idriubmr mrrmjkolojt, tao t`tmb idriulhorojio `h tao mrrmjkolojt
`h tugos wms imbiubmton ms gob`w.

Idr
dri
iulhoro
horoj
jio <  ^ugo pdt
pdtia  J`. `h
`h tugos  
tugos

Idriulhorojio <   5.9>  =8

=8 < ?.>> l 

Idriulhorojio
 Yaobb idribo  ndmlotor 
ndmlotor  <  
  

?.>> l
 
 Yaobb idribo ndml
ndmlotor
otor < < =.;9 l  
  

;4

^adjks gokdj t` kot m bdttbo trdifdor goimuso dt amn t` ojsuro tamt taoro wms suhhdidojt spmio
mvmdbmgbo t` p`sdtd`j gurjors wdtadj tao tugo idribo mrrmjkolojt. ^ao t`tmb roqudron nuty `h tao
aomtor wms >,=?4.44 f[ mjn tao gurjors woro robomsdjk typdimbby 75% kromtor aomt (nopojndjk
up`j a`w ohhdidojt nosdkj tao aomtor). ^ads lomj tamt tao gurjors typdimbby robomso m t`tmb `h
>,44=.44 f[.

- Lmtordmb soboitd`j `h hdron aomtor

^ao soboitd`j `h lmtordmbs uson h`r tao hdron aomtor wms i`jsdnoron hr`l tolpormturo mjn
 prossuro `pormto i`jndtd`j `h tao hdron aomtor, wadia tao hdron aomtor `pormtdjk ujnor tao
 tolpormturo `h 758 I t` >55 I. Y`, imrg`j stoob wms ia`soj goimuso dt ds str`jk, supp`rt adka
 prossuro mjn iaompor tamj `taor lmtordmbs

G.>.7 Hdron aomtor i`stdjk V=5\

I`st `h hdron aomtor imj go imbiubmton hr`l robmtd`jsadp `h Gmro l`nubo hmit`r ms
h`bb`wdjk oqumtd`j.

I
GL
 
< I
U5
H
GL
H H
U ^
     Oqumtd`j G.=4 

[aoro H ^   ds suporaomt i`rroitd`j hmit`r h`r stoml g`dbor

^mgbo G.7= Gmro l`nubo hmit`rs `h hdron aomtor V=5\  

15

^mgbo G.77 Dnojtdhdimtd`j julgor `h hdron aomtors V=5\  

 Hdkuro G.8 Lmtordmb hmit`rs `h hdron aomtor V=5\ 

H`r prossuro hmit`r (HU ) imj go imbiubmton gy tads oqumtd`j

<  I= +  I 7 b`k=5 ( U ) + I 9 b`k=5 ( U )    

7
b`k=5 (H )
U 

1=

^mgbo G.79 Urossuro hmit`rs `h hdron aomtor V=5\ 

I`st `h oqudplojt imj go imbiubmton hr`l oqumtd`j ms sa`wj dj gob`w

 <  F= +  F 7 b`k=5 ( M ) + F 9 b`k=5 ( M )
7
( )
b`k=5 I U 5  

^mgbo G.7> Oqudplojt i`st nmtm `h hdron aomtor V=5\  

^ao imbiubmtd`j `h tao oqudplojt i`st mjn djstmbbmtd`j i`st nopojn `j tao pbmio `h
`pormtd`j mjn i`st dj tao yomr uson h`r imbiubmtd`js wadia imj go imbiubmton h`bb`wdjk oqumtd`j

I < I  
I
D,   75 xx 
B
D, G  
 
75 xx , G 755=, M
I B
D, 755= D, M

Oxmlpbo imbiubmtd`j i`st `h A-=5=

A-=5= amn aomt nuty `h >,=?4.44 f[ mjn `pormto ujnor tao nosdkj prossuro wadia oqumb
t` 9.5 gmrk

<    ( ;.9>11 ) + ( -=.=888 )b`k=5 ( >,=?4.44 f[ ) +  ( 5.7571 )b`k=5 ( >,=?4.44 f[ )

7
( )
b`k=5 I U 5  

   858,;98.9 _YN  
I U 5 <

17

^ao lmtordmb uson h`r A-=5= wms imrg`j stoob. Hr`l Hdkuro G.8, H GL  < 7.=, H^  <=
 goimuso dt ndn j`t suporaomt mjn imj go imbiubmton H U ms h`bb`w

7
( )
b`k=5 HU  <  ( 5 ) + ( 5 )b`k  =5 ( 9.5 gmrk ) +  ( 5 )b` k=5 ( 9.5 gmrk )  

H 
U 
<  =  

Hdjn IGL 

I GL <   ( 858, ;98.9 _YN )   ( 7.=)  (=)  (=)  

 I GL <  =,7;>,=>8 _YN    

Y`, i`st `h hdron aomtor A-=5= dj yomr 75=4 wms oqumb t`

8=4
=4.7
.7 =.
=.=
=7
I
75=4
<   (=, 7;>,=>8 _YN )   < 7, 7>5, 44;.8 _YN    
94>.9 =

G.? Womit`r
G.?.= Womit`r sdzdjk

^ao gmsdi djh`rlmtd`j `h romit`r wadia wms `gtmdjon hr`l MYUOJ Ubus X1.1 ms sa`wj dj
tao ^mgbo G.7?.

^mgbo G.7? Djh`rlmtd`j `h romit`r  

Nmtm W-=5=
^ypo IY^W
Nosdkj prossuro (gmrk) 7.>9
Nosdkj tolpormturo (µI)  >7;.1
X`bulotrdi hb`w rmto (l9/ar) >?.57
X`bulo (l9) 95.5
Aomt nuty (f[) 5.55

19

Hr`l ^mgbo G.7?, tao rosdnojio tdlo imj go imbiubmton hr`l Oqumtd`j G.75.

X`bu
X`bul
lo `h hdbt
hdbtor
or < (X`
X`bu
bul
lot
otrd
rdii hb`w rmto ) ( Wo
hb`w rmto Wosd
sdno
noji
jio
o tdlo )   Oqumtd`j G.75 
tdl

Imbiubmto tao ndmlotor mjn bojkta `h tao romit`r hr`l Oqumtd`j G.7=.

7
  N B
X  <    Oqumtd`j G.7= 
>

Oxmlpbo imbiubmtd`j sdzo `h W-=5=

 H`r W-=5=, v`bulotrdi hb`w rmto wms >?.57 l 9/ar mjn tao v`bulo `h tao romit`r wms hdxon
mt 95.5 l9.

9
95.5  l
Wosdnojt
Wosdnojt tdlo <  
9
>?.57 l /  ar 

Wosdnojt
Wosdnojt tdlo < 5.8; ar  

Hr`l tao bdtormturo, bojkta mjn ndmlotor wms hdxon gy B3N rmtd` wms >3=.

7
  N B
X <   < 95.5 l
9
 
>

7
  N
   ( > N )
95.5 l
9
 <  
>

N <   7.=7 l, B < 1.>1 l  

- Lmtordmb soboitd`j `h romit`r

Dj tao soboitd`j `h lmtordmbs uson h`r tao hdbtor wms notorldjon gy tao tolpormturo mjn
 prossuro uson dj tao `pormtd`j. ^aoroh`ro, imrg`j stoob wms ia`soj goimuso dt ds str`jk, mgbo t`
supp`rt adka prossuro mjn stdbb iaompor waoj i`lpmron t` `taor lmtordmbs.

1>

G.?.7 Womit`r i`stdjk V=5\

^ao prdio `h tao romit`r imj go imbiubmton hr`l tao robmtd`j `h tao Gmro l`nubo hmit`r dj
mii`rndjk wdta tao h`bb`wdjk oqumtd`j.

I GL < I   U5
 H 
GL
 

^mgbo G.78 Gmro l`nubo hmit`r `h romit`r V==\  

 1?

I`st `h oqudplojt imj go imbiubmton hr`l oqumtd`j ms sa`wj dj gob`w

<  F= +  F 7 b`k=5 ( M ) + F 9 b`k=5 ( M )

7
b`k=5 ( )
I
U 5
 

^mgbo G.7; Oqudplojt i`st nmtm `h romit`r V=5\  

 ^ao imbiubmtd`j `h tao oqudplojt i`st mjn djstmbbmtd`j i`st nopojn `j tao pbmio `h
`pormtd`j mjn i`st dj tao yomr uson h`r imbiubmtd`js wadia imj go imbiubmton h`bb`wdjk oqumtd`j

I < I  
I
D,   75 xx 
B
D, G  
 
75 xx , G 755=, M
I B
D, 755= D, M

Oxmlpbo imbiubmtd`j i`st `h W-=5=

IY^W wadia ds ldxor `r sottbor typo ams tao v`bulo ds 95.5 l 9.

7
b`k=5 ( I
U 5
) <    ( >.;==8 ) + ( -5.??7=) b` k ( 95.5 l )  + ( 5.555> ) b` k ( 95.5 l )
=5
9
=5
9
 

I
U 5
<   ;,11;.; _YN    

18

Hr`l tao ^mgbo G.78, HGL wms >.5 mjn taoj hdjn IGL 

I GL <   ( ;, 11;.; _YN )  ( >.5 )  

I
GL
<   9=,??5.1 _YN    

Y`, i`st `h hdbtor W-=5= dj yomr 75=4 wms oqumb t`

8=
8=4.
4.7
7 =.=
.=7
7
I   _YN _YN  
75=4 < ( 9=, ??5.1 )  94>.9  = < ??, >45.4  
 G.8 Aomt oxiamjkor

G.8.= Aomt oxiamjkor sdzdjk

^mgbo G.71 Urobdldjmry nmtm `h aomt oxiamjkor  

A`t sdno I`bn sdno

Aomt nuty
_jdt ^dj  ^`ut  Hbudn ^dj ^`ut  Hbudn
(f[) 
(µI)  (µI)  typo (µI)  (µI)  typo

A-=57 9,4>4.54
9,4>4. 99?.4
99?. =15.5
=15. @rkmjdi 95.5
95. >5.5
>5. I``bdjk
ldxturo wmtor
Bdqudn I``bdjk
A-=59 4=.?;
4=. ==;.8
==;. 9?.5
9?. 95.5
95. >5.5
>5.
`rkmjdi wmtor
Bdqudn I``bdjk
A-=5> 47>.4;
47>. 7>?.;
7>?. 9?.5
9?. 95.5
95. >5.5
>5.
`rkmjdi wmtor
Bdqudn I``bdjk
A-=5? =,==?.?8
=,==?. 9?8.5
9?8. 715.5
715. 95.5
95. >5.5
>5.
`rkmjdi wmtor
Bdqudn I``bdjk
A-=58   9,899..59
9,899 795.4
795. =7?.;
=7?. 95.5
95. >5.5
>5.
`rkmjdi wmtor
AU Bdqudn
A-=5; ?,15;.7?
?,15;. 9;5.5
9;5. 984.5
984. 9?7..8
9?7 9?8.5
9?8.
stoml `rkmjdi
Bdqudn I``bdjk
A-=51 184.45
184. ==1.?
==1. ==;.8
==;. 95.5
95. >5.5
>5.
`rkmjdi wmtor
AU Bdqudn
=54  
A-=54 =,>51..9>
=,>51 7;5.5
7;5. 781.5
781. =;?..;
=;? 7>?.;
7>?.
stoml `rkmjdi

***AU < Adka-prossuro stoml

1;

- Aomt trmjshor mrom

Aomt trmjshor mrom imj go ostdlmton hr`l tao Oqumtd`j G.77.

  (
] < _  M  H  ^bl   )  Oqumtd`j G.77 

[aoro ]  ds ml`ujt `h aomt trmjshorron ([)

_  ds `vormbb aomt trmjshor i`ohhdidojt ([/l7µI)

 M  ds aomt trmjshor mrom (l7)

 H   ds tolpormturo i`rroitd`j hmit`r

^ bl ds b`k lomj tolpormturo ndhhorojt (µI)

Oxmlpbo A-=58

Mii`rndjk t` nmtm dj ^mgbo G.7;, dt imj go nrmwdjk tolpormturo nrdvdjk h`rio pr`hdbo dj
Hdkuro G.;. Dj Hdkuro G.; sa`w tamt taoro wms j` pamso iamjko dj tao aomt oxiamjkor goimuso
taoro wms j` i`jstmjt tolpormturo dj tao krmpa. Y`, dt imj go notorldjon tao tolpormturo
ndhhorojt gy b`k lomj tolpormturo ndhhorojt ms sa`wj dj Oqumtd`j G.79.

7?5.5

755.5 795.4
   )
   I
   ⁵
   ( =7?.;
  o =?5.5
  r
  u
   t
  m
  r
  o
  p=55.5
  l
  o
   ^ >5
95
?5.5

5.5
5 ?55 =555 =?55 7555 7?55 9555 9?55 >555
Aomt nuty (f[)

Hdkuro G.; ^olpormturo nrdvdjk h`rio pr`hdbo h`r A-=58 

11

^ ∗ ^ 
  <
^ 
= 7
  Oqumtd`j G.79 
 ^  
bl

=
bj
 ^  
  7

[aoro ^ =  ds tolpormturo ndhhorojt gotwooj ^ a`t, `ut mjn ^i`bn, dj (µI)

^  7   ds tolpormturo ndhhorojt gotwooj ^ a`t, dj mjn ^i`bn, `ut (µI)

H`r oxmlpbo, ds sugstdtuto tao nmtm dj Oqumtd`j G.79.

 (=7?.;µI ∗ 95.5µI ) ∗ ( 795.4µI ∗ >5.5µI )    
^ <
bl
 =7?.;µI ∗ 95.5µI   
bj  
 795.4µI ∗ >5.5µI   
^bl < =9;.4µI  

^ao `vormbb aomt trmjshor i`ohhdidojt vmbuo wms sugstdtuton dj Oqumtd`j G.77, wadia

nopojn `j typo `h aomt oxiamjkor mjn mppbdimtd`j. Omia aomt oxiamjkor dj pr`ioss amn ndhhorojt
typo mjn mppbdimtd`j `h aomt oxiamjkor. Oxmlpbo, aomt oxiamjkor A-=58 wms i`jnojsor `h hdrst
ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj. ^ao aomt oxiamjkor A-=58 wms tugubmr i`jnojsor typo mjn dts mppbdimtd`j
wms `rkmjdi vmp`rs `r mll`jdm `utsdno mjn i``bdjk wmtor djsdno tugos. Y`, ostdlmton `vormbb
955 -=755 [/l7µI.
aomt trmjshor i`ohhdidojt vmbuo wms dj rmjk 955-=755

14

^mgbo G.74 @vormbb aomt trmjshor i`ohhdidojt V=8\