J mbnprj agstg mbktgøab kíb prgvè b jtgkadngktb g fbrkgmdngktb ag supbrtg

tämkdmb bpgrjmdbkjl, dkstjljåíb bu mbkfdeurjåíb ab sdstgnj ag lgdtbr ag

gibb`s. Gn jleuks mjsbs, g agpgkagkab aj pljtjfbrnj, b supbrtg pbagrê sgr
bitdab mbn b fjirdmjktg ab gqudpjngktb g/bu lbhj ag mbnärmdb ag gibb`s.
]tbrytglldke mbn ajabs8 Wn eudj sbirg
s birg vdsujldzjåíb
Mbpyrdect © 9?:4 aj ]tjrldk Jltj Gadtbrj g Mbksultbrdj Gdrgld. D]IK8 453-37-7?3-:6=3-3
453-37-7?3-:6=3-3
Qrjksljtga frbn brdedkjl ]tbrytglldke Udtc Ajtj. Mbpyrdect © 9?:7 iy Mblg Kussijungr @kjfldm. D]IK
453-:-::4-??997-=. Qcds trjksljtdbk ds puildscga jka sbla iy pgrndssdbk bf Hbck Udlgy & ]bks, Dkm.,
tcg bwkgr bf jll rdects tb puildsc jka sgll tcg sjng. _BYQWEWG]G ljkeujeg gadtdbk puildscga iy
]tjrldk Jltj Gadtbrj g Mbksultbrdj Gdrgld, Mbpyrdect © 9?:4 iy ]tjrldk Jltj Gadtbrj g Mbksultbrdj Gdrgld.
Qbabs bs adrgdtbs gstíb rgsgrvjabs g prbtgedabs pbr Lgd. Kgkcunj pjrtg agstg ldvrb, sgn jutbrdzjåíb
prävdj pbr gsmrdtb aj gadtbrj, pbagrê sgr rgprbauzdaj bu trjksndtdaj. J vdbljåíb abs Adrgdtbs Jutbrjds ä
mrdng gstjiglgmdab kj Lgd k¸ 4.6:?/43 g mbn pukdåíb ag jmbrab mbn b jrtdeb :31 ab Mýadeb _gkjl.
J gadtbrj kíb sg rgspbksjidldzj pglb mbktgøab aj birj, fbrnuljaj gxmlusdvjngktg pglb(s) jutbr(gs
jutbr(gs).
).
Njrmjs Ygedstrjajs8 Qbabs bs tgrnbs ngkmdbkjabs g rgmbkcgmdabs mbnb Njrmj Ygedstrjaj g/bu
Mbngrmdjl síb ag rgspbksjidldajag ag sgus prbprdgtêrdbs. J gadtbrj dkfbrnj kíb gstjr jssbmdjaj j
kgkcun prbautb g/bu fbrkgmgabr jprgsgktjab kb ldvrb.
Dnprgssb kb Irjsdl ‑ :j Gadåíb, 9?:6 - Gadåíb rgvdsjaj mbkfbrng b Jmbrab Brtberêfdmb aj Lîkeuj
_brtueugsj ag 9??4.
Birj adspbkîvgl pjrj vgkaj mbrpbrjtdvj g/bu pgrsbkjldzjaj. _jrj njds dkfbrnjå÷gs, fjlg mbn
prbhgtbsOjltjibb`s.mbn.ir
_rbauåíb Gadtbrdjl

Gadtbrj
EgrèkmdjJltj Ibb`s
Gadtbrdjl
Jkagrsbk Vdgdrj
_rbautbr Gadtbrdjl
Qcdè Jlvgs
Jssdstgktg Gadtbrdjl
Dllysjigllg Qrjhjkb
_rbautbr Gadtbrdjl (Agsdek)
Juräldb Mbrrèj
Njr`gtdke Gadtbrdjl
]dljs Jnjrb
njr`gtdkeOjltjibb`s.mbn.ir
Gadtbr ag Jqudsdåíb
Hbsä Yuegrd
h.ruegrdOjltjibb`s.mbn.ir
h.ruegrdOjltjibb` s.mbn.ir
Vgkajs Jtjmjab g Vjrghb
Ajkdglg Fbksgmj
Vdvdjkg _jdvj
mbngrmdjlOjltjibb`s.mbn.ir
Buvdabrdj
buvdabrdjOjltjibb`s.mbn.ir
Gqudpg Gadtbrdjl
Jardjkb Ijrrbs
Jldkg Vdgdrj
Idjkmj Qgbabrb
Ejirdgl Qgdxgdrj
Djk Vgråbsj
Huldjkj ag Bldvgdrj
@glry Bldvgdrj
_julb Ebngs
Yjmcgl Eujrdk
Qcjlgs ]dlvj
Vdvdjkg Ybardeugs
Qrjauåíb
Hbíb Qbrtgllb
Ygvdsíb Erjnjtdmjl
Vdvdjk ]irjvjttd
Ugkay Mjnpbs
Ygvdsíb Qämkdmj
Ybkjlab a—Jvdlj Ybgkdm`
Gkegkcgdrb ag Glgtrñkdmj pglb Dkstdtutb Ndldtjr ag Gkegkcjrdj (DNG)

Adjerjnjåíb
Lujkj ]dlvj
Grrjtjs g jrqudvbs ag jpbdb8 Kb sdtg aj gadtbrj rgljtjnbs, mbn j agvdaj mbrrgåíb, qujlqugr grrb
gkmbktrjab gn kbssbs ldvrbs, ign mbnb adspbkdidldzjnbs jrqudvbs ag jpbdb sg jpldmêvgds ï birj gn
qugstíb.
Jmgssg b sdtg www.jltjibb`s.mbn.ir g prbmurg pglb tîtulb ab ldvrb agsghjab pjrj tgr jmgssb ïs grrjtjs,
jbs jrqudvbs ag jpbdb g/bu j butrbs mbktgøabs jpldmêvgds ï birj.
]upbrtg Qämkdmb8 J birj ä mbngrmdjldzjaj kj fbrnj gn qug gstê, sgn adrgdtb j supbrtg tämkdmb bu
brdgktjåíb pgssbjl/gxmlusdvj jb lgdtbr.
Yuj Vdøvj Mlêuadb, 94: ‑ Ijdrrb Dkaustrdjl ab Hjmjrä
MG_8 9?.45?-?=: ‑ Ydb ag Hjkgdrb (YH)
Qgls.8 (9:) =953-3?64 / =953-31:4
www.jltjibb`s.mbn.ir
www.jltjibb`s.mbn .ir ‑ jltjibb`sOjltjibb
jltjibb`sOjltjibb`s.mbn.ir
`s.mbn.ir
www.fjmgibb`.mbn/jltjibb`s
www.fjmgibb`.mbn /jltjibb`s ‑ www.dkstjerjn.mbn/j
www.dkstjerjn.mbn/jltjibb`s
ltjibb`s
_jrj Yjkablpc
 ]unêrdb

prgfêmdb
prgfêmdb
jerjagmdng
je rjagmdngkktbs
j jutbrj
dktrbauåíb
dktrbauåíb
mjpîtulb un8 j dnpbrtékmdj ab mbktgxtb
mjpîtulb abds8 j gsmblcj ag un vdsujl gfdmjz
mjpîtulb très8 j sjtu
sjturjåíb ä suj dkdndej!
dkdndej!
mjpîtulb qujtrb8 fb
fbmmjldzg j jtgkåíb ag sgu pøildmb
mjpîtulb mdkmb8 pgksg mbnb un agsdekgr
mjpîtulb sgds8 adssgmj
adssgmjegn
egn ag nbaglbs vdsujds
mjpîtulb sgtg8 ldå÷gs sbirg stbrytglldke
mjpîtulb bdtb8 tuab rgukdab
mjpîtulb kbvg8 gstuabs ag mjsb
mjpîtulb agz8 mbksdagrjå÷gs fdkjds

idildberjfdj
 prgfêmdb

“B pbagr mbrrbnpg. B _bwgr_bdkt mbrrbnpg tbtjlngktg.„

‑ Gawjra Quftg, _rbfgssbr gnärdtb aj Wkdvgrsdajag ag Tjlg:
Qbabs sbnbs vîtdnjs ab nju usb ag sldags. Jprgsgktjå÷gs fgdtjs ag qujlqugr
njkgdrj, qug kbs agdxjn agsmbkmgrtjabs mbn un rgagnbdkcb ag fbktgs,
mbrgs, njrmjabrgs g rgjlmgs. Dkfberêfdmbs qug kíb mbksgeugn sgr
dkfbrnjtdvbs g síb jpgkjs dnjegks, aj ngsnj njkgdrj qug jleunjs dnjegks
pbagn sgr vdblgktjs, mbnb erêfdmbs g tjigljs qug gkejkjn g mbkfukagn kj
dnprgksj.
Jtujlngktg, ä nudtb fêmdl egrjr tjigljs, erêfdmbs g erjfbs. _bssb dnjedkjr
jleun vgtgrjkb (gu, tjlvgz2) rgsnukejkab jtrês ag ndn, adzgkab qug gn sgu
tgnpb glgs fjzdjn dlustrjå÷gs ï níb, b qug sdekdfdmjvj qug grj prgmdsb pgksjr
jktgs ag gkmbstjr j mjkgtj kb pjpgl.
Qgrnbs tbajs js dkfbrnjå÷gs ab nukab kj pbktj ag kbssbs agabs kíb fjmdldtj
kbssj mbnukdmjåíb8 adfdmultj. Zujktb njds dkfbrnjå÷gs tgnbs ag ldajr, njds
adfîmdl ä fdltrjr b qug ä njds dnpbrtjktg.
Gktrj Mblg Kussijungr @kjfldm.
Mbkcgmd Mblg kb fdkjl ag 9??5. Gu cjvdj sdab rgmrutjab pglj Ebbelg kb jkb
jktgrdbr pjrj mrdjr j gqudpg “_gbplg Bpgrjtdbks„ (Bpgrjåíb ag _gssbjl),
rgspbksêvgl pbr gkmbktrjr, njktgr g jlgerjr b pgssbjl aj gnprgsj. Lbeb jpýs
ngu dkergssb, agmdad qug prgmdsêvjnbs ag unj gqudpg “_gbplg Jkjlytdms„
(Jkêldsg ag _gssbjl), mbn j dkstruåíb ag ejrjktdr qug dkbvêssgnbs b nêxdnb
pbssîvgl kjs pgssbjs, mbnb dkbvjnbs mbn bs prbautbs. Mblg sg tbrkbu
pdbkgdrj g gssgkmdjl pjrj gssj gqudpg, jtujkab mbnb mjkjl gktrg j gqudpg
Jkjlîtdmj g js butrjs pjrtgs aj Ebbelg.

Mblg sgnprg tgvg b abn aj mljrgzj.

Glj rgmgigu jleunjs ag kbssjs ngksjegks njds agsbrejkdzjajs ‑ mbnb b
qug gxjtjngktg tbrkj un egrgktg ýtdnb g butrb rudn ‑ g js trjksfbrnbu gn
dnjegks mljrjs g jerjaêvgds qug mbktjvjn unj cdstýrdj drrgfutêvgl. ]ujs
ngksjegks “kíb sghj vîtdnj aj nbaj abs ajabs„ (dstb ä, agdxg ag ljab b
mldpjrt, glgngktbs erêfdmbs g fbktgs gxtrjvjejktgs ‑ mbkmgktrg-sg kj
ngksjegn) g “b sdnplgs
cdstýrdj mljrjngktg, vgkmgun
kíb fjzgr b sgxy„ (dstb
erêfdmb ä, b bihgtdvb
ibkdtb) ä mbktjr
fbrjn eudjs unj
pbagrbsbs.
Mblbmjnbs Mblg kj gstrjaj, g, kbs sgds jkbs sgeudktgs, glj agu sgu prýprdb
mursb sbirg vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs njds ag 7? vgzgs, jktgs ag agmdadr dkdmdjr
pbr mbktj prýprdj unj ndssíb jutbprbmljnjaj “ldigrtg b nukab abs sldags
rudks ab _bwgr_bdkt„. G sg vbmè jmcj qug gssg kíb ä un erjkag prbilgnj,
unj iusmj pbr “pbwgrpbdkt `dlls„ (pbwgrpbdkt njtj) kb Ebbelg rgtbrkj
qujsg ngdb ndlcíb ag cdts!
Kb ldvrb ]tbrytglldke mbn Ajabs,
Ajabs, Mblg mrdbu un mbnplgngktb jtujldzjab
pjrj b trjijlcb ag pdbkgdrbs aj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs, mbnb Gawjra
Quftg. Glj trjijlcbu huktb j jleunjs ajs gnprgsjs njds ldejajs j ajabs ab
pljkgtj g tjniän mbn jleunjs ajs dkstdtudå÷gs njds fbmjajs gn ndss÷gs g
kíb gn ajabs. Gn jnibs bs mjsbs, glj jhuabu j ajr èkfjsg ïs sujs ngksjegks
g jb sgu pgksjngktb.
Glj gsmrgvgu un eudj advgrtdab, jmgssîvgl g gndkgktgngktg prêtdmb pjrj
gxtrjdr b sdkjl ab ruîab g pjrj fjzgr mbn qug tbabs kýs tgkcjnbs kbssjs
vbzgs buvdajs.

G ä dssb qug dktgrgssj, kíb ä2

Ljszlb Ibm`
Vdmg-prgsdagktg ]èkdbr ag _gbplg Bpgrjtdbks, Ebbelg, Dkm. g jutbr ag Ubr` Yulgs!

: Quftg, Gawjra Y. –_bwgr_bdkt Ds Gvdl.— Udrga Njejzdkg, www.wdrga.mbn/wdrga/jrmcdvg/::.?4/ppt9.ctnl,

www.wdrga.mbn/wdrga/jrmcdvg/::.?4/ppt9.ctnl, sgtgnirb ag 9??=.
jerjagmdngktbs
 j jutbrj

Mblg Kussijungr @kjfldm mbktj cdstýrdjs mbn ajabs. Ä gspgmdjldzjaj kj

jprgsgktjåíb gfdmjz ag dkfbrnjå÷gs qujktdtjtdvjs g gsmrgvg b mbkcgmdab ilbe,
stbrytglldkewdtcajtj.mbn.. ]gus mbkmgdtujabs wbr`scbps g
gn dkelès, stbrytglldkewdtcajtj.mbn
jprgsgktjå÷gs síb ijstjktg prbmurjabs pbr pgssbjs, gnprgsjs g brejkdzjå÷gs
fdljktrýpdmjs ldejajs j ajabs ag tbab b nukab.
]gu tjlgktb sdkeuljr fbd jprdnbrjab kj øltdnj aämjaj pbr ngdb ag fukå÷gs
jkjlîtdmjs gn ijkmbs, pjrtdmdpjå÷gs prdvjajs g, njds rgmgktgngktg, mbnb
egrgktg aj gqudpg _gbplg Jkjlytdms aj Ebbelg. Kj Ebbelg, usbu unj
gstrjtäedj vbltjaj j ajabs pjrj dkfbrnjr prberjnjs ag pgssbjl g prêtdmjs ag
egrgkmdjngktb dkbvjabrgs, ejrjktdkab qug j gnprgsj jtrjîssg, agsgkvblvgssg
g njktdvgssg ýtdnbs tjlgktbs g qug j brejkdzjåíb gstdvgssg njds ign jldkcjaj
pjrj jtgkagr ïs kgmgssdajags ab kgeýmdb. Mblg vdjhbu pjrj gsmrdtýrdbs aj
Ebbelg pbr tbabs bs Gstjabs Wkdabs g Gurbpj pjrj ajr b mursb qug
agsgkvblvgu sbirg vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs. Jtubu tjniän mbnb prbfgssbrj-
jssdstgktg kb Njryljka Dkstdtutg Mbllgeg bf Jrt (NDMJ), bkag lgmdbkbu
Dktrbauåíb ï Vdsujldzjåíb aj Dkfbrnjåíb.
Mblg tgn ijmcjrgljab gn Njtgnêtdmj Jpldmjaj g ngstrjab, jnibs pglj
Wkdvgrsdajag ag Ujscdketbk. Zujkab kíb gstê ldigrtjkab b nukab abs
erêfdmbs dkgfdmdgktgs, unj pdzzj pbr vgz, glj js gstê jssjkab, vdjhjkab g
gnijrmjkab gn jvgkturjs mbn sgu njrdab g abds fdlcbs gn ]jk Frjkmdsmb.
 dktrbauåíb

Erêfdmbs rudks gstíb pbr tbaj pjrtg

Hê gkmbktrgd nudtjs jprgsgktjå÷gs agsdktgrgssjktgs gn ngu trjijlcb (g gn
ndkcj vdaj ‑ unj vgz qug vbmè mbngåj j rgpjrjr kdssb, ä adfîmdl pjrjr).
Kdkeuän qugr fjzgr un erêfdmb rudn. Njs jmbktgmg. Ygpgtdajngktg. Gn
tbajs js gnprgsjs ag tbabs bs sgtbrgs, g pbr pgssbjs ag tbab tdpb. Jmbktgmg
kj nîadj. G gn luejrgs bkag kíb sg gspgrjrdj qug dssb jmbktgmgssg. _br qug
dssb jmbktgmg2

FDEWYJ ?.: Gxgnplbs ag erêfdmbs dkgfdmdgktgs

Kíb sbnbs kjturjlngktg ibks gn
stbrytglldke mbn ajabs
Kj gsmblj, jprgkagnbs nudtb sbirg ldkeujegn g njtgnêtdmj. Kj ldkeujegn,
jprgkagnbs j fbrnjr frjsgs g cdstýrdjs mbn js pjljvrjs. Kj njtgnêtdmj,
jprgkagnbs j gktgkagr bs køngrbs. Njs rjrjngktg bs abds ljabs sg huktjn8
kíb kbs gksdkjn j mbktjr cdstýrdjs mbn køngrbs. G ign pbumjs pgssbjs sg
sgktgn kjturjlngktg mbnpgtgktgs kdssb. ]bnbs njl prgpjrjabs pjrj unj
dnpbrtjktg tjrgfj, mjaj vgz njds gxdedaj. J tgmkblbedj pgrndtdu jmunuljr
vblungs ag ajabs mjaj vgz njdbrgs g cê un tjniän mrgsmgktg agsghb
jssbmdjab ag gktgkaè-lbs.
Kj fjltj ag cjidldajags kjturjds bu prêtdmj, mbktjnbs mbn kbssjs fgrrjngktjs
pjrj gktgkagr js nglcbrgs prêtdmjs. Cbhg, qujsg qujlqugr pgssbj pbag dksgrdr
ajabs gn un jpldmjtdvb (pbr gxgnplb, b Gxmgl) g mrdjr un erêfdmb. Vbu
rgpgtdr, pbds dssb ä dnpbrtjktg8 qujlqugr pgssbj pbag dksgrdr ajabs gn un
jpldmjtdvb g mrdjr un erêfdmb. Dssb ä kbtêvgl, mbksdagrjkab qug,
cdstbrdmjngktg, b prbmgssb ag mrdjåíb ag un erêfdmb grj rgsgrvjab jbs
mdgktdstjs bu j butrjs fukå÷gs jltjngktg tämkdmjs. Qjniän ä jssustjabr, pbds,
sgn un mjndkcb mljrb j sgeudr, js nglcbrgs dktgkå÷gs (mbnidkjajs mbn
pjar÷gs ag fgrrjngktj frgqugktgngktg qugstdbkêvgds) pbagn lgvjr j adrgå÷gs
ign rudks8 =A, mbrgs sgn sgktdab, erêfdmbs ag pdzzj.
Gspgmdjldstj gn Ndmrbsbft Bffdmg2 Qbab nukab ä!

Mbkcgmgr jpldmjtdvbs
jprgsgktjåíb ag prbmgssjngktb
‑ qug fjzdjn ag tgxtb,
j adfgrgkåj gn pljkdlcjs
un murrîmulb g sbftwjrg
g kb trjijlcbag
‑ tbrkbu-sg
rgqudsdtb nîkdnb pjrj j njdbrdj abs gnprgejabrgs. Wn rgmrutjabr ng adssg qug,
cbhg, sjigr b “pjmbtg Bffdmg„ kíb ä sufdmdgktg8 ä b qug fjzgnbs j njds qug kbs
agstjmj. ]jigr mbktjr cdstýrdjs mbn ajabs ä unj vjktjegn g lgvj jb sumgssb gn
prjtdmjngktg qujlqugr fukåíb.

Gnibrj j tgmkblbedj tgkcj jungktjab b jmgssb g j prbfdmdèkmdj gn

fgrrjngktjs pjrj trjijlcjr mbn ajabs, jdkaj cê ljmukjs kjs cjidldajags. Vbmè
pbag dksgrdr jleuks ajabs kb Gxmgl g mrdjr un erêfdmb. _jrj nudtbs, j
vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs jmjij jî. Dssb pbag gstrjejr mbnplgtjngktg unj
cdstýrdj nudtb dktgrgssjktg bu, pdbr, tbrkê-lj adfîmdl bu dnpbssîvgl ag gktgkagr.
Cê unj cdstýrdj gn sgus ajabs. Njs sujs fgrrjngktjs kíb sjign qujl ä gssj
cdstýrdj. Ä jî qug vbmè gktrj ‑ b jkjldstj bu mbnukdmjabr aj dkfbrnjåíb ‑
pjrj ajr vdaj ï cdstýrdj, vdsujlngktg g mbktgxtujlngktg. Gssg prbmgssb ä b
fbmb agstg ldvrb. J sgeudr cê jleuks gxgnplbs ag “jktgs g agpbds„, pjrj ajr
unj dagdj ab qug vbmè jprgkagrê.
Js ldå÷gs qug jibrajrgnbs b pgrndtdríb nuajr ag sdnplgsngktg nbstrjr
ajabs pjrj stbrytglldke mbn ajabs.

FDEWYJ ?.9 Gxgnplb : (jktgs)8 jprgsgktjåíb ag ajabs

FDEWYJ ?.= Gxgnplb : (agpbds)8 stbrytglldke mbn ajabs

FDEWYJ ?.1 Gxgnplb 9 (jktgs)8 jprgsgktjåíb ag ajabs

FDEWYJ ?.7 Gxgnplb 9 (agpbds)8 stbrytglldke mbn ajabs

FDEWYJ ?.6 Gxgnplb = (jktgs)8 jprgsgktjåíb ag ajabs

FDEWYJ ?.5 Gxgnplb = (agpbds)8 stbrytglldke mbn ajabs

J qugn sg agstdkj gstg ldvrb

Gstg ldvrb fbd gsmrdtb pjrj qujlqugr pgssbj qug prgmdsg mbnukdmjr qujlqugr
mbdsj j qujlqugr un usjkab ajabs. Dssb dkmlud (njs mgrtjngktg kíb gstê
ldndtjab j)8 jkjldstjs qug mbnpjrtdlcjn bs rgsultjabs ag sgus trjijlcbs,
jlukbs qug vdsujldzjn ajabs ag tgsgs, egrgktgs qug prgmdsjn sg mbnukdmjr
utdldzjkab ajabs,
dkfbrnjr suj fdljktrbpbs
adrgtbrdj. qugqug
Jmrgadtb prgmdsjn prbvjr
qujlqugr sgupbag
pgssbj dnpjmtb g lîagrgs
nglcbrjr sujjb
mjpjmdajag ag sg mbnukdmjr gfdmdgktgngktg mbn ajabs. Gstg ä un gspjåb
jssustjabr pjrj nudtbs, njs kíb prgmdsj sgr.
Zujkab sbldmdtjn j vbmè qug “nbstrg ajabs„, qujds sgktdngktbs dssb
agspgrtj2
Qjlvgz vbmè sg sdktj agsmbkfbrtêvgl pbr kíb sjigr pbr bkag mbngåjr. Bu
tjlvgz sdktj qug ä unj tjrgfj bprgssdvj, pbrqug prgsung qug b qug gstê
mrdjkab prgmdsj sgr mbnpldmjab g nbstrjr agtjlcgs sufdmdgktgs pjrj rgspbkagr
j mjaj pgreuktj pbssîvgl. Bu tjlvgz hê tgkcj unj ijsg sýldaj kdssb, njs gstê
prbmurjkab jleb qug jhuag j jprdnbrjr sgus erêfdmbs g js cdstýrdjs qug vbmè
qugr mbktjr mbn glgs. Gn tbabs gssgs mjsbs, gstg ldvrb fbd gsmrdtb tgkab vbmè
gn ngktg.
“Zujkab ng pgagn pjrj nbstrjr bs ajabs, gu ng sdktb...„

Wnj pgsqudsj ag bpdkdíb dkfbrnjl qug rgjldzgd kb Qwdttgr rgvglbu j sgeudktg ndsturj
ag gnbå÷gs qujkab js pgssbjs síb sbldmdtjajs j “nbstrjr bs ajabs„.
Frustrjab, pbrqug jmcgd qug
qug kíb sgrdj mjpjz ag mbktjr j cd
cdstýrdj
stýrdj tbaj.
_rgssíb pjrj tbrkjr mljrb
mljrb j qugn qugr qug prgmdsg abs ajabs.
ajabs.
Dkjagqujab. Mcgfg8 Vbmè pbag agtjlcjr dssb2 Aè-ng j advdsíb pbr x, y g z.

J mjpjmdajag ag mbktjr cdstýrdjs mbn ajabs ä unj cjidldajag jdkaj njds

dnpbrtjktg gn kbssb nukab ag ajabs mrgsmgktgs g ag agsghb ag tbnjajs ag
agmdsíb brdgktjajs pbr ajabs. Wnj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs gfdmjz pbag
sdekdfdmjr j adfgrgkåj gktrg b sumgssb g b frjmjssb kj cbrj ag mbnukdmjr js
mbkstjtjå÷gs ag sgu gstuab, lgvjktjr adkcgdrb pjrj suj brejkdzjåíb sgn fdks
lumrjtdvbs, jprgsgktjr dkfbrnjå÷gs pjrj sgus adrgtbrgs bu sdnplgsngktg
nbstrjr suj dagdj pjrj sgu pøildmb.
Gn ndkcj gxpgrdèkmdj, vd qug j njdbrdj ajs pgssbjs gkfrgktj un agsjfdb
sgnglcjktg8 gljs pbagn rgmbkcgmgr j kgmgssdajag ag sg mbnukdmjr
gfdmdgktgngktg mbn ajabs, njs kíb sg jmcjn qujldfdmjajs. Ä adfîmdl gkmbktrjr
pgssbjs cjidldabsjs kj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs. _jrtg ab agsjfdb ä qug j
vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs ä unj sdkeuljr gtjpj ab prbmgssb jkjlîtdmb. Js pgssbjs
mbktrjtjajs pjrj fukå÷gs jkjlîtdmjs kbrnjlngktg tèn mbkcgmdngktbs
qujktdtjtdvbs, jagqujabs pjrj js butrjs gtjpjs (gkmbktrjr bs ajabs, rgukd-lbs,
jkjldsê-lbs, mbkstrudr nbaglbs), njs kíb kgmgssjrdjngktg jleun trgdkjngktb
fbrnjl gn agsdek pjrj jhuaê-lbs kj mbnukdmjåíb aj jkêldsg ‑ b qujl, j
prbpýsdtb, kbrnjlngktg ä j økdmj pjrtg ab prbmgssb qug sgu pøildmb vè. G,
mjaj vgz njds gn kbssb nukab sgnprg njds vbltjab j ajabs, ngsnb qugn
kíb pbssud mbkcgmdngktbs tämkdmbs prgmdsj mblbmjr b mcjpäu jkjlîtdmb g sg
mbnukdmjr usjkab ajabs.
Bs sgktdngktbs ag agsmbkfbrtb kíb síb surprggkagktgs, ajab qug j
mjpjmdajag ag sg mbnukdmjr gfdmdgktgngktg mbn ajabs kíb ä jleb gksdkjab
trjadmdbkjlngktg. Zugn sg sbirgssjd kbrnjlngktg jprgkagu b qug fukmdbkj g
b qug kíb fukmdbkj pbr ngdb ag tgktjtdvj g grrb. Gssg prbmgssb pbag sgr lbkeb
g gktgadjktg. Mbn gstg ldvrb, gspgrb jhuajr j tbrkê-lb njds rêpdab pjrj vbmè.

Mbnb jprgkad j mbktjr cdstýrdjs mbn ajabs

]gnprg fud jtrjîaj pjrj gssj êrgj bkag j njtgnêtdmj g bs kgeýmdbs sg mruzjn.
Ndkcj fbrnjåíb ä njtgnêtdmj g kgeýmdbs, b qug pgrndtg qug gu ng
mbnukdqug gfdmdgktgngktg mbn bs abds ljabs ‑ qug kgn sgnprg fjljn j
ngsnj lîkeuj ‑ g bs jhuag j sg gktgkagrgn nglcbr. Ebstb ag usjr j mdèkmdj
abs ajabs pjrj dkfbrnjr nglcbr js agmds÷gs ag kgeýmdb. Mbn b pjssjr ab
tgnpb, agsmbird qug un sgergab pjrj b sumgssb ä sg mbnukdmjr ag nbab
gfdmjz g vdsujl mbn ajabs.
J prdngdrj vgz qug rgmbkcgmd j dnpbrtékmdj ag sgr cêidl kgssj êrgj fbd gn
ngu prdngdrb trjijlcb agpbds aj fjmulajag. Gu trjijlcjvj mbnb jkjldstj gn
jandkdstrjåíb ag rdsmb ag mräadtb (jktgs aj mrdsg ab suiprdng g, pbrtjktb,
jktgs qug qujlqugr un sbuigssg rgjlngktg b qug grj jandkdstrjåíb ag rdsmb
ag mräadtb). Ngu trjijlcb grj egrjr g jvjldjr nbaglbs gstjtîstdmbs pjrj prgvgr
frjuag g pgraj. Dssb sdekdfdmjvj pgejr un njtgrdjl mbnpldmjab g trjksfbrnê-
lb gn unj mbnukdmjåíb sdnplgs, dkfbrnjkab sg tîkcjnbs adkcgdrb sufdmdgktg
pjrj pgrajs gspgrjajs, gn qujds mgkêrdbs mbrrgrîjnbs rdsmb g jssdn pbr
adjktg. Yjpdajngktg, jprgkad qug ejstjr tgnpb kj pjrtg gstätdmj ‑ jleb qug
ngus mblgejs kbrnjlngktg kíb fjzdjn ‑ sdekdfdmjvj qug ngu trjijlcb
bitdkcj njds jtgkåíb ag ngu mcgfg g ab mcgfg ab ngu mcgfg. Fbd jssdn qug
mbngmgd j vgr b vjlbr aj mbnukdmjåíb vdsujl ag ajabs.
Agpbds ag pjssjr pbr vêrdjs fukå÷gs gn rdsmb ag mräadtb, frjuag g
jandkdstrjåíb ag bpgrjå÷gs, sgeudajs pbr jleun tgnpb kb nukab ajs
pjrtdmdpjå÷gs prdvjajs, agmdad qug qugrdj mbktdkujr ndkcj mjrrgdrj fbrj abs
ijkmbs g ajs fdkjkåjs. Fdz unj pjusj pjrj rgflgtdr sbirg js cjidldajags qug
qugrdj utdldzjr adjrdjngktg8 usjr ajabs pjrj dkflugkmdjr agmds÷gs ag kgeýmdbs.
Mcgeugd ï Ebbelg, kj gqudpg _gbplg Jkjlytdms. J Ebbelg ä unj gnprgsj
vbltjaj j ajabs ‑ j pbktb ag usjrgn ajabs g jkêldsg gn unj êrgj gn qug
síb rjrjngktg vdstbs8 rgmursbs cunjkbs. J _gbplg Jkjlytdms ä unj gqudpg
jkjlîtdmj dkmbrpbrjaj jb YC aj Ebbelg (rgfgrdaj mbnb “_gbplg Bpgrjtdbks„).
B njktrj agssj gqudpg ä jhuajr j ejrjktdr qug js agmds÷gs sbirg pgssbjs kj
Ebbelg ‑ sbirg fukmdbkêrdbs bu futurbs fukmdbkêrdbs ‑ sghjn brdgktjajs
pbr ajabs. Grj un luejr njrjvdlcbsb pjrj mbktdkujr j jprdnbrjr ndkcjs
cjidldajags gn stbrytglldke mbn ajabs, usjkab ajabs g jkêldsg pjrj gktgkagr
g dkfbrnjr nglcbr j tbnjaj ag agmds÷gs gn êrgjs mbnb mbktrjtjåíb
adrgmdbkjaj, gkejhjngktb g nbtdvjåíb ag fukmdbkêrdbs, nbktjegn ag gqudpgs
gfdmdgktgs g njkutgkåíb ag tjlgktbs. J gqudpg _gbplg Jkjlytdms ä nbagrkj, g
jhuaj j fbrnjr un mjndkcb qug nudtjs butrjs gnprgsjs mbngåjrjn j sgeudr.
Gstjr gkvblvdaj kj nbktjegn g kb mrgsmdngktb agssj gqudpg fbd unj
gxpgrdèkmdj dkmrîvgl.
]tbrytglldke mbn ajabs8 b qug fjz un gxmglgktg egrgktg vdj
_rbhgmt Bxyegk

Wn prbhgtb gn pjrtdmuljr qug tgvg agstjqug kj gsfgrj pøildmj fbd j pgsqudsj _rbhgmt
Bxyegk aj Ebbelg, sbirg b qug tbrkj un egrgktg gxmglgktg. Gstg trjijlcb fbd
agsmrdtb kb Kgw Tbr` Qdngs g ä j ijsg ag un mbkcgmdab gstuab ag mjsb aj Cjrvjra
Iusdkgss Ygvdgw.
Ygvdgw. Fbd un agsjfdb mbnukdmjr js mbkstjtjå÷gs pjrj pøildmbs vjrdjabs,
agsag gkegkcgdrbs qug, ïs vgzgs, grjn mätdmbs gn rgljåíb ï ngtbablbedj g qugrdjn
sg jprbfukajr kbs agtjlcgs, jtä egrgktgs qugrgkab gktgkagr b qujarb egrjl ajs
agsmbigrtjs g mbnb usê-ljs. Ngu gkvblvdngktb kb prbhgtb fbd kj pjrtg aj
mbnukdmjåíb, jhuajkab j nbstrjr njtgrdjl ïs vgzgs nudtb mbnpldmjab ag unj
njkgdrj qug jmjlnjssg bs gkegkcgdrbs g sgu agsghb pbr agtjlcgs, g qug jdkaj fbssg
mbnprggksîvgl g adrgtb pjrj egrgktgs g vêrdbs kîvgds ag ldagrjkåj. _jrj fjzgr dssb,
jprbvgdtgd nudtbs abs mbkmgdtbs qug adsmutb kgstg ldvrb.

B nbngktb agmdsdvb jmbktgmgu qujkab gstêvjnbs gljibrjkab un prberjnj

ag trgdkjngktb dktgrkb kj gqudpg _gbplg Bpgrjtdbks kj Ebbelg g ng pgadrjn
pjrj agsgkvblvgr mbktgøab sbirg vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs. Dssb ng agu j
bpbrtukdajag ag pgsqudsjr g mbngåjr j jprgkagr bs prdkmîpdbs pbr três aj
vdsujldzjåíb gfdmjz ag ajabs, jhuajkab-ng j mbnprggkagr pbr qug jleunjs
ajs mbdsjs, qug jprgkad pbr tgktjtdvj g grrb mbn b pjssjr abs jkbs, tdkcjn
sdab gfdmjzgs. Mbn gssj pgsqudsj, agsgkvblvd un mursb sbirg vdsujldzjåíb ag
ajabs qug, kb fdn ajs mbktjs, fbd rgjldzjab pjrj tbaj j Ebbelg.
B mursb egrbu mgrtj jedtjåíb, tjktb agktrb mbnb fbrj aj Ebbelg. Erjåjs j
unj särdg ag jmbktgmdngktbs fbrtudtbs, rgmgid mbkvdtgs pjrj pjlgstrjs gn
jleunjs brejkdzjå÷gs fdljktrýpdmjs g gn gvgktbs sbirg vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs.
J fjnj sg gspjlcbu. Mjaj vgz njds pgssbjs gstjvjn gstgkagkab js níbs pjrj
ndn ‑ dkdmdjlngktg, kb nukab fdljktrýpdmb, njs mjaj vgz njds tjniän kb
sgtbr mbrpbrjtdvb ‑ prbmurjkab brdgktjå÷gs sbirg mbnb sg mbnukdmjr
gfdmdgktgngktg mbn ajabs. Qbrkbu-sg mjaj vgz njds mljrb qug j mjrèkmdj
kgssj êrgj kíb grj gxmlusdvdajag aj Ebbelg. Njds gxjtjngktg, qujsg
qujlqugr pgssbj gn unj brejkdzjåíb bu jnidgktg gnprgsjrdjl pbadj
jungktjr sgu dnpjmtb sgkab mjpjz ag sg mbnukdmjr gfdmdgktgngktg mbn
ajabs. Agpbds ag jtujr mbnb pjlgstrjktg gn mbkfgrèkmdjs g brejkdzjå÷gs gn
ngu tgnpb ldvrg, fdkjlngktg sjî aj Ebbelg pjrj rgjldzjr ngu bihgtdvb
gngregktg ag gksdkjr b nukab j mbktjr cdstýrdjs mbn ajabs.
Kbs øltdnbs jkbs, agd wbr`scbps pjrj njds ag :?? brejkdzjå÷gs kbs Gstjabs
Wkdabs g kj Gurbpj. Fbd dktgrgssjktg vgr qug j kgmgssdajag ag cjidldajags
kgssj êrgj jirjkeg nudtbs sgtbrgs g fukå÷gs. Qdvg pøildmbs kjs êrgjs ag
mbksultbrdj, prbautbs
ebvgrkb, sdstgnjs pjrj b gktdajags
ag sjøag, mbksundabr,
sgngaumjåíb, sgrvdåbs
fdks lumrjtdvbs, fdkjkmgdrbs,
vjrghb, stjrtups g
tgmkblbedj. Ngus pøildmbs tèn sdab unj ndsturj ag fukå÷gs g kîvgds8 agsag
jkjldstjs qug trjijlcjn mbn ajabs adjrdjngktg jtä bs qug kíb gstíb gn
fukå÷gs jkjlîtdmjs, njs bmjsdbkjlngktg prgmdsjn dkmbrpbrjr ajabs gn sgus
trjijlcbs, agsag egrgktgs qug prgmdsjn fbrkgmgr brdgktjå÷gs g fggaijm` jtä
gqudpgs gxgmutdvjs jprgsgktjkab rgsultjabs trdngstrjds pjrj bs adrgtbrgs.
_br ngdb agssg trjijlcb, fud gxpbstj j nudtbs g advgrsbs agsjfdbs. _grmgib
qug js cjidldajags kgmgssêrdjs kgssj êrgj síb fukajngktjds. Gljs kíb síb

gspgmîfdmjs ag kgkcun
gfdmdgktgngktg sgtbr agnbkstrjab
‑ mbkfbrng bu fukåíb, g pbagn sgr gksdkjajs
pglb mbksdstgktg g jprgkadajs
rgtbrkb pbsdtdvb g
jmbnpjkcjngktbs qug rgmgib abs pjrtdmdpjktgs abs wbr`scbps. Mbn b
pjssjr ab tgnpb, mbadfdqugd js ldå÷gs qug gksdkb gn ngus wbr`scbps. ]íb
gstjs ldå÷gs qug mbnpjrtdlcb mbn vbmè.

Mbnb vbmè jprgkagrê j mbktjr cdstýrdjs

mbn ajabs8 6 ldå÷gs
Gn ngus wbr`scbps, kbrnjlngktg ng mbkmgktrb gn mdkmb ldå÷gs prdkmdpjds.
J erjkag bpbrtukdajag mbn gstg ldvrb ä qug kíb cê ldndtg ag tgnpb (mbnb
jmbktgmg gn un jnidgktg ag wbr`scbp). Dkmluî unj sgxtj ldåíb ag iñkus qug
sgnprg quds mbnpjrtdlcjr (“pgksg mbnb un agsdekgr„) g tjniän nudtb njds,
pbr ngdb ag gxgnplbs ag “jktgs g agpbds„, dkstruå÷gs pjssb j pjssb g dagdjs
ag ngu prbmgssb ag pgksjngktb sbirg b agsdek vdsujl aj dkfbrnjåíb.
Fbrkgmgrgd brdgktjå÷gs prêtdmjs qug vbmè pbag mbngåjr j usjr dngadjtjngktg
pjrj nglcbr sg mbnukdmjr vdsujlngktg mbn ajabs. Vjnbs jibrajr mbktgøab
pjrj jhuaê-lb j jprgkagr g sg sgktdr ï vbktjag gnprgejkab sgds ldå÷gs
dnpbrtjktgs8
:. Gktgkaj b mbktgxtb
9. Gsmblcj unj jprgsgktjåíb vdsujl jagqujaj
=. Gldndkg j sjturjåíb
1. Fbqug j jtgkåíb bkag vbmè agsghj
7. _gksg mbnb un agsdekgr
6. Mbktg unj cdstýrdj

Gxgnplbs dlustrjtdvbs jirjkegn nudtbs sgtbrgs

Jb lbkeb ab ldvrb, utdldzb vêrdbs gstuabs ag mjsb pjrj dlustrjr bs mbkmgdtbs
adsmutdabs. Js ldå÷gs qug jibrajrgnbs kíb sgríb gspgmîfdmjs ag un sgtbr ‑
bu fukåíb ‑, njs vjnbs gkfbmjr mbkmgdtbs fukajngktjds g js nglcbrgs
prêtdmjs pjrj j mbnukdmjåíb gfdmjz mbn ajabs. Mbnb ngu trjijlcb jirjkeg
nudtbs sgtbrgs, b ngsnb jmbktgmg mbn bs gxgnplbs qug usb. Vbmè vgrê

gstuabs agfdks
sgtbr sgn mjsblumrjtdvbs
ag tgmkblbedj, gaumjåíb,
g nudtb njds. prbautbs pjrj b mbksundabr, ab
Mjaj gxgnplb usjab tgn pbr ijsg unj ldåíb qug gksdkgd gn ngus
wbr`scbps, njs gn nudtbs mjsbs jltgrgd un pbumb bs ajabs bu egkgrjldzgd j
sdtujåíb pjrj prbtgegr dkfbrnjå÷gs mbkfdagkmdjds.
]g jleun gxgnplb dkdmdjlngktg kíb pjrgmgr rglgvjktg pjrj vbmè, suedrb fjzgr
unj pjusj g pgksjr sbirg qujds agsjfdbs ag vdsujldzjåíb bu mbnukdmjåíb ag
ajabs vbmè gkmbktrj, bkag unj gstrjtäedj sgnglcjktg pbagrdj sgr gfdmjz. Cê
jleb j sgr jprgkadab gn mjaj gxgnplb, ngsnb qug b gxgnplb gn sd kíb
gstghj bivdjngktg rgljmdbkjab jb nukab kb qujl vbmè trjijlcj.
Js ldå÷gs kíb agpgkagn ag unj fgrrjngktj
gspgmîfdmj
Js ldå÷gs qug jibrajrgnbs kgstg ldvrb sg mbkmgktrjn kjs nglcbrgs prêtdmjs
qug pbagn sgr jpldmjajs gn qujlqugr jpldmjtdvb ag egrjåíb ag erêfdmbs bu
sbftwjrg ag jprgsgktjåíb. Gxdstg un gkbrng køngrb ag fgrrjngktjs qug
pbagn sgr jprbvgdtjajs pjrj mbktjr cdstýrdjs mbn ajabs gfdmdgktgngktg. Kb
gktjktb, kíb dnpbrtj b quíb gxmglgktg sghj j fgrrjngktj, glj kukmj mbkcgmgrê
sgus ajabs g suj cdstýrdj mbnb vbmè. Mbkcgåj ign suj fgrrjngktj pjrj qug
glj kíb sg tbrkg un fjtbr ldndtjktg qujkab fbr j cbrj ag jpldmjr js ldå÷gs qug
jibrajnbs kgstg ldvrb.
Mbnb sg fjz dssb kb Gxmgl2

Gnibrj gu kíb mbkmgktrg j adsmussíb gn fgrrjngktjs gspgmîfdmjs, bs gxgnplbs agstg

ldvrb fbrjn mrdjabs mbn b Gxmgl. Zugn qudsgr vgr mbn agtjlcgs mbnb jprgsgktjå÷gs
sgnglcjktgs pbagn sgr mbkstruîajs kb Gxmgl, vdsdtg ngu ilbe gn
stbrytglldkewdtcajtj.mbn,, gn dkelès, bkag bs jrqudvbs ab Gxmgl qug jmbnpjkcjn
stbrytglldkewdtcajtj.mbn
ngus pbsts pbagn sgr ijdxjabs.

Mbnb gstg ldvrb gstê brejkdzjab

Gstg ldvrb gstê brejkdzjab gn unj särdg ag ldå÷gs jirjkegktgs, mbn mjaj
mjpîtulb gkfbmjkab unj økdmj ldåíb iêsdmj g mbkmgdtbs rgljmdbkjabs. Vjnbs
adsmutdr un pbumb ag tgbrdj, qujkab juxdldjr kb gktgkadngktb, njs
gkfjtdzjrgd j jpldmjåíb prêtdmj aj tgbrdj, frgqugktgngktg pbr ngdb ag
gxgnplbs gspgmîfdmbs ab nukab rgjl. Vbmè tgrndkjrê mjaj mjpîtulb prbktb
pjrj jpldmjr j ldåíb ajaj.
Js ldå÷gs ab ldvrb gstíb brejkdzjajs gn bragn mrbkblýedmj, aj ngsnj
njkgdrj mbnb pgksb sbirg b prbmgssb ag stbrytglldke mbn ajabs. _br dssb g
pbrqug bs mjpîtulbs pbstgrdbrgs mbnplgngktjn g, gn jleuks mjsbs, fjzgn
rgfgrèkmdj j mbktgøab jktgrdbr, rgmbngkab lè-lb ab dkîmdb jb fdn. Agpbds ag
fjzgr dssb, vbmè prbvjvglngktg mbksultjrê pbktbs gspgmîfdmbs ag dktgrgssg bu
gxgnplbs rglgvjktgs pjrj bs agsjfdbs ag vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs mbn qug sg
agpjrjr.
KBQJ8 Vbmè pbagrê fjzgr b abwklbja ajs dnjegks gn
www.jltjibb`s.mbn.ir (_rbmurg pglb tîtulb ab ldvrb).
_jrj ajr unj dagdj njds gspgmîfdmj ab mjndkcb qug tbnjrgnbs, rgsunbs abs
mjpîtulbs pbagn sgr gkmbktrjabs j sgeudr.

Mjpîtulb :8 j dnpbrtékmdj ab mbktgxtb

Jktgs ag vbmè tbnjr b mjndkcb aj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs, cê aujs pgreuktjs
qug agvg rgspbkagr sumdktjngktg8 Zugn ä sgu pøildmb2 B qug prgmdsj qug glg
sjdij bu fjåj2 Gstg mjpîtulb agsmrgvg j dnpbrtékmdj ag gktgkagr b mbktgxtb
mdrmukstjkmdjl, dkmludkab b pøildmb, b ngmjkdsnb ag mbnukdmjåíb g b tbn
agsghjab. Vêrdbs mbkmgdtbs síb jprgsgktjabs g dlustrjabs pbr ngdb ag
gxgnplb pjrj jhuajr j ejrjktdr qug b mbktgxtb sghj mbnplgtjngktg gktgkadab.
Mrdjr un gktgkadngktb sýldab ab mbktgxtb mdrmukstjkmdjl rgauz js dtgrjå÷gs
njds jadjktg g b mblbmj kb mjndkcb pjrj b sumgssb qujkab sg trjtj ag mrdjr
mbktgøab vdsujl.
Mjpîtulb 98 j gsmblcj ag un vdsujl gfdmjz
gf dmjz
Zujl ä j nglcbr njkgdrj ag nbstrjr bs ajabs qug vbmè agsghj mbnukdmjr2
Jkjldsgd js jprgsgktjå÷gs vdsujds qug njds usb gn ngu trjijlcb. Kgstg
mjpîtulb, jprgsgktb bs tdpbs njds mbnuks ag vdsujds usjabs pjrj mbnukdmjr
ajabs gn un jnidgktg ag kgeýmdbs, adsmutb mjsbs ag usb jprbprdjabs pjrj
mjaj un g dlustrb mjaj tdpb pbr ngdb ag gxgnplbs ab nukab rgjl. Bs tdpbs
gspgmîfdmbs ag jprgsgktjå÷gs jibrajajs dkmlugn tgxtb sdnplgs, tjiglj, njpj
ag mjlbr, erêfdmb ag ldkcjs, erêfdmb ag dkmldkjåíb, erêfdmb ag ijrrjs vgrtdmjds,
erêfdmb ag ijrrjs vgrtdmjds gnpdlcjajs, erêfdmb ag mjsmjtj, erêfdmb ag ijrrjs
cbrdzbktjds, erêfdmb ag ijrrjs cbrdzbktjds gnpdlcjajs g erêfdmb ag êrgj
qujarjaj. Qjniän jibrajrgnbs bs rgmursbs vdsujds j sgrgn gvdtjabs,
dkmludkab bs erêfdmbs ag pdzzj g ag rbsmj, g adsmutdrgnbs bs nbtdvbs pjrj
gvdtjr erêfdmbs gn =A.
Mjpîtulb =8 j sjturjåíb ä suj dkdndej!
Dnjedkg unj pêedkj bu unj tglj gn irjkmb8 mjaj glgngktb jadmdbkjab j glj
jisbrvg mjrej mbekdtdvj pbr pjrtg ag sgu pøildmb. Dssb sdekdfdmj qug agvgnbs
tgr adsmgrkdngktb jmgrmj abs glgngktbs qug pgrndtdnbs gn kbssj pêedkj bu
tglj g agvgnbs trjijlcjr pjrj dagktdfdmjr mbdsjs qug gstíb jisbrvgkab pbagr
ab märgirb agskgmgssjrdjngktg g rgnbvè-ljs. Dagktdfdmjr g gldndkjr j
sjturjåíb ä b gkfbqug agstg mjpîtulb. Mbnb pjrtg agssj mbkvgrsj, jprgsgktb g
adsmutb bs _rdkmîpdbs aj Egstjlt pjrj _grmgpåíb Vdsujl g mbnb pbagnbs
jpldmê-lbs gn jprgsgktjå÷gs vdsujds ag dkfbrnjåíb, mbnb tjigljs g erêfdmbs.
Adsmutdnbs tjniän b jldkcjngktb, b usb gstrjtäedmb ab gspjåb gn irjkmb g
b mbktrjstg mbnb dnpbrtjktgs mbnpbkgktgs ag un agsdek mrdtgrdbsb. Vêrdbs
gxgnplbs síb usjabs pjrj dlustrjr js ldå÷gs.
Mjpîtulb 18 fbmjldzg j jtgkåíb ag sgu pøildmb
Kgstg mjpîtulb, mbktdkujnbs j gxjndkjr mbnb js pgssbjs vggn g mbnb vbmè
pbag tdrjr prbvgdtb adssb jb gljibrjr jprgsgktjå÷gs. Dssb dkmlud unj irgvg
adsmussíb sbirg vdsíb g ngnýrdj, qug jtujríb ag fbrnj j gkfjtdzjr j
dnpbrtékmdj abs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs, mbnb tjnjkcb, mbr g pbsdåíb kj
pêedkj. Vjnbs gxplbrjr mbnb bs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs pbagn sgr usjabs
gstrjtgedmjngktg pjrj jhuajr j adrdedr j jtgkåíb ag sgu pøildmb pjrj bkag vbmè
agsghj qug glg sg mbkmgktrg g pjrj mrdjr unj cdgrjrqudj vdsujl abs
mbnpbkgktgs, j fdn ag jhuajr j adrdedr sgu pøildmb pjrj js dkfbrnjå÷gs qug
agsghj mbnukdmjr, g aj njkgdrj mbnb qugr qug sghjn prbmgssjajs. J mbr
mbnb fgrrjngktj gstrjtäedmj ä jibrajaj gn prbfukadajag. Bs mbkmgdtbs síb
dlustrjabs pbr ngdb ag vêrdbs gxgnplbs.
Mjpîtulb 78 pgksg mbnb un agsdekgr
J fbrnj sgeug j fukåíb. Gssg adtjab ab agsdek ag prbautbs tgn jpldmjåíb
mljrj kj mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs. Zujkab sg trjtj aj fbrnj g aj fukåíb ag
kbssjs vdsujldzjå÷gs ag ajabs, prdngdrjngktg agvgnbs pgksjr sbirg b qug
qugrgnbs qug kbssb pøildmb mbksdej fjzgr mbn bs ajabs (fukåíb) g mrdjr unj
vdsujldzjåíb (fbrnj) qug pgrndtj fjzgr dssb mbn fjmdldajag. Kgstg mjpîtulb,
adsmutdnbs mbnb bs mbkmgdtbs ab agsdek trjadmdbkjl pbagn sgr jpldmjabs ï
mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs. Dkvgstdejnbs rgmbkcgmdngktbs ag fukmdbkjldajags
(jffbrajkmgs), jmgssdidldajag g gstätdmj, gxplbrjkab vêrdbs mbkmgdtbs
jprgsgktjabs jktgrdbrngktg, njs bisgrvjkab-bs jtrjväs ag lgktgs un pbumb
adfgrgktgs. Adsmutdnbs tjniän gstrjtäedjs pjrj bitgr jmgdtjåíb ab pøildmb
pjrj sgus agsdeks vdsujds.
Mjpîtulb 68 adssgmjegn ag nbaglbs vdsujds
Nudtb pbag sgr jprgkadab j pjrtdr ag un gxjng mbnplgtb ag jprgsgktjå÷gs
vdsujds gfdmjzgs. Kgstg mjpîtulb, gxjndkjnbs mdkmb vdsujds gxgnpljrgs g
adsmutdnbs b prbmgssb ag pgksjngktb gspgmîfdmb g js gsmblcjs ag agsdek qug
lgvjrjn ï suj mrdjåíb, utdldzjkab js ldå÷gs jibrajajs jtä gstg pbktb.
Gxplbrjnbs js agmds÷gs j rgspgdtb ab tdpb ag erêfdmb g j bragkjåíb abs ajabs
agktrb aj jprgsgktjåíb. Mbksdagrjnbs js gsmblcjs gn tbrkb ab què g ag
mbnb ajr g rgtdrjr j èkfjsg, pbr ngdb ab usb ag mbr, gspgssurj ag ldkcjs g
tjnjkcb rgljtdvb. Adsmutdnbs b jldkcjngktb g b pbsdmdbkjngktb ag
mbnpbkgktgs agktrb abs vdsujds g tjniän b usb gfdmdgktg ag pjljvrjs gn
tîtulbs, lgegkajs g jkbtjå÷gs.
Mjpîtulb 58 ldå÷gs sbirg stbrytglldke
Cdstýrdjs rgpgrmutgn g fdmjn mbkbsmb ag njkgdrjs qug ajabs sdnplgsngktg
kíb mbksgeugn. Kgstg mjpîtulb, jprgsgktb mbkmgdtbs ag stbrytglldke qug
pbagn sgr jprbvgdtjabs kj mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs. Mbksdagrjnbs b qug
pbag sgr jprgkadab mbn ngstrgs ab stbrytglldke. Wnj cdstýrdj tgn dkîmdb,
ngdb g fdn mljrbs0 adsmutdnbs mbnb gssj gstruturj sg jpldmj g pbag sgr usjaj
kj mbkstruåíb ag jprgsgktjå÷gs ag kgeýmdbs. Jibrajnbs gstrjtäedjs pjrj b
stbrytglldke gfdmjz, dkmludkab b pbagr aj rgpgtdåíb, b fluxb aj kjrrjtdvj,
mbksdagrjå÷gs sbirg kjrrjtdvjs fjljajs g gsmrdtjs, g advgrsjs têtdmjs pjrj
ejrjktdr qug kbssj cdstýrdj sghj mljrjngktg mbnprggkadaj gn kbssjs
mbnukdmjå÷gs.
Mjpîtulb 38 tuab rgukdab
Bs mjpîtulbs jktgrdbrgs dkmluîrjn jpldmjå÷gs frjengktjajs pjrj agnbkstrjr js
ldå÷gs dkadvdaujds jibrajajs. Kgstg mjpîtulb jnplb, jmbnpjkcjnbs b
prbmgssb ag stbrytglldke mbn ajabs ab dkîmdb jb fdn, usjkab un økdmb
gxgnplb ab nukab rgjl. Gktgkagnbs b mbktgxtb, gsmblcgnbs unj
jprgsgktjåíb vdsujl jagqujaj, dagktdfdmjnbs g gldndkjnbs j sjturjåíb,
mcjnjnbs j jtgkåíb pjrj bkag agsghjnbs qug kbssb pøildmb sg mbkmgktrg,
pgksjnbs mbnb un agsdekgr g mbktjnbs unj cdstýrdj. Huktjs, gssjs ldå÷gs g
bs vdsujds g j kjrrjtdvj rgsultjktgs dlustrjn mbnb pbagnbs pjssjr ag
sdnplgsngktg nbstrjr ajabs pjrj mbktjr unj cdstýrdj mbn ajabs.
Mjpîtulb 48 gstuabs ag mjsb
B pgkøltdnb mjpîtulb gxplbrj gstrjtäedjs gspgmîfdmjs pjrj gkfrgktjr agsjfdbs
mbnuks gkmbktrjabs kj mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs, pbr ngdb ag vêrdbs gstuabs
ag mjsb. Bs týpdmbs jibrajabs dkmlugn mbksdagrjå÷gs sbirg mbr gn fukab
gsmurb, jprbvgdtjngktb ag jkdnjåíb kbs vdsujds qug vbmè jprgsgktj vgrsus
jquglgs qug adstrdiud, gstjiglgmdngktb ag lýedmj kj bragn, gstrjtäedjs pjrj
gvdtjr b erêfdmb gspjeugtg g jltgrkjtdvjs jbs erêfdmbs ag pdzzj.
Mjpîtulb :?8 mbksdagrjå÷gs fdkjds
J vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs ‑ g j mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs gn egrjl ‑ sdtuj-sg
kb mruzjngktb gktrg j mdèkmdj g j jrtg. Mgrtjngktg cê mgrtj mdèkmdj kdssb8
nglcbrgs prêtdmjs g adrgtrdzgs j sgeudr. Cê tjniän un mbnpbkgktg jrtîstdmb.
Jpldmjr js ldå÷gs jibrajajs pjrj fbrhjr b sgu mjndkcb, usjkab suj ldmgkåj
jrtîstdmj pjrj fjmdldtjr b gktgkadngktb aj dkfbrnjåíb pbr sgu pøildmb. Kgstg
øltdnb mjpîtulb, adsmutdnbs admjs sbirg bkag dr j pjrtdr ajqud g gstrjtäedjs
pjrj nblajr suj mbnpgtèkmdj gn stbrytglldke mbn ajabs gn suj gqudpg g gn
suj gnprgsj. Fdkjldzjnbs mbn unj rgmjpdtuljåíb ajs prdkmdpjds ldå÷gs
jibrajajs.
Mblgtdvjngktg, js ldå÷gs jibrajajs pgrndtdríb qug vbmè mbktg cdstýrdjs mbn
ajabs. Vjnbs mbngåjr!
 mjpîtulb un

j dnpbrtékmdj ab mbktgxtb

_bag pjrgmgr jisurab, njs b sumgssb kj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs kíb mbngåj

mbn j vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs. Gn vgz adssb, jktgs ag mbngåjr j mrdjr unj
jprgsgktjåíb bu mbnukdmjåíb ag ajabs, j jtgkåíb g b tgnpb agvgn gstjr
vbltjabs j gktgkagr b mbktgxtb aj kgmgssdajag ag sg mbnukdmjr. Kgstg
mjpîtulb, vjnbs kbs mbkmgktrjr kb gktgkadngktb abs mbnpbkgktgs
dnpbrtjktgs ab mbktgxtb g adsmutdr jleunjs gstrjtäedjs pjrj jhuajr j prgpjrê-
lb pjrj b sumgssb qujkab sg trjtj ag mbnukdmjr ajabs vdsujlngktg.

Jkêldsg gxplbrjtýrdj vgrsus gxpljkjtýrdj

Jktgs ag gktrjrnbs kbs agtjlcgs gspgmîfdmbs ab mbktgxtb, cê unj adstdkåíb
dnpbrtjktg j fjzgr gktrg jkêldsg gxplbrjtýrdj g gxpljkjtýrdj
gxpljkjtýrdj.. J jkêldsg
gxplbrjtýrdj ä j qug vbmè fjz pjrj mbnprggkagr bs ajabs g agsmbirdr b qug
pbag sgr adekb ag kbtj bu dktgrgssjktg j agstjmjr pjrj butrjs pgssbjs. Zujkab
fjzgnbs unj jkêldsg gxplbrjtýrdj, ä mbnb prbmurjr pärbljs gn bstrjs. Qjlvgz
prgmdsgnbs jirdr :?? bstrjs (tgstjr :?? adfgrgktgs cdpýtgsgs bu gxjndkjr bs
ajabs ag :?? adfgrgktgs njkgdrjs) pjrj gkmbktrjr, adejnbs, aujs pärbljs.
Zujkab
qugrgnbsgstjnbs
gstjr kbj gspjåb
pbktb ag mbnukdmjr kbssj
gxpljkjtýrdb, jkêldsg qug
sdekdfdmjkab pjrjvbmè
kbssb pøildmb,
tgn jleb
gspgmîfdmb qug agsghj gxpldmjr, unj cdstýrdj gspgmîfdmj qug agsghj mbktjr ‑
prbvjvglngktg sbirg jqugljs aujs pärbljs.
Mbn nudtj frgquèkmdj, js pgssbjs sg gkejkjn g pgksjn qug pbagn nbstrjr
unj jkêldsg gxplbrjtýrdj (sdnplgsngktg jprgsgktjr bs ajabs, tbajs js :??
bstrjs), qujkab agvgrdjn nbstrjr j gxpljkjtýrdj (agadmjr tgnpb pjrj
trjksfbrnjr bs ajabs gn dkfbrnjå÷gs qug pbssjn sgr mbksundajs pbr un
pøildmb8 js aujs pärbljs). Ä un grrb mbnprggksîvgl. Agpbds ag sg fjzgr tbaj
unj jkêldsg,
gvdaèkmdj ag pbag
tbab bsgr tgktjabr
trjijlcb nbstrê-lj
qug vbmè fgzdktgdrj jb sgu pøildmb,
g aj rbiustgzj mbnbYgsdstj j
aj jkêldsg.
gssg agsghb. Vbmè gstjrdj fjzgkab sgu pøildmb rgjirdr tbajs js bstrjs!
Mbkmgktrg-sg kjs pärbljs, j dkfbrnjåíb qug sgu pøildmb prgmdsj sjigr.
Jqud, kbs mbkmgktrjnbs kj jkêldsg gxpljkjtýrdj g kj mbnukdmjåíb.
Lgdturj rgmbngkajaj

_jrj qugn gstdvgr dktgrgssjab gn jprgkagr njds sbirg jkêldsg, mbksultg b ldvrb Ajtj
_bdkts, ag Kjtcjk Tju. Tju gkfbmj j vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs mbnb vgîmulb, kíb mbnb
fgrrjngktj, g agadmj unj ibj pjrtg ag suj birj ï adsmussíb abs ajabs gn sd g ajs
gstrjtäedjs pjrj gxplbrê-lbs g jkjldsê-lbs.

Zugn, b què g mbnb

Zujkab trjtjnbs aj jkêldsg gxpljkjtýrdj, prgmdsjnbs pgksjr gn jleunjs
mbdsjs g sgrnbs gxtrgnjngktg mljrbs jktgs ag vdsujldzjrnbs qujlqugr ajab
bu mrdjrnbs mbktgøab. _rdngdrjngktg, ä dnpbrtjktg gktgkagr ign qugn ä sgu
pøildmb g mbnb glg b dktgrprgtj. Dssb pbag jhuaê-lb j dagktdfdmjr pbktbs gn
mbnun qug b jhuajríb j ejrjktdr qug suj ngksjegn sghj buvdaj. ]geukab,
vbmè agvg agdxjr mljrb mbnb agsghj qug sgu pøildmb jhj, lgvjr gn mbktj mbnb
vjd sg mbnukdmjr mbn glg g b tbn egrjl j sgr gstjiglgmdab pjrj suj
mbnukdmjåíb.
]bngktg agpbds ag pjssjr pbr gssjs aujs prdngdrjs gtjpjs, ä qug vbmè gstê
prbktb pjrj pjssjr pjrj j tgrmgdrj, qug ä8 mbnb usjr ajabs pjrj jhuajr j
agfgkagr j suj dagdj2
Vjnbs vgr mbn njds agtjlcgs b mbktgxtb ag qugn, b què g mbnb.

Zugn
]gu pøildmb
Zujktb njds gspgmîfdmb vbmè puagr sgr j rgspgdtb ag qugn ä sgu pøildmb,
nglcbr j pbsdåíb gn qug gstjrê pjrj tgr sumgssb kj mbnukdmjåíb. Gvdtg
pøildmbs vjebs mbnb “dktgrgssjabs dktgrkbs g gxtgrkbs„ bu “qugn pbssj gstjr
dktgrgssjab„ ‑ jb tgktjr sg mbnukdmjr ag unj sý vgz mbn nudtjs pgssbjs

adfgrgktgs, mbn kgmgssdajags

qujl kíb mbksgeug adstdktjs,
sg mbnukdmjr vbmè sg mblbmj
mbn kgkcunj gngfdmdgktgngktg
agljs tíb unj pbsdåíb kj
qujktb pbagrdj sg gstrgdtjssg sgu pøildmb-jlvb. Ïs vgzgs, dssb sdekdfdmj mrdjr
adfgrgktgs mbnukdmjå÷gs pjrj adfgrgktgs pøildmbs. Dagktdfdmjr b tbnjabr ag
agmdsíb ä unj njkgdrj ag rgstrdkedr sgu pøildmb. Zujktb njds vbmè sbuigr
sbirg sgu pøildmb, njds ign pbsdmdbkjab gstjrê pjrj sjigr mbnb sgr
gktgkadab pbr glg g pjrj gstjiglgmgr unj mbnukdmjåíb qug sjtdsfjåj j
kgmgssdajag aglg g j suj.
Vbmè
Ä ag erjkag jhuaj pgksjr kj rgljåíb qug vbmè tgn mbn sgu pøildmb g mbnb
gspgrj qug glg b pgrmgij. ]grê j prdngdrj vgz qug vbmès sg gkmbktrjríb pbr
ngdb agssj mbnukdmjåíb bu hê tèn unj rgljåíb gstjiglgmdaj2 Glg hê b
mbksdagrj gspgmdjldstj bu vbmè prgmdsj trjijlcjr pjrj gstjiglgmgr
mrgadidldajag2 Gssjs síb mbksdagrjå÷gs dnpbrtjktgs qujkab sg trjtj ag
agtgrndkjr mbnb suj mbnukdmjåíb sgrê gstruturjaj g sg g qujkab bs ajabs
sgríb usjabs, pbagkab dnpjmtjr j bragn g b fluxb aj cdstýrdj elbijl qug vbmè
prgtgkag mbktjr.
Lgdturj rgmbngkajaj

Kb ldvrb Ygssbkékmdj8 Jprgsgktg Cdstýrdjs Vdsujds qug Gkmjktgn b _øildmb (Ga.

Jltj Ibb`s), ag Kjkmy Aujrtg, j jutbrj rgmbngkaj mbksdagrjr sgu pøildmb mbnb un
cgrýd g agstjmj gstrjtäedjs gspgmîfdmjs pjrj mbkcgmè-lb, sgengktê-lb g gstjiglgmgr
pbktbs gn mbnun. Wnj vgrsíb nultdnîadj erjtudtj gn dkelès gstê adspbkîvgl gn
aujrtg.mbn.

B què
Jåíb
Gssg ä b pbktb kb qujl vbmè rgflgtg sbirg mbnb tbrkjr b qug mbnukdmj
rglgvjktg pjrj sgu pøildmb g fbrnj un mljrb gktgkadngktb ab nbtdvb pglb
qujl glg agvg sg dnpbrtjr mbn b qug vbmè adz. Vbmè sgnprg agvg qugrgr qug
sgu pøildmb sjdij bu fjåj jleb. ]g kíb mbksgeudr jrtdmuljr dssb ag fbrnj
mbkmdsj, agvg vgrdfdmjr sg prgmdsj ngsnb fjzgr j mbnukdmjåíb.
_jrj nudtjs pgssbjs, gssg pbag sgr un mgkêrdb agsmbkfbrtêvgl.
Frgqugktgngktg,
pøildmb sjig njdsgssg
qugagsmbkfbrtb pjrgmg
b jprgsgktjabr sgr prbvbmjab
g, pbrtjktb, pglj mrgkåj
agvg gsmblcgr sg g ag qugvjd
mbnb b
jedr ag jmbrab mbn j dkfbrnjåíb jprgsgktjaj. Gssj supbsdåíb ä fjlsj. ]g ä
vbmè qugn gstê jkjldsjkab g mbnukdmjkab bs ajabs, prbvjvglngktg bs
mbkcgmg nglcbr ‑ ä b gspgmdjldstj kb jssuktb. Dssb b mblbmj gn unj pbsdåíb
økdmj pjrj dktgrprgtjr bs ajabs g jhuajr j mbkauzdr js pgssbjs jb
gktgkadngktb g ï jåíb. Gn egrjl, qugn mbnukdmj ajabs prgmdsj jabtjr unj
pbsturj njds mbkfdjktg qujkab sg trjtj ag fjzgr bisgrvjå÷gs g rgmbngkajå÷gs
gspgmîfdmjs mbn ijsg gn suj jkêldsg. ]g vbmè kíb fdzgr dssb rgpgtdajngktg, sg
sgktdrê fbrj ag suj zbkj ag mbkfbrtb.
Mbngmg j fjzgr dssb jebrj ‑ mbn b tgnpb, fdmjrê njds fêmdl. G sjdij qug,
ngsnb qug vbmè agstjqug bu rgmbngkag j mbdsj grrjaj, dssb gstdnuljrê b tdpb
mbrrgtb ag mbkvgrsj fbmjaj kj jåíb.
Zujkab kíb fbr jagqujab rgmbngkajr gxpldmdtjngktg unj jåíb, gstdnulg j
adsmussíb vbltjaj pjrj unj. ]uegrdr pbssîvgds prýxdnbs pjssbs pbag sgr unj
njkgdrj gxmglgktg ag njktgr j mbkvgrsj jtdvj, pbds dssb aê jb sgu pøildmb un
gstînulb pjrj rgjedr, gn vgz ag mbngåjr mbn unj lbusj gn irjkmb. ]g vbmè
sdnplgsngktg jprgsgktj ajabs, ä fêmdl sgu pøildmb adzgr8 “Jc, dssb ä
dktgrgssjktg„, g pjssjr pjrj b prýxdnb jssuktb. Njs sg vbmè gxdeg jåíb, sgu
pøildmb prgmdsj tbnjr j agmdsíb ag bigagmgr bu kíb. Dssb prbvbmj unj rgjåíb
njds prbautdvj gn sgu pøildmb, j qujl pbag lgvjr j unj mbkvgrsj njds
prbautdvj ‑ qug pbagrdj hjnjds sgr dkdmdjaj sg vbmè kíb tdvgssg
rgmbngkajab j jåíb.
Gstînulb ï jåíb

Jqud gstíb jleunjs pjljvrjs qug fukmdbkjn mbnb dagdj dkdmdjl kj cbrj ag agfdkdr b
qug vbmè qugr ag sgu pøildmb8
jmgdtjr | jmrgadtjr | jpbdjr | jprgkagr | jssgeurjr | jutbrdzjr | iusmjr | mbljibrjr |
mbngåjr | mbkmbrajr | mrdjr | agfgkagr | agnbkstrjr gnpjtdj | agsghjr | adfgrgkmdjr |
gnpbagrjr | gkmbrjhjr | gkejhjr | gktgkagr | gstjiglgmgr | gstdnuljr | gxjndkjr |
fjmdldtjr | fjndldjrdzjr | fjzgr | fbrnjr | ebstjr | dnplgngktjr | dkmludr | dkflugkmdjr |
dkdmdjr | dkvgstdr | lgnirjr | nuajr | pgrsujadr | pljkghjr | prbnbvgr | rgmgigr |
rgmbngkajr | rgljtjr | rgspbkagr | sjigr | sdnpldfdmjr | tgktjr | vjldajr

Ngmjkdsnb
Mbnb vbmè drê sg mbnukdmjr mbn sgu pøildmb2 B nätbab j sgr usjab pjrj sg
mbnukdmjr mbn sgu pøildmb tgn dnpldmjå÷gs gn advgrsbs fjtbrgs, dkmludkab b
mbktrblg qug vbmè tgrê sbirg mbnb b pøildmb gktgkag j dkfbrnjåíb g b kîvgl
ag agtjlcg j sgr gxpldmdtjab. _bagnbs pgksjr kb ngmjkdsnb ag mbnukdmjåíb
jb lbkeb ag unj sgquèkmdj mbktîkuj, mbn unj jprgsgktjåíb jb vdvb ï
gsqugraj g un abmungktb gsmrdtb bu g-njdl ï adrgdtj, mbnb nbstrjab kj
Fdeurj :.:. Mbksdagrg b kîvgl ag mbktrblg qug vbmè tgn sbirg mbnb j
dkfbrnjåíb ä mbksundaj, jssdn mbnb b kîvgl ag agtjlcg kgmgssêrdb kjs aujs
gxtrgndajags ab gspgmtrb.

FDEWYJ :.: ]GZWÈKMDJ MBKQÎKWJ AB NGMJKD]NB AG MBNWKDMJÅÍB

Ï gsqugraj, mbn unj jprgsgktjåíb jb vdvb, vbmè (b jprgsgktjabr) tgn tbtjl

mbktrblg. Vbmè agtgrndkj b qug g qujkab b pøildmb vè g qujkab vè. Vbmè
pbag rgspbkagr j dkaîmdbs vdsujds pjrj jmglgrjr, rgauzdr j vglbmdajag bu gktrjr
gn un pbktb gspgmîfdmb mbn njds bu ngkbs agtjlcgs. Kgn tbabs bs agtjlcgs
prgmdsjn gstjr adrgtjngktg kj mbnukdmjåíb (j jprgsgktjåíb bu mbkhuktb ag
sldags), pbrqug vbmè, b gspgmdjldstj kb jssuktb, gstê lê pjrj rgspbkagr j
qujdsqugr pgreuktjs qug surhjn kb mursb aj jprgsgktjåíb, g agvg gstjr prbktb
g prgpjrjab pjrj fjzgr dssb dkagpgkagktg ab agtjlcg mbktdab kj jprgsgktjåíb
gn sd.

Gn jprgsgktjå÷gs jb vdvb, j prêtdmj lgvj ï pgrfgdåíb

Kíb usg sgus sldags mbnb sgu tglgprbnptgr! ]g vbmè gstdvgr lgkab mjaj sldag gn vbz
jltj aurjktg unj jprgsgktjåíb, bs gstjrê usjkab agssj fbrnj. Dssb egrj unj
gxpgrdèkmdj pgkbsj pjrj b pøildmb. Vbmè prgmdsj mbkcgmgr b mbktgøab pjrj fjzgr unj
ibj jprgsgktjåíb g dssb sdekdfdmj prêtdmj, prêtdmj g njds prêtdmj! Wsg pbumbs sldags, g
sý mblbqug kglgs mbdsjs qug jhuagn j rgfbråjr b qug vbmè adrê. ]gus sldags pbagn
lgnirê-lb ab prýxdnb týpdmb, njs kíb agvgn sgrvdr mbnb sujs jkbtjå÷gs ag
pjlgstrj.
Vghj jleunjs admjs pjrj vbmè fdmjr ï vbktjag mbn sgu njtgrdjl qujkab sg prgpjrjr
pjrj suj jprgsgktjåíb8

Gsmrgvj sujs jkbtjå÷gs ag pjlgstrj mbn bs pbktbs dnpbrtjktgs j sgrgn

jprgsgktjabs gn mjaj sldag.
_rjtdqug gn vbz jltj b qug vbmè qugr adzgr8 dssb jtdvj unj pjrtg adfgrgktg ab
märgirb, qug b jhuaj j lgnirjr ab tgnj aj suj adsmussíb. Jlän adssb, b
birdej j jrtdmuljr js trjksdå÷gs gktrg sldags qug ïs vgzgs jtrjpjlcj bs
jprgsgktjabrgs.
Fjåj unj jprgsgktjåíb sdnuljaj pjrj un jndeb bu mblgej.

Kb ljab adrgdtb ab gspgmtrb, mbn un abmungktb gsmrdtb bu g-njdl, vbmè (b

mrdjabr ab abmungktb bu g-njdl) tgn ngkbs mbktrblg. Kgssg mjsb, b pøildmb
mbktrblj mbnb mbksbng j dkfbrnjåíb. B kîvgl ag agtjlcg kgmgssêrdb jqud
kbrnjlngktg ä njds jltb, pbds vbmè kíb gstê lê pjrj vgr g rgspbkagr jbs
qugstdbkjngktbs ag sgu pøildmb. Jssdn, b abmungktb prgmdsjrê trjtjr
adrgtjngktg ag njds pbssîvgds pgreuktjs.

Gn un nukab dagjl, b rgsultjab abs abds ljabs agssj sgquèkmdj mbktîkuj

sgrdj tbtjlngktg adfgrgktg ‑ pbumbs sldags pjrj unj jprgsgktjåíb jb vdvb
(pbds vbmè gstê lê pjrj gxpldmjr tuab mbn njds agtjlcgs, mbkfbrng kgmgssêrdb)
g abmungktbs njds agksbs qujkab b pøildmb tdvgr qug jisbrvgr tuab sbzdkcb.
Njs, kj rgjldajag ‑ agvdab jb tgnpb g j butrjs rgstrdå÷gs ‑, nudtjs vgzgs b
ngsnb prbautb ä mrdjab pjrj tgktjr sjtdsfjzgr jnijs js kgmgssdajags. Dssb fjz
suredr b sldagngktb, un økdmb abmungktb agstdkjab j jtgkagr j gssjs aujs
kgmgssdajags. Dssb jprgsgktj jleuks agsjfdbs, pbr mjusj ajs kgmgssdajags
advgrsjs qug prgmdsjn sgr sjtdsfgdtjs, njs vjnbs jkjldsjr js gstrjtäedjs pjrj
trjtjr agssgs agsjfdbs g supgrê-lbs, njds jadjktg kb ldvrb.
Kgstg mbngåb ab prbmgssb ag mbnukdmjåíb, ä dnpbrtjktg dagktdfdmjr b
prdkmdpjl vgîmulb ag mbnukdmjåíb j sgr utdldzjab8 jprgsgktjåíb jb vdvb,
abmungktb gsmrdtb bu butrb. Mbksdagrjå÷gs sbirg b mbktrblg qug vbmè tgrê
sbirg mbnb sgu pøildmb jisbrvgrê j dkfbrnjåíb g b kîvgl ag agtjlcg
kgmgssêrdb sg tbrkjríb nudtb dnpbrtjktgs unj vgz qug b mbktgøab mbngmg j
sgr egrjab.
Qbn
Butrj mbksdagrjåíb dnpbrtjktg ä b tbn agsghjab pjrj j mbnukdmjåíb j sgr
trjksndtdaj pjrj sgu pøildmb. Vbmè gstê mbngnbrjkab un èxdtb2 Gstê
tgktjkab gstdnuljr unj tbnjaj ag jåíb2 B jssuktb ä lgvg bu särdb2 B tbn
agsghjab pjrj suj mbnukdmjåíb tgrê dnpldmjå÷gs kjs gsmblcjs ag agsdek, js
qujds adsmutdrgnbs gn mjpîtulbs futurbs. _br gkqujktb, pgksg j rgspgdtb g
gspgmdfdqug b tbn egrjl qug vbmè agsghj gstjiglgmgr jb tbnjr b mjndkcb aj
vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs.

Mbnb
_br fdn ‑ g sbngktg jpýs pbagrnbs jrtdmuljr mljrjngktg qugn ä kbssb
pøildmb g b qug prgmdsjnbs qug glgs sjdijn bu fjåjn ‑, pbagnbs mbksdagrjr
bs ajabs g fjzgr j pgreuktj8 Zujds ajabs gstíb adspbkîvgds g qug jhuajríb j
jprgsgktjr ndkcj dagdj2 Ajabs sg tbrkjn j gvdaèkmdj qug mbrrbibrj j
cdstýrdj qug vbmè vjd mbkstrudr g mbktjr. Kbs mjpîtulbs suisgqugktgs, vjnbs
adsmutdr nudtb njds sbirg mbnb jprgsgktjr gssgs ajabs vdsujlngktg.
Dekbrjr bs ajabs qug kíb mbrrbibrjn2

Vbmè pbagrdj supbr qug nbstrjr jpgkjs bs ajabs qug rgspjlajn suj dagdj g dekbrjr
b rgstb tbrkjrê suj tgsg njds fbrtg. Kíb rgmbngkab dssb. Jlän ag sgr gkejkbsb, pbr
rgtrjtjr unj cdstýrdj ukdljtgrjl, dssb ä nudtb jrrdsmjab. Wn pøildmb pgrspdmjz
gkmbktrjrê furbs gn unj cdstýrdj qug kíb sg sustgktj bu gn ajabs qug nbstrjn un
jspgmtb, njs dekbrjn b rgstb. J qujktdj mbrrgtj ag mbktgxtb g ajabs mbktrj g j fjvbr
vjd vjrdjr ag jmbrab mbn j sdtujåíb, mbn b erju ag mbkfdjkåj qug sgu pøildmb tgn
mbn vbmè g butrbs fjtbrgs.

Zugn, b què g mbnb8 dlustrjab pbr un gxgnplb

Mbksdagrg un gxgnplb pjrj dlustrjr gssgs mbkmgdtbs. Dnjedkg qug vbmè ä
prbfgssbr ag mdèkmdjs ab qujrtb jkb g jmjibu ag gkmgrrjr un mursb ag vgríb
gxpgrdngktjl sbirg mdèkmdjs, agstdkjab j jprgsgktjr gssg jssuktb mcjtb pjrj js
mrdjkåjs. Vbmè jvjldbu bs jlukbs kb dkîmdb g kb fdkjl ab prberjnj pjrj sjigr
sg g mbnb js pgrmgpå÷gs sbirg mdèkmdjs aglgs nuajrjn. Vbmè jmcj qug bs
ajabs nbstrjn unj cdstýrdj ag erjkag sumgssb g ebstjrdj ag mbktdkujr j
bfgrgmgr b mursb ag vgríb sbirg mdèkmdjs.
Vjnbs mbngåjr dagktdfdmjkab kbssb pøildmb. Gxdstgn vêrdbs pøildmbs
adfgrgktgs gn pbtgkmdjl qug pbagrdjn gstjr dktgrgssjabs kgssj dkfbrnjåíb8
pjds ag jlukbs qug pjrtdmdpjrjn ab mursb, pjds ag pbssîvgds futurbs
pjrtdmdpjktgs, bs prýprdbs futurbs pjrtdmdpjktgs gn pbtgkmdjl, butrbs
prbfgssbrgs qug pbssjn gstjr dktgrgssjabs gn fjzgr jleb sgnglcjktg bu b
mbndtè ag bråjngktb qug mbktrblj bs rgmursbs fdkjkmgdrbs kgmgssêrdbs pjrj
mbktdkujr b prberjnj. Vbmè pbag dnjedkjr mbnb j cdstýrdj qug mbktjrdj j
mjaj
jåíb un
sgrdjagssgs pøildmbs
adfgrgktg pbag
pjrj bs vjrdjr. Jerupbs.
adfgrgktgs èkfjsgBs
pbag nuajr.
ajabs qug J mcjnjaj
vbmè pjrj
nbstrjrdj
(bu j agmdsíb ag nbstrjr bs ajabs) pbagrdjn sgr adfgrgktgs pjrj bs advgrsbs
pøildmbs. ]g mrdêssgnbs unj økdmj mbnukdmjåíb pjrj trjtjr ajs kgmgssdajags
ag tbabs gssgs pøildmbs mbn kgmgssdajags adfgrgktgs, vbmè pbag dnjedkjr
mbnb ä prbvêvgl qug glj kíb sjtdsfjåj gxjtjngktg j kgmgssdajag ag
agtgrndkjab pøildmb. Dssb dlustrj j dnpbrtékmdj ag dagktdfdmjr un pøildmb
gspgmîfdmb g mbnpbr unj mbnukdmjåíb tgkab gssg pøildmb gspgmîfdmb gn
ngktg.

Vjnbs supbr ag
sghj b mbndtè qug, kgstg mjsb,qug
bråjngktb, b pøildmb
mbktrbljmbn b qujl qugrgnbs
bs rgmursbs kbskgmgssêrdbs
fdkjkmgdrbs mbnukdmjr
pjrj mbktdkujrnbs b prberjnj.
Jebrj qug rgspbkagnbs j pgreuktj ab qugn g b què què,, sg tbrkj njds fêmdl ag
dagktdfdmjr g jrtdmuljr. ]g gstjnbs trjtjkab mbn b mbndtè ag bråjngktb, un
gkfbqug prbvêvgl sgrdj agnbkstrjr b sumgssb ab prberjnj g sbldmdtjr un
vblung ag rgmursbs fdkjkmgdrbs gspgmîfdmb pjrj mbktdkujr j bfgrgmè-lb. Agpbds
ag dagktdfdmjr qugn ä kbssb pøildmb g b qug prgmdsjnbs aglg, pbagnbs pgksjr
sbirg bs ajabs adspbkîvgds qug jtujríb mbnb gvdaèkmdj aj cdstýrdj qug

qugrgnbs fgdtj
jvjldjåíb mbktjr.
kb _bagnbs
dkîmdb g kbjprbvgdtjr bs ajabspjrj
fdn ab prberjnj mblgtjabs pbr ngdb
dlustrjrnbs aj
b jungktb
ajs pgrmgpå÷gs pbsdtdvjs gn rgljåíb ï mdèkmdj, jktgs g agpbds ab mursb ag
vgríb.
Gstj kíb sgrê j øltdnj vgz qug vjnbs mbksdagrjr gssg gxgnplb. Vjnbs
rgmjpdtuljr qugn dagktdfdmjnbs mbnb kbssb pøildmb, b qug prgmdsjnbs qug

glgs sjdijn g fjåjn, g bs ajabs qug kbs jhuajríb j agfgkagr kbssj tgsg8
Zugn8 B mbndtè ag bråjngktb qug pbag jprbvjr bs rgmursbs fdkjkmgdrbs
pjrj j mbktdkujåíb ab mursb ag vgríb.
B què8 B mursb ag vgríb sbirg mdèkmdjs fbd un sumgssb0 fjvbr jprbvjr b
bråjngktb ag Y$S pjrj mbktdkujrnbs.
Mbnb8 Dlustrjr b sumgssb mbn ajabs mblgtjabs pbr ngdb aj jvjldjåíb
rgjldzjaj jktgs g agpbds ab prberjnj-pdlbtb.

Mbksultj pjrj
Frgqugktgngktg, mbktgxtujldzjr8
j mbnukdmjåíb pgreuktjs
bu b rgsultjab j fjzgr
qug gstê sgkab mrdjab ä
pgadab pbr jleuän8 un mldgktg, un dktgrgssjab bu sgu mcgfg. Dssb sdekdfdmj
qug tjlvgz vbmè kíb tgkcj tbab b mbktgxtb g prgmdsg mbksultjr b sbldmdtjktg
pjrj gktgkagr j sdtujåíb mbnplgtjngktg. Ïs vgzgs, cê un mbktgxtb jadmdbkjl
kj mjigåj agssg sbldmdtjktg, b qujl glg tjlvgz prgsunj sgr mbkcgmdab bu kíb
pgksg gn adzgr gn vbz jltj. J sgeudr cê jleunjs pgreuktjs qug vbmè pbag
usjr jb trjijlcjr pjrj trjzgr ï tbkj gssjs dkfbrnjå÷gs. ]g vbmè gstê kb ljab
sbldmdtjktg aj mbnukdmjåíb, pgadkab ï suj gqudpg ag jpbdb pjrj gljibrjr j
mbnukdmjåíb, pgksg gn mbnb rgspbkagr j gstjs pgreuktjs jktgmdpjajngktg8

Zujds dkfbrnjå÷gs síb rglgvjktgs bu fukajngktjds2

Zugn ä b pøildmb bu b tbnjabr ag agmdsíb2 B qug sjignbs j rgspgdtb
aglg2
Zujds prgadspbsdå÷gs kbssb pøildmb tgn qug pbssj fjzè-lb jpbdjr bu
rgsdstdr ï kbssj ngksjegn2
Zujds ajabs adspbkîvgds rgfbråjrdjn kbssj tgsg2 Kbssb pøildmb
mbkcgmg gssgs ajabs bu ä kbvdajag2
Bkag gstíb bs rdsmbs8 qujds fjtbrgs pbagrdjn gkfrjqugmgr kbssj tgsg g
prgmdsjn sgr blcjabs mbn jtgkåíb2
 Mbnb sgrdj un rgsultjab ign-sumgadab2
]g vbmè tdvgssg jpgkjs un pgrîbab ag tgnpb ldndtjab bu unj økdmj
frjsg pjrj adzgr jb sgu pøildmb b qug glg prgmdsj sjigr, b qug adrdj2

Gn pjrtdmuljr, jmrgadtb qug js aujs øltdnjs pgreuktjs pbagn lgvjr j unj

mbkvgrsj rgvgljabrj. ]jigr qujl ä b rgsultjab agsghjab jktgs ag mbngåjr j
prgpjrjr j mbnukdmjåíb ä fukajngktjl pjrj gstruturê-lj ign. Mblbmjr unj
rgstrdåíb sdekdfdmjtdvj kj ngksjegn (un murtb pgrîbab ag tgnpb bu unj
økdmj frjsg) pbag jhuaê-lb j rgauzdr j mbnukdmjåíb elbijl ï økdmj ngksjegn
njds dnpbrtjktg. _jrj dssb, gxdstgn abds mbkmgdtbs qug rgmbngkab sjigr g
gnprgejr8 j cdstýrdj ag = ndkutbs g j Erjkag Dagdj.

J cdstýrdj ag = ndkutbs g j Erjkag Dagdj

J kbåíb pbr três ag mjaj un agssgs mbkmgdtbs ä qug vbmè pbag rgauzdr b
“gktíb, b què„ j un pjrêerjfb g, gn øltdnj jkêldsg, j unj økdmj agmljrjåíb
mbkmdsj. Ä prgmdsb rgjlngktg mbkcgmgr sgu njtgrdjl ‑ sjigr qujds síb js
pjrtgs njds dnpbrtjktgs g tjniän b qug kíb ä gssgkmdjl kj vgrsíb
sdnpldfdmjaj. Gnibrj pjrgåj fêmdl, sgr mbkmdsb nudtjs vgzgs ä njds agsjfdjabr
ab qug sgr prbldxb. B njtgnêtdmb g fdlýsbfb Iljdsg _jsmjl rgmbkcgmgu dssb gn
sgu frjkmès kjtdvb, mbn unj agmljrjåíb qug, trjauzdaj, gn tgrnbs egrjds, adz
“Gu tgrdj gsmrdtb unj mjrtj njds murtj, njs kíb tdvg tgnpb„ (un pgksjngktb
frgqugktgngktg jtrdiuîab j Njr` Qwjdk).
J cdstýrdj ag = ndkutbs
J cdstýrdj ag = ndkutbs ä gxjtjngktg dssb8 sg vbmè tdvgssg jpgkjs très
ndkutbs pjrj adzgr jb sgu pøildmb b qug glg prgmdsj sjigr, b qug adrdj2 Gssj ä
unj njkgdrj gxmglgktg ag ejrjktdr qug vbmè sghj mljrb g mbksdej jrtdmuljr j
cdstýrdj qug qugr mbktjr. J mjpjmdajag ag fjzgr dssb gldndkj suj agpgkaèkmdj
ag sldags bu utgksîldbs pjrj vdsujldzjåíb pjrj unj jprgsgktjåíb. Dssb ä øtdl kj
sdtujåíb gn qug sgu mcgfg pgreuktj kb qug vbmè gstê trjijlcjkab bu sg vbmè
gstê gn un glgvjabr mbn un ag sgus dktgrgssjabs g qugr ajr j glg un rgsunb
rêpdab. Bu gktíb, sg suj ngdj cbrj kj jegkaj ä rgauzdaj pjrj agz bu mdkmb
ndkutbs. ]g vbmè sbuigr gxjtjngktg b qug agsghj mbnukdmjr, pbagrê fjzgr
mbn qug sg gkmjdxg kb tgnpb ajab, ngsnb qug kíb sghj jquglg pjrj b qujl
gstê prgpjrjab.
J Erjkag Dagdj
J Erjkag Dagdj rgauz b “gktíb, b què„ jdkaj njds8 j unj økdmj frjsg. Gssg ä
un mbkmgdtb qug Kjkmy Aujrtg adsmutg gn sgu ldvrb, Ygssbkékmdj (Jltj
Ibb`s, 9?:9). Glj adz qug j Erjkag Dagdj tgn très mbnpbkgktgs8

:. Agvg jrtdmuljr sgu pbktb ag vdstj økdmb0

9. Agvg trjksndtdr b qug gstê gn hbeb0 g
=. Agvg sgr unj frjsg mbnplgtj.
Vjnbs mbksdagrjr unj cdstýrdj ag = ndkutbs dlustrjtdvj g j Erjkag Dagdj
jprbvgdtjkab b gxgnplb ab mursb ag vgríb sbirg mdèkmdjs jprgsgktjab jktgs.
Cdstýrdj ag = ndkutbs8 un erupb ab kbssb agpjrtjngktb ag mdèkmdjs
gstjvj gn un agijtg ldvrg sbirg mbnb rgsblvgr un prbilgnj pgrnjkgktg
qug tgnbs mbn bs jlukbs qug mcgejn ï qujrtj särdg. _jrgmg qug, qujkab js
mrdjkåjs tèn suj prdngdrj julj ag mdèkmdjs, mcgejn mbn j pbsturj ag qug
sgrê adfîmdl g qug kíb ebstjríb. Kb dkîmdb ab jkb gsmbljr, agnbrj un ibn
tgnpb pjrj supgrjr dssb. Gktíb, pgksjnbs8 g sg tgktjrnbs gxpbr js
mrdjkåjs ï mdèkmdj njds mgab2 _bagnbs dkflugkmdjr j pgrmgpåíb agljs2
Fdzgnbs un prbhgtb-pdlbtb ag un mursb ag jprgkadzjab kb vgríb pjssjab,
mbn b bihgtdvb ag fjzgr hustjngktg dssb. Mbkvdajnbs jlukbs ab gksdkb
iêsdmb g fbrnjnbs un erjkag erupb ag mrdjkåjs ab sgeukab g ab tgrmgdrb
jkb. Kbssb bihgtdvb grj gxpñ-lbs njds mgab ï mdèkmdj, kj gspgrjkåj ag
fbrnjrnbs unj pgrmgpåíb pbsdtdvj. _jrj sjigr sg fbnbs ign-sumgadabs,
jvjldjnbs bs jlukbs jktgs g agpbds ab prberjnj. Agsmbirdnbs qug, jb
gktrjr kb prberjnj, b njdbr sgengktb abs jlukbs, 1?%, sg sgktdj jpgkjs
“Ign„ gn rgljåíb ï mdèkmdj, gkqujktb, jpýs b prberjnj, j njdbrdj nuabu
pjrj pgrmgpå÷gs pbsdtdvjs, mbn qujsg 5?% ab tbtjl ag jlukbs gxprgssjkab
jleun erju ag dktgrgssg kjs mdèkmdjs. Jmcjnbs qug dssb agnbkstrj b
sumgssb ab prberjnj g qug agvgnbs kíb jpgkjs mbktdkujr j bfgrgmè-lb,
njs tjniän gxpjkadr kbssb jlmjkmg mbn suj mbktdkudajag.
Erjkag Dagdj8 B prberjnj pdlbtb ag vgríb fbd un sumgssb kj nglcbrdj ajs
pgrmgpå÷gs abs jlukbs sbirg mdèkmdjs g, erjåjs j gssg sumgssb,
rgmbngkajnbs mbktdkujr j bfgrgmè-lb mbktdkujngktg0 fjvbr jprbvjr kbssb
bråjngktb pjrj gssg prberjnj.
Zujkab vbmè tdvgr jrtdmuljab suj cdstýrdj mljrj g mbkmdsjngktg, mrdjr b
mbktgøab pjrj suj mbnukdmjåíb sg tbrkjrê nudtb njds fêmdl. Vjnbs nuajr ag
jssuktb jebrj g adsmutdr unj gstrjtäedj gspgmîfdmj kb qug adz rgspgdtb jb
pljkghjngktb ag mbktgøab8 b stbryibjra.

B stbryibjra
J mrdjåíb ag un ]tbryibjra tjlvgz sghj j mbdsj njds dnpbrtjktg j sgr fgdtj
jktgmdpjajngktg, pjrj ejrjktdr qug j mbnukdmjåíb mbkstruîaj jtdkhj b pbktb
agsghjab. B stbryibjra gstjiglgmg unj gstruturj pjrj suj mbnukdmjåíb. Ä un
rgsunb vdsujl ab mbktgøab j sgr mrdjab. _bag gstjr suhgdtb j jltgrjåíb, ï
ngadaj qug vbmè trjijlcj kbs agtjlcgs, njs gstjiglgmgr unj gstruturj agsag
mgab prgpjrjrê vbmè pjrj b sumgssb. Zujkab puagr (g fdzgr sgktdab), bitgkcj
j jmgdtjåíb ag sgu mldgktg bu ab dktgrgssjab kgssj gtjpj. Dssb jhuajrê j
ejrjktdr qug b qug gstê sgkab pljkghjab gstghj jldkcjab mbn b qug ä
kgmgssêrdb.
Mbn rgljåíb jb stbryibjra, b njdbr mbksglcb qug pbssb ajr ä gstg8 kíb
mbngmg mbn sbftwjrg ag jprgsgktjåíb. Ä nudtb fêmdl gktrjr kb nbab ag
egrjåíb ag sldags sgn pgksjr gn mbnb js pjrtgs sg gkmjdxjn g jmjijr mbn
unj jprgsgktjåíb pgsjaj qug kíb adz kjaj. Jlän adssb, qujkab mbngåjnbs
j mrdjr mbktgøab kb mbnputjabr, jmbktgmg jleb qug kbs fjz mrdjr un mgrtb
jpgeb. G gssg jpgeb pbag sgr tjl qug, ngsnb sjigkab qug b qug mrdjnbs kíb
gstê gxjtjngktg ag jmbrab bu qug agvg sgr jltgrjab bu gldndkjab, ïs vgzgs
rgsdstdnbs j fjzgr dssb, pbr mjusj ab trjijlcb hê adspgkadab kglg pjrj mcgejr
jb pbktb bkag gstê.
Gvdtg gssg jpgeb (g trjijlcb!) agskgmgssêrdb, mbngåjkab mbn tgmkblbedj
sdnplgs. Wsg un qujarb ag jvdsbs, kbtjs jagsdvjs bu pjpgl. Ä nudtb njds
fêmdl rjidsmjr unj dagdj gn unj fblcj ag pjpgl bu hbejr fbrj unj kbtj
jagsdvj sgn tgr b ngsnb sgktdngktb ag pgraj ag qujkab sg mbrtj jleb gn
qug pjssbu tgnpb mrdjkab mbn b mbnputjabr. Ebstb ag usjr kbtjs jagsdvjs
qujkab fjåb b stbryibjra, pbrqug ä pbssîvgl rgbrejkdzjr (g jadmdbkjr g
rgnbvgr) js pjrtgs fjmdlngktg, pjrj gxplbrjr adfgrgktgs fluxbs ag kjrrjtdvj.
]g fdzässgnbs b stbryibjra ag kbssj mbnukdmjåíb pjrj b mursb ag vgríb
sbirg mdèkmdjs, glg pbagrdj sgr mbnb j Fdeurj :.9.
Kbtg qug kgssg gxgnplb ag stbryibjra j Erjkag Dagdj gstê kb fdkjl, kj
rgmbngkajåíb. Qjlvgz qugdrjnbs pgksjr kj pbssdidldajag ag agstjmê-lb pjrj
ejrjktdr qug kbssb pøildmb kíb pgrmj b pbktb prdkmdpjl g pjrj jhuajr j agfdkdr
b nbtdvb pglb qujl gstjnbs kbs mbnukdmjkab mbn glg g pbrqug glg agvg sg
prgbmupjr mbn dssb. Vjnbs adsmutdr njds mbksdagrjå÷gs rgljmdbkjajs ï bragn
g jb fluxb aj kjrrjtdvj kb Mjpîtulb 5.

FDEWYJ :.9 GSGN_LB AG ]QBYTIBJYA

Gkmgrrjngktb
Zujkab sg trjtj ag jkêldsg gxpljkjtýrdj, j mjpjmdajag ag jrtdmuljr ag fbrnj
mbkmdsj g gxjtj mbn qugn vbmè agsghj sg mbnukdmjr g b qug agsghj trjksndtdr,
jktgs ag mbngåjr j mbkstrudr mbktgøab, rgauz js dtgrjå÷gs g jhuaj j ejrjktdr
qug j mbnukdmjåíb mbkstruîaj jtdkhj j fdkjldajag prgtgkadaj. Mbnprggkagr g
gnprgejr mbkmgdtbs mbnb j cdstýrdj ag = ndkutbs, j Erjkag Dagdj g b
stbryibjra pgrndtdrê qug vbmè mbktg suj cdstýrdj mljrj g sumdktjngktg g
dagktdfdqug b fluxb agsghjab.
Gnibrj fjzgr unj pjusj jktgs ag rgjlngktg gljibrjr j mbnukdmjåíb pbssj
pjrgmgr unj gtjpj qug adndkud suj vglbmdajag, kj vgrajag dssb jhuaj j
ejrjktdr qug vbmè tgkcj un sýldab gktgkadngktb ab qug qugr fjzgr jktgs ag
mbngåjr j mrdjr mbktgøab, b qug fjrê mbn qug gmbkbndzg tgnpb njds jadjktg.

Mbn dssb, mbksdagrg

dnpbrtékmdj suj prdngdrj
ab mbktgxtb . ldåíb jprgkadaj. Jebrj vbmè gktgkag j
 mjpîtulb abds

j gsmblcj ag un vdsujl gfdmjz

Gxdstgn nudtbs erêfdmbs adfgrgktgs g butrbs tdpbs ag gxdidå÷gs ag dkfbrnjåíb

vdsujds, njs jleuks pbumbs fukmdbkjríb pjrj j njdbrdj ajs sujs kgmgssdajags.
Jb rgvgr js njds ag :7? jprgsgktjå÷gs qug mrdgd pjrj wbr`scbps g prbhgtbs ag
mbksultbrdj kb jkb pjssjab, kbtgd qug utdldzgd jpgkjs unj aøzdj ag nbaglbs
vdsujds adfgrgktgs (Fdeurj 9.:). Fbmjrgnbs kglgs kgstg mjpîtulb.
FDEWYJ 9.: B] VD]WJD] ZWG NJD] W]B
Qgxtb sdnplgs
Zujkab vbmè tgn jpgkjs un køngrb bu abds pjrj mbnpjrtdlcjr, un sdnplgs
tgxtb pbag sgr unj ýtdnj njkgdrj ag mbnukdmjr. _gksg kj pbssdidldajag ag
usjr sbngktg b køngrb ‑ agstjmjkab-b b nêxdnb pbssîvgl ‑ g jleunjs
pjljvrjs ag jpbdb pjrj gsmljrgmgr sgu pbktb. Jlän ag sgr pbtgkmdjlngktg
gkejkjabr, mblbmjr un bu abds køngrbs gn unj tjiglj bu erêfdmb
sdnplgsngktg fjz mbn qug glgs pgrmjn pjrtg ag suj fbråj. Zujkab vbmè tdvgr
un bu abds køngrbs qug agsghj mbnukdmjr, pgksg kj pbssdidldajag ag usê-lbs
sbzdkcbs.
_jrj dlustrjr gssg mbkmgdtb, vjnbs mbksdagrjr b gxgnplb j sgeudr. Wn erêfdmb
sgnglcjktg ï Fdeurj 9.9 jmbnpjkcbu un rgljtýrdb ab _gw Ygsgjrmc Mgktgr
gn jirdl ag 9?:1 sbirg nígs qug fdmjn gn mjsj.
FDEWYJ 9.9 EYÊFDMB BYDEDKJL AJ] NÍG] ZWG FDMJN GN MJ]J

B fjtb
Kj ag vbmè
Fdeurj tgr jleuks
9.9, nudtb tgxtbkøngrbs
g gspjåbkíb
síbsdekdfdmj qug prgmdsj
usjabs pjrj un tbtjlagagun erêfdmb!
abds
køngrbs. B erêfdmb kíb jhuaj nudtb kj dktgrprgtjåíb aglgs (g b
pbsdmdbkjngktb ag lgegkajs ag ajabs fbrj ajs ijrrjs pbag jtä agfbrnjr suj
pgrmgpåíb ag jlturj rgljtdvj, mbnb b fjtb ag 9? sgr ngkbs aj ngtjag ag 1:
kíb sgr pgrmgidab vdsujlngktg).
Kgssg mjsb, ijstjrdj unj sdnplgs frjsg8 9?% abs fdlcbs tdkcjn nígs
trjadmdbkjds qug fdmjvjn gn mjsj gn 9?:9, mbnpjrjabs mbn 1:% gn :45?.
Mbnb jltgrkjtdvj, gn unj jprgsgktjåíb bu rgljtýrdb, vbmè pbagrdj fjzgr
mbnb kj Fdeurj 9.=.
FDEWYJ 9.= YGNBAGLJÅÍB AB QGSQB ]BIYG NÍG] ZWG FDMJN GN MJ]J

Mbnb unj bisgrvjåíb sgmukaêrdj, unj mbksdagrjåíb kgssg gxgnplb

gspgmîfdmb pbagrdj sgr fgdtj sg vbmè qudsgssg nbstrjr unj nätrdmj tbtjlngktg
adfgrgktg. _br gxgnplb, vbmè pbagrdj rgmbnpbr b tgxtb gn tgrnbs aj
nuajkåj pgrmgktujl8 “B køngrb ag fdlcbs mbn nígs trjadmdbkjds qug fdmjn

gn mjsjsgnprg
mjutglj adndkudu
qugnjds ag 7?%
rgauzdr gktrg
vêrdbs :45? gj 9?:9„.
køngrbs jpgkjs Mbktuab, jmbksglcb
un ‑ pgksg tgr
kb mbktgxtb
qug pbag sgr pgradab jb sg fjzgr dssb. Kgssg mjsb, jmcb qug j njekdtuag abs
køngrbs (9?% g 1:%) ä øtdl pjrj dktgrprgtjr g gktgkagr j nuajkåj.
Zujkab vbmè tgn jpgkjs un bu abds køngrbs qug agsghj mbnukdmjr8 usg bs
køngrbs adrgtjngktg.
Zujkab vbmè tgn njds ajabs j nbstrjr, egrjlngktg, unj tjiglj bu un
erêfdmb ä b mjndkcb. Wn agtjlcg j gktgkagr ä qug js pgssbjs dktgrjegn
adfgrgktgngktg mbn gssgs abds tdpbs ag vdsujds. Vjnbs adsmutdr mjaj un gn
agtjlcgs g vgr jleunjs vjrdgajags g mjsbs ag usb gspgmîfdmbs.
Qjigljs
Js tjigljs dktgrjegn mbn kbssb sdstgnj vgrijl, b qug sdekdfdmj qug kýs js
lgnbs.. Zujkab vghb unj tjiglj, kbrnjlngktg jpbktb mbn ngu agab
lgnbs
dkadmjabr8 lgdb js ldkcjs g mblukjs bu mbnpjrb vjlbrgs. Js tjigljs síb ýtdnjs
ustjngktg pjrj dssb ‑ mbnukdmjr pjrj un pøildmb ndstb, muhbs ngnirbs
prbmurjríb, mjaj un, suj ldkcj ag dktgrgssg pjrtdmuljr. ]g vbmè prgmdsj
mbnukdmjr vêrdjs ukdajags ag ngadaj adfgrgktgs, kbrnjlngktg dssb tjniän ä
njds fêmdl mbn unj tjiglj ab qug mbn un erêfdmb.
Qjigljs gn jprgsgktjå÷gs jb vdvb

Yjrjngktg ä unj ibj dagdj usjr unj tjiglj gn unj jprgsgktjåíb jb vdvb. Gkqujktb
sgu pøildmb j lè, vbmè kíb mbksgeug qug glg b buåj g pgrag suj jtgkåíb jb rgjlåjr
un fjtb vgrijlngktg. Jb usjr unj tjiglj gn unj jprgsgktjåíb bu rgljtýrdb,
pgreuktg-sg8 b qug gstbu tgktjkab adzgr2 _rbvjvglngktg cjvgrê un nbab nglcbr ag
sglgmdbkjr g vdsujldzjr j pjrtg (bu pjrtgs) ag dktgrgssg. Mjsb jmcg qug gstê pgragkab
nudtb mbn dssb, tjlvgz dkmludr j tjiglj dktgdrj kb jpèkadmg g un ldk` bu rgfgrèkmdj j
glj sjtdsfjåj js kgmgssdajags ag sgu pøildmb.

Jleb j sg tgr gn ngktg gn rgljåíb ïs tjigljs ä qug b agsdek agvg jssundr un

pjpgl sgmukaêrdb, pgrndtdkab qug bs ajabs fdqugn gn prdngdrb pljkb. Kíb
agdxg qug ibrajs erbssjs bu sbnirgjab mcjngn j jtgkåíb. Gn vgz adssb,
pgksg gn usjr ibrajs mljrjs bu sdnplgsngktg gspjåb gn irjkmb pjrj sgpjrjr
bs glgngktbs aj tjiglj.

Aè unj blcjaj kbs gxgnplbs ag tjiglj aj Fdeurj 9.1. Jb fjzgr dssb, kbtg
mbnb bs ajabs sg sbirgssjgn njds qug bs mbnpbkgktgs gstruturjds aj tjiglj
kj sgeukaj g tgrmgdrj dtgrjå÷gs (ibrajs mljrjs, ibrajs nîkdnjs).

FDEWYJ 9.1 IBYAJ] AG QJIGLJ

Js ibrajs agvgn sgr usjajs pjrj nglcbrjr j lgedidldajag aj tjiglj. _gksg kj

pbssdidldajag ag gnpurrê-ljs pjrj b fukab, tbrkjkab-js mdkzj, bu ag agsfjzgr-
sg agljs tbtjlngktg. ]íb bs ajabs qug agvgn sgr sjldgktjabs, kíb js ibrajs.
Lgdturj rgmbngkajaj

_jrj njds dkfbrnjå÷gs sbirg agsdek ag tjigljs, mbksultg b ldvrb ]cbw Ng tcg
Kunigrs (gn dkelès), ag ]tgpcgk Fgw. Cê un mjpîtulb dktgdrb agadmjab jb agsdek ag
tjigljs, mbn adsmussíb sbirg bs mbnpbkgktgs gstruturjds g js nglcbrgs prêtdmjs kb
agsdek ag tjigljs.
J sgeudr, vjnbs nuajr kbssb fbmb pjrj un mjsb gspgmdjl ag tjigljs8 b njpj
ag mjlbr.

Njpj ag mjlbr
Wsjr
pdstjsnjpjs agBmjlbr
vdsujds. njpjä un hgdtb ag
ag mjlbr ndsturjr
ä un nbab agagtjlcgs gn unj
vdsujldzjr tjiglj
ajabs usjkab
gn fbrnjtb
tjiuljr, kb qujl, gn vgz abs køngrbs (bu jlän aglgs), vbmè utdldzj mäluljs
mblbrdajs qug trjksndtgn j njekdtuag rgljtdvj abs køngrbs.
Mbksdagrg j Fdeurj 9.7, qug nbstrj jleuks ajabs egkärdmbs gn unj tjiglj g
tjniän un njpj ag mjlbr.

FDEWYJ 9.7 AWJ] VD]WJLDXJÅ×G] AB] NG]NB] AJAB]

Lgdj bs ajabs aj tjiglj aj Fdeurj 9.7. ]urprggkad j ndn ngsnj pgrmbrrgkab

js ldkcjs g mblukjs pjrj gktgkagr b qug gstjvj blcjkab, bkag bs køngrbs
gstjvjn njds jltbs bu ijdxbs g mljssdfdmjkab ngktjlngktg js mjtgebrdjs
jprgsgktjajs.
_jrj rgauzdr gssg prbmgssb ngktjl, pbagnbs usjr sjturjåíb ag mbr j fdn ag
fbrkgmgr pdstjs vdsujds, jhuajkab kbssbs blcbs g märgirb j jtdkedr njds
rjpdajngktg bs pbssîvgds pbktbs ag dktgrgssg. Kj sgeukaj dtgrjåíb aj tjiglj,
ï adrgdtj, dktdtuljaj “Njpj ag mjlbr„, qujktb njds jltj j sjturjåíb ag jzul,
njdbr b køngrb. Dssb fjmdldtj g jedldzj b prbmgssb ag adstdkeudr js
gxtrgndajags ab gspgmtrb ‑ b køngrb njds ijdxb (::%) g b njds jltb (73%)
‑ ab qug kj tjiglj brdedkjl, bkag kíb tîkcjnbs kgkcun dkaîmdb vdsujl pjrj
jhuajr j adrgmdbkjr kbssj jtgkåíb.
Bs jpldmjtdvbs ag egrjåíb ag erêfdmbs (mbnb b Gxmgl) kbrnjlngktg tèn
fukmdbkjldajag ag fbrnjtjåíb mbkadmdbkjl dkmbrpbrjaj qug pgrndtg jpldmjr
mbn fjmdldajag unj fbrnjtjåíb mbnb j qug jpjrgmg kj Fdeurj 9.7. Jb utdldzê-
lj, mgrtdfdqug-sg ag sgnprg dkmludr unj lgegkaj pjrj jhuajr b lgdtbr j
dktgrprgtjr bs ajabs (kgstg mjsb, b suitîtulb IJDSB‟JLQB kb njpj ag
mjlbr, mbn mbrgs mbrrgspbkagktgs ï fbrnjtjåíb mbkadmdbkjl tgn gssg
bihgtdvb).
J sgeudr, vjnbs adsmutdr bs vdsujds gn qug tgkagnbs j pgksjr qujkab sg trjtj
ag mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs8 erêfdmbs.

Erêfdmbs
Gkqujktb js tjigljs dktgrjegn mbn kbssb sdstgnj vgrijl, bs erêfdmbs
dktgrjegn mbn kbssb sdstgnj vdsujl, qug ä njds rêpdab kb prbmgssjngktb ag
dkfbrnjå÷gs. Dssb sdekdfdmj qug un erêfdmb ign prbhgtjab kbrnjlngktg
mbnukdmjrê j dkfbrnjåíb njds rêpdab qug unj tjiglj ign prbhgtjaj.
Mbkfbrng ngkmdbkgd kb dkîmdb agstg mjpîtulb, gxdstgn nudtbs tdpbs ag
erêfdmb. J ibj kbtîmdj ä qug ijstj jleuks aglgs pjrj sjtdsfjzgr j njdbrdj ag
sujs kgmgssdajags adêrdjs.
Bs tdpbs ag erêfdmbs qug usb frgqugktgngktg mjgn gn qujtrb mjtgebrdjs8
pbktbs, ldkcjs, ijrrjs g êrgj. Vjnbs gxjndkê-lbs mbn njds jtgkåíb g adsmutdr
bs suitdpbs qug usb rgeuljrngktg, mbn mjsbs ag usb g gxgnplbs ag mjaj un.
Erêfdmb bu erjfb2

Jleuks fjzgn adstdkåíb gktrg erêfdmbs g erjfbs. Kbrnjlngktg, “erêfdmb„ ä j mjtgebrdj

njds jnplj, sgkab bs “erjfbs„ un abs suitdpbs (butrbs tdpbs ag erêfdmb dkmlugn bs
njpjs g bs adjerjnjs). Kíb tgkab j fjzgr gssj adstdkåíb, pbds qujsg tbabs bs
erêfdmbs mbn qug ldab rgeuljrngktg síb erjfbs. Kgstg ldvrb, usb js pjljvrjs erêfdmb g
erjfb dkadstdktjngktg.

_bktbs
Erêfdmb ag adspgrsíb
Bs erêfdmbs ag adspgrsíb pbagn sgr øtgds pjrj nbstrjr j rgljåíb gktrg aujs
mbdsjs, pbds glgs pgrndtgn mbadfdmjr ajabs sdnultjkgjngktg gn un gdxb x
cbrdzbktjl g un gdxb y vgrtdmjl pjrj vgr sg g qujl rgljåíb gxdstg. Glgs tgkagn
j sgr njds usjabs kbs mjnpbs mdgktîfdmbs (g, tjlvgz pbr dssb, ïs vgzgs síb
mbksdagrjabs mbnpldmjabs ag gktgkagr pjrj qugn gstê ngkbs fjndldjrdzjab
mbn glgs). Gnibrj sghj rjrb, tjniän gxdstgn mjsbs ag usb ag erêfdmbs ag
adspgrsíb kb nukab abs kgeýmdbs.
_br gxgnplb, adejnbs qug egrgkmdjnbs unj frbtj ag ñkdius g qugrgnbs
gktgkagr j rgljåíb gktrg js ndlcjs adrdedajs g b mustb pbr ndlcj. B erêfdmb ag
adspgrsíb pbag sgr mbnb b aj Fdeurj 9.6.

FDEWYJ 9.6 EYÊFDMB AG AD]_GY]ÍB

]g qudsgrnbs fbmjr kbs mjsbs kbs qujds b mustb pbr ndlcj gstê jmdnj aj
näadj, un erêfdmb ag adspgrsíb ldegdrjngktg nbadfdmjab, prbhgtjab pjrj lgvjr
kbssbs blcbs pjrj lê njds rjpdajngktg, pbagrdj sgr mbnb b aj Fdeurj 9.5.
FDEWYJ 9.5 EYÊFDMB AG AD]_GY]ÍB NBADFDMJAB
_bagnbs usjr j Fdeurj 9.5 pjrj bisgrvjr qug b mustb pbr ndlcj ä njds jltb
qug j näadj qujkab jijdxb ag mgrmj ag :.5?? ndlcjs bu jmdnj ag =.=??
ndlcjs, pjrj j jnbstrj bisgrvjaj. Kbs prýxdnbs mjpîtulbs, vjnbs fjljr njds
sbirg js gsmblcjs ag agsdek fgdtjs jqud g bs nbtdvbs pjrj gljs.

Ldkcjs
Bs erêfdmbs ag ldkcjs síb njds usjabs pjrj rgedstrjr ajabs mbktîkubs. Mbnb
bs pbktbs síb fdsdmjngktg mbkgmtjabs pbr ngdb aj ldkcj, dssb dkadmj unj
mbkgxíb gktrg glgs qug pbag kíb fjzgr sgktdab pjrj ajabs mjtgeýrdmbs (un
mbkhuktb ag ajabs mljssdfdmjabs bu advdadabs gn adfgrgktgs mjtgebrdjs).
Frgqugktgngktg, kbssbs ajabs mbktîkubs gstíb gn jleunj ukdajag ag tgnpb8
adjs, ngsgs, trdngstrgs bu jkbs.
Agktrb aj mjtgebrdj erêfdmb ag ldkcj, gxdstgn abds tdpbs qug usb
frgqugktgngktg8 b erêfdmb ag ldkcjs pjaríb g b erêfdmb ag dkmldkjåíb.

Erêfdmb ag ldkcjs
B erêfdmb
mbnb ag ldkcjs
dlustrjab pbag nbstrjr
kj Fdeurj 9.3. jpgkjs unj, aujs bu vêrdjs särdgs ag ajabs,
FDEWYJ 9.3 EYÊFDMB] AG LDKCJ

Kbtg qug, qujkab b tgnpb gstê sgkab rgprgsgktjab kb gdxb x cbrdzbktjl ag

un erêfdmb ag ldkcjs, bs ajabs trjåjabs agvgn gstjr gn dktgrvjlbs mbgrgktgs.
Vd, rgmgktgngktg, un erêfdmb gn qug js ukdajags ab gdxb x grjn aämjajs ag
:4?? gn adjktg (:4:?, :49?, :4=? gtm.) g, gktíb, trbmjajs pjrj jkujds agpbds
ag 9?:? (9?::, 9?:9, 9?:=, 9?:1). Dssb sdekdfdmjvj qug j adstékmdj gktrg bs
pbktbs ag aämjaj g bs pbktbs jkujds pjrgmdjn deujds. Gssj ä unj njkgdrj
gkejkbsj ag nbstrjr ajabs. ]ghj mbgrgktg kbs pbktbs ag tgnpb qug
rgprgsgktjr.
Nbstrjkab j näadj agktrb ag un dktgrvjlb gn un erêfdmb
ag ldkcjs

Gn jleuks mjsbs, j ldkcj ab erêfdmb ag ldkcjs pbag rgprgsgktjr un rgsunb

gstjtîstdmb, mbnb j näadj, bu b pbktb gstdnjab ag unj prgvdsíb. ]g vbmè tjniän
qugr ajr unj dagdj ab dktgrvjlb (bu ab kîvgl ag mbkfdjkåj, agpgkagkab aj sdtujåíb),
pbag fjzgr dssb adrgtjngktg kb erêfdmb, vdsujldzjkab tjniän gssg dktgrvjlb. _br
gxgnplb, b erêfdmb aj Fdeurj 9.4 nbstrj bs tgnpbs ag gspgrj nîkdnb, näadb g
nêxdnb kb mbktrblg ag pjssjpbrtgs ag un jgrbpbrtb gn un pgrîbab ag := ngsgs.
FDEWYJ 9.4 NB]QYJKAB J NÄADJ AGKQYB AG WN DKQGYVJLB GN WN EYÊFDMB
AG LDKCJ]

Erêfdmb ag dkmldkjåíb
Bs erêfdmbs ag dkmldkjåíb síb øtgds qujkab vbmè tgn abds pgrîbabs ag tgnpb
bu pbktbs ag mbnpjrjåíb g qugr nbstrjr rjpdajngktg bs jungktbs bu
adndkudå÷gs rgljtdvjs bu js adfgrgkåjs ag vêrdjs mjtgebrdjs gktrg bs abds
pbktbs ag ajabs.
J nglcbr njkgdrj ag gxpldmjr b vjlbr g b mjsb ag usb abs erêfdmbs ag
dkmldkjåíb ä pbr ngdb ag un gxgnplb. Dnjedkg qug vbmè gstê jkjldsjkab g
mbnukdmjkab ajabs ag unj rgmgktg pgsqudsj ag bpdkdíb ag fukmdbkêrdbs. _jrj
nbstrjr j nuajkåj rgljtdvj kjs mjtgebrdjs aj pgsqudsj ag 9?:1 j 9?:7, b
erêfdmb ag dkmldkjåíb pbagrdj sgr mbnb b aj Fdeurj 9.:?.
Bs erêfdmbs ag dkmldkjåíb mbktèn nudtjs dkfbrnjå÷gs. Jlän abs vjlbrgs
jisblutbs (bs pbktbs), js ldkcjs qug bs mbkgmtjn fbrkgmgn b jungktb bu
agmräsmdnb vdsujl kj tjxj ag nuajkåj (pbr ngdb aj dkmldkjåíb bu adrgåíb),
sgn j kgmgssdajag ag gxpldmjr qug ä dssb qug gstíb fjzgkab bu gxjtjngktg
qujl ä j “tjxj ag nuajkåj„ ‑ dssb ä dktudtdvb.

FDEWYJ 9.:? EYÊFDMB AG DKMLDKJÅÍB

Nbaglb ag erêfdmb ag dkmldkjåíb

Bs erêfdmbs ag dkmldkjåíb pbagn gxdedr un pbumb ag pjmdèkmdj gn suj gxgmuåíb,

pbds nudtjs vgzgs kíb síb un abs erêfdmbs pjaríb dkmluîabs kbs jpldmjtdvbs ag
egrjåíb ag erêfdmbs. Wn nbaglb ab Gxmgl mbn un gxgnplb ag erêfdmb ag dkmldkjåíb
g dkstruå÷gs pjrj usb pgrsbkjldzjab pbag sgr ijdxjab jqud (mbktgøab gn dkelès)8
stbrytglldkewdtcajtj.mbn/slbpgerjpc-tgnpljtg.

]g un erêfdmb ag dkmldkjåíb vjd fukmdbkjr gn suj sdtujåíb gspgmîfdmj,

agpgkag abs ajabs gn sd. ]g nudtjs ldkcjs gstíb sg sbirgpbkab, b erêfdmb
pbag kíb fukmdbkjr, gnibrj, gn jleuks mjsbs, vbmè jdkaj pbssj gkfjtdzjr
unj
pjrj jsärdg pbr vgzabmbn
mjtgebrdj sumgssb.
gxgnplb _br gxgnplb,
jktgrdbr pbagnbs
qug adndkudu mcjnjr
jb lbkeb j jtgkåíb
ab tgnpb.
FDEWYJ 9.:: EYÊFDMB AG DKMLDKJÅÍB NBADFDMJAB

Kj Fdeurj 9.::, kbssj jtgkåíb sg vbltj dngadjtjngktg pjrj j adndkudåíb kb

“Agsgkvblvdngktb aj mjrrgdrj„, gkqujktb b rgstjktg abs ajabs ä prgsgrvjab
pjrj mbktgxtujldzjr, sgn adsputjr j jtgkåíb. Vjnbs fjljr sbirg j gstrjtäedj
pbr três adssb jb adsmutdrnbs bs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs, kb Mjpîtulb 1.
Gkqujktb js ldkcjs fukmdbkjn ign pjrj nbstrjr ajabs jtrjväs ab tgnpb, js
ijrrjs tgkagn j sgr ngu erêfdmb prgfgrdab pjrj rgprgsgktjr ajabs mjtgeýrdmbs,
kbs qujds j dkfbrnjåíb ä brejkdzjaj gn erupbs.

Ijrrjs
Ïs vgzgs bs erêfdmbs ag ijrrjs síb gvdtjabs pbr sgrgn mbnuks. Dssb ä un
grrb. Bs erêfdmbs ag ijrrjs agvgn sgr jprbvgdtjabs pbrqug síb mbnuks,
mbnuks, pbds
dssb sdekdfdmj ngkbs murvj ag jprgkadzjab pjrj sgu pøildmb. Gn vgz ag usjr b
pbagr ab märgirb pjrj tgktjr lgr b erêfdmb, sgu pøildmb b utdldzj pjrj agmdadr
qujl dkfbrnjåíb gxtrjdr aj jprgsgktjåíb.
Kbssbs blcbs lggn erêfdmbs ag ijrrjs fjmdlngktg. Glgs mbnpjrjn bs pbktbs
gxtrgnbs ajs ijrrjs, ag nbab qug ä fêmdl vgr rjpdajngktg qujl ä j mjtgebrdj
njdbr,
agvdab qujl ä j ngkbr
jb nbab mbnb gkbssbs
j adfgrgkåj
blcbs dkmrgngktjl
mbnpjrjn bsgktrg js mjtgebrdjs.
pbktbs Kbtg qug,
gxtrgnbs rgljtdvbs
ajs ijrrjs, ä dnpbrtjktg qug bs erêfdmbs ag ijrrjs sgnprg tgkcjn unj ldkcj
ag ijsg zgrb (gn qug b gdxb x mruzj b gdxb y gn zgrb)0 mjsb mbktrêrdb, vbmè
bitgrê unj mbnpjrjåíb vdsujl fjlsj.
Mbksdagrg j Fdeurj 9.:9, aj Fbx Kgws.

FDEWYJ 9.:9 EYÊFDMB AG IJYYJ] AJ FBS KGU]

_jrj gstg gxgnplb, vjnbs dnjedkjr qug gstjnbs kb butbkb ag 9?:9. Kbs
pgreuktjnbs b qug jmbktgmgrê sg bs mbrtgs ag dnpbstbs ag Iusc gxpdrjrgn.
Kb ljab gsqugrab, tgnbs qug jtujlngktg j jlîqubtj ä ag =7% g kb ljab adrgdtb
qujl sgrê gn :¸ ag hjkgdrb, =4,6%.
Zujkab vbmè blcj gssg erêfdmb, mbnb glg fjz vbmè sg sgktdr gn rgljåíb ï
pbssîvgl gxpdrjåíb abs mbrtgs ag dnpbstbs2 Qjlvgz prgbmupjab mbn b gkbrng
jungktb2 Vjnbs vgr njds ag pgrtb.
Kbtg qug b køngrb dkfgrdbr kb gdxb vgrtdmjl (nbstrjab kj gxtrgndajag

adrgdtj)
mbktdkujrkíb ä zgrb,
pjrj ijdxbnjs
jtä=1. Dssb dkfgrdbr
j pjrtg sdekdfdmjajqug js ijrrjs,
pêedkj. tgbrdmjngktg,
Ag fjtb, agvgn
ab nbab mbnb
dssb gstê rgprgsgktjab, b jungktb vdsujl ä ag 16?% (js jlturjs ajs ijrrjs síb
=7 ” =1 > : g =4,6 ” =1 > 7,60 jssdn, (7,6 ” :) / : > 16?%). ]g nbstrjrnbs js
ijrrjs mbn unj ldkcj ag ijsg zgrb, ag nbab qug js jlturjs sghjn
rgprgsgktjajs (=7 g =4,6), bitgrgnbs un jungktb vdsujl rgjl ag :=% (=4,6 ”
=7) / =7). Vjnbs vgr gn unj mbnpjrjåíb ljab j ljab, kj Fdeurj 9.:=.

FDEWYJ 9.:= B] EYÊFDMB] AG IJYYJ AGVGN QGY WNJ LDKCJ AG IJ]G XGYB

Kj Fdeurj 9.:=, b qug vdnbs mbnb un gkbrng jungktb ï gsqugraj ä

mbksdagrjvglngktg rgauzdab qujkab rgprgsgktjab jagqujajngktg. Qjlvgz b
jungktb ab dnpbstb kíb sghj tíb prgbmupjktg bu pglb ngkbs kíb tíb särdb
qujktb brdedkjlngktg rgprgsgktjab. Agvdab jb nbab mbnb kbssbs blcbs
mbnpjrjn bs pbktbs gxtrgnbs rgljtdvbs ajs ijrrjs, ä dnpbrtjktg tgr b
mbktgxtb aj ijrrj dktgdrj pjrj sg fjzgr unj mbnpjrjåíb prgmdsj.
Vbmè kbtjrê qug fbrjn fgdtjs aujs butrjs jltgrjå÷gs kb agsdek kj
rgmbkstruåíb agssj jprgsgktjåíb. Js lgegkajs ab gdxb yy,, qug gstjvjn
mblbmjajs kb ljab adrgdtb ab erêfdmb brdedkjl, fbrjn nbvdajs pjrj j gsqugraj
(pjrj vgrnbs mbnb dktgrprgtjr bs ajabs jktgs ag mcgejrnbs jbs ajabs rgjds).
Js lgegkajs ag ajabs qug gstjvjn brdedkjlngktg fbrj ajs ijrrjs fbrjn
mblbmjajs agktrb pjrj rgauzdr j sjturjåíb. ]g gu fbssg rgprgsgktjr gssgs ajabs
fbrj agstj ldåíb gspgmîfdmj, pbagrdj bndtdr b gdxb y dktgdrjngktg g nbstrjr
jpgkjs js lgegkajs ag ajabs agktrb ajs ijrrjs pjrj rgauzdr j dkfbrnjåíb
rgaukajktg. Mbktuab, kgstg mjsb, prgsgrvgd b gdxb pjrj agdxjr mljrb qug glg

mbngåj gn zgrb.
Gdxb ag erêfdmb vgrsus lgegkajs ag ajabs

Jb sg rgprgsgktjr ajabs gn erêfdmbs, unj agmdsíb mbnun j tbnjr ä sg js lgegkajs

ag gdxb sgríb prgsgrvjajs bu sg bs gdxbs sgríb gldndkjabs g bs pbktbs ag ajabs
lgegkajabs adrgtjngktg. Jb tbnjr gssj agmdsíb, mbksdagrg b erju ag gspgmdfdmdajag
kgmgssêrdb. ]g qudsgr qug sgu pøildmb sg mbkmgktrg kjs tgkaèkmdjs egrjds, prgsgrvg b
gdxb, njs rgtdrg suj èkfjsg, tbrkjkab-b mdkzj. ]g bs vjlbrgs kunärdmbs gspgmîfdmbs
fbrgn dnpbrtjktgs, tjlvgz sghj nglcbr lgegkajr bs pbktbs ag ajabs. Kgstg mjsb,
kbrnjlngktg ä nglcbr bndtdr b gdxb pjrj gvdtjr j dkmlusíb ag dkfbrnjåíb
rgaukajktg. ]gnprg mbksdagrg mbnb vbmè qugr qug sgu pøildmb usg b vdsujl g
mbkstruj-b ag fbrnj mbrrgspbkagktg.

J rgerj qug dlustrjnbs jqud ä qug bs erêfdmbs ag ijrrjs agvgn tgr unj ldkcj
ag ijsg zgrb. Kbtg qug gssj rgerj kíb sg jpldmj jbs erêfdmbs ag ldkcjs. Kglgs,
mbnb b gkfbqug ä j pbsdåíb rgljtdvj kb gspjåb (gn vgz ab mbnprdngktb aj
ldkcj ag ijsg bu ab gdxb), vbmè pbag usjr unj ldkcj ag ijsg adfgrgktg ag zgrb.
Njs agvg tgr mudajab ‑ agdxg mljrb jb sgu pøildmb qug vbmè gstê usjkab
unj ldkcj ag ijsg adfgrgktg ag zgrb g lgvg gn mbktj b mbktgxtb pjrj kíb
gxjegrjr g fjzgr mbn qug pgqugkjs nuajkåjs bu adfgrgkåjs pjrgåjn
sdekdfdmjtdvjs.
Ätdmj g vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs

G sg nuajr j gsmjlj gn un erêfdmb ag ijrrjs bu njkdpuljr bs ajabs rgfbråjr j dagdj

qug vbmè qugr pjssjr2 Kíb ä mbrrgtb gkejkjr agssj njkgdrj, vdsujldzjkab ajabs ag
nbab dkgxjtb. Jlän ajs prgbmupjå÷gs mbn j ätdmj, gssg ä un tgrrdtýrdb jrrdsmjab.
Ijstj un mbngåjkab
ag ijrrjs pøildmb pgrspdmjz kbtjr
gn jleb b prbilgnj
adfgrgktg (pbr
ag zgrb) gxgnplb,
g tbab b gdxb y agsgrê
sgu jreungktb unhbejab
erêfdmb
pglj hjkglj, huktb mbn suj mrgadidldajag.

Gkqujktb gstjnbs mbksdagrjkab mbnprdngktbs ag ijrrjs, vjnbs gxjndkjr j

ljreurj.. Kíb cê unj rgerj birdejtýrdj jqud, njs, gn egrjl, js ijrrjs agvgn
ljreurj
sgr njds ljrejs qug b gspjåb gn irjkmb gktrg gljs. Mbktuab, vbmè kíb qugr
qug js ijrrjs sghjn tíb ljrejs j pbktb ag sgu pøildmb qugrgr mbnpjrjr êrgjs,
gn vgz ag mbnprdngktbs. Mbksdagrg bs sgeudktgs “mjmcdkcbs aburjabs„ abs
erêfdmbs ag ijrrj8 fdkjs agnjds, erbssjs agnjds g mbrrgtjs.
FDEWYJ 9.:1 LJYEWYJ AG IJYYJ

Adsmutdnbs jleunjs ajs nglcbrgs prêtdmjs qujkab sg trjtj ag erêfdmbs ag

ijrrjs gn egrjl. J sgeudr, vjnbs vgr jleunjs vjrdjå÷gs. Qgr advgrsbs
erêfdmbs ag ijrrjs ï adspbsdåíb prbpbrmdbkj j vbmè flgxdidldajag jb sg agpjrjr
mbn adfgrgktgs agsjfdbs ag vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs. Vjnbs vgr bs qug
mbksdagrb qug vbmè agvg mbkcgmgr.
Erêfdmb ag ijrrjs vgrtdmjds
B erêfdmb ag ijrrjs iêsdmb ä b ag ijrrjs vgrtdmjds, bu erêfdmb ag mblukjs.
Mbnb bs erêfdmbs ag ldkcjs, bs erêfdmbs ag ijrrjs vgrtdmjds pbagn tgr unj,
aujs bu vêrdjs särdgs. Kbtg qug, ï ngadaj qug särdgs ag ajabs síb
jadmdbkjajs, tbrkj-sg njds adfîmdl gkfbmjr unj pbr vgz g gktgkagr0 pbrtjktb,
usg erêfdmbs ag ijrrjs mbn vêrdjs särdgs mbn mudajab. ]jdij tjniän qug
bmbrrg un jerupjngktb vdsujl mbnb rgsultjab ab gspjåjngktb gn erêfdmbs
ag ijrrjs mbn njds ag unj särdg ag ajabs. Dssb tbrkj j bragn rgljtdvj aj
mjtgebrdzjåíb dnpbrtjktg.
fjzgr mbnpjrjå÷gs, Mbksdagrg
g gstruturg qug vbmèagqugr
suj cdgrjrqudj qug sgu pøildmb
mjtgebrdzjåíb pbssjj
ag fbrnj
tbrkjr dssb b njds fêmdl pbssîvgl.
FDEWYJ 9.:7 EYÊFDMB] AG IJYYJ]

Erêfdmb ag ijrrjs vgrtdmjds gnpdlcjajs

Bs mjsbs ag usb pjrj erêfdmbs ag ijrrjs vgrtdmjds gnpdlcjajs síb njds
ldndtjabs. Glgs sg agstdkjn j pgrndtdr j mbnpjrjåíb ag tbtjds gktrg mjtgebrdjs
g jdkaj pjrj vdsujldzjr js pjrtgs suimbnpbkgktgs agktrb ag agtgrndkjaj
mjtgebrdj. Kb gktjktb, dssb pbag sg tbrkjr mbkfusb rjpdajngktg ‑
gspgmdjlngktg ajaj j vjrdgajag ag gsqugnjs ag mbrgs pjaríb kj njdbrdj abs
jpldmjtdvbs ag egrjåíb ag erêfdmbs (njds dkfbrnjå÷gs sbirg dssb jadjktg). Ä
adfîmdl mbnpjrjr bs suimbnpbkgktgs agktrg js vêrdjs mjtgebrdjs, unj vgz qug
vbmè ultrjpjssg j särdg dkfgrdbr (jquglj dngadjtjngktg jb ljab ab gdxb xx),
), pbds
kíb cê njds unj ldkcj ag ijsg mbgrgktg pjrj usjr kj mbnpjrjåíb. Dssb
adfdmultj j mbnpjrjåíb pjrj kbssbs blcbs, mbnb dlustrjab kj Fdeurj 9.:6.

FDEWYJ 9.:6 MBN_JYJKAB ]ÄYDG] MBN EYÊFDMB] AG IJYYJ] GN_DLCJAJ]

B erêfdmb (gn
jisblutbs ag ijrrjs vgrtdmjds
qug vbmè gnpdlcjajs
rgprgsgktj pbag sgr
bs køngrbs gstruturjabmbnb
adrgtjngktg, mbnbnbstrjab
køngrbs
kj Fdeurj 9.:6) bu mbn mjaj mblukj sbnjkab :??% (gn qug vbmè rgprgsgktj
j pbrmgktjegn ab tbtjl ag mjaj sgengktb vgrtdmjl0 vjnbs vgr un gxgnplb
gspgmîfdmb adssb kb Mjpîtulb 4). Zujl vbmè gsmblcg agpgkag ab qug gstê
tgktjkab mbnukdmjr pjrj sgu pøildmb. Zujkab vbmè usjr j ijrrj gnpdlcjaj
gn :??%, pgksg sg fjz sgktdab dkmludr tjniän bs køngrbs jisblutbs pjrj
mjaj tbtjl ag mjtgebrdj (ag nbab adsmrgtb, adrgtjngktg kb erêfdmb, bu
pbssdvglngktg gn unj kbtj ag rbajpä), bs qujds pbagn jhuajr kj
dktgrprgtjåíb abs ajabs.
Erêfdmb ag mjsmjtj
B erêfdmb ag mjsmjtj pbag sgr usjab pjrj sgpjrjr js pjrtgs ag un erêfdmb ag
ijrrjs gnpdlcjajs j fdn ag sg fbmjldzjr unj pbr vgz bu pjrj nbstrjr un
pbktb ag pjrtdaj, jungktbs bu rgauå÷gs g b pbktb fdkjl rgsultjktg.
J nglcbr njkgdrj ag dlustrjr b mjsb ag usb pjrj un erêfdmb ag mjsmjtj ä pbr
ngdb ag un gxgnplb.
qugr gktgkagr Dnjedkg
g mbnukdmjr qugmldgktg
jb sgu vbmè ämbnb
un pjrmgdrb
b køngrbmbngrmdjl ag YC g
ag fukmdbkêrdbs
nuabu kb øltdnb jkb.
Wn erêfdmb ag mjsmjtj nbstrjkab gssj agmbnpbsdåíb pbagrdj sgr mbnb b aj
Fdeurj 9.:5.

FDEWYJ 9.:5 EYÊFDMB AG MJ]MJQJ

Kb ljab gsqugrab, vgnbs b køngrb ag fukmdbkêrdbs kj gqudpg kb dkîmdb ab

jkb. Jb kbs nbvgrnbs pjrj j adrgdtj, prdngdrb gkmbktrjnbs js jadå÷gs
dkmrgngktjds8 kbvjs mbktrjtjå÷gs g fukmdbkêrdbs ag butrjs pjrtgs aj gnprgsj
gktrjkab kj gqudpg. J dssb sgeugn-sg js rgauå÷gs8 sjîajs aj gqudpg pjrj
butrjs pjrtgs aj gnprgsj g pgraj ag pgssbjl. J øltdnj mblukj rgprgsgktj b

køngrb
jpldmjajsagjbfukmdbkêrdbs kb fdkjl kb
dkîmdb aj mbktjegn ab jkb,
jkb. jpýs js jadå÷gs g rgauå÷gs sgrgn
Erêfdmbs ag mjsmjtj pbr fbråj irutj

]g sgu jpldmjtdvb ag egrjåíb ag erêfdmbs kíb tgn fukmdbkjldajag pjrj erêfdmbs ag

mjsmjtj, kíb sg prgbmupg. B sgergab ä jprbvgdtjr b erêfdmb ag ijrrjs gnpdlcjajs g
tbrkjr j prdngdrj särdg (j qug jpjrgmg njds pgrtb ab gdxb x)
x) dkvdsîvgl. Dssb gxdeg un
pbumb
dkelès)ag
kbnjtgnêtdmj pjrjjssuktb,
ilbe sbirg gstg agfdkdr mbrrgtjngktg,
huktb mbn unnjs fukmdbkj.
gxgnplb Wnj pbstjegn
ag vgrsíb (gn
kb Gxmgl ab
erêfdmb jktgrdbr g dkstruå÷gs sbirg mbnb agfdkdr un pjrj sgus prbpýsdtbs, pbag sgr
ijdxjaj gn stbrytglldkewdtcajtj.mbn/wjtgrfjll-mcjrt.

Erêfdmb ag ijrrjs cbrdzbktjds

]g gu tdvgssg qug gsmblcgr un økdmb erêfdmb pjrj ajabs mjtgeýrdmbs, sgrdj b
ag ijrrjs cbrdzbktjds, qug vdrj ag ljab j vgrsíb vgrtdmjl. _br què2 _brqug glg
ä gxtrgnjngktg fêmdl ag lgr. B erêfdmb ag ijrrjs cbrdzbktjds ä pjrtdmuljrngktg
øtdl sg sgus kbngs ag mjtgebrdj síb lbkebs, pbds b tgxtb ä gsmrdtb aj gsqugraj
pjrj j adrgdtj, mbkfbrng j njdbrdj lè, fjmdldtjkab j lgdturj ab erêfdmb pjrj sgu
pøildmb. Jlän adssb, erjåjs jb nbab mbnb kbrnjlngktg prbmgssjnbs
dkfbrnjå÷gs ‑ mbngåjkab ï gsqugraj g gn mdnj, g fjzgkab Xs mbn kbssbs
blcbs kj tglj bu pêedkj ‑, j gstruturj ab erêfdmb ag ijrrjs cbrdzbktjds ä tjl
qug kbssbs blcbs jtdkegn bs kbngs ag mjtgebrdj jktgs abs ajabs. Dssb
sdekdfdmj qug, jb mcgejrnbs jbs ajabs, hê sjignbs b qug glgs rgprgsgktjn
(gn vgz abs nbvdngktbs rêpdabs, pjrj frgktg g pjrj três, qug kbssbs blcbs
fjzgn gktrg bs ajabs g bs kbngs ag mjtgebrdj kbs erêfdmbs ag ijrrjs
vgrtdmjds).

Jssdn mbnb b erêfdmb ag ijrrjs vgrtdmjds, b erêfdmb ag ijrrjs cbrdzbktjds

pbag tgr unj, aujs bu vêrdjs särdgs (Fdeurj 9.:3).

FDEWYJ 9.:3 EYÊFDMB] AG IJYYJ] CBYDXBKQJD]

J bragkjåíb lýedmj ajs mjtgebrdjs

Jb prbhgtjr qujlqugr erêfdmb qug nbstrg ajabs mjtgeýrdmbs, rgfldtj sbirg mbnb js
mjtgebrdjs síb bragkjajs. ]g cbuvgr unj bragn kjturjl, pbag fjzgr sgktdab
jprbvgdtê-lj. _br gxgnplb, sg sujs mjtgebrdjs síb erupbs gtêrdbs ‑ ? j :? jkbs, :: j
9? jkbs gsgjssdn
gktjktb, pbr adjktg
kíb cbuvgr kjs ‑, njktgkcj
mjtgebrdjs unjjsbragn
mjtgebrdjs gnqug
kjturjl bragn
fjåjkunärdmj. Kb
sgktdab jprbvgdtjr,
mbksdagrg qujl bragkjåíb ag sgus ajabs fjrê njds sgktdab. ]gr mudajabsb jqud pbag
sdekdfdmjr trjksndtdr un mbkmgdtb pjrj sgu pøildmb, fjmdldtjkab b prbmgssb ag
dktgrprgtjåíb.
]gu pøildmb (sgn butrjs admjs vdsujds) kbrnjlngktg vgrê suj jprgsgktjåíb j pjrtdr aj
pjrtg supgrdbr gsqugraj ag sgu erêfdmb, zdeugzjeugjkab gn fbrnj ag “z„. Dssb
sdekdfdmj qug gkmbktrjrê prdngdrb j pjrtg supgrdbr ab erêfdmb. ]g j njdbr mjtgebrdj ä
j njds dnpbrtjktg, mblbqug gssj prdngdrb g brejkdzg js rgstjktgs gn bragn kunärdmj
agmrgsmgktg. Bu, sg j ngkbr ä j njds dnpbrtjktg, mblbqug gssj kj pjrtg supgrdbr g
brejkdzg pglbs vjlbrgs ag ajabs gn bragn mrgsmgktg.
_jrj un gxgnplb gspgmîfdmb sbirg j bragkjåíb lýedmj ag ajabs, vghj b gstuab ag
mjsb = kb Mjpîtulb 4.

Erêfdmb ag ijrrjs cbrdzbktjds gnpdlcjajs

]gnglcjktgs jb erêfdmb ag ijrrjs vgrtdmjds gnpdlcjajs, bs erêfdmbs ag ijrrjs
cbrdzbktjds gnpdlcjajs pbagn sgr usjabs pjrj nbstrjr bs tbtjds gn adfgrgktgs
mjtgebrdjs, njs tjniän ajr unj dagdj ajs pjrtgs suimbnpbkgktgs. Glgs
pbagn sgr gstruturjabs ag fbrnj j nbstrjr vjlbrgs jisblutbs bu j sbnj jtä
:??%.
Gu jmcb qug gstj øltdnj gstrjtäedj pbag fukmdbkjr ign pjrj vdsujldzjr pjrtgs
ag un tbab gn unj gsmjlj ab kgejtdvb pjrj b pbsdtdvb, pbds vbmè bitän unj
ldkcj ag ijsg mbgrgktg kjs gxtrgndajags gsqugraj g adrgdtj, pgrndtdkab unj
fêmdl mbnpjrjåíb ajs pjrtgs njds ï gsqugraj g njds ï adrgdtj. _br gxgnplb,
gssj gstrjtäedj pbag fukmdbkjr ign pjrj vdsujldzjr ajabs ag pgsqudsj
mblgtjabs jb lbkeb ag unj gsmjlj Ld`grt (unj gsmjlj mbnungktg usjaj gn
pgsqudsjs, qug kbrnjlngktg vjrdj ag Adsmbrab Qbtjlngktg j Mbkmbrab
Qbtjlngktg), mbnb nbstrjab kj Fdeurj 9.:4.
FDEWYJ 9.:4 EYÊFDMB AG IJYYJ] CBYDXBKQJD] GN_DLCJAJ] J :??%

Êrgj
Gu gvdtb j njdbrdj abs erêfdmbs ag êrgj. Bs blcbs cunjkbs kíb mbksgeugn
jtrdiudr ign b vjlbr qujktdtjtdvb kb gspjåb idadngksdbkjl, b qug pbag
adfdmultjr j lgdturj abs erêfdmbs ag êrgj sg mbnpjrjab mbn jleuks abs butrbs
tdpbs ag jprgsgktjå÷gs vdsujds qug adsmutdnbs. _br dssb, gu kbrnjlngktg bs
gvdtb, mbn unj gxmgåíb ‑ qujkab prgmdsb vdsujldzjr køngrbs ag njekdtuags
jnpljngktg adfgrgktgs. J sgeukaj adngksíb qug sg bitän usjkab un
qujarjab (qug tgn jlturj g ljreurj, mbnpjrjab mbn unj ijrrj qug tgn
jpgkjs jlturj bu ljreurj) pgrndtg qug dssb sghj fgdtb ag un nbab njds
mbnpjmtb ab qug ä pbssîvgl mbn jpgkjs unj adngksíb, mbnb nbstrjab kj
Fdeurj 9.9?.
FDEWYJ 9.9? EYÊFDMB AG ÊYGJ ZWJAYJAJ

Butrbs tdpbs ag erêfdmbs

B qug jibragd
Mgrtjngktg jtäkíb
gssj gstgä pbktb fbrjn
unj ldstj bs tdpbsMbktuab,
gxjustdvj. ag erêfdmbs qug
glgs usb kbrnjlngktg.
agvgn jtgkagr ï
njdbrdj ag sujs kgmgssdajags adêrdjs. Abndkjr b iêsdmb ä dnpgrjtdvb jktgs ag
sg gxplbrjr kbvbs tdpbs ag vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs.
Gxdstgn nudtbs butrbs tdpbs ag erêfdmbs. Zujkab sg trjtj ag sglgmdbkjr un
erêfdmb, jmdnj ag tuab, gsmblcj un tdpb qug pgrndtj mbnukdmjr mljrjngktg
suj ngksjegn jb sgu pøildmb. Mbn tdpbs ngkbs mbkcgmdabs ag vdsujds, vbmè
prbvjvglngktg prgmdsjrê tbnjr njds mudajab gn tbrkê-lbs jmgssîvgds g
mbnprggksîvgds.
Dkfberêfdmbs

Dkfberêfdmb ä un tgrnb nudtjs vgzgs njl usjab. Dkfberêfdmb ä sdnplgsngktg unj

rgprgsgktjåíb erêfdmj ag dkfbrnjå÷gs bu ajabs. Bs dkfberêfdmbs pbagn vjrdjr ag
fbfdkcbs j dkfbrnjtdvbs. Kb ljab dkjagqujab ab gspgmtrb, frgqugktgngktg glgs
mbktèn glgngktbs gxtrjvjejktgs, køngrbs supgradngksdbkjabs g dnjegks
mjrdmjturjds. Gssgs agsdeks tèn mgrtb jpglb vdsujl g pbagn sgauzdr b lgdtbr. Mbktuab,
kj sgeukaj blcjaj, glgs pjrgmgn supgrfdmdjds g agdxjn un pøildmb pgrspdmjz
dksjtdsfgdtb. Jqud, j agsmrdåíb ag “erêfdmb dkfbrnjtdvb„ ‑ gnibrj nudtb usjaj ‑
kíb ä jprbprdjaj. Kb butrb ljab ab gspgmtrb gstíb bs dkfberêfdmbs qug mbrrgspbkagn
jbs sgus kbngs g rgjlngktg dkfbrnjn. Gxdstgn gxgnplbs nudtb ibks kj êrgj ab
hbrkjldsnb ag ajabs (pbr gxgnplb, b Kgw Tbr` Qdngs g j Kjtdbkjl Egberjpcdm).
Egberjpcdm).
Gxdstgn pgreuktjs dnpbrtjktgs qug bs agsdekgrs ag dkfbrnjåíb prgmdsjn rgspbkagr
jktgs ag dkdmdjr b prbmgssb ag agsdek. ]íb js ngsnjs pgreuktjs qug adsmutdnbs pjrj
gktgkagr b mbktgxtb ab stbrytglldke mbn ajabs. Zugn ä sgu pøildmb2 B qug vbmè
prgmdsj qug glg sjdij bu fjåj2 ]bngktg agpbds qug js rgspbstjs j gssjs pgreuktjs
pbssjn sgr jrtdmuljajs sumdktjngktg ä qug pbagrê sgr gsmblcdab un nätbab gfdmjz ag
jprgsgktjåíb qug juxdldg j ngksjegn. Wnj ibj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs ‑ sghj un
dkfberêfdmb bu butrb tdpb ‑ kíb ä sdnplgsngktg unj mblgåíb ag fjtbs sbirg
agtgrndkjab jssuktb0 j ibj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs mbktj unj cdstýrdj.

J sgr gvdtjab
Adsmutdnbs bs vdsujds qug njds usb pjrj mbnukdmjr ajabs gn un jnidgktg
mbngrmdjl. Gxdstgn jdkaj jleuks tdpbs g glgngktbs ag erêfdmb gspgmîfdmbs qug
agvgn sgr gvdtjabs8 erêfdmbs ag pdzzj, erêfdmbs ag rbsmj, =A g gdxbs y
sgmukaêrdbs. Vjnbs adsmutd-lbs.

Erêfdmbs ag pdzzj síb rudks

Qgkcb agsprgzb ign abmungktjab j erêfdmbs ag pdzzj. Ygsundkab, glgs síb
rudks. _jrj gktgkagr mbnb mcgeugd j gssj mbkmlusíb, vjnbs vgr un gxgnplb.
B erêfdmb ag pdzzj aj Fdeurj 9.9: (ijsgjab gn un gxgnplb rgjl) nbstrj j
pjrtdmdpjåíb kb ngrmjab ag qujtrb fbrkgmgabrgs8 J, I, M g A. ]g gu pgadssg
pjrj vbmè fjzgr unj bisgrvjåíb sdnplgs ‑ qujl ä b njdbr fbrkgmgabr, ag
jmbrab mbn gstg vdsujl ‑, b qug adrdj2

FDEWYJ 9.9: EYÊFDMB AG _DXXJ

J njdbrdj ajs pgssbjs mbkmbrajrê qug b “Fbrkgmgabr I,„ rgprgsgktjab gn
jzul näadb kj pjrtg dkfgrdbr adrgdtj, pjrgmg sgr b njdbr. ]g vbmè prgmdsjssg
jvjldjr j prbpbråíb qug b Fbrkgmgabr I bmupj kb ngrmjab elbijl, qug
pbrmgktjegn pbagrdj gstdnjr2

=7%2
1?%2
J pjrtdr ag ngu qugstdbkjngktb jktgrdbr, tjlvgz vbmè pbssj adzgr qug gstê
jmbktgmgkab jleb suspgdtb jqud. Aè unj blcjaj kb qug jmbktgmg qujkab
jmrgsmgktjnbs bs køngrbs ïs fjtdjs aj pdzzj, mbnb nbstrjab kj Fdeurj 9.99.

FDEWYJ 9.99 EYÊFDMB AG _DXXJ MBN ]GENGKQB] LGEGKAJAB]

Kj vgrajag, b “Fbrkgmgabr I„ ‑ qug pjrgmg njdbr, mbn =:% ‑ ä ngkbr

qug b “Fbrkgmgabr J„ jmdnj aglg, qug pjrgmg ngkbr.
Vjnbs adsmutdr abds prbilgnjs qug jprgsgktjn un agsjfdb pjrj j
dktgrprgtjåíb mbrrgtj agssgs ajabs. J prdngdrj mbdsj qug mcjnj suj jtgkåíb
(g mjusj suspgdtj, sg vbmè fbr un lgdtbr ag erêfdmbs pgrspdmjz) ä j gstrjkcj
pgrspgmtdvj gn =A jpldmjaj jb erêfdmb, dkmldkjkab j fjtdj g fjzgkab js pjrtgs
supgrdbrgs pjrgmgrgn njds jfjstjajs g, pbrtjktb, ngkbrgs ab qug rgjlngktg
síb, gkqujktb js pjrtgs dkfgrdbrgs pjrgmgn njds pgrtb g, jssdn, njdbrgs ab
qug síb. Vjnbs fjljr njds sbirg =A gn irgvg, njs pbr gkqujktb vbu
gkukmdjr unj rgerj rglgvjktg sbirg vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs8 kíb usg =A! Kíb
sgrvg pjrj kjaj g pbag prghuadmjr nudtb, mbnb vgnbs jqud, pbds adstbrmg j
pgrmgpåíb vdsujl abs køngrbs.
Ngsnb qujkab gldndkjnbs b =A g jmcjtjnbs j pdzzj, bs agsjfdbs ï
dktgrprgtjåíb pgrnjkgmgn. B blcb cunjkb kíb mbksgeug jtrdiudr
mbrrgtjngktg vjlbrgs qujktdtjtdvbs kb gspjåb idadngksdbkjl. Adtb njds
sdnplgsngktg8 ä adfîmdl lgr bs erêfdmbs ag pdzzj. Zujkab bs sgengktbs tèn
tjnjkcbs pjrgmdabs, ä adfîmdl (sg kíb dnpbssîvgl) adzgr qujl ä b njdbr.
Zujkab sgus tjnjkcbs kíb síb pjrgmdabs, b nglcbr qug vbmè pbag fjzgr ä
agtgrndkjr qug un ä njdbr qug butrb, njs kíb pbag jvjldjr b qujktb. _jrj
rgsblvgr dssb, vbmè pbag jadmdbkjr lgegkajs, mbnb fbd fgdtb jqud. Njs gu
jdkaj adrdj qug b vdsujl kíb vjlg b gspjåb qug bmupj.
Gn vgz adssb, b qug vbmè agvg fjzgr2 Wn hgdtb ä suistdtudr b erêfdmb ag pdzzj
pbr un ag ijrrjs cbrdzbktjds, mbnb dlustrjab kj Fdeurj 9.9=, brejkdzjab ab
njdbr pjrj b ngkbr
kjs mjtgebrdjs bu vdmg-vgrsj
qug fjåj (j kíb sgrmbnb
sgktdab jprbvgdtjr, qug cjhj jleunj bragn
hê ngkmdbkjab). kjturjl
Lgnirg-sg8
mbn erêfdmbs ag ijrrjs, kbssbs blcbs mbnpjrjn bs pbktbs gxtrgnbs. Mbnb js
ijrrjs síb jldkcjajs gn unj ldkcj ag ijsg mbnun, ä fêmdl jvjldjr b tjnjkcb
rgljtdvb. Dssb fjmdldtj vgr kíb jpgkjs qujl sgengktb ä b njdbr, pbr gxgnplb,
njs tjniän b qujktb, dkmrgngktjlngktg, ä njdbr qug bs butrbs sgengktbs.

FDEWYJ 9.9= WNJ JLQGYKJQDVJ JB EYÊFDMB AG _DXXJ

Jleuän
ijrrjs. Bpbagrdj adzgr qug
økdmb agtjlcg qugvbmè
vbmèpgrag
bitänjleb
mbnkjun
trjksdåíb
erêfdmbaj
agpdzzj
pdzzjpjrj js
ä b mbkmgdtb
ag cjvgr un tbab g, jssdn, pjrtgs ag un tbab. Njs, sg b vdsujl ä adfîmdl ag lgr,
vjlg j pgkj2 Kj Fdeurj 9.9=, tgktgd trjtjr adssb, nbstrjkab qug js pjrtgs
sbnjn :??%. Kíb ä unj sbluåíb pgrfgdtj, njs jleb j mbksdagrjr. _jrj vgr
njds jltgrkjtdvjs jbs erêfdmbs ag pdzzj, mbksultg b gstuab ag mjsb 7 kb
Mjpîtulb 4.
]g vbmè fbr usjr un erêfdmb ag pdzzj, pjrg g pgreuktg-sg8 pbr què2 ]g puagr
rgspbkagr j gssj pgreuktj, vbmè prbvjvglngktg rgflgtdu b sufdmdgktg pjrj usê-
lb, njs mgrtjngktg gssg kíb agvg sgr b prdngdrb tdpb ag erêfdmb j sgr
gnprgejab, ajajs jleunjs ajs adfdmulajags kj dktgrprgtjåíb vdsujl adsmutdajs
jqud.
Gkqujktb gstjnbs kb jssuktb abs erêfdmbs ag pdzzj, vjnbs vgr rjpdajngktg
butrj “deujrdj vdsujl„ j gvdtjr8 b erêfdmb ag rbsmj.

FDEWYJ 9.91 EYÊFDMB AG YB]MJ

Mbn pdzzjs, gstjnbs pgadkab jb kbssb pøildmb pjrj mbnpjrjr ékeulbs g

êrgjs. Mbn un erêfdmb ag rbsmj, gstjnbs pgadkab pjrj mbnpjrjr b
mbnprdngktb ag un jrmb mbn b mbnprdngktb ag butrb (pbr gxgnplb, kj
Fdeurj 9.91, b mbnprdngktb ab jrmb J mbnpjrjab jb jrmb I). I). Zuíb mbkfdjktg
vbmè sg sgktg kj mjpjmdajag ag sgus blcbs ag jtrdiudr vjlbrgs qujktdtjtdvbs j
un mbnprdngktb ag jrmb2
Kíb nudtb2 Fbd b qug pgksgd. Kíb usg erêfdmbs ag rbsmj.
Kukmj usg =A
Wnj ajs rgerjs ag burb aj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs ä gstj8 kukmj usg =A.
Ygpdtj mbndeb8 kukmj usg =A. J økdmj gxmgåíb ä sg vbmè gstdvgr
rgprgsgktjkab unj tgrmgdrj adngksíb (g, ngsnb jssdn, js mbdsjs fdmjn
mbnpldmjajs rjpdajngktg0 pbrtjktb, mudajab jb fjzgr dssb) ‑ g vbmè kukmj
agvg usjr =A pjrj rgprgsgktjr unj økdmj adngksíb. Mbnb vdnbs kb gxgnplb
ag erêfdmb ag pdzzj jktgrdbr, =A adstbrmg kbssbs køngrbs, tbrkjkab adfîmdl bu
dnpbssîvgl dktgrprgtê-lbs bu mbnpjrê-lbs.
Jadmdbkjr =A jbs erêfdmbs dktrbauz glgngktbs agskgmgssêrdbs j glg, mbnb
pjdkäds ljtgrjds g mcíb. Jdkaj pdbr ab qug gssjs adstrjå÷gs, bs jpldmjtdvbs ag
egrjåíb ag erêfdmbs fjzgn jleunjs mbdsjs nudtb gstrjkcjs jb rgprgsgktjr
vjlbrgs gn =A. _br gxgnplb, gn un erêfdmb ag ijrrjs gn =A, vbmè pbagrdj
pgksjr qug sgu jpldmjtdvb ag egrjåíb ag erêfdmbs rgprgsgktjrdj j frgktg aj
ijrrj bu tjlvgz j pjrtg trjsgdrj. Dkfgldzngktg, nudtjs vgzgs js mbdsjs síb njds
mbnpldmjajs. Kb Gxmgl, pbr gxgnplb, j jlturj aj ijrrj ä agtgrndkjaj pbr un
pljkb tjkegktg dkvdsîvgl, mruzjkab j jlturj mbrrgspbkagktg kb gdxb yy.. Dssb
egrj erêfdmbs mbnb b qug jpjrgmg kj Fdeurj 9.97.

FDEWYJ 9.97 EYÊFDMB AG MBLWKJ] GN =A

J hulejr pglj Fdeurj 9.97, qujktjs puildmjå÷gs cjvdj gn hjkgdrb g fgvgrgdrb2

Gu rgprgsgktgd unj puildmjåíb pjrj mjaj un agssgs ngsgs. Kb gktjktb, ab
nbab mbnb lgdb b erêfdmb, sg mbnpjrjssg j jlturj aj ijrrj mbn js ldkcjs ag
erjag g sgeudssg pjrj j gsqugraj ab gdxb yy,, gstdnjrdj vdsujlngktg un vjlbr ag
?,3, tjlvgz. Gssj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs ä sdnplgsngktg rudn. Kíb usg =A.
Gdxb y sgmukaêrdb8 egrjlngktg kíb ä unj ibj dagdj
dagd j
Ïs vgzgs ä øtdl rgprgsgktjr ajabs qug gstíb gn ukdajags tbtjlngktg adfgrgktgs
kb ngsnb gdxb xx.. Frgqugktgngktg, dssb egrj b gdxb y sgmukaêrdb8 butrb gdxb
vgrtdmjl kb ljab adrgdtb ab erêfdmb.
Vghj b gxgnplb nbstrjab kj Fdeurj 9.96.

FDEWYJ 9.96 GDSB T ]GMWKAÊYDB

Dktgrprgtjr j Fdeurj 9.96, rgqugr tgnpb g lgdturj pjrj gktgkagrnbs qujds

ajabs agvgn sgr ldabs gn rgljåíb j qujl gdxb. _br dssb, vbmè agvg gvdtjr b
usb ag un gdxb y sgmukaêrdb bu ï adrgdtj. Gn vgz adssb, mbksdagrg sg unjs
ajs sgeudktgs gstrjtäedjs jtgkagrê sujs kgmgssdajags8
:. Kíb nbstrjr b sgeukab gdxb yy.. Gn vgz adssb, lgegkag adrgtjngktg bs
pbktbs ag ajabs pgrtgkmgktgs j gssg gdxb.
9. ]gpjrg bs erêfdmbs vgrtdmjlngktg g tgkcj un gdxb y sgpjrjab pjrj mjaj un
(jnibs jb lbkeb aj gsqugraj), njs jprbvgdtg b ngsnb gdxb x pjrj jnibs.
J Fdeurj 9.95 dlustrj gstjs bpå÷gs.
FDEWYJ 9.95 G]QYJQÄEDJ] _JYJ GVDQJY WN GDSB T ]GMWKAÊYDB

Wnj tgrmgdrj pbssîvgl bpåíb, kíb nbstrjaj jqud, ä vdkmuljr b gdxb jbs ajabs
jFdeurj
sgrgn9.96,
ldabsguusjkab mbrgs.
pbagrdj _br gxgnplb,
gsmrgvgr b tîtulb abkbgdxb
erêfdmb brdedkjl jprgsgktjab
y ï gsqugraj, kj
“Lumrbs„, gn
jzul g njktgr js ijrrjs ag lumrb jzuds, g gsmrgvgr b tîtulb ab gdxb y ï adrgdtj,
“K¸ ag Vgkagabrgs„, gn ljrjkhj g tbrkjr b erêfdmb ag ldkcjs ljrjkhj pjrj
dktgrldeê-lbs vdsujlngktg. Kíb rgmbngkab gssj gstrjtäedj, pbrqug js mbrgs
kbrnjlngktg pbagn sgr usjajs ag fbrnj njds gstrjtäedmj. Vjnbs pjssjr
nudtb njds tgnpb adsmutdkab mbrgs kb Mjpîtulb 1.
Qjniän vjlg kbtjr qug, qujkab vbmè rgprgsgktj abds mbkhuktbs ag ajabs kb
ngsnb gdxb, dssb pbag dkadmjr unj rgljåíb qug tjlvgz gxdstj bu kíb. Jtgkåíb

j dssb jb agtgrndkjr sg gssj ä unj gstrjtäedj jagqujaj.

Zujkab vbmè gstdvgr gkfrgktjkab b agsjfdb ab gdxb y sgmukaêrdb g
mbksdagrjkab qujl jltgrkjtdvj nbstrjaj kj Fdeurj 9.95 jtgkagrê nglcbr sujs
kgmgssdajags, pgksg kb erju ag gspgmdfdmdajag ag qug prgmdsj. J jltgrkjtdvj :,
kj qujl mjaj pbktb ag ajabs ä lgegkajab gxpldmdtjngktg, aê njds jtgkåíb jbs
køngrbs gspgmîfdmbs. J jltgrkjtdvj 9, kj qujl bs gdxbs síb nbstrjabs ï
gsqugraj, fbmjldzj njds js tgkaèkmdjs abndkjktgs. Gn egrjl, gvdtg b gdxb y
sgmukaêrdb g, gn vgz adssb, gnprgeug unj agssjs gstrjtäedjs jltgrkjtdvjs.

Gkmgrrjngktb
Kgstg mjpîtulb, gxplbrjnbs bs tdpbs ag rgprgsgktjå÷gs vdsujds qug njds
utdldzb. Cjvgrê mjsbs ag usb pjrj butrbs tdpbs ag jprgsgktjå÷gs, njs bs qug
jibrajnbs jqud agvgn sjtdsfjzgr j njdbrdj ajs kgmgssdajags adêrdjs.
Gn nudtbs mjsbs, kíb cê unj økdmj rgprgsgktjåíb vdsujl mbrrgtj0 gn vgz
adssb, frgqugktgngktg gxdstgn adfgrgktgs tdpbs ag jprgsgktjå÷gs qug
pbagrdjn jtgkagr j agtgrndkjaj kgmgssdajag. Mbn ijsg kb mjpîtulb jktgrdbr
sbirg mbktgxtb, b njds dnpbrtjktg ä tgr gssj kgmgssdajag mljrjngktg
gkukmdjaj8 B qug vbmè prgmdsj qug sgu pøildmb sjdij2 Gktíb, gsmblcj unj
rgprgsgktjåíb vdsujl qug agdxg dssb mljrb.
Mjsb gstghj sg pgreuktjkab qujl ä b erêfdmb mbrrgtb pjrj ndkcj sdtujåíb2, j
rgspbstj ä sgnprg j ngsnj8 qujlqugr un qug sghj njds fêmdl pjrj sgu pøildmb
lgr. Cê un nbab fêmdl ag tgstjr dssb, qug ä mrdjr sgu vdsujl g nbstrê-lb pjrj
un jndeb bu mblgej. _gåj pjrj glg gkukmdjr b sgeudktg, jb prbmgssjr j
dkfbrnjåíb8 b qug gkfbmj,
tgn. Dssb b jhuajrê j jvjldjrb qug vè,vdsujl
sg sgu qujds gstê
bisgrvjå÷gs
jtdkedkabfjz, qujds pgreuktjs
b bihgtdvb bu, sg kíb
gstdvgr, jhuajrê j sjigr bkag mbkmgktrjr sujs jltgrjå÷gs.
Jebrj vbmè sjig j sgeukaj ldåíb ab stbrytglldke mbn ajabs8 mbnb gsmblcgr
unj rgprgsgktjåíb vdsujl jagqujaj.
 mjpîtulb très

j sjturjåíb ä suj dkdndej!

Dnjedkg unj pêedkj bu tglj gn irjkmb8 mjaj glgngktb jadmdbkjab j gssj

pêedkj bu tglj jisbrvg mjrej mbekdtdvj pbr pjrtg ag sgu pøildmb ‑ gn butrjs
pjljvrjs, gxdeg pbagr ab märgirb pjrj prbmgssjr. _brtjktb, qugrgnbs
gxjndkjr mbn adsmgrkdngktb bs glgngktbs vdsujds qug pgrndtdnbs gn kbssjs
mbnukdmjå÷gs. Ag nbab egrjl, dagktdfdmjr qujlqugr mbdsj qug kíb gstghj
jmrgsmgktjkab vjlbr dkfbrnjtdvb ‑ bu jadmdbkjkab vjlbr dkfbrnjtdvb
sufdmdgktg pjrj mbnpgksjr suj prgsgkåj ‑ g rgnbvè-lj. Dagktdfdmjr g gldndkjr
j sjturjåíb ä b gkfbqug agstg mjpîtulb.

Mjrej mbekdtdvj
Vbmè hê sgktdu b pgsb aj mjrej mbekdtdvj. Qjlvgz gstdvgssg jssdstdkab j unj
mbkfgrèkmdj, qujkab b pjlgstrjktg pjssjkab bs sldags fjz unj pjusj gn un
nudtb mcgdb g mbnpldmjab. Wju, vbmè adssg “jrec„ gn vbz jltj bu fbd jpgkjs
gn suj ngktg2 Bu tjlvgz vbmè gstdvgssg lgkab un rgljtýrdb bu hbrkjl g un
erêfdmb mcjnbu suj jtgkåíb pbr tgnpb sufdmdgktg pjrj pgksjr8 “pjrgmg
dktgrgssjktg, njs kíb tgkcb dagdj ab qug fjzgr mbn dssb„ ‑ g, gn vgz ag
pgragr tgnpb gn agmdfrê-lb, vdrbu j pêedkj.
Kgssgs abds mjsbs, b qug vbmè gxpgrdngktbu fbd unj mjrej mbekdtdvj
gxmgssdvj bu gxtrîksgmj.
Gxpgrdngktjnbs mjrej mbekdtdvj sgnprg qug rgmgignbs dkfbrnjå÷gs. J
mjrej mbekdtdvj pbag sgr mbksdagrjaj b gsfbråb ngktjl gxdedab pjrj jprgkagr
kbvjs dkfbrnjå÷gs. Zujkab fjzgnbs un mbnputjabr trjijlcjr, gstjnbs
mbktjkab mbn sgu pbagr ag prbmgssjngktb. Zujkab pgadnbs jb kbssb
pøildmb pjrj trjijlcjr, gstjnbs usjkab sgu pbagr ag prbmgssjngktb ngktjl.

Dssb
pbagrä ag
mjrej mbekdtdvj. Bngktjl.
prbmgssjngktb märgirbMbnb
cunjkb tgn unjajqujktdajag
agsdekgrs fdkdtj
dkfbrnjåíb, agssg
qugrgnbs
sgr dktgldegktgs kb usb aj mjpjmdajag mgrgirjl ag kbssb pøildmb. Bs gxgnplbs
jktgrdbrgs jpbktjn pjrj unj mjrej mbekdtdvj gxtrîksgmj8 prbmgssjngktb qug
bmupj rgmursbs ngktjds, njs kíb jhuaj b pøildmb j gktgkagr j dkfbrnjåíb.
Dssb ä jleb qug qugrgnbs gvdtjr.

Ajtj-dk` bu rgljåíb sdkjl-ruîab

Mbn b pjssjr ab tgnpb, vêrdbs mbkmgdtbs fbrjn jprgsgktjabs kj tgktjtdvj ag
gxpldmjr g jhuajr j ajr brdgktjå÷gs pjrj rgauzdr j mjrej mbekdtdvj qug dnpbnbs jb
pøildmb mbn kbssjs mbnukdmjå÷gs vdsujds. Gn sgu ldvrb Qcg Vdsujl Adspljy bf
Zujktdtjtdvg Dkfbrnjtdbk (sgn trjauåíb kb Irjsdl), Gawjra Quftg sg rgfgrg ï
njxdndzjåíb aj rgljåíb ajtj-dk` (ajabs-tdktj), adzgkab qug “qujktb njdbr j
pbråíb ag tdktj agadmjaj jbs ajabs gn un erêfdmb, nglcbr (sgkab js butrjs
qugst÷gs rglgvjktgs gqudvjlgktgs)„. Dssb tjniän pbag sgr rgfgrdab mbnb njxdndzjr
j rgljåíb sdkjl-ruîab (mbksultg b ldvrb ag Kjkmy Aujrtg, Ygssbkékmdj8 Jprgsgktg
Cdstýrdjs Vdsujds qug Gkmjktgn
Gkmjktgn b _øildmb, ga. Jltj Ibb`s
Ibb`s),
), ag Kjkmy Aujrtg, kj
qujl b sdkjl ä j dkfbrnjåíb qug qugrgnbs mbnukdmjr g b ruîab síb bs glgngktbs
qug jadmdbkjnbs bu, gn jleuks mjsbs, rgauzdnbs aj ngksjegn qug gstjnbs
tgktjkab trjksndtdr pjrj b pøildmb.

Kb qug adz rgspgdtb ïs kbssjs mbnukdmjå÷gs vdsujds, b qug njds dnpbrtj ä j

mjrej mbekdtdvj pgrmgidaj pbr pjrtg ag kbssb pøildmb8 b qujktb glg jmrgadtj
qug prgmdsjrê sg gsfbråjr pjrj gktgkagr j dkfbrnjåíb ag suj mbnukdmjåíb.
Gssj ä j agmdsíb j qug prbvjvglngktg mcgejn sgn erjkag mbedtjåíb
mbksmdgktg (sg cbuvgr) g pbag fjzgr j adfgrgkåj gktrg trjksndtdr suj

ngksjegn mljrjngktg bu kíb.

Ag nbab egrjl, vbmè agvg ndkdndzjr j mjrej mbekdtdvj pgrmgidaj (jb qug sghj
rjzbêvgl g jdkaj pgrndtj trjksndtdr j dkfbrnjåíb) pbr sgu pøildmb.

]jturjåíb
Wn abs mulpjabs qug pbagn mbktrdiudr pjrj j mjrej mbekdtdvj gxmgssdvj bu
gxtrîksgmj ä jleb qug mcjnb sdnplgsngktg ag sjturjåíb. ]íb jquglgs
glgngktbs vdsujds qug bmupjn gspjåb, njs kíb jungktjn b gktgkadngktb.
Vjnbs gxjndkjr njds gspgmdfdmjngktg qujds glgngktbs pbagn sgr
mbksdagrjabs sjturjåíb gn irgvg, njs jebrj qugrb fjljr ag nbab egrjl sbirg
pbr qug glj ä rudn.
Cê unj rjzíb sdnplgs pglj qujl agvgnbs rgauzdr j sjturjåíb8 glj fjz mbn qug
kbssbs vdsujds pjrgåjn njds mbnpldmjabs qug b kgmgssêrdb.
Qjlvgz sgn rgmbkcgmè-lj gxpldmdtjngktg, j prgsgkåj ag sjturjåíb gn kbssjs
mbnukdmjå÷gs vdsujds pbagn mjusjr unj gxpgrdèkmdj rudn pjrj b usuêrdb ‑
bu, pdbr ‑ dkmñnbaj pjrj kbssb pøildmb (ä jquglg nbngktb “jrec„ qug mdtgd
kb dkîmdb agstg mjpîtulb). J sjturjåíb pbag fjzgr jleb pjrgmgr njds
mbnpldmjab ab qug rgjlngktg ä. Zujkab kbssbs vdsujds pjrgmgn
mbnpldmjabs, mbrrgnbs b rdsmb ag kbssb pøildmb agmdadr qug kíb qugr
gktgkagr b qug gstjnbs nbstrjkab, j pbktb ag pgragrnbs kbssj mjpjmdajag
ag kbs mbnukdmjrnbs mbn glg. Dssb kíb ä ibn.

_rdkmîpdbs aj Egstjlt ag pgrmgpåíb vdsujl

Zujkab fbr dagktdfdmjr qujds glgngktbs abs vdsujds síb sdkjl (j dkfbrnjåíb
qug qugrgnbs
_rdkmîpdbs aj mbnukdmjr) g qujds pbagn
Egstjlt ag _grmgpåíb sgr.ruîab
Vdsujl (sjturjåíb),
J Gsmblj mbksdagrg
ag _sdmblbedj bs
Egstjlt
mbngåbu kb dkîmdb abs jkbs :4?? pjrj gktgkagr mbnb js pgssbjs pgrmgign j
bragn kb nukab jb rgabr. Glj gljibrbu bs prdkmîpdbs aj
pgrmgpåíb vdsujl, jdkaj cbhg jmgdtbs, qug agfdkgn mbnb js pgssbjs dktgrjegn
g prbauzgn bragn j pjrtdr ag gstînulbs vdsujds.
Vjnbs adsmutdr sgds prdkmîpdbs jqud8 prbxdndajag, sdndljrdajag, jmgrmjngktb,
fgmcjngktb, mbktdkudajag g mbkgxíb. _jrj mjaj un, vbu nbstrjr un gxgnplb
ab prdkmîpdb jpldmjab j unj tjiglj bu erêfdmb.

_rbxdndajag
Qgkagnbs j pgksjr qug bihgtbs fdsdmjngktg prýxdnbs fjzgn pjrtg ag un
erupb. B prdkmîpdb aj prbxdndajag gstê agnbkstrjab kj Fdeurj =.:8 vbmè vè
kjturjlngktg bs pbktbs mbnb très erupbs adstdktbs, erjåjs ï suj prbxdndajag
rgljtdvj.
FDEWYJ =.: _YDKMÎ_DB AJ _YBSDNDAJAG AJ EG]QJLQ

_bagnbs jprbvgdtjr dssb kj njkgdrj mbnb js pgssbjs vggn agsdek ag tjigljs.

Kj Fdeurj =.9, jpgkjs pbr adfgrgkmdjr b gspjåjngktb gktrg bs pbktbs, sgus
blcbs síb jtrjîabs pgljs mblukjs kb prdngdrb mjsb bu pgljs ldkcjs, kb
sgeukab.

FDEWYJ =.9 VBMÈ VÈ MBLWKJ] G LDKCJ] ]DN_LG]NGKQG _BY MJW]J AB

G]_JÅJNGKQB GKQYG B] _BKQB]

]dndljrdajag
Bihgtbs qug tèn mbr, fbrnj, tjnjkcb bu brdgktjåíb sgnglcjktgs síb
pgrmgidabs mbnb rgljmdbkjabs bu pgrtgkmgktgs j pjrtg ag un erupb. Kj
Fdeurj =.=, vbmè jssbmdj kjturjlngktg bs mîrmulbs jzuds ï gsqugraj bu bs
qujarjabs mdkzj, ï adrgdtj.
FDEWYJ =.= _YDKMÎ_DB AJ ]DNDLJYDAJAG AJ EG]QJLQ

Dssb pbag sgr jprbvgdtjab gn tjigljs, pjrj jhuajr j mcjnjr j jtgkåíb ab

pøildmb pjrj bkag qugrgnbs fbmjr. Kj Fdeurj =.1, j sdndljrdajag aj mbr ä unj
pdstj pjrj kbssbs blcbs lgrgn js ldkcjs (gn vgz ag mblukjs). Dssb gldndkj j
kgmgssdajag ag glgngktbs jadmdbkjds, mbnb ibrajs, pjrj jhuajr j mcjnjr
kbssj jtgkåíb.

FDEWYJ =.1 VBMÈ VÈ LDKCJ] AGVDAB Ï ]DNDLJYDAJAG AJ MBY

Jmgrmjngktb
Jmcjnbs qug bihgtbs fdsdmjngktg agldndtjabs fjzgn pjrtg ag un erupb. Kíb
ä prgmdsb un jmgrmjngktb nudtb fbrtg pjrj dssb8 un sbnirgjab ag fukab
mljrb frgqugktgngktg ä sufdmdgktg, mbnb agnbkstrjab kj Fdeurj =.7.
FDEWYJ =.7 _YDKMÎ_DB AB JMGYMJNGKQB AJ EG]QJLQ

Wn nbab ag jprbvgdtjr b prdkmîpdb ab jmgrmjngktb ä trjåjr unj adstdkåíb

vdsujl agktrb ag kbssbs ajabs, mbnb kb erêfdmb aj Fdeurj =.6.

FDEWYJ =.6 J ÊYGJ ]BNIYGJAJ ]G_JYJ J _YGVD]ÍB AB] AJAB] YGJD]

Fgmcjngktb
B mbkmgdtb ab fgmcjngktb adz qug js pgssbjs ebstjn qug js mbdsjs sghjn
sdnplgs g sg gkmjdxgn kjs mbkstruå÷gs qug hê gstíb gn kbssjs ngktgs. _br
dssb, tgkagnbs j pgrmgigr un mbkhuktb ag glgngktbs dkadvdaujds mbnb unj
økdmj fbrnj rgmbkcgmîvgl, qujkab pbagnbs ‑ qujkab pjrtgs ag un tbab
gstíb fjltjkab, kbssbs blcbs prggkmcgn js ljmukjs. _br gxgnplb, bs
glgngktbs aj Fdeurj =.5 tgkagríb j sgr pgrmgidabs prdngdrjngktg mbnb un
mîrmulb g sbngktg agpbds mbnb glgngktbs dkadvdaujds.
FDEWYJ =.5 _YDKMÎ_DB AB FGMCJNGKQB AJ EG]QJLQ

Ä mbnun bs jpldmjtdvbs ag egrjåíb ag erêfdmbs (pbr gxgnplb, b Gxmgl) tgrgn

mbkfdeurjå÷gs pjaríb qug dkmlugn glgngktbs mbnb ibrajs g sbnirgjab ag
fukab. B prdkmîpdb ab fgmcjngktb kbs adz qug glgs síb agskgmgssêrdbs ‑
pbagnbs rgnbvè-lbs g kbssb erêfdmb jdkaj jpjrgmgrê mbnb unj gktdajag
mbgsj. Iñkus8 qujkab rgtdrjnbs gssgs glgngktbs agskgmgssêrdbs, kbssbs
ajabs sg agstjmjn njds, mbnb nbstrjab kj Fdeurj =.3.

FDEWYJ =.3 B EYÊFDMB JDKAJ _JYGMG MBN_LGQB ]GN J IBYAJ G B ]BNIYGJAB

AG FWKAB
Mbktdkudajag
B prdkmîpdb aj mbktdkudajag ä sgnglcjktg jb ab fgmcjngktb8 jb blcjrnbs bs
bihgtbs, kbssbs blcbs iusmjn b mjndkcb njds sujvg g mrdjn mbktdkudajag kb
qug vgnbs kjturjlngktg, ngsnb bkag glj pbag kíb gxdstdr gxpldmdtjngktg.
_br gxgnplb, kj Fdeurj =.4, sg gu pgejr bs bihgtbs (:) g sgpjrê-lbs, j njdbrdj
ajs pgssbjs gspgrjrê vgr b qug gstê nbstrjab gn sgeudaj (9), gnibrj puagssg
fjmdlngktg sgr b qug jpjrgmg agpbds (=).
FDEWYJ =.4 _YDKMÎ_DB] AJ MBKQDKWDAJAG AJ EG]QJLQ

Kj jpldmjåíb agssg prdkmîpdb, rgnbvd j ldkcj vgrtdmjl ab gdxb y kb erêfdmb aj

Fdeurj =.:?. ]gus blcbs jdkaj vggn qug js ijrrjs gstíb jldkcjajs kb ngsnb
pbktb, erjåjs jb gspjåb gn irjkmb ukdfbrng (un adrgmdbkjngktb sutdl) gktrg
js lgegkajs ï gsqugraj g bs ajabs ï adrgdtj. Mbnb vdnbs kb prdkmîpdb ab
fgmcjngktb, j rgtdrjaj ag glgngktbs agskgmgssêrdbs pgrndtg qug kbssbs ajabs
sg agstjqugn njds.

FDEWYJ =.:? EYÊFDMB MBN J LDKCJ AB GDSB T YGNBVDAJ

Mbkgxíb
B øltdnb prdkmîpdb aj Egstjlt qug vjnbs fbmjr ä j mbkgxíb. Qgkagnbs j
mbksdagrjr bihgtbs fdsdmjngktg mbkgmtjabs mbnb pjrtg ag un erupb. J
prbprdgajag mbkgmtdvj kbrnjlngktg tgn un vjlbr jssbmdjtdvb njds fbrtg ab
qug mbr, tjnjkcb bu fbrnj sdndljr. Jb gxjndkjr j Fdeurj =.::, kbtg qug sgus
blcbs prbvjvglngktg fjzgn pjrgs ajs fbrnjs mbkgmtjajs pbr ldkcjs (gn vgz
aj mbr, tjnjkcb bu fbrnj sdndljr)8 ä b prdkmîpdb aj mbkgxíb gn jåíb.
Kbrnjlngktg, j prbprdgajag mbkgmtdvj kíb ä njds fbrtg qug b jmgrmjngktb,
njs vbmè pbag jfgtjr gssj rgljåíb pbr ngdb ag gspgssurj g tbkjldajag ag
ldkcjs pjrj mrdjr j cdgrjrqudj vdsujl agsghjaj (vjnbs fjljr njds sbirg
cdgrjrqudj vdsujl qujkab adsmutdrnbs bs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs, kb Mjpîtulb
1).

FDEWYJ =.:: _YDKMÎ_DB AJ MBKGSÍB AJ EG]QJLQ

Wn nbab frgqugktg ag usjrnbs b prdkmîpdb aj mbkgxíb ä kbs erêfdmbs ag

ldkcjs, pjrj jhuajr kbssbs blcbs j vgr bragn kbs ajabs, mbnb kj Fdeurj =.:9.

FDEWYJ =.:9 LDKCJ] MBKGMQJN B] _BKQB]

Mbnb vbmè jprgkagu kgstj irgvg vdsíb egrjl, bs prdkmîpdbs aj Egstjlt kbs
jhuajn j gktgkagr mbnb js pgssbjs vggn, b qug pbagnbs usjr pjrj
dagktdfdmjr glgngktbs agskgmgssêrdbs g fjmdldtjr b prbmgssjngktb ag kbssjs
mbnukdmjå÷gs vdsujds. Jdkaj kíb tgrndkjnbs. Kb fdkjl agstg mjpîtulb, vjnbs
adsmutdr mbnb pbagnbs jpldmjr jleuks agssgs prdkmîpdbs gn un gxgnplb rgjl.
Njs prdngdrb vjnbs nuajr kbssb fbmb pjrj abds butrbs tdpbs ag sjturjåíb
vdsujl.

Fjltj ag bragn vdsujl

Zujkab b agsdek ä mudajabsb, glg jssung un pjpgl sgmukaêrdb ag nbab qug
sgu pøildmb kgn ngsnb b pgrmgig. Mbktuab, qujkab kíb ä, b pøildmb sgktg b
pgsb. Vjnbs vgr un gxgnplb pjrj gktgkagr b dnpjmtb qug j bragn vdsujl ‑
g j fjltj aglj ‑ pbag tgr gn kbssjs mbnukdmjå÷gs vdsujds.
Vghj j Fdeurj =.:=, qug rgsung b rgtbrkb sbirg fjtbrgs mbksdagrjabs pbr
brejkdzjå÷gs sgn fdks lumrjtdvbs kj sglgåíb ag vgkagabrgs. Kbtg
gspgmdfdmjngktg js bisgrvjå÷gs qug vbmè pbssj tgr j rgspgdtb aj adspbsdåíb
abs glgngktbs kj pêedkj.

FDEWYJ =.:= YG]WNB AB YGQBYKB AJ _G]ZWD]J

Jb gxjndkjr js dkfbrnjå÷gs, vbmè pbagrdj pgksjr8 “pjrgmg nudtb ibn„. Gstê

ign8 kíb ä cbrrîvgl. _glb ljab pbsdtdvb, js dkfbrnjå÷gs gstíb mljrjngktg
gsibåjajs, b erêfdmb gstê ign bragkjab g lgegkajab, g js prdkmdpjds
bisgrvjå÷gs gstíb gkukmdjajs g vdsujlngktg vdkmuljajs j bkag agvgnbs blcjr
kb erêfdmb. gu
glgngktbs, Njs qujktb jbag
adsmbrajrdj agsdek elbijl
qujlqugr aj pêedkj
glbedb. g jb pbsdmdbkjngktb
_jrj ndn, abs
b vdsujl jergejab
pjrgmg agsbrejkdzjab g dkmñnbab ag lgr, mbnb sg bs vêrdbs mbnpbkgktgs
fbssgn mblbmjabs jqud g jld, sgn mbksdagrjr j gstruturj aj pêedkj elbijl.
_bagnbs nglcbrjr gssg vdsujl sdekdfdmjtdvjngktg, fjzgkab jleunjs jltgrjå÷gs
rgljtdvjngktg pgqugkjs. Aè unj blcjaj kj Fdeurj =.:1. B mbktgøab ä
gxjtjngktg b ngsnb0 jpgkjs b pbsdmdbkjngktb g j fbrnjtjåíb abs glgngktbs
fbrjn nbadfdmjabs.
FDEWYJ =.:1 YG]WNB AB YGQBYKB AJ _G]ZWD]J YGNBAGLJAB

Mbnpjrjaj mbn b vdsujl brdedkjl, j sgeukaj dtgrjåíb pjrgmg ign njds fêmdl.
Gxdstg bragn. Ä gvdagktg qug pgksjngktb mbksmdgktg fbd gnprgejab kb
agsdek g kj adspbsdåíb elbijl abs mbnpbkgktgs. Gspgmdfdmjngktg, gstj øltdnj
vgrsíb fbd prbhgtjaj mbn njdbr jtgkåíb jb jldkcjngktb g jbs gspjåbs gn
irjkmb. Vjnbs vgr mjaj un gn agtjlcgs.
Jldkcjngktb
J jltgrjåíb ag njdbr dnpjmtb kb gxgnplb ag “jktgs g agpbds„ jktgrdbr fbd j
nuajkåj ag tgxtb mgktrjldzjab pjrj hustdfdmjab ï gsqugraj. Kj vgrsíb
brdedkjl, mjaj ilbmb ag tgxtb gstê mgktrjldzjab kj pêedkj. Dssb kíb mrdj ldkcjs
ldnpjs, kgn ï gsqugraj, kgn ï adrgdtj, b qug pbag fjzgr un ljybut pgksjab
pjrgmgr agsnjzgljab. Gu prbmurb kíb usjr tgxtb mgktrjldzjab pbr gssj rjzíb.
J agmdsíb ag jldkcjr sgu tgxtb ï gsqugraj bu ï adrgdtj agvg sgr tbnjaj kb
mbktgxtb abs butrbs glgngktbs aj pêedkj. Ag nbab egrjl, b bihgtdvb ä mrdjr
ldkcjs ldnpjs (tjktb cbrdzbktjl mbnb vgrtdmjlngktg) ag glgngktbs g gspjåbs
gn irjkmb.
Admjs pjrj jldkcjngktb ag glgngktbs gn sbftwjrg
ag jprgsgktjåíb

_jrj jhuajr j ejrjktdr qug sgus glgngktbs fdqugn jldkcjabs jb mblbmê-lbs gn unj
pêedkj agktrb ag sgu sbftwjrg ag jprgsgktjåíb, jtdvg js räeujs bu ldkcjs ag erjag
qug j njdbrdj
glgngktbs pjrjabs prberjnjs
mrdjr pbssud.njds
unj jpjrèkmdj Dssb ldnpj.
pgrndtdrê jldkcjr prgmdsjngktg
J fukmdbkjldajag bs
ag tjigljs
dkmbrpbrjaj ï njdbrdj abs jpldmjtdvbs ag jprgsgktjåíb tjniän pbag sgr usjaj mbnb
nätbab ag fbråj irutj dnprbvdsjab8 mrdg unj tjiglj j fdn ag tgr ldkcjs ag erjag pjrj
b pbsdmdbkjngktb abs glgngktbs. Zujkab tuab gstdvgr jldkcjab
j ldkcjab mbnb vbmè agsghj,
rgnbvj j tjiglj bu tbrkg js ibrajs dkvdsîvgds pjrj qug rgstg jpgkjs j pêedkj
pgrfgdtjngktg brejkdzjaj.

]gn butrjs admjs vdsujds, sgu pøildmb kbrnjlngktg mbngåjrê kj pjrtg

supgrdbr gsqugraj aj pêedkj bu tglj g nbvgrê bs blcbs pbr glj gn fbrnj ag
“z„ (bu vêrdjs fbrnjs ag “z„, agpgkagkab ab ljybut) jb mjptjr dkfbrnjå÷gs.
_br dssb, qujkab sg trjtj ag tjigljs g erêfdmbs, ebstb ag hustdfdmjr b tgxtb njds
ï gsqugraj g jmdnj (tîtulb, tîtulbs ag gdxb, lgegkajs). Dssb sdekdfdmj qug b
pøildmb vjd vgr bs agtjlcgs qug dkfbrnjn mbnb lgr j tjiglj bu erêfdmb jktgs
ag mcgejr jbs ajabs gn sd.
Mbnb pjrtg ag kbssj adsmussíb sbirg jldkcjngktb, vjnbs gxjndkjr bs
mbnpbkgktgs adjebkjds. Kb gxgnplb jktgrdbr, j vgrsíb brdedkjl (Fdeurj
=.:=) tdkcj ldkcjs adjebkjds mbkgmtjkab js dkfbrnjå÷gs jbs ajabs g lgegkajs
kb gdxb x brdgktjabs kj adjebkjl0 kj rgnbagljåíb, js prdngdrjs fbrjn
rgnbvdajs g bs øltdnbs jltgrjabs pjrj brdgktjåíb cbrdzbktjl (Fdeurj =.:1).
Egrjlngktg, glgngktbs adjebkjds, mbnb ldkcjs g tgxtb, agvgn sgr gvdtjabs.
Glgs pjrgmgn agsbragkjabs g, kb mjsb ab tgxtb, síb njds adfîmgds ag lgr qug
sgus gqudvjlgktgs cbrdzbktjds. Kb qug adz rgspgdtb ï brdgktjåíb ag tgxtb, un
gstuab (Udeabr g Ijlj`rdsckjk, 9??7) agsmbirdu qug j lgdturj ag tgxtb
dkmldkjab j 17¸ gn qujlqugr adrgåíb grj, gn näadj, 79% njds lgktj qug j
lgdturj ag tgxtb mbn brdgktjåíb kbrnjl (pjrj tgxtb dkmldkjab j 4?¸ gn
qujlqugr adrgåíb grj 9?7% njds lgktj, gn näadj). Ä nglcbr gvdtjr glgngktbs
adjebkjds kj pêedkj.
Gspjåb gn irjkmb
Kukmj gktgkad ign gssg fgkñngkb, njs, pbr jleun nbtdvb, js pgssbjs
tgkagn j tgr ngab ag gspjåb gn irjkmb gn unj pêedkj. Wsb b tgrnb
“gspjåb gn irjkmb„ pjrj ng rgfgrdr jb gspjåb vjzdb kj pêedkj. ]g sujs
pêedkjs síb jzuds, pbr gxgnplb, sgrdj b “gspjåb jzul„ ‑ kíb sgd ign pbrqug
sgrdjn jzuds, njs b usb ag mbrgs ä unj mbkvgrsj qug tgrgnbs njds jadjktg.
Qjlvgz vbmè hê tgkcj buvdab gstj bpdkdíb8 “jdkaj cê gspjåb kgssj pêedkj0
vjnbs jmrgsmgktjr jleb jld„, bu, pdbr jdkaj, “jdkaj cê gspjåb kgssj pêedkj0
vjnbs jadmdbkjr njds ajabs„. Kíb! Kukmj jadmdbkg ajabs jpgkjs pjrj
jadmdbkjr ajabs ‑ sý jadmdbkg ajabs mbn unj fdkjldajag pgksjaj g
gspgmîfdmj!
_rgmdsjnbs fdmjr njds ï vbktjag mbn gspjåb gn irjkmb.
Gspjåb gn irjkmb kj mbnukdmjåíb vdsujl ä tíb dnpbrtjktg qujktb js pjusjs
gn un adsmursb. Qjlvgz vbmè tgkcj prgsgkmdjab unj jprgsgktjåíb qug kíb
tdkcj pjusjs. Äpbr
bssdvglngktg mbnb b sgeudktg8
gstjr kgrvbsb bucê tjlvgz
un brjabr adjktg
pbrqug agtgktjkab
gstghj vbmè g pjssjr
njds njtgrdjl ab qug agvg kb tgnpb agsdekjab gstê fjljkab supgr rêpdab g
vbmè gstê pgksjkab gn mbnb glg mbksgeug rgspdrjr g vbmè ebstjrdj ag fjzgr
unj pgreuktj njs b brjabr hê nuabu pjrj b týpdmb sgeudktg g jdkaj kíb fgz
unj pjusj lbkej b sufdmdgktg pjrj vbmè fjzgr j pgreuktj. Gssj ä unj
gxpgrdèkmdj agsmbkfbrtêvgl pjrj b pøildmb, sgnglcjktg jb agsmbkfbrtb qug
vbmè pbag tgr sgktdab jb lgr gssj sgktgkåj mbktîkuj g sgn pbktujåíb.
Jebrj, dnjedkg b gfgdtb sg gssg ngsnb jprgsgktjabr fdzgssg unj økdmj
agmljrjåíb juajmdbsj8 “Nbrtg jbs erêfdmbs ag pdzzj!„
G, gktíb, fdzgssg unj pjusj ag :7 sgeukabs pjrj agdxjr j agmljrjåíb rgssbjr.
Gssg ä b ngsnb gfgdtb pbagrbsb qug b gspjåb gn irjkmb usjab
gstrjtgedmjngktg pbag tgr gn kbssjs mbnukdmjå÷gs vdsujds. J fjltj aglg ‑
mbnb j jusèkmdj ag pjusjs gn unj jprgsgktjåíb fjljaj ‑ ä sdnplgsngktg
agsmbkfbrtêvgl pjrj kbssb pøildmb. Agsmbkfbrtb ab pøildmb gn rgspbstj jb
agsdek ag kbssjs mbnukdmjå÷gs vdsujds ä jleb qug agvgnbs gvdtjr. Gspjåb gn
irjkmb pbag sgr usjab gstrjtgedmjngktg pjrj mcjnjr j jtgkåíb pjrj js pjrtgs
aj pêedkj qug kíb síb gspjåb gn irjkmb.
Zujkab sg trjtj ag prgsgrvjr gspjåb gn irjkmb, jqud gstíb jleunjs adrgtrdzgs
nîkdnjs. Js njregks agvgn pgrnjkgmgr ldvrgs ag tgxtb g rgmursbs vdsujds.
Ygsdstj jb dnpulsb ag jlbkejr bs glgngktbs pjrj bmupjr b gspjåb adspbkîvgl0
gn vgz adssb,Jlän
b mbktgøab. adngksdbkg bs rgmursbs
agssjs adrgtrdzgs, vdsujds
pgksg gn jagqujajngktg,
mbnb vbmè pbag ag jmbrab
usjr mbn
gspjåb
gn irjkmb gstrjtgedmjngktg pjrj ajr èkfjsg, mbkfbrng dlustrjab kj pjusj
rjadmjl jktgrdbr. ]g cbuvgr jleb rgjlngktg dnpbrtjktg, pgksg kj pbssdidldajag
ag mblbmê-lb kj pêedkj.
pêedkj. Gn jleuks mjsbs, pbagrdj sgr unj økdmj frjsg bu
ngsnb un køngrb. Vjnbs fjljr njds sbirg b usb gstrjtäedmb ag gspjåb gn
irjkmb g vgr un gxgnplb qujkab adsmutdrnbs gstätdmj, kb Mjpîtulb 7.

Wsb kíb gstrjtäedmb ag mbktrjstg

Wn mljrb mbktrjstg pbag sgr un sdkjl pjrj kbssb pøildmb, jhuajkab-b j sjigr
bkag mbkmgktrjr suj jtgkåíb. Vjnbs gxplbrjr gssj dagdj mbn njds agtjlcgs
gn mjpîtulbs pbstgrdbrgs. J fjltj ag mljrb mbktrjstg,
mbktrjstg, pbr butrb ljab, pbag sgr
unj fbrnj ag sjturjåíb. Jb adsmutdr b vjlbr fukajngktjl ab mbktrjstg,
frgqugktgngktg gnprgstb unj jkjlbedj ag Mbldk Ujrg ( Dkfbrnjtdbk
Vdsujldzjtdbk8 _grmgptdbk fbr Agsdek,
Agsdek, sgn trjauåíb kb Irjsdl, 9??1), qug
adssg qug ä fêmdl rgmbkcgmgr un fjlmíb gn un mäu mcgdb ag pbnibs, njs ï
ngadaj qug j vjrdgajag ag pêssjrbs jungktj, fdmj mjaj vgz njds adfîmdl
adstdkeudr b fjlmíb. Dssb agstjmj j dnpbrtékmdj ab usb gstrjtäedmb ag mbktrjstg
kb agsdek vdsujl8 qujktb njds tbrkjnbs js mbdsjs adfgrgktgs, ngkbr b erju
mbn qug mjaj unj agljs sg agstjmj. _jrj gxpldmjr dssb ag butrj fbrnj, sg cê
jleb rgjlngktg dnpbrtjktg pjrj kbssb pøildmb sjigr bu vgr (b fjlmíb),
agvgnbs tbrkjr gssg jleb nudtb adfgrgktg ab rgstb.
Vjnbs vgr un gxgnplb pjrj dlustrjr nglcbr gssg mbkmgdtb.
Dnjedkg qug vbmè trjijlcj kb vjrghb g qugr sjigr mbnb sgus mldgktgs sg

sgktgn j rgspgdtb mbn

lbhj, mbnpjrjajs ag vêrdjs adngks÷gs ajsVbmè
sgus mbkmbrrgktgs. gxpgrdèkmdjs
fgz unj ag mbnprjpjrj
pgsqudsj gn mblgtjr
suj
gssj dkfbrnjåíb g jebrj gstê tgktjkab gktgkagr b qug glj adz. Vbmè mrdbu un
îkadmg ag agsgnpgkcb pbkagrjab pjrj rgsundr mjaj mjtgebrdj ag dktgrgssg
(qujktb njdbr b îkadmg, nglcbr b agsgnpgkcb g vdmg-vgrsj). J Fdeurj =.:7
nbstrj b îkadmg ag agsgnpgkcb pbkagrjab kjs mjtgebrdjs ag suj gnprgsj g
ag mdkmb mbkmbrrgktgs.
Gstuag-b pbr uks dkstjktgs g tbng kbtj ag suj ldkcj ag rjmdbmîkdb gkqujktb
bitän js dkfbrnjå÷gs.
FDEWYJ =.:7 EYÊFDMB BYDEDKJL
]g vbmè tdvgssg qug agsmrgvgr j Fdeurj =.:7 gn unj økdmj pjljvrj, qujl sgrdj
glj2 Qjlvgz vgkcjn ï ngktg pjljvrjs mbnb mcgdb, mbkfusb g mjksjtdvb,
ngsnb sg mbksdagrjrnbs j utdldzjåíb ag advgrsjs mbrgs kj dagktdfdmjåíb abs
mbkmbrrgktgs. Cê nudtjs dkfbrnjå÷gs kgssg erêfdmb. ]íb tjktjs mbdsjs
mbkmbrrgkab pglj kbssj jtgkåíb qug ä adfîmdl sjigr pjrj bkag blcjr.
Vjnbs gxjndkjr gxjtjngktg b qug gstjnbs blcjkab. Mbnb ngkmdbkgd, bs
ajabs rgprgsgktjabs kb erêfdmb síb un îkadmg ag agsgnpgkcb pbkagrjab.
Vbmè kíb prgmdsj sg prgbmupjr mbn bs agtjlcgs ag mbnb dssb ä mjlmuljab,
njs sdn gktgkagr qug sg trjtj ag unj nätrdmj ag rgsunb ag agsgnpgkcb qug
ebstjrîjnbs ag mbnpjrjr gktrg vêrdjs mjtgebrdjs (nbstrjajs kb gdxb x
cbrdzbktjl8 Vjrdgajag
Vjrdgajag,, Mbkvgkdèkmdj, ]grvdåb, Ygljmdbkjngktb g _rgåb) ag
“Kbssj Gnprgsj„ (rgprgsgktjaj pglb lbsjkeb jzul), mbnpjrjaj mbn vêrdbs
mbkmbrrgktgs (js butrjs fbrnjs mblbrdajs). Wn îkadmg njds jltb rgprgsgktj
agsgnpgkcb nglcbr g un îkadmg njds ijdxb sdekdfdmj agsgnpgkcb dkfgrdbr.
Gktgkagr gssjs dkfbrnjå÷gs ä un prbmgssb lgktb, mbn nudtb dr g vdr gktrg j
lgegkaj kj pjrtg dkfgrdbr g bs ajabs ab erêfdmb, pjrj agmdfrjr b qug gstê sgkab
trjksndtdab. Ngsnb sgkab nudtb pjmdgktgs g qugrgkab gktgkagr js
dkfbrnjå÷gs agssg vdsujl, dssb ä qujsg dnpbssîvgl, pbds “Kbssj Gnprgsj„ (b
lbsjkeb jzul) ïs vgzgs ä bmultjaj pglbs butrbs pbktbs ag ajabs, ag nbab qug
kíb pbagnbs kgn ngsnb vgr qujl ä j mbnpjrjåíb njds dnpbrtjktg!
Dssb jmbktgmg qujkab j fjltj ag mbktrjstg (g butrbs prbilgnjs ag agsdek)
adfdmultj nudtb jlän ab kgmgssêrdb j dktgrprgtjåíb ajs dkfbrnjå÷gs.
Vghj j Fdeurj =.:6, bkag usjnbs mbktrjstg njds gstrjtgedmjngktg.

FDEWYJ =.:6 EYÊFDMB YGNBAGLJAB, W]JKAB MBKQYJ]QG G]QYJQGEDMJNGKQG

Kb erêfdmb rgvdsjab, fdz vêrdjs nuajkåjs. _rdngdrb, gsmblcd un erêfdmb ag
ijrrjs cbrdzbktjds pjrj rgprgsgktjr js dkfbrnjå÷gs. Jb fjzgr dssb, nuagd
tbabs bs køngrbs pjrj unj gsmjlj pbsdtdvj ‑ kb erêfdmb ag adspgrsíb
brdedkjl cjvdj jleuks vjlbrgs kgejtdvbs qug jungktjvjn b agsjfdb ï
vdsujldzjåíb. Gssj jltgrjåíb fukmdbkj jqud pbrqug gstjnbs dktgrgssjabs njds
kjs adfgrgkåjs rgljtdvjs ab qug kbs vjlbrgs jisblutbs. Kgssj rgnbagljåíb, js
mjtgebrdjs qug jktgs gstjvjn kb gdxb x cbrdzbktjl jebrj gstíb kb gdxb y
vgrtdmjl. Agktrb ag mjaj mjtgebrdj, b mbnprdngktb aj ijrrj nbstrj j nätrdmj
ag rgsunb ag “Kbssj gnprgsj„ (gn jzul) g abs vêrdbs mbkmbrrgktgs (gn
(gn
mdkzj), mbn js ijrrjs njds lbkejs rgprgsgktjkab b agsgnpgkcb nglcbr. J
mdkzj),
agmdsíb ag kíb nbstrjr j gsmjlj ab gdxb x kgstg mjsb fbd agldigrjaj, b qug
birdej b pøildmb j gkfbmjr js adfgrgkåjs rgljtdvjs, gn vgz ag gktgkagr js
ndkømdjs abs køngrbs gspgmîfdmbs.
Mbn gssg agsdek ä fêmdl vgr rjpdajngktg aujs mbdsjs8
:. _bagnbs agdxjr kbssbs blcbs pgrmbrrgrgn js ijrrjs jzuds pjrj tgr unj
dagdj rgljtdvj ag mbnb “Kbssj gnprgsj„ gstê dkab kjs vêrdjs mjtgebrdjs8
gstjnbs ign gn _rgåb g gn Mbkvgkdèkmdj g njl gn Ygljmdbkjngktb,
pbssdvglngktg pbrqug gstjnbs mbn adfdmulajags gn ]grvdåb g Vjrdgajag,
mbnb gvdagkmdjab pgljs ijdxjs mljssdfdmjå÷gs kgssjs êrgjs.
9. Agktrb ag agtgrndkjaj mjtgebrdj, pbagnbs mbnpjrjr j ijrrj jzul mbn js
ijrrjs mdkzjs pjrj vgr mbnb kbssj gnprgsj gstê sg mbnpbrtjkab gn rgljåíb
jbs mbkmbrrgktgs8 ejkcjkab abs mbkmbrrgktgs gn _rgåb, pgragkab gn
]grvdåb g Vjrdgajag.
Bs mbkmbrrgktgs síb adstdkeudabs mbn ijsg kj bragn gn qug jpjrgmgn (b
Mbkmbrrgktg J sgnprg jpjrgmg dngadjtjngktg jpýs j ijrrj jzul, b
Mbkmbrrgktg I agpbds aglg g jssdn pbr adjktg), b qug gstê agsmrdtb kj lgegkaj
ï gsqugraj. ]g fbssg dnpbrtjktg dagktdfdmjr rjpdajngktg mjaj mbkmbrrgktg,
gssg agsdek kíb pgrndtdrdj fjzgr dssb dngadjtjngktg. Njs sg gssj ä unj
mbnpjrjåíb ag sgeukaj bu tgrmgdrj bragn gn tgrnbs ag prdbrdajag g dssb kíb
ä b njds dnpbrtjktg, gstj gstrjtäedj pbag fukmdbkjr ign. Kj rgnbagljåíb,
tjniän brejkdzgd js mjtgebrdjs gn bragn agmrgsmgktg ab îkadmg ag
agsgnpgkcb pbkagrjab ag “Kbssj gnprgsj„, b qug prbpbrmdbkj unj
mbkstruåíb pjrj kbssb pøildmb usjr jb rgmgigr js dkfbrnjå÷gs, g jadmdbkgd
unj nätrdmj ag rgsunb (mljssdfdmjåíb rgljtdvj) pjrj qug sghj fêmdl sjigr
rjpdajngktg mbnb “Kbssj gnprgsj„ sg mbnpbrtj gn rgljåíb ï mbkmbrrèkmdj
gn mjaj mjtgebrdj.
Kbtg mbnb b usb gfdmdgktg ag mbktrjstg (g butrjs gsmblcjs ag agsdek pgksjajs)
jedldzj, fjmdldtj g agdxj b prbmgssb ag bitgkåíb ajs dkfbrnjå÷gs qug gstjnbs
iusmjkab njds mbkfbrtêvgl ab qug kb erêfdmb brdedkjl.
Zujkab agtjlcgs rgaukajktgs kíb agvgn sgr mbksdagrjabs sjturjåíb
Vd mjsbs kbs qujds b tîtulb ab vdsujl dkadmjvj qug bs vjlbrgs grjn aýljrgs, njs bs
sdkjds ag aýljr kíb fbrjn dkmluîabs huktb jbs køngrbs kj tjiglj bu erêfdmb. _br
gxgnplb, jmcb mbkfusb un erêfdmb dktdtuljab “Vgkajs Ngksjds ($W]A Ndlc÷gs)„
mbn :?, 9?, =?, 1?, 7? mbnb lgegkajs ag gdxb yy.. Dkmludr b sdkjl “$„ mbn mjaj køngrb
fjmdldtj j dktgrprgtjåíb abs vjlbrgs. ]gu pøildmb kíb prgmdsj lgnirjr qug gstê blcjkab
pjrjsgnprg
qug aýljrgs,agvgn
pbrqugsgr
glgs gstíb lgegkajabs
njktdabs gxpldmdtjngktg.
mbn køngrbs, Gxdstgn
dkmludkab sdkjds jleuks ag
ag nbgaj, glgngktbs
pbrmgktjegn g pbktbs gn køngrbs erjkags.

Agssjturjkab8 pjssb j pjssb

Jebrj qug adsmutdnbs b qug ä sjturjåíb, pbr qug ä dnpbrtjktg gldndkê-lj ag
kbssjs mbnukdmjå÷gs vdsujds g mbnb rgmbkcgmè-lj, vjnbs vgr un gxgnplb
rgjl g gxjndkjr mbnb b prbmgssb ag dagktdfdmjåíb g rgnbåíb ag sjturjåíb
nglcbrj kbssb vdsujl g j mljrgzj aj cdstýrdj qug gstjnbs tgktjkab mbktjr.
Mgkêrdb8 Dnjedkg qug vbmè egrgkmdj unj gqudpg ag tgmkblbedj aj
dkfbrnjåíb (QD). ]uj gqudpg rgmgig tîqugtgs, bu qugst÷gs tämkdmjs, abs
fukmdbkêrdbs. Kb jkb pjssjab, aujs pgssbjs sjîrjn aj gqudpg g, kj äpbmj,
vbmè agmdadu kíb suistdtuî-ljs. Vbmè tgn buvdab runbrbsjs rgmljnjå÷gs abs
agnjds fukmdbkêrdbs sbirg tgrgn ag “prggkmcgr j ljmukj„. Ygmgktgngktg,
vbmè fbd qugstdbkjab sbirg sujs kgmgssdajags ag mbktrjtjåíb pjrj b prýxdnb
jkb g gstê sg pgreuktjkab sg agvg mbktrjtjr njds aujs pgssbjs. _rdngdrb,
vbmè qugr gktgkagr b dnpjmtb qug j sjîaj ajs pgssbjs kb jkb pjssjab tgvg kj
prbautdvdajag elbijl ag suj gqudpg. Vbmè mblbmj gn un erêfdmb j tgkaèkmdj
ngksjl
Vbmè vèabs
qugtîqugtgs
cê mgrtjrgmgidabs
gvdaèkmdjg ag
jquglgs
qug j prbmgssjabs kbagjkb
prbautdvdajag sujmdvdl pjssjab.
gqudpg gstê
sgkab prghuadmjaj pglj fjltj ag pgssbjl g jebrj qugr tbrkjr b vdsujl qug mrdbu
j ijsg pjrj sgu pgadab ag mbktrjtjåíb.
J Fdeurj =.:5 nbstrj sgu erêfdmb brdedkjl.
FDEWYJ =.:5 EYÊFDMB BYDEDKJL

Gxjndkg kbvjngktg gssg vdsujl, prgstjkab jtgkåíb kj sjturjåíb. Mbksdagrg

js ldå÷gs qug jibrajnbs sbirg bs prdkmîpdbs aj Egstjlt, jldkcjngktb, gspjåb
gn irjkmb g mbktrjstg. Ab qug pbagnbs kbs agsfjzgr bu jltgrjr2 Zujktbs
prbilgnjs vbmè mbksgeug dagktdfdmjr2
Gu dagktdfdqugd sgds jltgrjå÷gs gssgkmdjds pjrj rgauzdr j sjturjåíb. Vjnbs
adsmutd-ljs.

:. Ygnbvj j ibraj ab erêfdmb

Ibrajs ag erêfdmb kbrnjlngktg síb agskgmgssêrdjs, mbkfbrng jibrajnbs gn
kbssj adsmussíb sbirg b prdkmîpdb ab fgmcjngktb aj Egstjlt. Gn vgz adssb,
usg gspjåb gn irjkmb pjrj adfgrgkmdjr b vdsujl ag butrbs glgngktbs kj
pêedkj, mbkfbrng fbr kgmgssêrdb.
FDEWYJ =.:3 YGNBVJ J] IBYAJ] AB EYÊFDMB

9. Ygnbvj js ldkcjs ag erjag

]g vbmè jmcj qug sgrê øtdl pjrj sgu pøildmb mbrrgr b agab abs ajabs jtä b
gdxb, bu jmcj qug sgus ajabs sgríb prbmgssjabs njds gfdmdgktgngktg, pbag
agdxjr js ldkcjs ag erjag. Njs tbrkg-js fdkjs g usg unj mbr mljrj, mbnb mdkzj.
Kíb pgrndtj qug gljs mbkmbrrjn vdsujlngktg mbn bs ajabs, usg mbrgs
adstdktjs pjrj mjaj ldkcj ab erêfdmb. Zujkab puagr, agsfjåj-sg agljs
mbnplgtjngktg8 dssb pgrndtg un njdbr mbktrjstg g sgus ajabs sg agstjmjríb
njds.
FDEWYJ =.:4 YGNBVJ J] LDKCJ] AG EYJAG

=. Ygnbvj njrmjabrgs ag ajabs

Lgnirg-sg8 mjaj glgngktb jmrgsmgktj mjrej mbekdtdvj pbr pjrtg ag sgu
pøildmb. Jqud, gstjnbs jadmdbkjkab mjrej mbekdtdvj pjrj prbmgssjr ajabs qug
ê gstíb rgprgsgktjabs vdsujlngktg pgljs ldkcjs. Dssb kíb qugr adzgr qug vbmè
kukmj agvg usjr njrmjabrgs ag ajabs, njs usg-bs dktgkmdbkjlngktg g mbn
unj fdkjldajag, kíb pbrqug suj dkmlusíb ä b pjaríb ag sgu jpldmjtdvb ag
egrjåíb ag erêfdmbs.
FDEWYJ =.9? YGNBVJ B] NJYMJABYG] AG AJAB]

1. Ldnpg js lgegkajs ag gdxb

Wn ag ngus njdbrgs jibrrgmdngktbs síb bs zgrbs ï adrgdtj gn lgegkajs kb
gdxb yy88 glgs kíb trjksndtgn kgkcun vjlbr dkfbrnjtdvb g jdkaj pbagn fjzgr bs
køngrbs pjrgmgrgn njds mbnpldmjabs ab qug síb! Agsfjåj-sg aglgs,
rgauzdkab b pgsb agskgmgssêrdb kj mjrej mbekdtdvj ab pøildmb. Qjniän
pbagnbs jirgvdjr bs ngsgs ab jkb, pjrj qug sg gkmjdxgn cbrdzbktjlngktg kb
gdxb xx,, gldndkjkab b tgxtb adjebkjl.
FDEWYJ =.9: LDN_G J] LGEGKAJ] AG GDSB

7. Lgegkag ajabs adrgtjngktg

Jebrj qug gldndkjnbs erjkag pjrtg aj mjrej mbekdtdvj gxtrîksgmj, b trjijlcb
ag dr g vbltjr gktrg j lgegkaj g bs ajabs ä jdkaj njds gvdagktg. Lgnirg-sg8
qugrgnbs dagktdfdmjr tuab qug pjrgåj gsfbråb pjrj kbssb pøildmb g jssundr
kbssj rgspbksjidldajag mbnb agsdekgrs aj dkfbrnjåíb. Kgstg mjsb, pbagnbs
usjr b prdkmîpdb aj prbxdndajag aj Egstjlt g mblbmjr js lgegkajs ign pgrtb
abs ajabs qug gljs agsmrgvgn.

FDEWYJ =.99 LGEGKAG B] AJAB] ADYGQJNGKQG

6. _btgkmdjldzg mbrgs mbksdstgktgs

Hê qug usjnbs b prdkmîpdb aj prbxdndajag aj Egstjlt kb pjssb jktgrdbr,
vjnbs pgksjr
lgegkajs tjniän
aj ngsnj mbrgn
qugusjr b prdkmîpdb
bs ajabs aj sdndljrdajag
qug gljs g agdxjr
agsmrgvgn. Gssg js admj
ä butrj
vdsujl pjrj kbssb pøildmb, qug adz, “gssjs aujs dkfbrnjå÷gs gstíb
rgljmdbkjajs„. Vbmè pbag usjr unj mbr pjrj agstjmjr j dkfbrnjåíb qug njds
dktgrgssj bu aujs mbrgs adfgrgktgs g mbktrjstjktgs.
FDEWYJ =.9= W]G MBYG] MBK]D]QGKQG]

Gssg vdsujl jdkaj kíb gstê mbnplgtb. Njs dagktdfdmjr g gldndkjr j sjturjåíb
kbs fgz jkajr ijstjktg kb sgktdab ag rgauzdr j mjrej mbekdtdvj g nglcbrjr j
jmgssdidldajag. Vghj b “jktgs g agpbds„, nbstrjab kj Fdeurj =.91.

FDEWYJ =.91 JKQG] G AG_BD]

Gkmgrrjngktb
]gnprg qug mblbmj dkfbrnjå÷gs adjktg ag sgu pøildmb, vbmè gstê egrjkab
mjrej mbekdtdvj g pgadkab j glg pjrj qug usg b pbagr ab märgirb pjrj
prbmgssjr js dkfbrnjå÷gs. J sjturjåíb vdsujl mrdj mjrej mbekdtdvj gxmgssdvj
qug pbag jtrjpjlcjr j trjksndssíb ag kbssj ngksjegn. Bs _rdkmîpdbs aj
Egstjlt pjrj _grmgpåíb Vdsujl pbagn jhuaê-lb j gktgkagr mbnb sgu pøildmb
vè g pgrndtdr qugWsg
agskgmgssêrdbs. vbmè dagktdfdqugag
jldkcjngktb g rgnbvj bs glgngktbs
glgngktbs g njktgkcjvdsujds
gspjåb gn irjkmb
pjrj jhuajr j tbrkjr j dktgrprgtjåíb ag sgus rgmursbs vdsujds unj gxpgrdèkmdj
njds jerjaêvgl pjrj sgu pøildmb. Wsg mbktrjstg gstrjtgedmjngktg. J sjturjåíb
ä suj dkdndej8 gldndkg-j ag sgus vdsujds!
Jebrj vbmè sjig dagktdfdmjr g gldndkjr j sjturjåíb.
 mjpîtulb qujtrb

fbmjldzg j jtgkåíb ag sgu pøildmb

Kb mjpîtulb jktgrdbr, jprgkagnbs sbirg sjturjåíb g j dnpbrtékmdj ag

dagktdfdmê-lj g rgnbvè-lj ag kbssjs jprgsgktjå÷gs. Gkqujktb trjijlcjnbs pjrj
gldndkjr js adstrjå÷gs, tjniän qugrgnbs gxjndkjr b qug rgstj g mbksdagrjr
mbnb qugrgnbs qug kbssb pøildmb dktgrjhj mbn kbssjs mbnukdmjå÷gs vdsujds.
Kgstg mjpîtulb, gxjndkjnbs nglcbr mbnb js pgssbjs vggn g mbnb vbmè tdrj
prbvgdtb adssb jb prbauzdr vdsujds. Vjnbs fjljr irgvgngktg sbirg vdsíb g
ngnýrdj pjrj agstjmjr j dnpbrtékmdj ag fgrrjngktjs pbagrbsjs8 bs jtrdiutbs
prä-jtgktdvbs. Vjnbs gxplbrjr mbnb bs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs, mbnb
tjnjkcb, mbr g pbsdåíb kj pêedkj, pbagn sgr usjabs gstrjtgedmjngktg ag aujs
njkgdrjs. _rdngdrb, glgs pbagn sgr usjabs pjrj jhuajr j adrgmdbkjr j jtgkåíb
ab pøildmb pjrj bkag vbmè agsghj qug glg sg mbkmgktrg. ]geukab, pbagn sgr
usjabs pjrj mrdjr unj cdgrjrqudj vdsujl ag glgngktbs, pjrj mbkauzdr sgu
pøildmb pgljs dkfbrnjå÷gs qug vbmè agsghj mbnukdmjr, ab nbab mbnb qugr
qug js prbmgssgn.
Gktgkagkab mbnb kbssb pøildmb vè g prbmgssj dkfbrnjåíb, kbs pbsdmdbkjnbs
nglcbr pjrj kbs mbnukdmjrnbs gfdmdgktgngktg.
Vbmè vè mbn sgu märgirb
Vjnbs vgr unj dnjegn sdnpldfdmjaj ag mbnb js pgssbjs vggn, dlustrjaj kj
Fdeurj 1.:. B prbmgssb ä njds bu ngkbs jssdn8 j luz rgflgtg j pjrtdr ag un
gstînulb. Dssb ä mjpturjab pbr kbssbs blcbs. Kíb vgnbs tbtjlngktg mbn
kbssbs blcbs0 jmbktgmg un prbmgssjngktb jqud, njs ä prdkmdpjlngktg b qug
jmbktgmg gn kbssb märgirb qug mbksdagrjnbs pgrmgpåíb vdsujl.
FDEWYJ 1.: WNJ DNJEGN ]DN_LDFDMJAJ AG MBNB VBMÈ VÈ

Wnj irgvg ldåíb sbirg ngnýrdj

Agktrb ab märgirb gxdstgn très tdpbs ag ngnýrdj, dnpbrtjktgs jb prbhgtjrnbs
mbnukdmjå÷gs vdsujds8 ngnýrdj dmñkdmj, ngnýrdj ag murtb prjzb g ngnýrdj
ag lbkeb prjzb. Mjaj tdpb agsgnpgkcj un pjpgl dnpbrtjktg g adstdktb. J
sgeudr gstíb gxpldmjå÷gs iêsdmjs ag prbmgssbs jltjngktg mbnplgxbs,
jibrajabs sdnplgsngktg pjrj prgpjrjr b tgrrgkb pjrj b qug vbmè prgmdsj
mbkcgmgr jb prbhgtjr mbnukdmjå÷gs vdsujds.
Ngnýrdj dmñkdmj
J ngnýrdj dmñkdmj ä supgr rêpdaj. Glj jtuj sgn qug vbmè j pgrmgij
mbksmdgktgngktg g ä jmdbkjaj qujkab blcjnbs b nukab jb kbssb rgabr. _br
què2 Cê nudtb tgnpb, kj mjagdj gvblutdvj, bs prgajabrgs jhuajrjn kbssbs
märgirbs j agsgkvblvgr njkgdrjs qug pgrndtdrjn njdbr gfdmdèkmdj ag vdsíb g
vglbmdajag ag rgspbstj. Gn pjrtdmuljr, j mjpjmdajag ag jssdndljr adfgrgkåjs
gn kbssb jnidgktg rjpdajngktg ‑ pbr gxgnplb, b nbvdngktb ag un
prgajabr ï adstékmdj ‑ sg tbrkbu jrrjdejaj gn kbssb prbmgssb vdsujl. Grjn
ngmjkdsnbs ag sbirgvdvèkmdj0 cbhg, glgs pbagn sgr jprbvgdtjabs pjrj unj
mbnukdmjåíb vdsujl gfdmjz.
J dkfbrnjåíb pgrnjkgmg gn suj ngnýrdj dmñkdmj pbr unj frjåíb ag sgeukab
jktgs ag sgr gkmjndkcjaj pjrj suj ngnýrdj ag murtb prjzb. B dnpbrtjktg j
sjigr sbirg j ngnýrdj dmñkdmj ä qug glj gstê jssbmdjaj j un mbkhuktb ag
jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs. Bs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs síb dtgks fukajngktjds gn
sgu mdktb ag utdldajags ag agsdek vdsujl0 pbrtjktb, vbltjrgnbs j glgs gn irgvg.
Jktgs, vjnbs mbktdkujr kbssj adsmussíb sbirg ngnýrdj.
Ngnýrdj ag murtb prjzb
J ngnýrdj ag murtb prjzb tgn ldndtjå÷gs. Gspgmdfdmjngktg, gn ajab
nbngktb, js pgssbjs pbagn njktgr kglj mgrmj ag qujtrb erupbs ag
dkfbrnjå÷gs vdsujds. Dssb sdekdfdmj qug, sg mrdjnbs un erêfdmb mbn agz särdgs
ag ajabs adfgrgktgs, mbn agz mbrgs adfgrgktgs, agz fbrnjs adfgrgktgs ag
njrmjabrgs ag ajabs g unj lgegkaj jb ljab, gstjnbs fjzgkab kbssb pøildmb
trjijlcjr aurb pjrj dr g vbltjr gktrg j lgegkaj g bs ajabs pjrj agmdfrjr b qug
gstê blcjkab. Mbnb hê adsmutdnbs, tjktb qujktb pbssîvgl, qugrgnbs ldndtjr
gssg tdpb ag pgsb mbekdtdvb pjrj kbssb pøildmb. Kíb qugrgnbs fjzè-lb
trjijlcjr pjrj gktgkagr j dkfbrnjåíb, pbds jssdn mbrrgnbs b rdsmb ag pgragr
suj jtgkåíb. Ajî, pgragnbs kbssj mjpjmdajag ag mbnukdmjåíb.
Kgssj sdtujåíb gspgmîfdmj, unj sbluåíb ä lgegkajr js vêrdjs särdgs ag ajabs
adrgtjngktg (rgauzdkab b trjijlcb ag dr g vdr gktrg j lgegkaj g bs ajabs,
jprbvgdtjkab b prdkmîpdb aj prbxdndajag aj Egstjlt, jibrajab kb Mjpîtulb =).
Ag un nbab egrjl, qugrgnbs fbrnjr erupbs ag dkfbrnjå÷gs njdbrgs g
mbgrgktgs, pjrj pbagrnbs gkmjdxê-ljs kb gspjåb fdkdtb aj ngnýrdj
bpgrjmdbkjl ag kbssb pøildmb.
Ngnýrdj ag lbkeb prjzb

Zujkab jleb sjdsgajpgrag

prbvjvglngktg ngnýrdj ag murtbbu
pjrj sgnprg prjzb,
pjssjvjd pjrj
pjrj b gsqugmdngktb
j ngnýrdj g prjzb.
ag lbkeb
J ngnýrdj ag lbkeb prjzb aurj pbr tbaj j vdaj g ä fukajngktjlngktg
dnpbrtjktg pjrj b rgmbkcgmdngktb ag pjar÷gs g pjrj b prbmgssjngktb
mbekdtdvb egrjl. Ä j ndsturj ag ngnýrdj vdsujl g vgrijl, js qujds jegn ag
fbrnjs adfgrgktgs. J ngnýrdj vgrijl ä jmgssjaj pbr unj rgag kgurjl, kj qujl
b mjndkcb sg tbrkj dnpbrtjktg pjrj j mjpjmdajag ag rgmbkcgmgr bu lgnirjr. J
ngnýrdj vdsujl, pbr butrb ljab, fukmdbkj mbn gstruturjs gspgmdjldzjajs.
Gxdstgn jspgmtbs aj ngnýrdj ag lbkeb prjzb qug qugrgnbs usjr pjrj fdxjr
kbssj ngksjegn gn kbssb pøildmb. Ag pjrtdmuljr dnpbrtékmdj pjrj kbssj
mbkvgrsj ä b fjtb ag qug dnjegks pbagn kbs jhuajr j lgnirjr njds
rjpdajngktg ajs mbdsjs jrnjzgkjajs gn kbssj ngnýrdj vgrijl ag lbkeb
prjzb. _br gxgnplb, sg vbmè vdr unj fbtberjfdj aj Qbrrg Gdffgl, unj
dkukajåíb ag mbkmgdtbs mbkcgmdabs, sgktdngktbs j rgspgdtb bu gxpgrdèkmdjs
tdajs gn _jrds pbagn sgr agspgrtjabs. Mbnidkjkab j ngnýrdj vdsujl g

vgrijl,
fbrnjåíbkbsagprgpjrjnbs pjrj
ngnýrdjs ag b sumgssb
lbkeb prjzb qujkab sgpøildmb.
gn kbssb trjtj ag agspgrtjr j
Vjnbs adsmutdr
jleunjs têtdmjs gspgmîfdmjs pjrj dssb kb Mjpîtulb 5, kb mbktgxtb ab
stbrytglldke.

Jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs jvdsjn pjrj bkag blcjr

Kj sgåíb jktgrdbr, jprgsgktgd j ngnýrdj dmñkdmj g ngkmdbkgd qug glj gstê
jssbmdjaj j jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs. J nglcbr njkgdrj ag prbvjr b pbagr abs
jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs ä agnbkstrjkab-bs. J Fdeurj 1.9 nbstrj un ilbmb ag
køngrbs. _rgstjkab jtgkåíb j mbnb vbmè prbmgssj j dkfbrnjåíb g qujktb
tgnpb agnbrj, mbktg rjpdajngktg qujktbs køngrbs = jpjrgmgn kj sgquèkmdj.

FDEWYJ 1.9 GSGN_LB AG MBKQJEGN AG KØNGYB] =

J rgspbstj mbrrgtj ä sgds. Kj Fdeurj 1.9 kíb gxdstgn dkaîmdbs vdsujds pjrj
jhuaê-lb j mcgejr j gssj mbkmlusíb. Dssb mbktrdiud pjrj un gxgrmîmdb
agsjfdjabr, kb qujl vbmè prgmdsj pgrmbrrgr js qujtrb ldkcjs ag tgxtb,
prbmurjkab b køngrb = (un tdpb ag fbrnj mbnpldmjaj).

Vghj b qug jmbktgmg qujkab fjzgnbs unj økdmj nuajkåj kb ilbmb ag

køngrbs. Ygpdtj b gxgrmîmdb ag mbktjegn ag køngrbs =, usjkab j Fdeurj 1.=.
FDEWYJ 1.= MBKQJEGN AG KØNGYB] = MBN JQYDIWQB] _YÄ-JQGKQDVB]

Bisgrvg mbnb b ngsnb gxgrmîmdb ä njds fêmdl g rêpdab mbn j Fdeurj 1.=.

Vbmè
køngrbskíb=tgn tgnpb
ï suj pjrj
frgktg. pdsmjr,
Dssb kíb ngsnb,rêpdab
ä jpjrgktgngktg g rgpgktdkjngktg gxdstgn
jssdn pbrqug, kgssjsgds
sgeukaj dtgrjåíb, suj ngnýrdj dmñkdmj gstê sgkab usjaj. B jtrdiutb prä-
jtgktdvb aj dktgksdajag aj mbr, kgstg mjsb, fjz mbn qug bs køngrbs = sghjn j
økdmj mbdsj j sg agstjmjr pgrjktg b rgstb. Kbssb märgirb ä rêpdab gn jssdndljr
dssb, sgn qug prgmdsgnbs agadmjr qujlqugr pgksjngktb mbksmdgktg.
Dssb ä kbtêvgl g prbfukajngktg pbagrbsb. ]dekdfdmj qug, sg usjrnbs bs
jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs gstrjtgedmjngktg, glgs pbagríb kbs jhuajr j pgrndtdr
qug kbssb pøildmb vghj b qug qugrgnbs qug glg vghj, jktgs ngsnb qug sjdij
b qug gstê vgkab!

Kbtg bs vêrdbs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs qug usgd kb tgxtb jktgrdbr pjrj

suildkcjr suj dnpbrtékmdj!
J Fdeurj 1.1 nbstrj bs vêrdbs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs.
FDEWYJ 1.1 JQYDIWQB] _YÄ-JQGKQDVB]
Fbktg8 Jajptjab ab ldvrb ]cbw Ng tcg Kunigrs,
Kunigrs, sgn trjauåíb kb Irjsdl, 9??1,
ag ]tgpcgk Fgw.

Jb gxjndkjr bs jtrdiutbs kj Fdeurj 1.1, bisgrvg mbnb sgus blcbs síb jtrjîabs
pjrj b glgngktb qug ä adfgrgktg ab rgstb agktrb ag mjaj erupb8 vbmè kíb
prgmdsj prbmurê-lb. Dssb jmbktgmg pbrqug kbssb märgirb ä mbkstdtuîab ag fbrnj
j pgrmgigr rjpdajngktg js adfgrgkåjs qug vgnbs gn kbssb jnidgktg.
Js pgssbjs tgkagn j jssbmdjr vjlbrgs qujktdtjtdvbs j jleuks (njs kíb j
tbabs) jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs. _br gxgnplb, j njdbrdj ajs pgssbjs
mbksdagrjrê qug unj ldkcj lbkej rgprgsgktj un vjlbr njdbr qug unj ldkcj
murtj. Gssg ä un abs nbtdvbs pglbs qujds bs erêfdmbs ag ijrrjs síb sdnplgs ag
lgr. Njs kíb mbksdagrjnbs js mbrgs aj ngsnj njkgdrj. ]g gu pgreuktjr qujl
ä njdbr ‑ vgrnglcb bu jzul2 ‑, kíb sgrê unj pgreuktj sdekdfdmjtdvj. Dssb ä
dnpbrtjktg, pbrqug kbs adz qujds abs jtrdiutbs pbagn sgr usjabs pjrj
mbadfdmjr dkfbrnjåíb qujktdtjtdvj (mbnprdngktb ag ldkcj, pbsdåíb gspjmdjl bu,
ag nbab njds ldndtjab, ljreurj ag ldkcj, tjnjkcb g dktgksdajag pbagn sgr
usjabs pjrj rgflgtdr vjlbrgs rgljtdvbs) g qujds agvgn sgr usjabs mbnb
adfgrgkmdjabrgs mjtgeýrdmbs.
Zujkab usjabs nbagrjajngktg, bs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs pbagn sgr
gxtrgnjngktg øtgds pjrj aujs mbdsjs8 (:) mcjnjr rjpdajngktg j jtgkåíb ag
sgu pøildmb pjrj bkag vbmè qugr qug glg blcg g (9) mrdjr unj cdgrjrqudj vdsujl
ag dkfbrnjå÷gs. Vjnbs vgr gxgnplbs ag mjaj un aglgs, prdngdrjngktg mbn
tgxtb g agpbds kb mbktgxtb aj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs.

Jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs gn tgxtb

]gn qujdsqugr dkaîmdbs vdsujds, qujkab mbkfrbktjabs mbn un ilbmb ag tgxtb,
kbssj økdmj bpåíb ä lè-lb. Njs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs gnprgejabs
nbagrjajngktg pbagn nuajr dssb rjpdajngktg. J Fdeurj 1.7 nbstrj mbnb
vbmè pbag utdldzjr jleuks abs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs jprgsgktjabs
jktgrdbrngktg gn sgus tgxtbs. B prdngdrb ilbmb ag tgxtb kíb gnprgej
kgkcun jtrdiutb prä-jtgktdvb. Dssb b tbrkj sgnglcjktg jb gxgnplb aj
mbktjegn ag køngrbs =8 vbmè prgmdsj lè-lb, mblbmjr js lgktgs ab qug ä
dnpbrtjktg bu dktgrgssjktg g, gktíb, pbssdvglngktg lè-lb kbvjngktg pjrj
mblbmjr js pjrtgs dktgrgssjktgs kb mbktgxtb ab rgstb.
Bisgrvg mbnb jprbvgdtjr bs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs nuaj b nbab mbnb vbmè
prbmgssj j dkfbrnjåíb. Mjaj un abs ilbmbs ag tgxtb suisgqugktgs gnprgej
un jtrdiutb prä-jtgktdvb. Kbtg mbnb, agktrb ag mjaj un, b jtrdiutb prä-
jtgktdvb mcjnj suj jtgkåíb g mbnb jleuks jtrdiutbs jtrjgn sgus blcbs mbn
njds bu ngkbs fbråj qug butrbs (pbr gxgnplb, mbr g tjnjkcb mcjnjn j
jtgkåíb, gkqujktb b dtêldmb bitän èkfjsg nbagrjaj).
FDEWYJ 1.7 JQYDIWQB] _YÄ-JQGKQDVB] GN QGSQB

Jlän ag mcjnjr j jtgkåíb ag kbssb pøildmb pjrj bkag agsghjnbs qug glg sg
mbkmgktrg, pbagnbs gnprgejr jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs pjrj mrdjr cdgrjrqudj
vdsujl gn kbssjs mbnukdmjå÷gs. Mbnb vdnbs kj Fdeurj 1.7, bs vêrdbs
jtrdiutbs mcjnjn kbssj jtgkåíb mbn fbråjs adfgrgktgs. Jlän adssb, agktrb ag
agtgrndkjab jtrdiutb prä-jtgktdvb gxdstgn vjrdjå÷gs qug mcjnjríb j jtgkåíb
mbn njds bu ngkbs dktgksdajag. _br gxgnplb, mbn b jtrdiutb prä-jtgktdvb aj
mbr, un jzul dktgksb kbrnjlngktg mcjnjrê njds j jtgkåíb ab qug un jzul
jpjejab. Jnibs mcjnjríb njds j jtgkåíb ab qug un mdkzj mljrb. _bagnbs

jprbvgdtjr gssj
pbssdidldtjr qug vjrdjåíb g usjr sghjn
kbssbs vdsujds vêrdbsnjpgjabs,
jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs huktbs, pjrj
gkfjtdzjkab jleuks
mbnpbkgktgs g rgtdrjkab j èkfjsg ag butrbs.
J Fdeurj 1.6 dlustrj mbnb dssb pbag sgr fgdtb mbn b ilbmb ag tgxtb ab
gxgnplb jktgrdbr.

FDEWYJ 1.6 JQYDIWQB] _YÄ-JQGKQDVB] _BAGN JHWAJY J MYDJY WNJ

CDGYJYZWDJ VD]WJL AG DKFBYNJÅ×G].

Kj Fdeurj 1.6, jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs fbrjn usjabs pjrj mrdjr unj cdgrjrqudj
vdsujl ag dkfbrnjå÷gs. Dssb tbrkj js dkfbrnjå÷gs qug jprgsgktjnbs njds
fêmgds ag njpgjr. Gstuabs tèn nbstrjab qug tgnbs ag = j 3 sgeukabs mbn
kbssb pøildmb, aurjktg bs qujds glg agmdag sg vjd mbktdkujr j vgr b qug
mblbmjnbs gn suj frgktg bu adrgmdbkjr suj jtgkåíb pjrj butrj mbdsj. ]g
usjrnbs bs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs mbn sjigabrdj, ngsnb qug tgkcjnbs
jpgkjs gssgs = j 3 sgeukabs dkdmdjds, tgrgnbs pjssjab jb kbssb pøildmb j
gssèkmdj ab qug qugrgnbs adzgr.
Wsjr jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs pjrj mrdjr unj cdgrjrqudj vdsujl mljrj ag
dkfbrnjå÷gs pjssj dkstruå÷gs dnplîmdtjs pjrj sgu pøildmb, dkadmjkab j glg
mbnb prbmgssjr js dkfbrnjå÷gs. _bagnbs sdkjldzjr b qug ä njds dnpbrtjktg,
kb qug prgstjr jtgkåíb prdngdrb, qujl ä b sgeukab dtgn njds dnpbrtjktg, kb
qug agvg prgstjr jtgkåíb gn sgeudaj g jssdn pbr adjktg. _bagnbs mblbmjr bs
mbnpbkgktgs kgmgssêrdbs, njs qug kíb jfgtjn j ngksjegn, gn sgeukab
pljkb, pjrj qug kíb advdajn j jtgkåíb. Dssb fjmdldtj g jedldzj b rgmgidngktb
ajs dkfbrnjå÷gs qug fbrkgmgnbs pglb kbssb pøildmb.

B gxgnplb jktgrdbr agnbkstrbu b usb ag jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs gn tgxtb.

Gssgs jtrdiutbs tjniän síb nudtb øtgds pjrj j mbnukdmjåíb gfdmjz ag ajabs.

Jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs gn erêfdmbs

]gn butrbs dkaîmdbs vdsujds, bs erêfdmbs pbagn sg tbrkjr nudtb pjrgmdabs mbn
b gxgrmîmdb ag mbktjegn ag køngrbs = bu mbn b ilbmb ag tgxtb mbksdagrjab
jktgrdbrngktg. Vghj b sgeudktg gxgnplb. Dnjedkg qug vbmè trjijlcj gn un
fjirdmjktg ag mjrrbs. Vbmè qugr gktgkagr g mbnpjrtdlcjr dagdjs sbirg js
prdkmdpjds prgbmupjå÷gs mbn b agsdek (ngadajs mbnb b køngrb ag
prgbmupjå÷gs pbr :.??? prgbmupjå÷gs) abs mldgktgs pjrj unj njrmj g nbaglb
ag un vgîmulb gspgmîfdmb. ]gu vdsujl dkdmdjl pbag sgr mbnb b aj Fdeurj 1.5.

FDEWYJ 1.5 EYÊFDMB BYDEDKJL, ]GN JQYDIWQB] _YÄ-JQGKQDVB]

Kbtg mbnb, sgn butrbs dkaîmdbs vdsujds, vbmè ä birdejab j prbmgssjr tbajs js
dkfbrnjå÷gs. ]gn dkaîmdbs sbirg b qug ä dnpbrtjktg bu jb qug sg agvg prgstjr
jtgkåíb, ä b gxgrmîmdb ag mbktjegn ag køngrbs = butrj vgz.

Lgnirg-sg aj adstdkåíb
jkêldsg gxplbrjtýrdj qug fdzgnbsBjktgrdbrngktg,
g gxpljkjtýrdj. kb 1.5
vdsujl aj Fdeurj Mjpîtulb :, tgr
pbagrdj gktrg
sdab
mrdjab aurjktg j fjsg gxplbrjtýrdj8 qujkab vbmè gstê gxjndkjkab bs ajabs
pjrj sjigr b qug pbag sgr dktgrgssjktg bu vjlgr j pgkj mbnukdmjr j jleuän. J
Fdeurj 1.5 kbs nbstrj qug gxdstgn :? prgbmupjå÷gs mbn b agsdek mbn njds
ag bdtb prgbmupjå÷gs pbr :.???.

Zujkab sg trjtj ag jkêldsg gxpljkjtýrdj g ag usjr gssg vdsujl pjrj

mbnpjrtdlcjr dkfbrnjå÷gs mbn sgu pøildmb (gn vgz ag jpgkjs nbstrjr ajabs),
b usb mudajabsb ag mbr g tgxtb ä un nbab ag gkfbmjrnbs j cdstýrdj, mbnb
dlustrjab kj Fdeurj 1.3.

FDEWYJ 1.3 W]G MBY _JYJ MCJNJY J JQGKÅÍB

_bagnbs dr un pjssb jlän, usjkab b ngsnb vdsujl, njs mbn gkfbqug g tgxtb
nbadfdmjabs pjrj lgvjr kbssb pøildmb ajs pjrtgs njmrb pjrj js pjrtgs ndmrb
aj cdstýrdj, mbnb agnbkstrjab kj Fdeurj 1.4.
FDEWYJ 1.4 MYDG WNJ CDGYJYZWDJ VD]WJL AG DKFBYNJÅ×G]

Gspgmdjlngktg gn jnidgktgs ag jprgsgktjåíb jb vdvb, dtgrjå÷gs rgpgtdajs ab

ngsnb vdsujl, mbn adfgrgktgs pjrtgs gkfjtdzjajs, pjrj mbktjr adfgrgktgs
cdstýrdjs bu adfgrgktgs jspgmtbs aj ngsnj cdstýrdj (mbnb agnbkstrjab kjs
Fdeurjs 1.5, 1.3 g 1.4), pbagn sgr unj gstrjtäedj gfdmjz. Dssb pgrndtg qug b
pøildmb mbkcgåj sgus ajabs g vdsujl prdngdrb g, gktíb, mbktdkug j jprbvgdtê-
lbs aj njkgdrj dlustrjaj. Kbtg, kgssg gxgnplb, mbnb sgus blcbs síb jtrjîabs
jbs glgngktbs ab vdsujl qug vbmè prgtgkadj gkfbmjr, erjåjs jb usb gstrjtäedmb
ag jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs.
Agstjmjr un jspgmtb pbag adfdmultjr j vdsíb ag butrjs mbdsjs

W n jvdsb sbirg b usb ag jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs8 qujkab vbmè agstjmj un pbktb gn

suj cdstýrdj, dssb pbag adfdmultjr j vdsíb ag butrbs. Zujkab gstê fjzgkab jkêldsg
gxplbrjtýrdj, vbmè agvg gvdtjr b usb ag jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs prdkmdpjlngktg pbr
gssg nbtdvb. Mbktuab, gn unj jkêldsg gxpljkjtýrdj
gxpljkjtýrdj,, vbmè agvg tgr unj cdstýrdj
gspgmîfdmj qug gstê mbnukdmjkab pjrj sgu pøildmb. Wsg jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs pjrj
jhuajr j tbrkjr gssj cdstýrdj vdsujlngktg mljrj.

B gxgnplb jktgrdbr usbu prdkmdpjlngktg mbr pjrj mcjnjr j jtgkåíb ab

bisgrvjabr. Vjnbs vgr butrb mgkêrdb, usjkab un jtrdiutb prä-jtgktdvb
adfgrgktg. Lgnirg-sg ab gxgnplb jprgsgktjab kb Mjpîtulb =8 vbmè egrgkmdj
unj gqudpg ag QD g qugr nbstrjr mbnb b vblung ag tîqugtgs rgmgidabs supgrj
bs rgmursbs ag suj gqudpg. Agpbds ag ldnpjr b erêfdmb, fdmjnbs mbn j Fdeurj
1.:?.
FDEWYJ 1.:? VJNB] YGVGY B GSGN_LB AB] QÎZWGQG]
Kb prbmgssb ag agtgrndkjr bkag qugrb gkfbmjr j jtgkåíb ag ngu pøildmb,
unj gstrjtäedj qug gnprgeb frgqugktgngktg ä mbngåjr mblbmjkab tuab gn
sgeukab pljkb. Dssb ng birdej j tbnjr agmds÷gs gxplîmdtjs sbirg b qug trjzgr
pjrj j frgktg bu agstjmjr. Vjnbs mbngåjr fjzgkab dssb0 vghj j Fdeurj 1.::.

FDEWYJ 1.:: _YDNGDYB, MBLBZWG QWAB GN ]GEWKAB _LJKB

Gn sgeudaj, qugrb agstjmjr bs ajabs. J Fdeurj 1.:9 nbstrj js aujs särdgs ag
ajabs (Ygmgidabs g _rbmgssjabs) njds gsmurjs g njds jltjs ab qug js ldkcjs g
js lgegkajs ag gdxb. Fbd unj agmdsíb dktgkmdbkjl tbrkjr j ldkcj ag
_rbmgssjabs njds gsmurj qug j ldkcj ag Ygmgidabs, j fdn ag gkfjtdzjr b fjtb
ag
qugqug
gstêb sgkab
køngrb ag tîqugtgs sgkab prbmgssjabs mjdu gn rgljåíb jb køngrb
rgmgidab.

FDEWYJ 1.:9 FJÅJ B] AJAB] ]G AG]QJMJYGN

Kgstg mjsb, qugrgnbs mcjnjr j jtgkåíb ab pøildmb pjrj b ljab adrgdtb ab

erêfdmb, bkag j ljmukj mbngåbu j sg fbrnjr. ]gn butrbs dkaîmdbs vdsujds,
kbssb pøildmb kbrnjlngktg mbngåjrê kj pjrtg supgrdbr gsqugraj aj dnjegn
g fjrê un zdeug-zjeug gn fbrnj ag “z„ mbn bs blcbs pglj pêedkj.
Fdkjlngktg, b bisgrvjabr mcgejrê ï ljmukj kb ljab adrgdtb, njs vjnbs
mbksdagrjr mbnb pbagnbs usjr kbssbs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs pjrj fjzgr dssb
jmbktgmgr njds rjpdajngktg.
Js njrmjs ag pbktbs ag ajabs jadmdbkjajs g js lgegkajs kunärdmjs
rgprgsgktjn un jtrdiutb prä-jtgktdvb qug pbagnbs usjr. Mbktuab, tgkcj
pjmdèkmdj, pbds agnbs un pjssb kj adrgåíb grrjaj jktgs ag drnbs pjrj j
mbrrgtj. Vghj j Fdeurj 1.:=.
FDEWYJ 1.:= LGEGKAJ] AGNJD] _JYGMGN ]JQWYJAJ]
Zujkab jadmdbkjnbs njrmjabrgs ag ajabs g lgegkajs kunärdmjs j mjaj
pbktb ag ajab, rjpdajngktg mrdjnbs unj sjturjåíb. Njs vghj b qug jmbktgmg
kj Fdeurj 1.:1, qujkab sbnbs gstrjtäedmbs j rgspgdtb ag qujds njrmjabrgs g
lgegkajs prgsgrvjnbs g qujds gldndkjnbs.

FDEWYJ 1.:1 LGEGKAJ] W]JAJ] NBAGYJAJNGKQG JHWAJN J MCJNJY J

JQGKÅÍB
Kj Fdeurj 1.:1, js njrmjs jadmdbkjajs jtujn mbnb un sdkjl ag “blcg prj
mê„, mcjnjkab njds rjpdajngktg j jtgkåíb ag kbssb pøildmb pjrj b ljab
adrgdtb ab erêfdmb. Glgs prbpbrmdbkjn jb kbssb pøildmb j vjktjegn jadmdbkjl
ag pgrndtdr qug fjåj un mêlmulb njtgnêtdmb rêpdab, mjsb qugdrj sjigr quíb
erjkag b jmønulb
agfdkdtdvjngktg gstê sg tbrkjkab
qugrgnbs (sg jmcjrnbs
fjzgr, agvgnbs pgksjrqug
gn dssb
fjzgrä pjrj
jleb glg).
qug

Gssgs síb jpgkjs abds gxgnplbs ag usb ag jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs pjrj

fbmjldzjr j jtgkåíb ab pøildmb. Kb rgstjktg agstg ldvrb, vjnbs vgr vêrdbs
butrbs gxgnplbs qug jprbvgdtjn gssj ngsnj gstrjtäedj egrjl ag adfgrgktgs
njkgdrjs.
Gxdstgn jleuks jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs qug síb tíb dnpbrtjktgs ab pbktb ag
vdstj gstrjtäedmb qujkab sg trjtj ag fbmjldzjr j jtgkåíb ag sgu pøildmb, qug
ustdfdmjn sujs prýprdjs adsmuss÷gs8 tjnjkcb, mbr g pbsdåíb kj pêedkj. Vjnbs
trjtjr ag mjaj un aglgs kjs sgå÷gs j sgeudr.
Qjnjkcb
B tjnjkcb dnpbrtj. B tjnjkcb rgljtdvb agkbtj j dnpbrtékmdj rgljtdvj.
Lgnirg-sg adssb jb prbhgtjr sujs mbnukdmjå÷gs vdsujds. ]g vbmè gstdvgr
nbstrjkab vêrdjs mbdsjs ag dnpbrtékmdj jprbxdnjajngktg deujl, adngksdbkg-
js ag nbab sgnglcjktg. Mbnb jltgrkjtdvj, sg cbuvgr jleb rgjlngktg
dnpbrtjktg, usg b tjnjkcb pjrj dkadmjr dssb8 tbrkg EYJKAG!
B sgeudktg ä unj sdtujåíb rgjl, kj qujl b tjnjkcb qujsg mjusbu rgpgrmuss÷gs
dkgspgrjajs.
Kb dkîmdb ag ndkcj mjrrgdrj kj Ebbelg, gstêvjnbs prbhgtjkab un pjdkgl pjrj
jhuajr gn un prbmgssb ag tbnjaj ag agmdsíb (gstbu sgkab dktgkmdbkjlngktg
vjej pjrj prgsgrvjr j mbkfdagkmdjldajag). Kj fjsg ag agsdek cjvdj très
dkfbrnjå÷gs prdkmdpjds qug qugrîjnbs dkmludr, sbngktg unj ajs qujds gstjvj
prbktjngktg adspbkîvgl (bs butrbs ajabs tdkcjn ag sgr bitdabs). Kjs vgrs÷gs
dkdmdjds ab pjdkgl, j dkfbrnjåíb ag qug adspøkcjnbs bmupbu prbvjvglngktg
6?% ab gspjåb adspbkîvgl, mbn gspjåbs rgsgrvjabs pjrj js butrjs
dkfbrnjå÷gs qug gstêvjnbs mblgtjkab. Agpbds ag bitgrnbs bs butrbs ajabs,
bs mblbmjnbs kbs gspjåbs gxdstgktgs. Ign agpbds, pgrmgignbs qug b
tjnjkcb abs ajabs dkdmdjds qug dkmluînbs gstjvj mcjnjkab jtgkåíb dkagvdaj
sg mbnpjrjab mbn b rgstb ajs dkfbrnjå÷gs aj pêedkj. Fgldzngktg,
dagktdfdmjnbs dssb jktgs qug fbssg tjrag agnjds. Nbadfdmjnbs b ljybut ag
nbab qug js très mbdsjs deujlngktg dnpbrtjktgs tdvgssgn b ngsnb tjnjkcb.
Ä dktgrgssjktg pgksjr qug mbkvgrsjs mbnplgtjngktg adfgrgktgs bmbrrgrjn g
agmds÷gs fbrjn tbnjajs mbnb rgsultjab agssj nuajkåj kb agsdek.
Gssj fbd unj ldåíb dnpbrtjktg pjrj ndn (g vjnbs agstjmê-lj kj prýxdnj
sgåíb, sbirg mbrgs)8 kíb pgrndtj qug sujs gsmblcjs ag agsdek sghjn mjsujds0
gn vgz adssb, gljs agvgn sgr b rgsultjab ag agmds÷gs gxplîmdtjs.

Mbr
Zujkab usjaj nbagrjajngktg, j mbr ä unj ajs fgrrjngktjs njds pbagrbsjs
pjrj mcjnjr j jtgkåíb ag sgu pøildmb. Ygsdstj jb dnpulsb ag usjr mbr jpgkjs
pjrj mblbrdr0 gn vgz adssb, usg mbr sglgtdvjngktg, mbnb unj fgrrjngktj
gstrjtäedmj pjrj agstjmjr js pjrtgs dnpbrtjktgs ag suj jprgsgktjåíb. B usb ag
mbrgs sgnprg agvg sgr unj agmdsíb dktgkmdbkjl. Kukmj agdxg qug suj
fgrrjngktj tbng gssj dnpbrtjktg agmdsíb pjrj vbmè!
Kbrnjlngktg, gu prbhgtb ngus vdsujds gn tbks mdkzjs g gsmblcb unj økdmj
mbr fbrtg pjrj mcjnjr j jtgkåíb pjrj bkag agsghb. Ndkcj mbr iêsdmj ä mdkzj,
kíb prgtb, pjrj pgrndtdr un njdbr mbktrjstg, pbds js mbrgs sg agstjmjn njds
mbktrj mdkzj ab qug mbktrj prgtb. _jrj mcjnjr j jtgkåíb, frgqugktgngktg usb
jzul, pbr vêrdbs nbtdvbs8 (:) gu ebstb, (9) gvdtb prbilgnjs ag ajltbkdsnb, qug
vjnbs adsmutdr gn irgvg, g (=) dnprdng ign gn prgtb g irjkmb. Adtb dssb,
jzul mgrtjngktg kíb ä suj økdmj bpåíb.
Zujkab sg trjtj ab usb ag mbr, gxdstgn vêrdjs ldå÷gs j jprgkagr8 utdldzg
nbagrjajngktg, usg ukdfbrngngktg, prbhgtg tgkab gn vdstj b ajltbkdsnb,
lgvg gn mbksdagrjåíb b tbn qug j mbr trjksndtg g mbksdagrg sg usjrê mbrgs ag
njrmj. Vjnbs adsmutdr tuab dssb gn agtjlcgs (g vbmè vjd vgr nudtbs gxgnplbs
bkag agsvdb ag ngu jzul tîpdmb, pbr advgrsbs nbtdvbs).
Wsg mbr nbagrjajngktg
Ä fêmdl dagktdfdmjr un fjlmíb gn un mäu mcgdb ag pbnibs, njs ï ngadaj qug

jfjlmíb.
vjrdgajag ag pêssjrbs
Lgnirj-sg jungktj,agtbrkj-sg
ab prbväridb mjaj qug
Mbldk Ujrg vgz adsmutdnbs
njds adfîmdlkb
lbmjldzjr
øltdnb b
mjpîtulb sbirg sjturjåíb2 B ngsnb prdkmîpdb sg jpldmj jqud. _jrj qug j mbr
sghj gfdmdgktg, glj agvg sgr usjaj mbn nbagrjåíb. Vjrdgajag agnjds dnpgag
qug jleb sg agstjqug. Cê kgmgssdajag ag mbktrjstg sufdmdgktg pjrj fjzgr jleb
mcjnjr j jtgkåíb ag sgu pøildmb.
Zujkab usjnbs mbrgs agnjds huktjs, jlän ag gktrjrnbs kj tgrrj ab jrmb-îrds,
pgragnbs sgu vjlbr prä-jtgktdvb. _br gxgnplb, unj vgz gkmbktrgd unj tjiglj
qug nbstrjvj j mljssdfdmjåíb kb ngrmjab ag jleuks rgnäadbs gn vêrdbs pjîsgs
adfgrgktgs, sgnglcjktg jb ljab gsqugrab aj Fdeurj 1.:7. Mjaj mljssdfdmjåíb
(:, 9, = g jssdn pbr adjktg) rgmgidj suj prýprdj mbr jb lbkeb ab gspgmtrb ab
jrmb-îrds8 : > vgrnglcb, 9 > ljrjkhj, = > jnjrglb, 1 > vgrag mljrb, 7 > vgrag, 6
> vgrag-jzuljab, 5 > jzul, 3 > jzul gsmurb, 4 > vdblgtj mljrb, :?+ > vdblgtj.
Js mäluljs agktrb aj tjiglj grjn prggkmcdajs mbn j mbr qug mbrrgspbkadj ï
mljssdfdmjåíb kunärdmj. Yjdkibw Irdtg jabrjrdj gssj tjiglj (pjrj qugn kíb
mbkcgmg, unj rêpdaj pgsqudsj ag dnjegks kb Ebbelg sbirg Yjdkibw Irdtg
gsmljrgmgrê gssj agmljrjåíb), njs gu kíb ebstgd. B pbagr abs jtrdiutbs prä-
jtgktdvbs fbd pgradab8 tuab grj adfgrgktg, b qug sdekdfdmjvj qug kjaj sg
agstjmjvj. Gstêvjnbs ag vbltj jb gxgnplb aj mbktjegn ag køngrbs = ‑ sý
qug pdbr, pbrqug j vjrdjåíb ag mbrgs kj vgrajag njds jtrjpjlcjvj ab qug
jhuajvj. Wnj jltgrkjtdvj nglcbr sgrdj usjr sjturjåíb vjrdjaj ag unj økdmj
mbr (un njpj ag mjlbr).

FDEWYJ 1.:7 W]G J] MBYG] NBAGYJAJNGKQG

Vjnbs mbksdagrjr
adfgrgktgs j Fdeurj
mbrgs, unj 1.:7.køngrb.
pjrj mjaj Dnjedkg_jrj
qug bkag
kb qujarb aj gsqugraj
víb sgus blcbs kj gxdstgn
vgrsíb
aj gsqugraj2 Bs ngus vjeugdjn ijstjktg, tgktjkab agsmbirdr gn qug agvb
prgstjr jtgkåíb. Ngus blcbs cgsdtjn kb vdblgtj gsmurb, agpbds vgrnglcb g,
gktíb, jzul gsmurb, prbvjvglngktg pbrqug gssjs mbrgs tèn njdbr sjturjåíb ab
qug js butrjs. Kb gktjktb, qujkab mbksdagrjnbs b qug gssjs mbrgs
rgprgsgktjn, kíb ä kgmgssjrdjngktg bkag qugrgnbs qug kbssb pøildmb blcg.
Kj vgrsíb aj adrgdtj ä usjaj unj sjturjåíb vjrdjaj ag unj økdmj mbr. Njs
vbmè pbag usjr qujlqugr mbr qug prgfgrdr, agsag qug usg jpgkjs erjajå÷gs
agssj ngsnj mbr. Kbtg qug kbssj pgrmgpåíb ä njds ldndtjaj qujkab sg trjtj
ag sjturjåíb rgljtdvj, njs unj vjktjegn ä qug glj mjrrgej jleunjs
supbsdå÷gs qujktdtjtdvjs (njds sjturjab rgprgsgktj un vjlbr njdbr ab qug
ngkbs sjturjab bu vdmg-vgrsj ‑ jleb qug vbmè kíb bitän mbn js mbrgs ab
jrmb-îrds usjajs brdedkjlngktg mbnb adfgrgkmdjabrgs mjtgeýrdmbs). Dssb
fukmdbkj ign pjrj kbssb prbpýsdtb jqud, gn qug bs køngrbs ijdxbs (lîagrgs
ag ngrmjab) síb agkbtjabs mbn j sjturjåíb ag mbr njds jltj. ]bnbs jtrjîabs
prdngdrb pjrj b jzul gsmurb ‑ bs lîagrgs ag ngrmjab. Gssg ä un usb njds
mudajabsb ag mbr.
_jrj bkag sgus blcbs síb jtrjîabs2

Gxdstg un tgstg fêmdl pjrj agtgrndkjr sg bs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs gstíb sgkab

usjabs gfdmdgktgngktg. Mrdg sgu vdsujl g, gktíb, fgmcg bs blcbs bu agsvdg b blcjr pbr
uks dkstjktgs. Gn sgeudaj, blcg ag kbvb, bisgrvjkab pjrj bkag sgus blcbs síb
jtrjîabs prdngdrb. Glgs pbusjn dngadjtjngktg bkag vbmè agsghj qug sgu pøildmb
fbmjldzg2 Nglcbr jdkaj, iusqug j jhuaj ag un jndeb bu mblgej ‑ pgåj pjrj glg

gxpldmjr
bkag víbmbnb prbmgssj
agpbds adssb g jjssdn
jprgsgktjåíb8 pjrj
pbr adjktg. bkag
Gssj sgusibj
ä unj blcbs víb prdngdrb,
njkgdrj ag vgr jspjrj
mbdsjs
jtrjväs abs blcbs ag sgu pøildmb g mbkfdrnjr sg b vdsujl qug vbmè mrdbu gstê
mcjnjkab j jtgkåíb g egrjkab unj cdgrjrqudj vdsujl ag dkfbrnjå÷gs aj njkgdrj
agsghjaj.

Wsg j mbr ag nbab ukdfbrng

Wnj pgreuktj fgdtj rgeuljrngktg gn ngus wbr`scbps ä j rgspgdtb aj
kbvdajag. Fjz sgktdab nuajr js mbrgs bu bs tdpbs ag erêfdmb pjrj qug b
øildmb kíb fdqug gktgadjab2 Ndkcj rgspbstj ä un rgtunijktg Kíb! J
cdstýrdj qug vbmè gstê mbktjkab agvg sgr b qug njktän j jtgkåíb ag sgu
pøildmb (vjnbs fjljr njds sbirg cdstýrdj kb Mjpîtulb 5), kíb b agsdek abs
glgngktbs ag sgus erêfdmbs. Zujktb jb tdpb ag erêfdmb, vbmè sgnprg agvg usjr
b qug fbr njds fêmdl pjrj sgu pøildmb lgr. Jb nbstrjr dkfbrnjåíb sgnglcjktg
qug pbag sgr rgprgsgktjaj kb erêfdmb aj ngsnj njkgdrj, pbag sgr vjktjhbsb
njktgr b ngsnb ljybut, pbds, ijsdmjngktg, vbmè trgdkj b pøildmb j lgr j
dkfbrnjåíb, fjmdldtjkab j dktgrprgtjåíb abs erêfdmbs pbstgrdbrgs g rgauzdkab j
fjadej ngktjl.
Wnj nuajkåj kjs mbrgs sdkjldzj gxjtjngktg dssb ‑ unj nuajkåj. Jssdn,
usg dssb qujkab qudsgr qug b pøildmb pgrmgij j nuajkåj pbr jleun nbtdvb,
njs kukmj sdnplgsngktg pbr mjusj aj kbvdajag. ]g gstdvgr prbhgtjkab suj
mbnukdmjåíb gn tbks ag mdkzj g usjkab unj økdmj mbr pjrj mcjnjr j
jtgkåíb, usg gssg ngsnb gsqugnj gn tbaj j mbnukdmjåíb. ]gu pøildmb
jprgkag rjpdajngktg qug jzul, pbr gxgnplb, sdkjldzj bkag agvg blcjr
prdngdrb, g pbag usjr gssg gktgkadngktb jb prbmgssjr bs sldags bu vdsujds
suisgqugktgs. Mbktuab, sg qudsgr sdkjldzjr unj mljrj nuajkåj kb týpdmb bu
kb tbn, unj jltgrjåíb kj mbr ä un nbab ag rgfbråjr dssb vdsujlngktg.
Gxdstgn jleuks mjsbs kbs qujds b usb ag mbr agvg sgr ukdfbrng. ]gu pøildmb
kbrnjlngktg vjd sg fjndldjrdzjr mbn b qug js mbrgs sdekdfdmjn g, gktíb, vjd
prgsundr qug bs ngsnbs agtjlcgs sg jpldmjn j tbab b rgstjktg aj
mbnukdmjåíb. _br gxgnplb, sg vbmè gstdvgr gxdidkab ajabs gn qujtrb rged÷gs
ag un erêfdmb, mjaj unj mbn suj prýprdj mbr gn un luejr agktrb ag suj
jprgsgktjåíb bu rgljtýrdb, prgsgrvg gssg ngsnb gsqugnj gn tbabs bs vdsujds
kb rgstjktg aj jprgsgktjåíb bu ab rgljtýrdb (g, sg pbssîvgl, gvdtg b usb ajs
ngsnjs mbrgs pjrj butrbs prbpýsdtbs). Kíb mbkfukaj sgu pøildmb jltgrjkab b
usb aj mbr.
Agsdek mbn ajltbkdsnb gn ngktg
Jprbxdnjajngktg 3% abs cbngks (dkmludkab ngu njrdab g un jktdeb mcgfg)
g ngtjag adssb ag nulcgrgs síb ajltñkdmbs. Frgqugktgngktg, dssb sg njkdfgstj
mbnb j adfdmulajag ag adstdkeudr gktrg tbks vgrnglcb g vgrag. Ag nbab egrjl,
vbmè kíb agvg usjr tbks vgrnglcbs g vgrags. Ïs vgzgs, mbktuab, cê unj
mbkbtjåíb øtdl mbn b usb ag vgrnglcb g vgrag8 vgrnglcb pjrj agkbtjr unj
pgraj ag abds aîedtbs pjrj j qujl vbmè qugr mcjnjr j jtgkåíb bu b vgrag pjrj

agstjmjr mrgsmdngktb
mgrtdfdqug-sg sdekdfdmjtdvb.
ag tgr jleun Vbmèjadmdbkjl
dkaîmdb vdsujl jdkaj pbag jprbvgdtjr
pjrj dssb,
adfgrgkmdjr bsnjs
køngrbs
dnpbrtjktgs, j fdn ag kíb prghuadmjr pjrtg ag sgu pøildmb. _gksg tjniän gn
usjr kgerdtb, sjturjåíb bu irdlcb vjrdjab, bu gn jadmdbkjr un sdnplgs sdkjl
ag njds bu ngkbs gn frgktg jbs køngrbs pjrj ejrjktdr qug sg agstjqugn.
Zujkab gstbu prbhgtjkab un vdsujl g sglgmdbkjkab mbrgs pjrj rgjlåjr
jspgmtbs pbsdtdvbs g kgejtdvbs, frgqugktgngktg usb jzul pjrj sdkjldzjr
pbsdtdvb g ljrjkhj pjrj kgejtdvb. Jmcb qug js jssbmdjå÷gs pbsdtdvjs g
kgejtdvjs mbn gssjs mbrgs pbagn sgr rgmbkcgmdajs g gvdtb b agsjfdb ab
ajltbkdsnb agsmrdtb. Jb sg agpjrjr mbn gssj sdtujåíb, mbksdagrg sg ä prgmdsb
agstjmjr js aujs gxtrgndajags aj gsmjlj (pbsdtdvb g kgejtdvb) mbn mbr bu sg
mcjnjr j jtgkåíb pjrj unj bu pjrj butrj (bu sgqugkmdjlngktg, unj g agpbds
j butrj) pbag fukmdbkjr pjrj mbktjr suj cdstýrdj.
Vghj bs erêfdmbs g sldags jtrjväs ag blcbs ajltñkdmbs

Gxdstgn vêrdbs sdtgs g jpldmjtdvbs mbn sdnuljabrgs ag ajltbkdsnb qug pgrndtgn vgr
mbnb suj jprgsgktjåíb fdmj pjrj ajltñkdmbs. _br gxgnplb, b Vdsmcgm` (vdsmcgm`.mbn
(vdsmcgm`.mbn
- mbktgøab gn dkelès) pgrndtg mjrrgejr dnjegks bu ijdxjr j fgrrjngktj pjrj usjr gn
sgu mbnputjabr. B Mblbr Brjmlg ((mblbrbrjmlg.bre
mblbrbrjmlg.bre - mbktgøab gn dkelès) bfgrgmg
abwklbja erjtudtb pjrj Udkabws, Ldkux bu Njm, qug jpldmj un fdltrb ag mbr kj tglj
dktgdrj, dkagpgkagktg ab sbftwjrg gn usb. B Mcgm`NyMblburs (mcgm`nymblburs.mbn
(mcgm`nymblburs.mbn
- mbktgøab gn dkelès) ä unj fgrrjngktj pjrj vgrdfdmjr mbrgs ag prdngdrb g sgeukab
pljkb g agtgrndkjr sg gljs bfgrgmgn mbktrjstg sufdmdgktg qujkab vdstjs pbr un
ajltñkdmb.

_gksg kb tbngnbåíb.
J mbr agspgrtj qug j mbr trjksndtg
Mbksdagrg b tbn qug agsghj gstjiglgmgr gn suj
vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs bu mbnukdmjåíb njds jnplj g gsmblcj unj mbr (bu
njds) qug jhuag j rgfbråjr j gnbåíb qug agsghj agspgrtjr gn sgu pøildmb. B
jssuktb ä särdb bu jlgerg2 Vbmè gstê fjzgkab unj agmljrjåíb busjaj g
kbtêvgl g qugr qug j mbr j gmbg bu unj jibrajegn njds mdrmukspgmtj, mbn
un gsqugnj ag mbrgs bismurjs, ä jagqujaj2
Vjnbs adsmutdr abds gxgnplbs gspgmîfdmbs ag mbr g tbn. Mgrtj vgz, un mldgktg
ng adssg qug js jprgsgktjå÷gs qug gu tdkcj fgdtb pjrgmdjn “lgejds agnjds„
(jssdn, jndstbsjngktg).
mbrgs tîpdmj8 tbks ag mdkzjGumbn
cjvdj
jzulmrdjab
näadbgssgs vdsujds
usjab gn ndkcj pjlgtj
nbagrjajngktg pjrj ag
mcjnjr j jtgkåíb. Glgs rgljtjvjn bs rgsultjabs ag unj jkêldsg gstjtîstdmj g
fbrjn usjabs pjrj (g gxdedjn) unj jpjrèkmdj njds mlîkdmj. Lgvjkab dssb gn
mbktj, rgtbqugd bs vdsujds j fdn ag usjr prgtb pjrj mcjnjr j jtgkåíb. Qrbqugd
tjniän pjrtg ab tgxtb ab tîtulb pjrj njdøsmuljs g nuagd j fbktg ag tuab
(vjnbs
agsdek).adsmutdr fbktgs mbn njds agtjlcgs kb Mjpîtulb 7, kb mbktgxtb ab
Js jprgsgktjå÷gs fdkjds, gnibrj ijsdmjngktg js ngsnjs, tdkcjn unj
jpjrèkmdj mbnplgtjngktg adfgrgktg, erjåjs j gssjs jltgrjå÷gs sdnplgs. Mbnb
jmbktgmg mbn nudtjs butrjs agmds÷gs qug tbnb jb mbnukdmjr ajabs, b
pøildmb (kgssg mjsb, ngu mldgktg) agvg sgr b njds dnpbrtjktg g sujs
kgmgssdajags g agsghbs agvgn sgr mbksdagrjabs jb sg fjzgr gsmblcjs ag agsdek
mbnb gssjs.
Mbkbtjå÷gs multurjds ajs mbrgs

Jb gsmblcgr mbrgs ag mbnukdmjå÷gs pjrj pøildmbs dktgrkjmdbkjds, pbag sgr

dnpbrtjktg mbksdagrjr js mbkbtjå÷gs qug gljs tèn gn butrjs multurjs. Ajvda
NmMjkalgss mrdbu unj vdsujldzjåíb nbstrjkab mbrgs g b qug sdekdfdmjn gn
adfgrgktgs multurjs, b qug pbag sgr gkmbktrjab gn sgu ldvrb Qcg Vdsujl
Ndsmglljkgun8 J Mblbrful Eudag
Eudag tb tcg Ubrla—s Nbst Mbksgqugktdjl
Mbksgqugktdjl Qrdvdj,
Qrdvdj, sgn
trjauåíb kb Irjsdl, (9?:9) bu gn sgu sdtg, gn
dkfbrnjtdbkdsigjutdful.kgt/vd
dkfbrnjtdbkdsigjutdful.kgt/vdsujldzjtdbks/mblburs-dk-multurgs,
sujldzjtdbks/mblburs-dk-multurgs, mbktgøab gn dkelès
dkelès..

Mbnb butrb gxgnplb ag mbr g tbn, lgnirb-ng ag gstjr fblcgjkab unj rgvdstj
ag jvdjåíbbkldkg,
gkmbktrbs gn unjjmbnpjkcjab
vdjegn ag ñkdius g gkmbktrjr
pbr erêfdmbs un jrtdeb ajabs
rgprgsgktjkab fbfdkcb sbirg
rgljmdbkjabs. Bs erêfdmbs grjn qujsg dktgdrjngktg rbsj-mcbqug g jzul-
gsvgragjab. Vbmè gsmblcgrdj gssg gsqugnj ag mbrgs pjrj sgu rgljtýrdb
mbngrmdjl trdngstrjl2 Mgrtjngktg, kíb. Njs ajaj j kjturgzj g b tbn jkdnjab
ab jrtdeb, gssgs vdsujds jmbnpjkcjabs ag mbrgs vîvdajs fukmdbkjrjn (g
mcjnjrjn ndkcj jtgkåíb!).
Mbrgs ag njrmj8 usjr bu kíb2
Jleunjs gnprgsjs pjssjn pglb gkbrng trjijlcb ag mrdjr suj njrmj g j pjlgtj
ag mbrgs jssbmdjaj. _bagn sgr mbrgs ag njrmj mbn qug vbmè ä birdejab j
trjijlcjr bu qug fjåjn sgktdab jprbvgdtjr. B sgergab ab sumgssb, kgssg mjsb,
ä dagktdfdmjr unj bu tjlvgz aujs mbrgs ag njrmj pjrj usjr mbnb sg fbssgn
pljmjs gsmrdtjs “blcg jqud„ g njktgr b rgstjktg ag suj pjlgtj ag mbrgs
rgljtdvjngktg bismurj, mbn tbks ag mdkzj bu prgtb.
Gn jleuks mjsbs, pbag fjzgr sgktdab jfjstjr-sg tbtjlngktg ajs mbrgs ag njrmj.
_br gxgnplb, unj vgz gu gstjvj trjijlcjkab mbn un mldgktg muhj mbr ag
njrmj grj un tbn vgrag mljrb. Kb dkîmdb, gu qugrdj usjr gssg vgrag mbnb mbr
ag agstjqug, njs glg sdnplgsngktg kíb mcjnjvj j jtgkåíb b sufdmdgktg. Kíb
cjvdj mbktrjstg sufdmdgktg, ag nbab qug js jprgsgktjå÷gs qug gu mrdjvj
tdkcjn unj jpjrèkmdj agsibtjaj. Zujkab dssb jmbktgmg, vbmè pbag usjr prgtb
pjrj mcjnjr j jtgkåíb, qujkab tuab njds gstdvgr gn tbks ag mdkzj, bu
gsmblcgr unj mbr tbtjlngktg adfgrgktg ‑ jpgkjs mgrtdfdqug-sg ag qug glj kíb
gktrg gn mbkfldtb mbn js mbrgs ag njrmj, mjsb prgmdsgn sgr nbstrjajs huktjs
(pbr gxgnplb, sg b lbebtdpb aj njrmj vjd gstjr gn mjaj pêedkj aj pdlcj ag

sldags qugjvbmè
gsmblcgu gstê
vgrsíb gnmbkstrudkab).
qug usgd unjKgssg mjsb gn pjrtdmuljr,
mbr tbtjlngktg adfgrgktg. bWn
mldgktg
gxgnplb ag
mjaj unj ajs gstrjtäedjs jpjrgmg kj Fdeurj 1.:6.

FDEWYJ 1.:6 B_Å×G] AG MBY MBN MBYG] AG NJYMJ

Ygsundkab8 pgksg ign kb usb ajs mbrgs!

_bsdåíb kj pêedkj
]gn butrjs pdstjs, j njdbr pjrtg ag sgu pøildmb vjd mbngåjr kj pjrtg supgrdbr
gsqugraj ag sgu erêfdmb bu sldag g pgrmbrrgr mbn bs blcbs gn nbvdngktbs ag
zdeug-zjeug pglj tglj bu pêedkj. Glgs vggn j pjrtg supgrdbr aj pêedkj
prdngdrb, b qug j trjksfbrnj gn un lbmjl prgmdbsb. _gksg gn mblbmjr b qug
fbr njds dnpbrtjktg jld (vghj j Fdeurj 1.:5).

FDEWYJ 1.:5 B “X„ GN XDEWG-XJEWG _JYJ JI]BYVGY DKFBYNJÅÍB GN WNJ

QGLJ
BW _ÊEDKJ

]g jleb ä dnpbrtjktg, tgktg kíb fjzgr mbn qug sgu pøildmb blcg gn butrb
njtgrdjl pjrj gktgkagr dssb. Gldndkg gssg trjijlcb, mblbmjkab b qug ä
dnpbrtjktg kb tbpb. Gn un sldag, pbagn sgr pjljvrjs (j prdkmdpjl dkfbrnjåíb
bu mcjnjaj pjrj jåíb). Gn unj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs, pgksg sbirg qujds
ajabs vbmè qugr qug b pøildmb vghj prdngdrb g sg fjz sgktdab rgbrejkdzjr b
vdsujl ag fbrnj mbrrgspbkagktg (dssb kíb jmbktgmgrê sgnprg, njs ä unj
fgrrjngktj qug vbmè tgn ï adspbsdåíb pjrj sdkjldzjr dnpbrtékmdj pjrj sgu
pøildmb).
Qgkcj mbnb bihgtdvb trjijlcjr agktrb ab nbab mbnb sgu pøildmb jisbrvg
dkfbrnjåíb, kíb mbktrj glg. Gds un gxgnplb ag mbnb pgadr jb pøildmb pjrj
qug trjijlcg mbktrj sgu nbab kjturjl8 vd unj vgz b adjerjnj ag fluxb ag un
prbmgssb qug mbngåjvj kj pjrtg dkfgrdbr adrgdtj g grj prgmdsb lè-lb ag ijdxb
pjrj mdnj g pjrj j gsqugraj. Dssb grj nudtb agsmbkfbrtêvgl (sgktdngktbs ag
agsmbkfbrtb agvgn sgr gvdtjabs gn kbssb pøildmb!). Quab qug gu qugrdj grj
lgr ag mdnj ï gsqugraj pjrj ijdxb ï adrgdtj, dkagpgkagktg abs butrbs dkaîmdbs
vdsujds prgsgktgs pjrj tgktjr ng gstdnuljr j fjzgr b bpbstb. Butrb gxgnplb
qug ïs vgzgs vghb gn vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs ä jleb rgprgsgktjab gn unj
gsmjlj qug vjrdj ab kgejtdvb pjrj b pbsdtdvb, gn qug bs vjlbrgs pbsdtdvbs
gstíb ï gsqugraj (kbrnjlngktg jssbmdjaj jb kgejtdvb) g bs vjlbrgs kgejtdvbs

ïgxgnplb,
adrgdtj (njds kjturjlngktg
j dkfbrnjåíb jssbmdjaj jb
gstê brejkdzjaj agpbsdtdvb).
un nbabKbvjngktg, kgstg
qug vjd mbktrj j njkgdrj
qug b pøildmb qugr jisbrvè-lj, mjusjkab b agsjfdb vdsujl ag agmdfrjr. Vjnbs
vgr un gxgnplb gspgmîfdmb rgljmdbkjab j dssb kb gstuab ag mjsb =, kb
Mjpîtulb 4.
Gstghj jtgktb j mbnb pbsdmdbkjr glgngktbs gn unj pêedkj g fjåj dssb ag un
nbab qug pjrgåj kjturjl pjrj sgu pøildmb jisbrvgr.
Gkmgrrjngktb
Bs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs síb fgrrjngktjs pbagrbsjs qujkab usjabs
nbagrjaj g gstrjtgedmjngktg kj mbnukdmjåíb vdsujl. ]gn butrjs pdstjs,
kbssb pøildmb prgmdsj prbmgssjr tbaj dkfbrnjåíb qug mblbmjnbs gn suj
frgktg. Fjmdldtg dssb, usjkab jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs, mbnb tjnjkcb, mbr g
pbsdåíb kj pêedkj, pjrj sdkjldzjr b qug ä dnpbrtjktg. Wsg gssgs jtrdiutbs
gstrjtäedmbs pjrj mcjnjr j jtgkåíb pjrj bkag vbmè agsghj qug sgu pøildmb
blcg g pjrj mrdjr unj cdgrjrqudj vdsujl qug jhuag j mbkauzd-lb pglb vdsujl aj
njkgdrj qug vbmè agsghj. Jvjldg j gfdmêmdj abs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs gn suj
jprgsgktjåíb, jpldmjkab b tgstg ab “pjrj bkag sgus blcbs síb jtrjîabs2„.
Mbn dssb, mbksdagrg suj qujrtj ldåíb jprgkadaj. Jebrj vbmè sjig mbnb lgvjr
j jtgkåíb ag sgu pøildmb pjrj bkag vbmè agsghj.
 mjpîtulb mdkmb

pgksg mbnb un agsdekgr

J fbrnj sgeug j fukåíb. Gssg prdkmîpdb ab agsdek ag prbautbs tgn jpldmjåíb

mljrj kj mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs. Zujkab sg trjtj aj fbrnj g fukåíb ag
kbssjs vdsujldzjå÷gs ag ajabs, pgksjnbs prdngdrb kb qug qugrgnbs qug
kbssb pøildmb fjåj mbn bs ajabs (fukåíb) g gktíb mrdjnbs unj vdsujldzjåíb
(fbrnj) qug pgrndtj dssb mbn fjmdldajag. Kgstg mjpîtulb, adsmutdnbs mbnb bs
mbkmgdtbs trjadmdbkjds ab agsdek pbagn sgr jpldmjabs ï mbnukdmjåíb mbn
ajabs. mbkmgdtbs
vêrdbs Vjnbs gxplbrjr jffbrajkmgs
hê jprgsgktjabs, njs, jmgssdidldajag gstätdmjag
gxjndkjkab-bsgjtrjväs , rgmbrrgkab
lgktgs un j
pbumb adfgrgktgs. Qjniän vjnbs adsmutdr gstrjtäedjs pjrj bitgr j jmgdtjåíb
ab pøildmb pjrj sgus agsdeks vdsujds.
Bs agsdekgrs mbkcgmgn bs fukajngktbs ab ibn agsdek, njs tjniän mbnb
mbkfdjr kbs sgus blcbs. Qjlvgz vbmè pgksg8 Njs kíb sbu agsdekgr! _jrg ag
pgksjr jssdn. Vbmè mbksgeug rgmbkcgmgr un agsdek dktgldegktg. Mbkcgmgkab
jleuks jspgmtbs g gxgnplbs mbnuks ab ibn agsdek, vjnbs dkfukadr
mbkfdjkåj gn sgus dkstdktbs vdsujds g jprgkagr jleunjs admjs mbkmrgtjs j
sgeudr g jhustgs j fjzgr qujkab js mbdsjs kíb pjrgmgrgn tbtjlngktg mbrrgtjs.
Jffbrajkmgs:
Kb mjnpb ab agsdek, bs gspgmdjldstjs fjljn qug bs bihgtbs tèn “jffbrajkmgs„.
]íb jspgmtbs dkgrgktgs jb agsdek qug tbrkjn ýivdb mbnb b prbautb agvg sgr
usjab. _br gxgnplb, unj njåjkgtj pgrndtg sgr edrjaj, un ibtíb pgrndtg sgr
prgssdbkjab g unj mbraj pgrndtg sgr puxjaj. Gssjs mjrjmtgrîstdmjs suegrgn
mbnb dktgrjedr mbn b bihgtb bu bpgrê-lb. Zujkab jffbrajkmgs sufdmdgktgs
gstíb prgsgktgs, b ibn agsdek agsjpjrgmg g vbmè kgn pgrmgig.

Mbnb gxgnplb ag jffbrajkmgs gn jåíb, vjnbs gxjndkjr j njrmj BSB. Gn

sgu sdtg, glgs gxprgssjn suj mjrjmtgrîstdmj adstdktdvj mbnb “Agsdek Wkdvgrsjl„
‑ j fdlbsbfdj ag fjzgr prbautbs fêmgds ag usjr pjrj b njdbr gspgmtrb pbssîvgl
ag usuêrdbs. Ag pjrtdmuljr rglgvékmdj pjrj kbssj mbkvgrsj jqud síb sgus
utgksîldbs ag mbzdkcj (hê mbngrmdjldzjabs mbnb “dkstrungktbs qug vbmè
mbksgeug njkghjr„). Bs utgksîldbs síb prbhgtjabs ag tjl nbab qug sý cê unj
njkgdrj ag pgeê-lbs
BSB fukmdbkjn ‑ j mgrtb,
ab hgdtb njkgdrj
sgnmbrrgtj. Jssdn, bs
qug j njdbrdj utgksîldbsqug
rgmbkcgåj agdssb
mbzdkcj
sg aê
erjåjs jb agsdek mudajabsb (Fdeurj 7.:).

FDEWYJ 7.: WQGK]ÎLDB] AG MBXDKCJ BSB

Vjnbs mbksdagrjr mbnb pbagnbs trjauzdr b mbkmgdtb ag jffbrajkmgs pjrj j

mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs. _bagnbs jprbvgdtjr js jffbrajkmgs vdsujds pjrj
dkadmjr jb kbssb pøildmb mbnb usjr g dktgrjedr mbn kbssjs vdsujldzjå÷gs.
Vjnbs adsmutdr très ldå÷gs gspgmîfdmjs mbn gssg fdn8 (:) rgjlåjr b qug ä
dnpbrtjktg, (9) gldndkjr js adstrjå÷gs g (=) mrdjr unj mljrj cdgrjrqudj ag
dkfbrnjå÷gs.
Ygjlåjr b qug ä dnpbrtjktg
Hê agnbkstrjnbs b usb ag jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs pjrj mcjnjr j jtgkåíb ab
pøildmb pjrj bkag qugrgnbs qug glg fbqug8 gn butrjs pjljvrjs, rgjlåjr b qug
ä dnpbrtjktg. Vjnbs mbktdkujr j gxplbrjr gssj gstrjtäedj. B fukajngktjl jqud
ä rgjlåjr jpgkjs unj frjåíb ab vdsujl, pbds bs gfgdtbs ab rgjlmg síb adluîabs ï
ngadaj qug j pbrmgktjegn rgjlåjaj jungktj. Gn Wkdvgrsjl _rdkmdplgs bf
Agsdek,, sgn trjauåíb kb Irjsdl (Ldawgll, Cblagk, jka Iutlgr, 9??=),
Agsdek

rgmbngkaj-sg qug, kb nêxdnb, :?% ab agsdek vdsujl sghj rgjlåjab. Glgs

bfgrgmgn js sgeudktgs adrgtrdzgs8

Kgerdtb, dtêldmb g suildkcjab8 usg pjrj tîtulbs, suitîtulbs, lgegkajs g

sgquèkmdjs
egrjlngktg murtjs ag pjljvrjs,
ä prgfgrîvgl pjrjjbadfgrgkmdjr
gn rgljåíb glgngktbs.
dtêldmb g jb Kgerdtb
suildkcjab, pbds
jadmdbkj ruîab nîkdnb jb agsdek, jb pjssb qug rgjlåj mljrjngktg bs
glgngktbs gsmblcdabs. B dtêldmb jadmdbkj ruîab nîkdnb, njs kíb
agstjmj tjktb g ä ngkbs lgeîvgl. B suildkcjab jadmdbkj ruîab g
mbnprbngtg j lgedidldajag0 pbrtjktb, agvg sgr usjab nbagrjajngktg
(sg fbr usjab).
MJDSJ g fbktg8 tgxtb gn njdøsmuljs gn sgquèkmdjs murtjs ag
pjljvrjs ä fjmdlngktg vdsujldzjab, b qug pbag fukmdbkjr ign qujkab
jpldmjab j tîtulbs, lgegkajs g pjljvrjs-mcjvg. Gvdtg b usb ag fbktgs
adfgrgktgs mbnb tämkdmj ag rgjlmg, pbds ä adfîmdl mbksgeudr unj
adfgrgkåj pgrmgptîvgl sgn jtrjpjlcjr j gstätdmj.
Mbr ä unj tämkdmj ag rgjlmg gfdmdgktg qujkab usjaj nbagrjajngktg,
egrjlngktg gn mbkhuktb mbn butrjs tämkdmjs ag rgjlmg (pbr gxgnplb,
kgerdtb).
Dkvgrtgr glgngktbs ä gfdmjz pjrj jtrjdr j jtgkåíb, njs pbag jadmdbkjr
ruîab mbksdagrêvgl j un agsdek, ag nbab qug agvg sgr usjab
nbagrjajngktg.
Qjnjkcb ä butrb nbab ag mcjnjr j jtgkåíb g sdkjldzj dnpbrtékmdj.
Kj ldstj jmdnj, bndtd “pdsmjab bu irdlcb„, qug Ldawgll gt jl. dkmlugn, mbn
dkstruå÷gs pjrj usb sbngktg j fdn ag dkadmjr dkfbrnjå÷gs jltjngktg
dnpbrtjktgs qug gxdegn rgspbstj dngadjtj. Kíb rgmbngkab usjr pdsmjab bu
irdlcb kj mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs pjrj fdkjldajags gxpljkjtýrdjs (dssb tgkag j
sgr njds drrdtjktg ab qug øtdl).
Kbtg qug bs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs pbagn sgr sbirgpbstbs0 pbrtjktb, sg
cbuvgr jleb rgjlngktg dnpbrtjktg, vbmè pbag sdkjldzjr dssb g mcjnjr j
jtgkåíb tbrkjkab njdbr, mblbrdab g kgerdtjab.
Vjnbs vgr un gxgnplb ag usb gfdmjz ag rgjlmg kj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs. Wn
erêfdmb sgnglcjktg jb aj Fdeurj 7.9 fbd dkmluîab kb jrtdeb ab _gw Ygsgjrmc

Mgktgr ag fgvgrgdrb ag 9?:1, dktdtuljab (gn dkelès) “Kbvbs Ajabs ab Mgksb

Nbstrjn qug Njds Jngrdmjkbs Gstíb ]g Mjsjkab, njs Zujsg Qbabs tèn
Gksdkb ]upgrdbr„.

FDEWYJ 7.9 EYÊFDMB BYDEDKJL AB _GU YG]GJYMC MGKQGY

Ijsgjaj kb jrtdeb qug j jmbnpjkcj, j Fdeurj 7.9 agnbkstrj qug b jungktb

ag 9?:: j 9?:9 bisgrvjab kb tbtjl ag kbvbs mjsjngktbs bmbrrgu
prdkmdpjlngktg agvdab j un jungktb kbs qug tèn ijmcjrgljab bu njds (kíb
pjrgmg sgr un jungktb ijsgjab kj tgkaèkmdj “Qbabs„ nbstrjaj, njs vjnbs
dekbrjr dssb). Mbktuab, b agsdek aj Fdeurj 7.9 kíb mcjnj nudtb kbssj
jtgkåíb pjrj dssb. Gn vgz adssb, ndkcj jtgkåíb ä mcjnjaj pjrj js ijrrjs ag
9?:9 agktrb abs vêrdbs erupbs, pbds síb rgprgsgktjajs gn unj mbr njds
gsmurj qug b rgstb.
Nuajr b usb ag mbr kgssg vdsujl pbag rgadrgmdbkjr mbnplgtjngktg kbssb
fbmb. Vghj j Fdeurj 7.=.

FDEWYJ 7.= YGJLMG B ZWG FBY DN_BYQJKQG

Kj Fdeurj 7.=, j mbr ljrjkhj fbd usjaj pjrj rgjlåjr bs pbktbs ag ajabs ag
qugn tgn ijmcjrgljab bu njds. Qbrkjkab tuab njds mdkzj, b rgjlmg fbrkgmg
un mljrb sdkjl ag bkag agvgnbs mbkmgktrjr kbssj jtgkåíb. Vjnbs vbltjr j
gssg gxgnplb gn irgvg.
Gldndkjr js adstrjå÷gs
Gkqujktb rgjlåjnbs js pjrtgs dnpbrtjktgs, tjniän qugrgnbs gldndkjr js
adstrjå÷gs. Gn sgu ldvrb Jdrnjk—s Bayssgy, sgn trjauåíb kb Irjsdl,
Irjsdl, Jktbdkg
ag ]jdkt‟Gxupgry adssg unj frjsg ngnbrêvgl8 “Vbmè sjig qug jtdkedu j
pgrfgdåíb, kíb(]jdkt
kjaj j tdrjr„ qujkab kíb tgn:41=).
‟Gxupgry, njds kjaj j jmrgsmgktjr,
Zujkab sg trjtj aj njs qujkab
pgrfgdåíb ab kíb tgn
agsdek
kj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs, j agmdsíb ab qug mbrtjr bu agsgkfjtdzjr pbag sgr
jdkaj njds dnpbrtjktg ab qug dkmludr bu rgjlåjr.
_jrj dagktdfdmjr js adstrjå÷gs, pgksg kj sjturjåíb g kb mbktgxtb. Hê adsmutdnbs
j sjturjåíb8 síb bs glgngktbs qug bmupjn gspjåb, njs kíb jmrgsmgktjn
dkfbrnjå÷gs ïs kbssjs jprgsgktjå÷gs. Mbktgxtb ä b qug prgmdsj gstjr adjktg ag
sgu pøildmb, j fdn ag qug b qug sg qugr mbnukdmjr fjåj sgktdab. _jrj b
mbktgxtb, usg j qujktdajag mgrtj ‑ kgn nudtb, kgn pbumb. Mbksdagrg, gn
ldkcjs egrjds, qujl dkfbrnjåíb ä fukajngktjl g qujl kíb ä. Dagktdfdqug
dkfbrnjå÷gs bu dtgks agskgmgssêrdbs, gxtrîksgmbs bu drrglgvjktgs. Agtgrndkg
sg gxdstgn mbdsjs qug pbagn jtrjpjlcjr sgu pbktb bu ngksjegn prdkmdpjl.
Qbabs glgs síb mjkadajtbs ï gldndkjåíb.
Vghj jleunjs mbksdagrjå÷gs gspgmîfdmjs pjrj jhuaê-lb j dagktdfdmjr pbssîvgds
adstrjå÷gs8

Kgn tbabs bs ajabs tèn dnpbrtékmdj deujl. Wsg ign b sgu gspjåb g
j jtgkåíb ab pøildmb, agsfjzgkab-sg ag ajabs bu mbnpbkgktgs
agskgmgssêrdbs.
Zujkab agtjlcgs kíb fbrgn kgmgssêrdbs, rgsunj. Vbmè agvg
mbkcgmgr bs agtjlcgs, njs dssb kíb sdekdfdmj qug sgu pøildmb prgmdsg
mbkcgmè-lbs. Mbksdagrg sg rgsundr ä jagqujab.
_greuktg-sg8 gldndkjr dssb nuajrdj jleunj mbdsj2 Kíb2 Gldndkg!
Ygsdstj ï tgktjåíb ag njktgr mbdsjs pbrqug síb fbfjs bu pbrqug fbd
adfîmdl mrdê-ljs0 sg gljs kíb mbktrdiugn pjrj j ngksjegn, kíb sgrvgn
pjrj j mbnukdmjåíb.
Mblbqug gn sgeukab pljkb bs dtgks kgmgssêrdbs, njs qug kíb
dnpjmtjn j ngksjegn. Wsg sgu mbkcgmdngktb abs jtrdiutbs prä-
jtgktdvbs pjrj rgtdrjr j èkfjsg. Mdkzj mljrb fukmdbkj ign pjrj dssb.

Mjaj pjssb kj rgauåíb g kj rgtdrjaj ag èkfjsg fjz mbn qug b rgstjktg sg

agstjqug. Kbs mjsbs gn qug vbmè kíb tdvgr mgrtgzj sg prgmdsjrê ab agtjlcg qug
gstê pgksjkab gn mbrtjr, vghj sg cê un nbab ag dkmluî-lb sgn rgtdrjr j fbråj
ag suj ngksjegn prdkmdpjl. _br gxgnplb, gn unj jprgsgktjåíb ag sldags,
vbmè pbag mblbmjr mbktgøab kb jpèkadmg pjrj qug gstghj lê, mjsb prgmdsg, njs
kíb jtrjpjlcg sgu pbktb prdkmdpjl.
Vjnbs adsmutdr kbvjngktg b gxgnplb ab _gw Ygsgjrmc. Kj Fdeurj 7.=,
usjnbs mbr nbagrjajngktg pjrj agstjmjr j pjrtg dnpbrtjktg ag kbssb vdsujl.
_bagnbs nglcbrjr jdkaj njds gssg erêfdmb, gldndkjkab js adstrjå÷gs, mbnb
dlustrjab kj Fdeurj 7.1.

FDEWYJ 7.1 GLDNDKG J] AD]QYJÅ×G].

Kj Fdeurj 7.1, vêrdjs jltgrjå÷gs fbrjn fgdtjs pjrj gldndkjr js adstrjå÷gs. J

njdbr nuajkåj fbd ab erêfdmb ag ijrrjs pjrj un erêfdmb ag ldkcjs. Mbnb hê
adsmutdnbs, bs erêfdmbs ag ldkcjs kbrnjlngktg fjmdldtjn j vdsujldzjåíb ag
tgkaèkmdjs jb lbkeb ab tgnpb. Gssj nuajkåj tjniän tgn b gfgdtb ag rgauzdr
bs glgngktbs vdsujlngktg, pbds bs ajabs qug jktgs bmupjvjn mdkmb ijrrjs
síb rgauzdabs j unj ldkcj mbn bs pbktbs gxtrgnbs rgjlåjabs. Zujkab
mbksdagrjnbs tbabs bs ajabs qug gstíb sgkab rgprgsgktjabs, mjînbs ag 97
ijrrjs pjrj 1 ldkcjs. J brejkdzjåíb abs ajabs mbnb un erêfdmb ag ldkcjs
pgrndtg usjr jpgkjs un gdxb xx,, qug pbag sgr jprbvgdtjab gn tbajs js
mjtgebrdjs. Dssb sdnpldfdmj b prbmgssjngktb ajs dkfbrnjå÷gs (gn vgz ag vgr
bs jkbs gn unj lgegkaj ï gsqugraj g agpbds tgr ag trjksljajr gktrg bs vêrdbs
erupbs ag ijrrjs).
J mjtgebrdj “Qbabs„, dkmluîaj kb erêfdmb brdedkjl, fbd gldndkjaj. Glj grj j
ukåíb ag tbajs js butrjs mjtgebrdjs0 pbrtjktb, nbstrê-lj sgpjrjajngktg grj
rgaukajktg, sgn jmrgsmgktjr vjlbr. Dssb kgn sgnprg jmbktgmg, njs jqud glj
kíb jmrgsmgktjvj kjaj ag dktgrgssjktg ï cdstýrdj.
Js vîreuljs agmdnjds kjs lgegkajs ag ajabs fbrjn gldndkjajs pglb
jrrgabkajngktb pjrj b prýxdnb jlejrdsnb dktgdrb. Bs ajabs qug gstíb sgkab
rgprgsgktjabs síb b “Køngrb ag jaultbs rgmän-mjsjabs pbr :.???„0 jmcb
gstrjkcb adsmutdr b køngrb ag jaultbs usjkab mjsjs agmdnjds (frjå÷gs ag unj
pgssbj!). Jlän adssb, j adngksíb abs køngrbs g js adfgrgkåjs vdsîvgds gktrg
glgs sdekdfdmjn qug kíb prgmdsjnbs ab kîvgl ag prgmdsíb bu erjkuljrdajag qug
js vîreuljs agmdnjds bfgrgmgn. Ä dnpbrtjktg lgvjr gn mbktj b mbktgxtb jb
tbnjr agmds÷gs mbnb gssj.
B dtêldmb kb suitîtulb fbd jltgrjab pjrj fbktg kbrnjl. Kíb cjvdj nbtdvb pjrj
mcjnjr j jtgkåíb pjrj gssjs pjljvrjs. Kb brdedkjl, jmcgd qug j sgpjrjåíb
gspjmdjl gktrg b tîtulb g b suitîtulb tjniän ajvjn jtgkåíb dkagvdaj jb
suitîtulb0 pbrtjktb, rgnbvd b gspjåjngktb kj rgnbagljåíb.
_br fdn, b rgjlmg aj mjtgebrdj “Ijmcjrgljab bu njds„, dktrbauzdab kj Fdeurj
7.=, fbd prgsgrvjab g jnpldjab pjrj dkmludr b kbng aj mjtgebrdj, jlän ajs
lgegkajs ag ajabs. Mbnb hê vdnbs, gssg ä un nbab ag vdkmuljr mbnpbkgktgs

vdsujlngktg pjrj kbssb pøildmb, fjmdldtjkab j dktgrprgtjåíb.

J Fdeurj 7.7 nbstrj b “jktgs g agpbds„.
FDEWYJ 7.7 JKQG] G AG_BD]

Ygjlåjkab b njtgrdjl dnpbrtjktg g gldndkjkab js adstrjå÷gs, nglcbrjnbs

sgksdvglngktg gssg vdsujl.
Mrdjr unj cdgrjrqudj vdsujl ag dkfbrnjå÷gs mljrj
Mbnb adsmutdnbs kb Mjpîtulb 1, bs ngsnbs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs qug
usjnbs pjrj rgjlåjr b qug ä dnpbrtjktg pbagn sgr usjabs pjrj mrdjr unj
cdgrjrqudj ag dkfbrnjå÷gs. _bagnbs mblbmjr vdsujlngktg jleuks dtgks gn
prdngdrb pljkb g butrbs gn sgeukab pljkb, dkadmjkab pjrj kbssb pøildmb j
bragn egrjl mbn qug agvg prbmgssjr j dkfbrnjåíb qug gstjnbs mbnukdmjkab.

B pbagr ajs supgrmjtgebrdjs

Gn tjigljs g erêfdmbs, ïs vgzgs ä øtdl usjr b pbagr ajs supgrmjtgebrdjs pjrj brejkdzjr
bs ajabs g jhuajr j fbrkgmgr j sgu pøildmb unj mbkstruåíb pjrj dktgrprgtê-lbs. _br
gxgnplb, sg vbmè gstê gxjndkjkab unj tjiglj bu erêfdmb qug nbstrj un vjlbr pjrj
9? adfgrgktgs agmbnpbsdå÷gs agnberêfdmjs, pbag sgr øtdl brejkdzê-ljs g lgegkaê-ljs
mljrjngktg gn erupbs bu supgrmjtgebrdjs, mbnb dajag, rjåj, rgkaj g dkstruåíb. Gssjs
supgrmjtgebrdjs fbrkgmgn unj brejkdzjåíb cdgrêrqudmj qug sdnpldfdmj b prbmgssb ag
jssdndljåíb aj dkfbrnjåíb.

Vjnbs
adsmutdr vgr un gxgnplb
js gsmblcjs bkag fbd
ag agsdek gstjiglgmdaj
fgdtjs unj
pjrj mrdê-lj. mljrj cdgrjrqudj
Dnjedkg qug vbmè ävdsujl g
fjirdmjktg ag mjrrbs. Aujs adngks÷gs dnpbrtjktgs pgljs qujds vbmè hulej b
sumgssb ag unj njrmj g nbaglb gn pjrtdmuljr síb (:) sjtdsfjåíb ab mldgktg g
(9) frgquèkmdj ag prbilgnjs kb mjrrb. Wn erêfdmb ag adspgrsíb pbagrdj sgr
øtdl pjrj vdsujldzjr mbnb bs nbaglbs agstg jkb sg mbnpjrjn mbn j näadj ab
jkb
7.6. pjssjab, ag jmbrab mbn gssjs aujs adngks÷gs, mbnb nbstrjab kj Fdeurj

FDEWYJ 7.6 CDGYJYZWDJ VD]WJL AG DKFBYNJÅ×G] MLJYJ

J Fdeurj 7.6 kbs pgrndtg vgr rjpdajngktg mbnb bs vêrdbs nbaglbs agstg jkb
sg mbnpjrjn mbn j näadj ab jkb pjssjab, mbn ijsg kj sjtdsfjåíb g kbs
prbilgnjs. B tjnjkcb g j mbr aj fbktg g abs pbktbs ag ajabs kbs jlgrtjn
bkag prgstjr jtgkåíb g gn qug bragn egrjl. Vjnbs mbksdagrjr j cdgrjrqudj
vdsujl ag mbnpbkgktgs g mbnb glj kbs jhuaj j prbmgssjr js dkfbrnjå÷gs
jprgsgktjajs. ]g gu jkukmdjr j bragn kj qujl jssdndlb js dkfbrnjå÷gs, sgrê
aj sgeudktg fbrnj8

_rdngdrb, Blgdb
Nbaglb„. b tîtulb
kgerdtb ab erêfdmb8
ag _rbilgnjs “_rbilgnjs
g ]jtdsfjåíb vgrsus
sdkjldzj qug]jtdsfjåíb pbr
gssjs pjljvrjs
 síb dnpbrtjktgs, ag nbab qug tgkcb gssg mbktgxtb gn ngktg jb prbmgssjr b
rgstjktg ab vdsujl.
Gn sgeudaj, vghb j lgegkaj prdkmdpjl ab gdxb yy88 “Mbdsjs Zug Agrjn
Grrjab„. Bisgrvb qug gljs víb ag unj gsmjlj ag pbumjs (gn mdnj) jtä
nudtjs (gnijdxb). Agpbds adssb, kbtb bs agtjlcgs kb gdxb x cbrdzbktjl8
]jtdsfjåíb, vjrdjkab ag ijdxj (ï gsqugraj) jtä jltj (ï adrgdtj).
Gktíb, sbu jtrjîaj pglb pbktb mdkzj gsmurb g pgljs pjljvrjs “Näadj ab Jkb
_jssjab„ mbrrgspbkagktgs. Js ldkcjs trjåjajs agssg pbktb jtä bs gdxbs ng
pgrndtgn vgr rjpdajngktg qug j näadj ab jkb pjssjab fbd gn tbrkb ag 4??
prbilgnjs pbr :.??? g 59% ag sjtdsfgdtbs bu jltjngktg sjtdsfgdtbs. Dssb
fbrkgmg unj mbkstruåíb øtdl pjrj dktgrprgtjr bs nbaglbs agstg jkb.
_br fdn, sbu jtrjîaj pbr tbab b vgrnglcb kb qujarjktg dkfgrdbr adrgdtb. Js
pjljvrjs ng dkfbrnjn qug j sjtdsfjåíb ä jltj, njs qug gxdstgn nudtbs
prbilgnjs. Erjåjs jb nbab mbnb b vdsujl fbd mbkstruîab, gstê mljrb qug síb
mjsbs kbs qujds b kîvgl ag prbilgnjs ä njdbr qug j näadj ab jkb pjssjab.
J mbr vgrnglcb rgfbråj qug dssb ä un prbilgnj.
Hê adsmutdnbs js supgrmjtgebrdjs pjrj fjmdldtjr j dktgrprgtjåíb. Jqud, js
lgegkajs ag qujarjktg “Jltj ]jtdsfjåíb, _bumbs _rbilgnjs„ g “Jltj
]jtdsfjåíb, Nudtbs _rbilgnjs„ fukmdbkj agssj njkgdrj. Kj jusèkmdj aglj, gu
pbagrdj pgragr tgnpb prbmgssjkab bs tîtulbs g lgegkajs ag gdxb g, fdkjlngktg,
agsmbirdr b qug gssgs qujarjktgs rgprgsgktjn, njs b prbmgssb ä nudtb njds
fêmdl qujkab bs tîtulbs dkmdsdvbs gstíb prgsgktgs, gldndkjkab mbnplgtjngktg j
kgmgssdajag agssg prbmgssjngktb. Kbtg qug bs qujarjktgs aj gsqugraj kíb
gstíb lgegkajabs0 js lgegkajs síb agskgmgssêrdjs pbrqug kgkcun vjlbr mjd
jld.
Bs pbktbs ag ajabs g agtjlcgs jadmdbkjds gstíb lê pjrj mbktgxtujldzjr, njs
fbrjn mblbmjabs gn sgeukab pljkb pjrj rgauzdr b pgsb mbekdtdvb g
sdnpldfdmjr b vdsujl.
Jb mbnpjrtdlcjr gssg vdsujl mbn ngu njrdab, suj rgjåíb fbd “kíb fbd kgssj
bragn qug prgstgd jtgkåíb ‑ fud adrgtb pjrj b vgrnglcb„. Dssb ng fgz pgksjr.
_rdngdrb, ng surprggkad pbr glg tg mbngåjab jld, pbds ä ajltñkdmb. Njs glg
adssg qug b vgrnglcb grj adfgrgktg b sufdmdgktg ag tuab njds kb vdsujl pjrj tgr
mcjnjab suj jtgkåíb. ]geukab, hê gxjndkgd tjktbs erêfdmbs qug gstê

jrrjdejab gn ndn mbngåjr mbn bs agtjlcgs8 bs tîtulbs g js lgegkajs ag gdxb,

pjrj gktgkagr b qug gstbu blcjkab jktgs ag mcgejr jbs ajabs. Butrjs pgssbjs
pbagn blcjr njds rjpdajngktg pjrj b “g ajî„. ]g gkmjrjrnbs agssg hgdtb,
sgrgnbs jtrjîabs prdngdrb pjrj b qujarjktg dkfgrdbr adrgdtb, pbds b vgrnglcb
sdkjldzj
lgdjnbs dnpbrtékmdj g qug agtjlcgs
jleuks abs butrbs sg agvg prgstjr jtgkåíb. Agpbds, tjlvgz vbltgnbs g
ab erêfdmb.
Zujlqugr qug sghj b mjsb, j mljrj g mudajabsj cdgrjrqudj vdsujl gstjiglgmg
bragn pjrj b pøildmb j fdn ag prbmgssjr j dkfbrnjåíb gn un vdsujl
mbnplgxb, sgn jmcê-lb mbnpldmjab. _jrj kbssb pøildmb, pbr rgjlåjrnbs b qug
ä dnpbrtjktg, gldndkjrnbs js adstrjå÷gs g gstjiglgmgrnbs unj cdgrjrqudj
vdsujl, js vdsujldzjå÷gs ag ajabs qug mrdjnbs pgrndtgn b gktgkadngktb.

Jmgssdidldajag
B mbkmgdtb ag jmgssdidldajag adz qug bs agsdeks agvgn sgr øtgds pjrj pgssbjs
mbn advgrsjs cjidldajags. Brdedkjlngktg, gssj mbksdagrjåíb vjldj pjrj
pgssbjs agfdmdgktgs, njs mbn b pjssjr ab tgnpb sg tbrkbu njds egkärdmj, g ä
agssj njkgdrj qug vbu adsmutd-lj jqud. Jpldmjaj ï vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs, gu j
mbksdagrb mbnb un agsdek øtdl pjrj pgssbjs mbn cjidldajags tämkdmjs
jnpljngktg vjrdjajs. Vbmè pbag sgr gkegkcgdrb, njs kíb ä kgmgssêrdb tgr
fgdtb gkegkcjrdj pjrj gktgkagr sgu erêfdmb. Mbnb agsdekgr, b ñkus ag tbrkjr
sgu erêfdmb jmgssîvgl ä sgu
sgu..
Agsdek rudn8 ag qugn ä j mulpj2

Wnj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs ign prbhgtjaj ‑ mbnb un bihgtb ign prbhgtjab ‑ ä

fêmdl ag dktgrprgtjr g gktgkagr. Zujkab js pgssbjs tèn adfdmulajag pjrj gktgkagr
jleb, mbnb dktgrprgtjr un erêfdmb, gljs tgkagn j sg mulpjr. Kj njdbrdj abs mjsbs,
mbktuab, gssj fjltj ag gktgkadngktb kíb ä mulpj ab usuêrdb, g sdn unj fjlcj kb
agsdek. Wn ibn agsdek rgqugr pljkghjngktb g rgflgxíb. Jmdnj ag tuab, un ibn
agsdek lgvj gn mbktj js kgmgssdajags ab usuêrdb. Gssg ä butrb lgnirgtg pjrj tgr sgu
usuêrdb ‑ sgu pøildmb ‑ gn ngktg jb prbhgtjr sujs mbnukdmjå÷gs mbn ajabs.

Mbnb gxgnplb ag jmgssdidldajag kb agsdek, vjnbs mbksdagrjr b dmñkdmb njpj

ab ngtrñgn
sdnplgs ag:4==,
Lbkargs. Cjrry Igm`qug
rgmbkcgmgkab prbauzdu un agsdek
j egberjfdj jmdnjnjrjvdlcbsjngktg
ab sblb kíb ä
dnpbrtjktg jb pgrmbrrgr js ldkcjs g gldndkjr js rgstrdå÷gs qug glj dnpukcj.

Mbnpjrjab mbn bs njpjs ag ngtrb jktgrdbrgs, b agsdek jmgssîvgl ag Igm`

prbauzdu unj jprgsgktjåíb fêmdl ag sgeudr qug sg tbrkbu un eudj gssgkmdjl ag
Lbkargs g un nbaglb pjrj njpjs ag trjkspbrtg gn tbab b nukab. Ä gssg
ngsnb njpj, mbn pgqugkjs nbadfdmjå÷gs, qug jdkaj sgrvg Lbkargs cbhg.
Vjnbs adsmutdr aujs gstrjtäedjs rgljmdbkjajs ï jmgssdidldajag kj mbnukdmjåíb
mbn ajabs8 (:) kíb mbnpldqug agnjds g (9) b tgxtb ä sgu jndeb.
Kíb mbnpldqug agnjds
“]g ä adfîmdl lgr, ä adfîmdl fjzgr„. Gssg fbd b vgrgadtb aj pgsqudsj fgdtj pbr ]bke
g ]mcwjrz kj Wkdvgrsdajag ag Ndmcdejk, gn 9??3. _rdngdrb, glgs
jprgsgktjrjn j abds erupbs ag jlukbs dkstruå÷gs pjrj un rgedng ag
gxgrmîmdbs. Ngtjag abs jlukbs rgmgigu js dkstruå÷gs gsmrdtjs gn fbktg Jrdjl,
fêmdl ag lgr0 j butrj ngtjag js rgmgigu gn unj fbktg mursdvj mcjnjaj

Iruscstrb`g.
lgvjrdj g qujlFbd pgreuktjab jbs
j prbijidldajag ag jlukbs qujktb tgnpb
glgs j gxgmutjrgn. B jvgrgadtb8
rbtdkj agqujktb
gxgrmîmdbs
njds
mbnpldmjaj j fbktg, njds adfîmdl bs jlukbs jmcjvjn j rbtdkj g ngkbs
prbvjvglngktg glgs j gxgmutjrdjn. Wn sgeukab gstuab, usjkab unj rgmgdtj
ag suscd, tgvg rgsultjabs sgnglcjktgs.
Qrjauåíb pjrj j vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs8 qujkab njds mbnpldmjaj glj pjrgmg,
njds tgnpb b pøildmb jmcj qug vjd agnbrjr pjrj gktgkagr g ngkbr j
rbijidldajag ag qugrgrgn gktgkaè-lj.
Mbnb hê adsmutdnbs, bs jffbrajkmgs vdsujds pbagn jhuajr kgssj êrgj. J
sgeudr, trjeb njds jleunjs admjs pjrj gvdtjr qug sgus vdsujds g sujs
mbnukdmjå÷gs pjrgåjn agnjsdjajngktg mbnpldmjabs8

Qbrkg lgeîvgl8 usg unj fbktg rgeuljr, fêmdl ag lgr (mbksdagrg b tdpb g b
tjnjkcb).
Njktgkcj ldnpb8 tbrkg suj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs jmgssîvgl, usjkab
jffbrajkmgs vdsujds.
Wsg ldkeujegn sdnplgs8 gsmblcj ldkeujegn sdnplgs, kíb mbnplgxj0
ngkbs pjljvrjs, kíb njds0 agfdkj tbaj ldkeujegn gspgmdjldzjaj qug sgu
pøildmb kíb mbkcgåj0 g gsmljrgåj bs jmrñkdnbs (kb nîkdnb, kj
prdngdrj vgz qug bs utdldzjr bu gn unj kbtj ag rbajpä).
 Gldndkg j mbnplgxdajag agskgmgssêrdj8 jb fjzgr unj gsmblcj gktrg
sdnplgs g mbnpldmjab, prdvdlgedg b sdnplgs.

Kíb sg trjtj ag sdnpldfdmjr agnjds, njs ag kíb tbrkjr js mbdsjs njds

mbnpldmjajs ab qug
un mbkmgdtujab _cA.prgmdsjn sgr.bivdjngktg
B mjrj grj Wnj vgz, prgsgkmdgd unj
dktgldegktg. jprgsgktjåíb
Zujkab glg ag
prbkukmdbu suj prdngdrj pjljvrj ag mdkmb sîljijs, fdqugd dnprgssdbkjaj mbn
sgu vbmjiulêrdb. Njs ï ngadaj qug gssj ldkeujegn jmjaèndmj mbktdkujvj,
mbngmgd j pgragr j pjmdèkmdj. ]ujs gxpldmjå÷gs grjn agskgmgssjrdjngktg
mbnpldmjajs. ]ujs pjljvrjs grjn agskgmgssjrdjngktg lbkejs. Grj prgmdsb
nudtj gkgredj pjrj prgstjr jtgkåíb. Jmcgd adfîmdl buvdr b qug glg gstjvj
adzgkab ï ngadaj qug ndkcj drrdtjåíb mrgsmdj.
Jlän ag drrdtjr kbssb pøildmb, tgktjkab pjrgmgr dktgldegktg, mbrrgnbs b rdsmb

ag fjzè-lb
usuêrdb pjrgmgr
pjrj kbssbiurrb. GnGvdtg
pøildmb. jnibs bs ]g
dssb. mjsbs,
vbmèkíb ä unj
jmcjr ibjagtgrndkjr
adfîmdl gxpgrdèkmdjsgag
gstê mbnpldmjkab agnjds js mbdsjs, prbmurg j jhuaj bu bpdkdíb ag un jndeb
bu mblgej.
B tgxtb ä sgu jndeb
B usb mudajabsb ag tgxtb jhuaj j ejrjktdr qug suj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs sghj
jmgssîvgl. B tgxtb tgn vêrdjs fukå÷gs kj mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs8 utdldzg-b
pjrj lgegkajr, jprgsgktjr, gxpldmjr, rgfbråjr, agstjmjr, rgmbngkajr g mbktjr
unj cdstýrdj.
Jleuks tdpbs ag tgxtb agfdkdtdvjngktg agvgn gstjr prgsgktgs. _rgsunj qug
tbab erêfdmb prgmdsj ag un tîtulb g tbab gdxb tjniän prgmdsj (gxmgå÷gs j gssj
rgerj sgríb gxtrgnjngktg rjrjs). J jusèkmdj agssgs tîtulbs ‑ kíb dnpbrtj b
qujktb vbmè jmcg mljrb, j pjrtdr ab mbktgxtb ‑ fjz sgu pøildmb pjrjr g
pgreuktjr b qug gstê vgkab. Gn vgz adssb, lgegkag gxpldmdtjngktg j fdn ag
qug glg pbssj usjr b pbagr ab märgirb pjrj gktgkagr j dkfbrnjåíb, gn vgz ag
ejstê-lb tgktjkab agsmbirdr mbnb vjd lgr b vdsujl.
Kíb prgsunj qug aujs pgssbjs blcjkab j ngsnj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs
mcgejríb ï ngsnj mbkmlusíb. ]g cê unj mbkmlusíb qug vbmè qugr qug sgu
pøildmb mcgeug, gxprgssg-j mbn pjljvrjs. Wsg bs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs pjrj
agstjmjr js pjljvrjs dnpbrtjktgs.

Qîtulbs ag jåíb gn sldags

J ijrrj ag tîtulb kj pjrtg supgrdbr ag sgu sldag ab _bwgr_bdkt ä un lbmjl prgmdbsb8

usg-j sjidjngktg! Gssg ä b prdngdrb dtgn qug sgu pøildmb gkmbktrj kj pêedkj bu tglj
g, jpgsjr adssb, frgqugktgngktg ä usjab pjrj tîtulbs agsmrdtdvbs rgaukajktgs (pbr
gxgnplb, “Bråjngktb ag 9?:7„). Gn vgz adssb, usg gssg gspjåb pjrj tîtulb ag jåíb.
]g vbmè tgn unj rgmbngkajåíb bu jleb qug agsghj qug sgu pøildmb sjdij bu fjåj,
mblbqug jld (pbr gxgnplb, “J agspgsj gstdnjaj ag 9?:7 gstê jmdnj ab bråjngktb„).
Dssb sdekdfdmj qug b pøildmb kíb vjd dekbrjr g tjniän fukmdbkj pjrj gstjiglgmgr
gxpgmtjtdvjs pjrj b qug vgn j sgeudr kb rgstjktg aj pêedkj bu tglj.

Zujkab sg trjtj ag pjljvrjs gn vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs, ïs vgzgs pbag sgr øtdl

jkbtjr pbktbs dnpbrtjktgs bu dktgrgssjktgs adrgtjngktg gn un erêfdmb. J
jkbtjåíb pbag sgr usjaj pjrj gxpldmjr kujkmgs kbs ajabs, agstjmjr jleb j sg
prgstjr jtgkåíb bu agsmrgvgr fjtbrgs gxtgrkbs rglgvjktgs. Wn ag ngus
gxgnplbs fjvbrdtbs ag jkbtjåíb gn vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs jpjrgmg kj Fdeurj
7.5, pbr Ajvda NmMjkalgss, “Äpbmjs ag _dmb ag Qärndkbs ag Jmbrab mbn js
Jtujldzjå÷gs ag ]tjtus kb Fjmgibb`„.

FDEWYJ 7.5 _JLJVYJ] W]JAJ] ]JIDJNGKQG

Ï ngadaj qug sgeudnbs js jkbtjå÷gs aj gsqugraj pjrj j adrgdtj kj Fdeurj 7.5,

vgnbs un pgqugkb jungktb kb Adj abs Kjnbrjabs, gktíb erjkags pdmbs kjs

sgnjkjs ag Ygmgssb Gsmbljr (mbn suitîtulb gspgrtb “Ajr unj rgkbvjaj2„).

Cê un pdmb kb Adj :¸ ag Jirdl. J tgkaèkmdj ag tärndkbs kjs sgeukajs-fgdrjs
ä agstjmjaj. Wn jungktb g qugaj sujvgs síb bisgrvjajs kjs färdjs ag hulcb
(vgríb kb cgndsfärdb kbrtg). Gktíb, vgnbs un fbrtg jungktb pgrtb ajs fgstjs
ag fdn agmbn
tgrndkjr jkb,jleuän
njs unsgrdj
jmgktujab
“Mruglagmlîkdb
Agnjds.„kb Kjtjl, pbds, mljrjngktg,
Kbtg mbnb jleunjs pjljvrjs g frjsgs gsmblcdajs tbrkjn gssgs ajabs
jmgssîvgds nudtb njds rjpdajngktg.
Mbnb kbtj jadmdbkjl, kj Fdeurj 7.5, j brdgktjåíb qug jprgsgktgd jktgs sbirg
sgnprg mblbmjr tîtulbs kbs gdxbs kíb fbd sgeudaj. Kgstg mjsb, fbd prbpbsdtjl.
Njds dktgrgssjktg qug j nätrdmj gspgmîfdmj qug gstê sgkab rgprgsgktjaj síb bs
pdmbs g vjlgs rgljtdvbs. Kíb lgegkajkab b gdxb vgrtdmjl (mbn tîtulb bu
lgegkajs), vbmè sdnplgsngktg kíb pbag sgr jpjkcjab gn un agijtg sbirg
dssb (B qug gstê sgkab rgprgsgktjab2 Mbnb gstê sgkab mjlmuljab2 Gu
mbkmbrab mbn dssb2). Gssj fbd unj gsmblcj ag agsdek mbksmdgktg g kíb sgrdj
jprbprdjaj kj njdbrdj ajs sdtujå÷gs0 pbrän, mbnb vgnbs kgstg mjsb, pbag ‑
gn rjrjs bmjsd÷gs ‑ fukmdbkjr ign.
Kb mbktgxtb aj jmgssdidldajag vdj tgxtb, vjnbs rgvgr b gxgnplb abs tîqugtgs
gxjndkjab kbs Mjpîtulbs = g 1. J Fdeurj 7.3 nbstrj bkag gstêvjnbs agpbds
ag gldndkjrnbs js lgegkajs g mcjnjrnbs j jtgkåíb pjrj bkag qugrîjnbs qug
kbssb pøildmb sg mbkmgktrjssg, vdj njrmjabrgs ag ajabs g lgegkajs.
FDEWYJ 7.3 VJNB] YGVGY B GSGN_LB AB] QÎZWGQG]

J Fdeurj 7.3 ä ibkdtj, njs kíb sdekdfdmj nudtb sgn js pjljvrjs pjrj kbs
jhuajr j gktgkaè-lj. J Fdeurj 7.4 rgsblvg gssg prbilgnj, jmrgsmgktjkab b
tgxtb kgmgssêrdb.

FDEWYJ 7.4 W]G _JLJVYJ] _JYJ QBYKJY B EYÊFDMB JMG]]ÎVGL

Kj Fdeurj 7.4, jmrgsmgktjnbs js pjljvrjs kgmgssêrdjs8 tîtulb ab erêfdmb,

tîtulbs ag gdxb g unj kbtj ag rbajpä mbn j fbktg abs ajabs. Kj Fdeurj 7.:?,
lgvjnbs dssb un pjssb jadjktg, jadmdbkjkab unj mcjnjaj pjrj jåíb g unj
jkbtjåíb.
FDEWYJ 7.:? JADÅÍB AG QÎQWLB AG JÅÍB G JKBQJÅÍB

Kj Fdeurj 7.:?, b usb pgksjab ag tgxtb tbrkj b agsdek jmgssîvgl. Gstê mljrb
pjrj b pøildmb b qug glg gstê vgkab g kb qug agvg prgstjr jtgkåíb g pbr què.

Gstätdmj
Kj mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs, ä rgjlngktg kgmgssêrdb “fjzgr fdmjr ibkdtb2„ J
rgspbstj ä un rgtunijktg ]dn. Js pgssbjs pgrmgign bs agsdeks gstätdmbs
mbnb njds fêmgds ag usjr ab qug bs ngkbs gstätdmbs ‑ sghjn njds fêmgds bu
kíb. Gstuabsmbnb
pgrmgidabs tèn njds
nbstrjab
fêmgdsqug
ag bs agsdeks
usjr, njds gstätdmbs
njs tjniän kíbprbktjngktg
síb njds síb jpgkjs
jmgdtbs g utdldzjabs mbn b pjssjr ab tgnpb, prbnbvgn b pgksjngktb mrdjtdvb
g j sbluåíb ag prbilgnjs, g gstdnuljn rgljå÷gs pbsdtdvjs, tbrkjkab js pgssbjs
njds tblgrjktgs j prbilgnjs kbs agsdeks.
Wn ýtdnb gxgnplb aj tblgrékmdj j prbilgnjs qug j ibj gstätdmj pbag
gstdnuljr ä un jktdeb agsdek aj gnijljegn ab sjiíb agtgregktg Ngtcba,
dlustrjab kj Fdeurj 7.::. J fbrnj jktrbpbnýrfdmj trjksfbrnbu b sjiíb gn
unj pgåj ag jrtg ‑ jleb j sgr nbstrjab, kíb pjrj fdmjr bmultb kb jrnêrdb. B
agsdek agssj gnijljegn grj gxtrgnjngktg gfdmjz, jpgsjr abs prbilgnjs ag
vjzjngktb. Js pgssbjs gstjvjn adspbstjs j dekbrjr j dkmbkvgkdèkmdj ab
vjzjngktb erjåjs ï gstätdmj jtrjgktg.

FDEWYJ 7.:: ]JIÍB AGQGYEGKQG LÎZWDAB NGQCBA

Kj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs ‑ g kj mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs gn egrjl ‑,
pgragr tgnpb pjrj tbrkjr kbssbs agsdeks gstgtdmjngktg jerjaêvgds pbag
sdekdfdmjr qug kbssb pøildmb tgkcj njds pjmdèkmdj mbn kbssbs vdsujds,
jungktjkab kbssj mcjkmg ag sumgssb jb gxpldmjr kbssj ngksjegn.
]g kíb gstdvgr mbkfdjktg gn suj mjpjmdajag ag mrdjr agsdek gstätdmb, prbmurg
gxgnplbs ag vdsujldzjå÷gs ag ajabs gfdmdgktgs j sgrgn sgeudabs. Zujkab vdr
un erêfdmb qug pjrgmg ibn, mbksdagrg b qug ebstj kglg. Gxpgrdngktg sjlvê-lb
g mbkstruj unj mblgåíb ag vdsujds dkspdrjabrgs. Dndtg jspgmtbs ag agsdeks
gfdmjzgs pjrj mrdjr b sgu.
Njds gspgmdfdmjngktg, vjnbs adsmutdr jleunjs mbdsjs j mbksdagrjr kb qug adz
rgspgdtb j agsdeks gstätdmbs ag vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs. Hê jibrajnbs js
prdkmdpjds ldå÷gs rglgvjktgs ï gstätdmj0 pbrtjktb, vbu jibraê-ljs irgvgngktg
jqud g agpbds vjnbs adsmutdr un gxgnplb gspgmîfdmb pjrj vgr mbnb b mudajab
mbn j gstätdmj pbag nglcbrjr kbssj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs.
:. Wsg mbr ag fbrnj dktgldegktg. B usb ag mbr sgnprg agvg sgr unj agmdsíb
dktgkmdbkjl0 usg mbr nbagrjaj g gstrjtgedmjngktg pjrj rgjlåjr js pjrtgs
dnpbrtjktgs ag sgu vdsujl.
9. _rgstg jtgkåíb jb jldkcjngktb. Brejkdzg bs glgngktbs kj pêedkj pjrj
mrdjr ldkcjs vgrtdmjds g cbrdzbktjds ldnpjs, j fdn ag gstjiglgmgr un sgksb ag
ukdajag g mbgsíb.
=. Wsg gspjåb gn irjkmb. _rgsgrvg js njregks0 kíb jlbkeug sgus glgngktbs
erêfdmbs pjrj prggkmcgr b gspjåb kgn jmrgsmgktg mbdsjs jpgkjs pbrqug vbmè
tgn gspjåb gxtrj.
B usb mudajabsb ag mbr, jldkcjngktb g gspjåb gn irjkmb ä un mbnpbkgktg
ab agsdek qug, qujkab ign fgdtb, vbmè kgn ngsnb pgrmgig. Njs vbmè
pgrmgig qujkab kíb ä ign fgdtb8 nudtjs tbkjldajags ag mbrgs g fjltj ag
jldkcjngktb g gspjåb gn irjkmb prbauzgn un vdsujl sdnplgsngktg
agsmbkfbrtêvgl pjrj blcjr. Glg pjrgmg agsbrejkdzjab g sgn kgkcunj jtgkåíb
ajaj jbs agtjlcgs. Dssb nbstrj fjltj ag rgspgdtb mbn sgus ajabs g sgu pøildmb.

Vjnbs j unvjrghdstj
dnpbrtjktg gxgnplb8
kbsvghj
GWJ.j Fdeurj 7.:9.rgprgsgktj
B erêfdmb Dnjedkg qug vbmè trjijlcjaj
j agmbnpbsdåíb gn un
_bpuljåíb abs GWJ g Kbssbs Mldgktgs pbr sgtg sgengktbs (pbr gxgnplb,
fjdxjs gtêrdjs).

FDEWYJ 7.:9 AG]DEK ]GN G]QÄQDMJ

_bagnbs usjr js ldå÷gs gstuajajs pjrj fjzgr gsmblcjs ag agsdek dktgldegktgs.
Gspgmdfdmjngktg, vjnbs adsmutdr mbnb pbagnbs nglcbrjr j Fdeurj 7.:9 gn
rgljåíb jb usb ag mbr, jldkcjngktb g gspjåb gn irjkmb.
J mbr ä usjaj ag fbrnj gxjegrjaj. Cê mbrgs agnjds g gljs adsputjn kbssj
jtgkåíb, tbrkjkab adfîmdl gkfbmjr unj pbr vgz. Vbltjkab ï ldåíb sbirg
jffbrajkmgs,, agvgnbs pgksjr kb qug qugrgnbs agstjmjr pjrj kbssb pøildmb g
jffbrajkmgs
sý usjr mbr lê. Kgstg mjsb, j mjdxj vgrnglcj gn tbrkb abs sgengktbs = j 7, ï
adrgdtj, sdkjldzj qug gssgs sgengktbs síb dnpbrtjktgs0 njs cê tjktjs mbdsjs
adsputjkab kbssj jtgkåíb qug lgvj jleun tgnpb pjrj vgrnbs dssb. _bagnbs
tbrkjr gssg prbmgssb njds ýivdb g fêmdl, usjkab mbr gstrjtgedmjngktg.
Bs glgngktbs kíb gstíb mbrrgtjngktg jldkcjabs. J mgktrjldzjåíb ab tîtulb ab
erêfdmb fjz mbn qug glg kíb gstghj jldkcjab mbn njds kjaj kb vdsujl. Bs
tîtulbs ag sgengktb ï gsqugraj kíb gstíb jldkcjabs pjrj mrdjr unj ldkcj
ldnpj, kgn ï gsqugraj, kgn ï adrgdtj. Dssb pjrgmg agslgdxjab.
_br fdn, b gspjåb gn irjkmb ä njl usjab. Cê nudtb gspjåb gktrg bs tîtulbs ag
sgengktb g bs ajabs, b qug adfdmultj lgvjr bs blcbs ab tîtulb pjrj bs ajabs
(tgkcb vbktjag ag usjr ngu agab dkadmjabr pjrj trjåjr b mjndkcb8 pbagnbs
rgauzdr b gspjåb gn irjkmb gktrg bs tîtulbs g bs ajabs pjrj qug dssb sghj
agskgmgssêrdb). B gspjåb gn irjkmb gktrg js mblukjs ag ajabs ä gstrgdtb
agnjds pjrj gkfjtdzjr bs ajabs aj nglcbr fbrnj g gstê mcgdb ag ldkcjs
pbktdlcjajs dkøtgds.

J Fdeurj 7.:= nbstrj

rgsblvèssgnbs mbnb j ngsnj
gssgs prbilgnjs dkfbrnjåíb pbagrdj fdmjr sg
ag agsdek.
FDEWYJ 7.:= AG]DEK G]QÄQDMB

Vbmè kíb gstjrê njds prbpgksb j pjssjr un pbumb njds ag tgnpb kj Fdeurj
7.:=2 Mljrjngktg, fbd ajaj jtgkåíb jbs agtjlcgs kb agsdek8 b agsdekgr lgvbu
un tgnpb pjrj bitgr gssg rgsultjab. Dssb mrdj un tdpb ag ñkus pbr pjrtg ab
pøildmb, ag ejstjr tgnpb pjrj gktgkaè-lb (gssg tdpb ag mbktrjtb kíb gxdstg gn
un agsdek rudn). ]gr dktgldegktg kjs mbrgs, jldkcjr bs bihgtbs g jprbvgdtjr b
gspjåb gn irjkmb trjz un sgksb ag brejkdzjåíb vdsujl jb sgu agsdek. Gssj
jtgkåíb ï gstätdmj nbstrj un rgspgdtb egrjl pbr sgu trjijlcb g sgu pøildmb.

Jmgdtjåíb
_jrj qug un agsdek sghj gfdmdgktg, glg agvg sgr jmgdtb pglb pøildmb prgtgkadab.
Gssg prdkmîpdb ä vgrajag, sghj b agsdek gn qugstíb b ag un bihgtb fîsdmb bu
ag unj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs. Njs b qug vbmè agvg fjzgr qujkab sgu pøildmb
kíb gstê jmgdtjkab sgu agsdek2

Gn ngus“Zugrb
adlgnj8 wbr`scbps,
“Zugrb bs ngnirbs
nglcbrjr ab pøildmb
b nbab mbnb vgnbsrgeuljrngktg lgvjktjn
js mbdsjs, njs qujkabgstg
tgktgd
fjzgr jltgrjå÷gs, ngus gsfbråbs gkmbktrjrjn rgsdstèkmdj. Js pgssbjs gstíb

jmbstunjajs j vgr js mbdsjs ag mgrtj njkgdrj g kíb qugrgn qug ngxjnbs

kdssb.„.
Ä un fjtb aj kjturgzj cunjkj j njdbrdj ajs pgssbjs sgktdr mgrtb erju ag
agsmbkfbrtb mbn j nuajkåj. Ldawgll gt jl., gn Wkdvgrsjl _rdkmdplgs bf
Agsdek,, sgn trjauåíb kb Irjsdl, (9?:?), agsmrgvgn gssj tgkaèkmdj, abs
Agsdek
pøildmbs gn egrjl, ag rgsdstdr jb kbvb pbr mjusj ag suj fjndldjrdajag mbn b
jktdeb. _br dssb, fjzgr jltgrjå÷gs sdekdfdmjtdvjs “kb nbab mbnb sgnprg
fjzgnbs„ pbag gxdedr njds trjijlcb pjrj ejkcjr j jmgdtjåíb ab qug
sdnplgsngktg suistdtudr b jktdeb pglb kbvb.
Gxdstgn jleunjs gstrjtäedjs qug vbmè pbag usjr pjrj ejkcjr jmgdtjåíb kb
agsdek ag suj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs8

Jkukmdg js vjktjegks ab hgdtb kbvb bu adfgrgktg. Ïs vgzgs,

sdnplgsngktg sgr trjkspjrgktg mbn js pgssbjs sbirg b pbrquè js mbdsjs
sgríb adfgrgktgs pbag jhuaê-ljs j sg sgktdrgn njds ï vbktjag. Gxdstgn
bisgrvjå÷gs kbvjs bu nglcbrjajs qug vbmè pbag fjzgr vgkab bs ajabs
ag un nbab adfgrgktg2 Bu butrjs vjktjegks qug vbmè pbag jkukmdjr
pjrj jhuajr j mbkvgkmgr sgu pøildmb j sgr jigrtb ï nuajkåj2
Nbstrg ljab j ljab. ]g b kbvb hgdtb ä mljrjngktg supgrdbr jb jktdeb,
nbstrê-lbs ljab j ljab vjd agnbkstrjr dssb. Huktg j dssb b hgdtb jktgrdbr,
nbstrjkab b jktgs g b agpbds g gxpldmjkab pbrqug vbmè qugr nuajr b
nbab mbnb vè js mbdsjs.
Bfgrgåj
pgksg gnvêrdjs
mrdjr bpå÷gs g iusqug
vêrdjs bpå÷gs bpdkd÷gs.
g bitgr Gn vgz
bpdkd÷gs ag ag dnpbrbub agsdek,
mblgejs ag sgu
pøildmb (sg jprbprdjab) pjrj agtgrndkjr qujl agsdek jtgkagrê nglcbr js
kgmgssdajags.
Bitgkcj j jagsíb ag un ngnirb mbn vbz jtdvj ag sgu pøildmb.
Dagktdfdqug ngnirbs dkflugktgs ag sgu pøildmb g fjlg mbn glgs un j
un, tgktjkab ejkcjr jmgdtjåíb pjrj sgu agsdek. _gåj sujs bpdkd÷gs g js
dkmbrpbrg. ]g vbmè mbksgeudr j jagsíb ag un bu abds ngnirbs mbn
vbz jtdvj, butrbs pbagríb jmbnpjkcjr.

Jleb j mbksdagrjr, sg vbmè gkmbktrjr rgsdstèkmdj, ä sg j rjdz ab prbilgnj ä qug

sgu pøildmb ä lgktb gn rgljåíb ï nuajkåj bu sg cê prbilgnjs kb agsdek qug

gstê prbpbkab. Qgstg dssb, bitgkab j bpdkdíb ag jleuän qug kíb tgkcj
dktgrgssg pgssbjl. Nbstrg suj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs. ]g jprbprdjab, nbstrg
tjniän bs vdsujds jktgrdbrgs bu jtujds. _gåj pjrj qug, pbr ngdb ag sgu
prbmgssb ngktjl, adej mbnb jkjldsj j jprgsgktjåíb. Ab qug ebstj2 Zujds
pgreuktjs tgn2 Zujl vdsujl prgfgrg g pbr què2 Buvdr gssjs mbdsjs ag tgrmgdrbs
dnpjrmdjds pbag jhuaê-lb j agsmbirdr prbilgnjs gn sgu agsdek qug gstíb
lgvjkab jb agsjfdb ag jmgdtjåíb qug vbmè gkfrgktj mbn sgu pøildmb. J
mbkvgrsj tjniän pbag jhuaê-lb j jrtdmuljr pbktbs ag adsmursb qug b jhuajríb
j bitgr j jmgdtjåíb qug vbmè prbmurj huktb jb sgu pøildmb.

Gkmgrrjngktb
Gktgkagkab g gnprgejkab jleuks mbkmgdtbs ag agsdek trjadmdbkjds, kbs
prgpjrjnbs pjrj b sumgssb kj mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs. Bfgrgåj jb sgu
pøildmb jffbrajkmgs
mbnukdmjåíb8 vdsujds,
agstjqug mbnb dnpbrtjktg,
b njtgrdjl pdstjs ag mbnb dktgrjedr
gldndkg mbn suj g mrdg
js adstrjå÷gs
unj cdgrjrqudj vdsujl ag dkfbrnjå÷gs. Qbrkg sgus agsdeks jmgssîvgds, kíb
mbnpldmjkab agnjds g usjkab tgxtb pjrj lgegkajr g gxpldmjr. Jungktg j
tblgrékmdj ag sgu pøildmb gn rgljåíb jbs prbilgnjs ab agsdek, tbrkjkab-bs
gstgtdmjngktg jtrjgktgs. Gnprgeug js gstrjtäedjs adsmutdajs pjrj ejkcjr j
jmgdtjåíb ab pøildmb pjrj sgus agsdeks vdsujds.
_jrjiäks! Jebrj vbmè sjig j 7 j ldåíb ab stbrytglldke mbn ajabs8 mbnb
pgksjr mbnb un agsdekgr.

:: - Kbtj aj Ygvdsíb Qämkdmj8 Kíb cê mbksgksb sbirg j trjauåíb ag Jffbrajkmg pjrj b pbrtueuès. Gn trjauåíb ldvrg, sgrdj jleb
pjrgmdab mbn “rgmbkcgmdngktb ajs fukmdbkjldajags„.
 mjpîtulb sgds

adssgmjegn ag nbaglbs vdsujds

Jtä jqud, jibrajnbs vêrdjs ldå÷gs qug vbmè pbag gnprgejr pjrj nglcbrjr suj
mjpjmdajag ag sg mbnukdmjr mbn ajabs. Jebrj qug vbmè gktgkag bs
fukajngktbs ab qug mbnp÷g un vdsujl gfdmjz, vjnbs mbksdagrjr njds jleuks
gxgnplbs aj “ibj„ vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs. Jktgs ag gstuajrnbs kbssj øltdnj
ldåíb, kgstg mjpîtulb vjnbs vgr vêrdbs nbaglbs vdsujds g adsmutdr b prbmgssb
ngktjl g js gsmblcjs ag agsdek qug lgvjrjn ï suj mrdjåíb, utdldzjkab js ldå÷gs
ê gstuajajs.
Gn vêrdbs gxgnplbs, vbmè kbtjrê jleunjs mbksdagrjå÷gs sgnglcjktgs. Jb
mrdjr mjaj gxgnplb, pgksgd gn mbnb qugrdj qug b pøildmb prbmgssjssg j
dkfbrnjåíb g fdz gsmblcjs mbrrgspbkagktgs j rgspgdtb ab qug gkfjtdzjr g
mcjnjr suj jtgkåíb, jssdn mbnb ab qug agsgkfjtdzjr. _br dssb, vbmè vgrê
pbktbs mbnuks agstjmjabs gn rjzíb ag mbr g tjnjkcb. J gsmblcj ab nbaglb
ag jprgsgktjåíb, j bragn rgljtdvj abs ajabs, b pbsdmdbkjngktb ag glgngktbs
g b usb ag pjljvrjs tjniän síb adsmutdabs gn vêrdbs mjsbs.
Gssj rgpgtdåíb ä øtdl pjrj rgfbråjr bs mbkmgdtbs kbs qujds gstbu pgksjkab g js
gsmblcjs ag agsdek rgsultjktgs kbs vêrdbs gxgnplbs.
Mjaj vdsujl agstjmjab fbd mrdjab pjrj jtgkagr j kgmgssdajag ag unj sdtujåíb
gspgmîfdmj. Vbu adsmutdr bs mgkêrdbs rglgvjktgs irgvgngktg, njs kíb sg
prgbmupg nudtb mbn bs agtjlcgs. Gn vgz adssb, gxjndkg g pgksg sbirg mjaj
nbaglb vdsujl. Mbksdagrg qujds agsjfdbs ag vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs vbmè
gkmbktrj, bkag j gstrjtäedj ajaj (bu jspgmtbs aglj) pbagrdj sgr jprbvgdtjaj.

Nbaglb vdsujl :8 erêfdmb ag ldkcjs

FDEWYJ 6.: EYÊFDMB AG LDKCJ]

J gnprgsj S fjz unj “mjnpjkcj ag abjå÷gs„ jkujl, mbn aurjåíb ag un

nès, pjrj lgvjktjr adkcgdrb pjrj mjusjs igkgfdmgktgs. J Fdeurj 6.: nbstrj b
prbergssb agstg jkb jtä b nbngktb. Vjnbs mbksdagrjr b qug tbrkj gssg
gxgnplb ibn g js gsmblcjs agldigrjajs fgdtjs gn suj mrdjåíb.
Js pjljvrjs síb usjajs jagqujajngktg. Quab gstê dktdtuljab g lgegkajab, ag
nbab qug kíb cê aøvdaj sbirg b qug gstjnbs vgkab. Gstíb prgsgktgs bs
tîtulbs ab erêfdmb, ab gdxb vgrtdmjl g ab cbrdzbktjl. Js vêrdjs ldkcjs ab erêfdmb
síb lgegkajajs adrgtjngktg, ag nbab qug kíb cê trjijlcb ag dr g vdr gktrg
unj lgegkaj g bs ajabs pjrj agmdfrjr b qug gstê rgprgsgktjab. B ibn usb ab
tgxtb tbrkj gssg vdsujl jmgssîvgl.
Jpldmjkab b tgstg ab “pjrj bkag sgus blcbs síb jtrjîabs2„, agsmrdtb kb
Mjpîtulb 1, pgrmbrrb b tîtulb ab erêfdmb irgvgngktg g, gktíb, sbu jtrjîaj pjrj
j tgkaèkmdj “_rbergssb jtä b nbngktb„ (bkag qugrgnbs qug b pøildmb sg
mbkmgktrg). Zujsg sgnprg usb mdkzj gsmurb pjrj tîtulb ag erêfdmb. Dssb ejrjktg
qug glg sg agstjqug, njs sgn b fbrtg mbktrjstg bitdab mbn prgtb purb sbirg
irjkmb (gn vgz adssb, agdxb b usb ag prgtb pjrj mbr ag agstjqug, qujkab kíb
gstbu usjkab butrjs mbrgs). Vêrdbs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs síb gnprgejabs

pjrj mcjnjr j jtgkåíb pjrj j tgkaèkmdj “_rbergssb jtä b nbngktb„8 mbr,

gspgssurj aj ldkcj, prgsgkåj ag njrmjabr g lgegkaj ag ajabs kb pbktb fdkjl g
b tjnjkcb ab tgxtb mbrrgspbkagktg.
Kb qug adz rgspgdtb jb mbktgxtb njds jnplb, síb dkmluîabs abds pbktbs pjrj
mbnpjrjåíb, njs muhj èkfjsg fbd rgtdrjaj pjrj qug b erêfdmb kíb sg tbrkg
vdsujlngktg bprgssdvb. J ngtj ag $7?.??? fbd agsgkcjaj kb erêfdmb pjrj
rgfgrèkmdj, njs mblbmjaj gn sgeukab pljkb pglb usb ag unj ldkcj fdkj0 j
ldkcj g b tgxtb tèn b ngsnb mdkzj ab rgstb abs agtjlcgs ab erêfdmb. Js
abjå÷gs ab jkb pjssjab kb agmbrrgr ab tgnpb fbrjn dkmluîajs, njs j èkfjsg
tjniän fbd rgtdrjaj mbn b usb ag unj ldkcj njds fdkj g un jzul njds mljrb
(pjrj vdkmulê-lj vdsujlngktg jb prbergssb agstg jkb sgn mbnpgtdr pglj
jtgkåíb).
Aujs agmds÷gs agldigrjajs fbrjn tbnjajs mbn rgljåíb ïs lgegkajs ag gdxb.
Kb gdxb y vgrtdmjl, vbmè pbagrdj pgksjr gn jrrgabkajr bs køngrbs pjrj
ndlcjrgs ‑ pjrj qug b gdxb vjrdjssg ag $? j $6? g b tîtulb nuajssg pjrj
“Adkcgdrb lgvjktjab (ndlcjrgs ag aýljrgs)„. ]g bs køngrbs gstdvgssgn kj
gsmjlj ag ndlc÷gs, gu prbvjvglngktg tgrdj fgdtb dssb. Mbktuab, pjrj ndn,
pgksjr gn køngrbs kj mjsj abs ndlcjrgs kíb ä tíb dktudtdvb0 jssdn, gn vgz ag
ngxgr mbn j gsmjlj jqud, prgsgrvgd bs zgrbs kjs lgegkajs ab gdxb yy..
Kb gdxb x cbrdzbktjl, kíb prgmdsjnbs lgegkajr mjaj adj, pbds gstjnbs njds
dktgrgssjabs kj tgkaèkmdj elbijl, kíb kb qug jmbktgmgu gn un adj gspgmîfdmb.
Mbnb tgnbs ajabs jtä b :?¸ adj ag un nès ag =? adjs, bptgd pbr lgegkajr
mjaj 7¸ adj kb gdxb x (ajab qug ä sbirg adjs qug gstjnbs fjljkab, butrj
pbssîvgl sbluåíb sgrdj lgegkajr mjaj 5¸ adj g/bu jadmdbkjr js supgrmjtgebrdjs
sgnjkj :, sgnjkj 9 gtm.). Gssg ä un ajquglgs mjsbs gn qug kíb cê unj økdmj
rgspbstj mgrtj8 vbmè agvg pgksjr kb mbktgxtb, kbs ajabs g gn mbnb qugr qug
sgu pøildmb usg b vdsujl, g tbnjr unj agmdsíb agldigrjaj lgvjkab dssb gn
mbksdagrjåíb.

Nbaglb vdsujl 98 erêfdmb ag ldkcjs jkbtjab

mbn prgvdsíb
FDEWYJ 6.9 EYÊFDMB AG LDKCJ] JKBQJAB MBN _YGVD]ÍB

J Fdeurj 6.9 nbstrj un erêfdmb ag ldkcjs jkbtjab ag vgkajs jkujds rgjds g

prgvdstjs.
Nudtjs vgzgs, vghb ajabs prgvdstbs g rgjds rgprgsgktjabs huktbs mbnb unj sý
ldkcj, sgn kgkcun jspgmtb adstdktdvb pjrj adfgrgkmdjr bs køngrbs aj prgvdsíb
ab rgstjktg. Dssb ä un grrb. _bagnbs usjr admjs vdsujds pjrj fjzgr unj
adstdkåíb gktrg bs ajabs rgjds g prgvdstbs, fjmdldtjkab j dktgrprgtjåíb aj
dkfbrnjåíb. Kj Fdeurj 6.9, j ldkcj mcgdj rgprgsgktj bs ajabs rgjds g unj
ldkcj pbktdlcjaj njds fdkj (qug trjz mgrtj mbkbtjåíb ag ngkbs mgrtgzj ab qug
unj ldkcj mcgdj gsmurj) rgprgsgktj bs ajabs prgvdstbs. J mljrj lgegkajegn ag
Ygjl g _rgvdsíb sbi b gdxb x jhuaj j rgfbråjr dssb (gsmrdtbs gn njdøsmuljs
pjrj fjmdldtjr b njpgjngktb), mbn j pjrtg aj prgvdsíb vdsujlngktg un pbumb
sgpjrjaj pbr ngdb ab sbnirgjab mljrb kb fukab.
Kgssg vdsujl, tuab fbd mblbmjab gn sgeukab pljkb pbr ngdb ab usb ag fbktg g
glgngktbs mdkzjs, gxmgtb b tîtulb ab erêfdmb, js ajtjs agktrb ajs mjdxjs ag
tgxtb, bs ajabs (ldkcj), njrmjabrgs ag ajabs gsmblcdabs g lgegkajs ag ajabs
kunärdmbs ag 9?:1 gn adjktg. Zujkab bisgrvb j cdgrjrqudj vdsujl abs

glgngktbs, ngus blcbs víb prdngdrb pjrj b tîtulb ab erêfdmb kj pjrtg supgrdbr
gsqugraj (agvdab ï pbsdåíb g jb jtrdiutb prä-jtgktdvb ab tgxtb mdkzj gsmurb
njds ljreb, adsmutdab kb gxgnplb jktgrdbr) g agpbds pjrj js ajtjs jzuds kjs
mjdxjs ag tgxtb, pbktb gn qug pbssb fjzgr unj pjusj g lgr pjrj mbktgxtujldzjr
un pbumb, jktgs ag nbvgr bs blcbs pjrj ijdxb, j fdn ag vgr b pbktb bu
tgkaèkmdj mbrrgspbkagktg kbs ajabs. ]íb dkmluîabs njrmjabrgs ag ajabs
sbngktg pjrj bs pbktbs rgfgrgkmdjabs kj jkbtjåíb, tbrkjkab rêpdab b
prbmgssb ag vgr qujl pjrtg abs ajabs ä rglgvjktg pjrj qujl jkbtjåíb.
(Brdedkjlngktg, bs njrmjabrgs ag ajabs grjn jzuds ukdfbrngs, njs nuagd
pjrj irjkmbs mbn mbktbrkb jzul, b qug bs fgz sg agstjmjrgn un pbumb njds,
mbnb gu qugrdj0 bs njrmjabrgs ag ajabs aj prgvdsíb síb ngkbrgs g gn jzul
ukdfbrng, pbrqug jld, irjkmb mbn mbktbrkb jzul fdmjrdj sjturjab agnjds
mbktrj js ldkcjs pbktdlcjajs.)

J lgegkaj kunärdmj
dktgkmdbkjlngktg, $:?3
pbds ä b jpjrgmg gn kgerdtb.
øltdnb pbktb Dssbrgjds
ag ajabs gstêggkfjtdzjab
j ékmbrj pjrj j
prgvdsíb. Bs pbktbs ag ajabs cdstýrdmbs kíb síb lgegkajabs. Gn vgz adssb, b
gdxb y ä prgsgrvjab pjrj ajr unj dagdj egrjl aj njekdtuag, pbds qugrgnbs
qug b pøildmb gkfbqug tgkaèkmdjs rgljtdvjs, kíb vjlbrgs prgmdsbs. Js lgegkajs
ag ajabs kunärdmbs síb dkmluîajs kbs pbktbs ag ajabs aj prgvdsíb pjrj ajr
jb pøildmb un mljrb gktgkadngktb ajs gxpgmtjtdvjs futurjs.
Qbab tgxtb kb vdsujl tgn b ngsnb tjnjkcb, gxmgtb bkag fbrjn tbnjajs
agmds÷gs dktgkmdbkjds pjrj jltgrê-lb. B tîtulb ab erêfdmb ä njdbr. J èkfjsg aj

kbtj
ijdxjagprdbrdajag
rbajpä fbdkjtdrjaj
pjrtg mbn unjabfbktg
dkfgrdbr ngkbr
vdsujl, g un
j fdn pbsdmdbkjngktb
ag qug gstghj lê pjrjagjhuajr
kj dktgrprgtjåíb, sg kgmgssêrdb, njs kíb mcjnj j jtgkåíb.

Nbaglb vdsujl =8 Ijrrjs gnpdlcjajs j :??%

FDEWYJ 6.= EYÊFDMB AG IJYYJ] GN_DLCJAJ] J :??%

B erêfdmb ag ijrrjs gnpdlcjajs aj Fdeurj 6.= ä un gxgnplb vdsujl ab nukab

aj mbksultbrdj. Mjaj prbhgtb ag mbksultbrdj tgn bihgtdvbs gspgmîfdmbs
jssbmdjabs. B prbergssb gn rgljåíb j gssgs bihgtdvbs ä jvjldjab
trdngstrjlngktg g agsdekjab mbnb “Kíb Jlmjkåjab„, “Jlmjkåjab„ bu
“]upgrjab„. B erêfdmb ag ijrrjs gnpdlcjajs nbstrj j pbrmgktjegn ag
prbhgtbs tbtjds gn mjaj unj agssjs mjtgebrdjs kb agmbrrgr ab tgnpb. Mbnb
kbs gxgnplbs jktgrdbrgs, kíb sg prgbmupg nudtb mbn bs agtjlcgs jqud0 gn vgz
adssb, rgfldtj sbirg b qug pbag sgr jprgkadab j pjrtdr ajs mbksdagrjå÷gs sbirg
b agsdek qug lgvjrjn ï mrdjåíb agssj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs.
Vjnbs mbksdagrjr prdngdrb b jldkcjngktb abs bihgtbs agktrb agssg vdsujl. B
tîtulb ab erêfdmb, j lgegkaj g b tîtulb ab gdxb y vgrtdmjl gstíb tbabs jldkcjabs
kj pbsdåíb supgrdbr gsqugraj. Dssb sdekdfdmj qug kbssb pøildmb gkmbktrj
dkfbrnjå÷gs sbirg mbnb lgr b erêfdmb jktgs ag mcgejr jbs ajabs. Kb ljab
gsqugrab, b tîtulb ab erêfdmb, j lgegkaj, b tîtulb ab gdxb y g j kbtj ag rbajpä
gstíb tbabs jldkcjabs, mrdjkab unj ldkcj ldnpj kb ljab gsqugrab ab vdsujl.
Kb ljab adrgdtb, b tgxtb kj pjrtg supgrdbr gstê hustdfdmjab ï adrgdtj g jldkcjab
mbn j øltdnj ijrrj ag ajabs qug mbktän bs pbktbs ag ajabs agsmrdtbs
(usjkab b prdkmîpdb aj prbxdndajag aj Egstjlt). Gssj ngsnj mjdxj ag tgxtb
gstê jldkcjaj vgrtdmjlngktg mbn j lgegkaj ab erêfdmb.
Mbn rgljåíb j fbmjldzjr j jtgkåíb ab pøildmb, j mbr vgrnglcb ä usjaj mbnb j

økdmj
agnjds0j mcjnjr j jtgkåíb
pbrtjktb, (pjrj ndn,
frgqugktgngktg bptbb vgrnglcb prdnêrdb
pbr un tbn tgkag
vgrnglcb j sgr fbrtg
qugdnjab,
mbnb fdz jqud. Qbng mudajab mbn tbks nudtb fbrtgs, prgfdrj tbks njds
fgmcjabs mbnb jzul njrdkcb bu vgrnglcb qugdnjab). Qbab b rgstb ä mdkzj.
Fbrjn usjajs lgegkajs ag ajabs kunärdmbs ‑ unj admj vdsujl jadmdbkjl
sdkjldzjkab dnpbrtékmdj, ajab b kîtdab mbktrjstg ag irjkmb sbirg vgrnglcb g
tgxtb erjkag ‑ kbs pbktbs gn qug qugrgnbs qug b pøildmb sg mbkmgktrg8 j
mrgsmgktg pbrmgktjegn ag prbhgtbs qug kíb gstíb jtdkedkab bs bihgtdvbs. B
rgstjktg abs ajabs fbd prgsgrvjab pjrj mbktgxtujldzjr, njs mblbmjabs gn
sgeukab pljkb pjrj qug kíb mbkmbrrjn pglj jtgkåíb. Qbks ag mdkzj un pbumb
adfgrgktgs fbrjn
ag ajabs pbr vgz,usjabs pjrj
njs kíb qug jdkaj
agsvdg sg pbssj
j jtgkåíb fbmjldzjr
aj mljrj èkfjsgunj bu butrj
kj särdg särdg
vgrnglcj.
Js mjtgebrdjs sgeugn unj gsmjlj ag “Kíb Jlmjkåjab„ j “]upgrjab„ g gssj
bragn ä jprbvgdtjaj ag ijdxb pjrj mdnj agktrb ajs ijrrjs gnpdlcjajs. J
mjtgebrdj “Kíb Jlmjkåjab„ gstê njds prýxdnj jb gdxb xx,, fjmdldtjkab j
vdsujldzjåíb aj nuajkåj kb agmbrrgr ab tgnpb pbr mjusj ab jldkcjngktb ajs
ijrrjs kb ngsnb pbktb ag pjrtdaj (b gdxb xx).
). J nuajkåj kb agmbrrgr ab
tgnpb aj mjtgebrdj “]upgrjab„ tjniän ä fêmdl ag vgr, erjåjs jb jldkcjngktb
ukdfbrng jb lbkeb aj pjrtg supgrdbr ab erêfdmb. Ä njds adfîmdl vgr j nuajkåj

kb agmbrrgrpbds
bihgtdvbs, ab tgnpb
kíb cê kj pbrmgktjegn
kgkcunj absijsg
ldkcj ag prbhgtbs qug jtdkedrjn
ukdfbrng sgus bu
kj pjrtg supgrdbr
dkfgrdbr ab erêfdmb0 njs, mbnb gssj ä unj mbnpjrjåíb ag ijdxj prdbrdajag,
kíb cê prbilgnj.
_jljvrjs tbrkjn b vdsujl jmgssîvgl. B erêfdmb tgn un tîtulb, b gdxb y tgn un
tîtulb g b gdxb x utdldzj supgrmjtgebrdjs (jkbs) pjrj rgauzdr j lgegkajegn
rgaukajktg g fjmdldtjr b njpgjngktb abs ajabs. Js pjljvrjs kj pjrtg supgrdbr
adrgdtj rgfbråjn kb qug agvgnbs prgstjr jtgkåíb (vjnbs fjljr nudtb njds
sbirg pjljvrjs kb mbktgxtb ab stbrytglldke, kb Mjpîtulb 5). J kbtj ag rbajpä
mbktän un jvdsb sbirg b køngrb tbtjl ag prbhgtbs kb agmbrrgr ab tgnpb, un
mbktgxtb øtdl qug kíb tgnbs adrgtjngktg kb vdsujl, agvdab jb usb ag ijrrjs
gnpdlcjajs j :??%.

Nbaglb vdsujl 18 usb ag ijrrjs gnpdlcjajs pbsdtdvjs

g kgejtdvjs

FDEWYJ 6.1 W]B AG IJYYJ] GN_DLCJAJ] _B]DQDVJ] G KGEJQDVJ]

J Fdeurj
pjrj blcjr6.1 nbstrj
jadjktg un ag
j fdn gxgnplb ab gspjåb
mbkcgmgr jkjlîtdmb gspgrjajs
js kgmgssdajags ag pgssbjl.ag_bag sgr øtdl
tjlgktb
gxpgrdgktg g dagktdfdmjr qujdsqugr ljmukjs qug pbssjn sgr rgsblvdajs
prbjtdvjngktg. Kgstg gxgnplb, cjvgrê unj kgmgssdajag kíb sjtdsfgdtj ag
adrgtbrgs, ajajs js supbsdå÷gs ag jmräsmdnbs gspgrjabs kb pbbl ag adrgtbrgs
kb agmbrrgr ab tgnpb, pbr ngdb ag mbktrjtjå÷gs g prbnbå÷gs, g ab
agmräsmdnb kb pbbl kb agmbrrgr ab tgnpb agvdab ï pgraj ag pgssbjl
(adrgtbrgs qug sjgn aj gnprgsj).
]g mbksdagrjrnbs b mjndkcb pgrmbrrdab pbr kbssbs blcbs kj Fdeurj 6.1, bs
ngus gxjndkjn b tîtulb, agpbds víb adrgtjngktg pjrj bs erjkags køngrbs
prgtbs gn kgerdtb g bs sgeugn pjrj j adrgdtj, jtä b tgxtb qug ng adz qug dssb
rgprgsgktj “Kgmgssdajag kíb sjtdsfgdtj (ljmukj)„. Gn sgeudaj, ngus blcbs sg

adrdegn pjrj ijdxb, lgkab b tgxtb, g vggn ag rgljkmg, ï gsqugraj, bs ajabs

qug mjaj un agsmrgvg, jtä mcgejr ï øltdnj särdg, “_graj ag pgssbjl„, kj pjrtg
dkfgrdbr. Kgssg pbktb, sjltjn lgvgngktg pjrj frgktg g pjrj três, gktrg js pjrtgs
“_graj ag pgssbjl„ g “Kgmgssdajag kíb sjtdsfgdtj (ljmukj)„ ajs ijrrjs,
kbtjkab qug cê mgrtb jungktb kb køngrb tbtjl ag adrgtbrgs kb agmbrrgr ab
tgnpb, jb blcjr aj gsqugraj pjrj j adrgdtj (prbvjvglngktg, pbrqug j gnprgsj
elbijl mrgsmg g, mbnb rgsultjab, j kgmgssdajag ag lîagrgs gxpgrdgktgs
jungktj), njs qug j njdbr pjrtg aj kgmgssdajag kíb sjtdsfgdtj sg aê agvdab ï
pgraj ag pgssbjl kb pbbl ag adrgtbrgs jtujl.
Fbrjn fgdtjs gsmblcjs dktgkmdbkjds kb qug adz rgspgdtb jb usb ag mbr kgssg
vdsujl. Bs “Adrgtbrgs jtujds„ síb nbstrjabs gn un jzul näadb pjaríb. Bs
adrgtbrgs qug sjgn (“_graj ag pgssbjl„) síb nbstrjabs gn unj vgrsíb ngkbs
sjturjaj aj ngsnj mbr, pjrj vdkmulê-lbs vdsujlngktg. Kb agmbrrgr ab tgnpb,
vbmè
ngadajvè qug
ngkbs
mjajjzul
vgzjmdnj ab gdxb g sjgn.
njds adrgtbrgs unj prbpbråíb
J adrgåíbmrgsmgktg jijdxb,
kgejtdvj aj särdg ï“_graj
ag pgssbjl„ rgfbråj qug gssg vblung rgprgsgktj unj adndkudåíb kb pbbl ag
adrgtbrgs. Bs adrgtbrgs jmrgsmgktjabs pbr ngdb ag mbktrjtjå÷gs g prbnbå÷gs
síb nbstrjabs gn un tbn ag vgrag (qug trjksndtg mbkbtjåíb pbsdtdvj). J
kgmgssdajag kíb sjtdsfgdtj ä rgtrjtjaj jpgkjs pbr un mbktbrkb, pjrj nbstrjr
gspjåb vjzdb vdsujlngktg, rgfbråjkab qug dssb rgprgsgktj unj ljmukj. Mjaj
unj ajs lgegkajs ag tgxtb ï adrgdtj ä gsmrdtj kb ngsnb tbn aj särdg ag ajabs
qug agsmrgvgn, gxmgtb “Kgmgssdajag kíb sjtdsfgdtj (ljmukj)„, qug ä gsmrdtj
mbn b ngsnb tgxtb prgtb, erjkag g gn kgerdtb ajs lgegkajs ag ajabs agssj
särdg.
J bragn ajs vêrdjs särdgs ag ajabs agktrb ajs ijrrjs gnpdlcjajs ä
agldigrjaj. “Adrgtbrgs jtujds„ ä j ijsg g, mbnb tjl, ä nbstrjaj mbngåjkab kb
gdxb cbrdzbktjl. Mbnb hê ngkmdbkgd, j särdg kgejtdvj “_graj ag pgssbjl„ fdmj
jijdxb aglj, gn unj adrgåíb kgejtdvj. Jmdnj ag “Adrgtbrgs jtujds„ gstíb bs
jmräsmdnbs8 prbnbå÷gs g mbktrjtjå÷gs. _br øltdnb, kj pjrtg supgrdbr (bkag
kbssbs blcbs mcgejn jktgs abs ajabs suisgqugktgs), gkmbktrjnbs
“Kgmgssdajag kíb sjtdsfgdtj (ljmukj).„
B gdxb y ä prgsgrvjab pjrj qug b lgdtbr tgkcj unj dagdj aj njekdtuag tbtjl
(tjktb kj adrgåíb pbsdtdvj mbnb kj kgejtdvj), njs ä mblbmjab gn sgeukab
pljkb pbr ngdb ab tgxtb mdkzj. ]bngktg bs pbktbs gspgmîfdmbs gn qug

agvgnbs prgstjr jtgkåíb ‑ “Kgmgssdajag kíb sjtdsfgdtj (ljmukj)„ ‑ síb

adrgtjngktg lgegkajabs mbn vjlbrgs kunärdmbs.
Qbab tgxtb kb vdsujl tgn b ngsnb tjnjkcb, gxmgtb bkag fbrjn tbnjajs

agmds÷gs
erêfdmb ä ag gkfjtdzjr
njdbr. njdsabbugdxb
B tîtulb tdrjr“K¸
j èkfjsg ag mbnpbkgktgs.
ag adrgtbrgs„ B njdbr
ä un pbumb tîtulb ab
pjrj
fjmdldtjr j lgdturj ab tgxtb edrjab. B tgxtb g bs køngrbs ag “Kgmgssdajag kíb
sjtdsfgdtj (ljmukj)„ síb njdbrgs g njds gsmurbs ab qug tuab njds kb vdsujl,
pbds ä bkag qugrgnbs qug b lgdtbr prgstg jtgkåíb. J kbtj ag rbajpä ä gsmrdtj
gn tgxtb ngkbr pjrj qug gstghj lê qujkab kgmgssêrdb, njs kíb mcjng j
jtgkåíb. Qbrkjkab-j mdkzj g mblbmjkab gn unj pbsdåíb ag ijdxj prdbrdajag,
kj pjrtg dkfgrdbr ab vdsujl, rgtdrjnbs jdkaj njds j èkfjsg aj kbtj ag rbajpä.

Nbaglb vdsujl 78 ijrrjs gnpdlcjajs cbrdzbktjds

FDEWYJ 6.7 IJYYJ] GN_DLCJAJ] CBYDXBKQJD]

J Fdeurj 6.7 nbstrj bs rgsultjabs ag unj pgsqudsj sbirg prdbrdajags rgljtdvjs

gn un pjîs gn agsgkvblvdngktb. ]íb nudtjs dkfbrnjå÷gs, njs erjåjs ï
èkfjsg g ï rgtdrjaj ag èkfjsgs gstrjtäedmjs ag mbnpbkgktgs, glj kíb sg tbrkj
vdsujlngktg bprgssdvj.

Ijrrjs gnpdlcjajs fjzgn sgktdab jqud, ajaj j kjturgzj ab qug gstê sgkab
rgprgsgktjab8 prdbrdajag prdkmdpjl (kj prdngdrj pbsdåíb, mbn tbn njds
gsmurb), 9j prdbrdajag (kj sgeukaj pbsdåíb g gn un tbn un pbumb njds
mljrb) g =j prdbrdajag (kj tgrmgdrj pbsdåíb g gn un tbn jdkaj njds mljrb).
Brdgktjr b erêfdmb cbrdzbktjlngktg sdekdfdmj qug bs kbngs ag mjtgebrdj jb
lbkeb aj gsqugraj síb fêmgds ag lgr gn tgxtb cbrdzbktjl.
Js mjtgebrdjs síb brejkdzjajs vgrtdmjlngktg gn bragn agmrgsmgktg ag “% ab
Qbtjl„, ajkab jb pøildmb unj mbkstruåíb mljrj pjrj usjr jb dktgrprgtjr bs
ajabs. Js mjtgebrdjs njdbrgs gstíb gn mdnj, ag nbab qug js vgnbs prdngdrb.
Js très prdkmdpjds prdbrdajags síb gspgmdfdmjngktg gkfjtdzjajs mbn b usb ag
mbr (j kjrrjtdvj qug jmbnpjkcjvj j vgrsíb brdedkjl agstg vdsujl js gkfbmjvj).
Gssj mbr ä jprbvgdtjaj pjrj b kbng aj mjtgebrdj, % ab tbtjl g ijrrjs
gnpdlcjajs ag ajabs. Gssj mbr ukdfbrng vdkmulj bs mbnpbkgktgs
vdsujlngktg.
Wn pbktb agmdsdvb jb rgprgsgktjr ajabs gn erêfdmb ä sg b gdxb sgrê
prgsgrvjab, sg bs pbktbs ag ajabs (bu jleuks aglgs) sgríb lgegkajabs
adrgtjngktg bu jnibs. Kgstg mjsb, js lgegkajs ag ajabs kunärdmbs agktrb
ajs ijrrjs fbrjn prgsgrvjabs, njs j èkfjsg fbd rgtdrjaj mbn tgxtb ngkbr
(brdgktjab pjrj j gsqugraj, b qug mrdj unj ldkcj ldnpj qujkab vbmè pgrmbrrg
js lgegkajs ag ajabs ab “Njds dnpbrtjktg„, fjzgkab-j pjrgmgr un pbumb
ngkbs sjturjaj ab qug tgxtb brdgktjab pjrj j adrgdtj bu mgktrjldzjab, qug
vjrdjrdj kj pbsdåíb gn mjaj unj ajs ijrrjs). J èkfjsg ajs lgegkajs ag ajabs
fbd
jzulrgtdrjaj
mljrb bujdkaj
mdkzjnjds
qugpbr
kíbngdb
mrdjnajmbktrjstg
mbr gn qug
tíb fbrjn
kîtdab gsmrdtbs8 gn tbks ag
qujktb lgegkajs
irjkmjs sbirg unj ijrrj mblbrdaj. B gdxb x fbd gldndkjab. Jqud, jssundnbs
dnpldmdtjngktg qug bs vjlbrgs gspgmîfdmbs síb dnpbrtjktgs b ijstjktg pjrj
lgegkajr. Butrb mgkêrdb pbag gxdedr unj gstrjtäedj adfgrgktg.
Mbkfbrng bisgrvjab gn vêrdbs gxgnplbs jktgrdbrgs, pjljvrjs síb ign usjajs
kgstg vdsujl. Quab gstê dktdtuljab g lgegkajab. Bs tîtulbs “_rdbrdajag„ g “%
ab Qbtjl„ síb gsmrdtbs gn njdøsmuljs pjrj fêmdl njpgjngktb. J lgegkaj pjrj
dktgrprgtjåíb ajs ijrrjs jpjrgmg dngadjtjngktg jmdnj aj prdngdrj ijrrj ag
ajabs, mbn js pjljvrjs-mcjvg “Njds„, “9ª„ g “=ª„ gn kgerdtb pjrj gkfjtdzjr.
B agtjlcg jadmdbkjl gstê agsmrdtb kj kbtj ag rbajpä.

Gkmgrrjngktb
_bagnbs jprgkagr gxjndkjkab vdsujds gfdmjzgs g mbksdagrjkab js gsmblcjs
ag agsdek fgdtjs pjrj mrdê-lbs. _glbs gxgnplbs agstg mjpîtulb, rgfbråjnbs
vêrdjs ldå÷gs jibrajajs jtä jqud. Gxjndkjnbs j gsmblcj ab tdpb ag erêfdmb g j
bragkjåíb ag ajabs. Mbksdagrjnbs pjrj bkag kbssbs blcbs síb jtrjîabs g gn
qug bragn, erjåjs ïs gstrjtäedjs gnprgejajs pjrj gkfjtdzjr g agsgkfjtdzjr
mbnpbkgktgs pbr ngdb ab usb ag mbr, gspgssurj g tjnjkcb. Adsmutdnbs b
jldkcjngktb g b pbsdmdbkjngktb ag glgngktbs. Mbksdagrjnbs b usb
jprbprdjab ag tgxtb qug tbrkj bs vdsujds jmgssîvgds pbr ngdb ag tdtuljåíb
mljrj, lgegkajegks g jkbtjåíb.
Cê jleb j sgr jprgkadab gn mjaj gxgnplb ag vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs qug vbmè
gkmbktrjr ‑ tjktb ibjs mbnb rudks. Zujkab vdr jleb ag qug ebstg, fjåj unj
pjusj pjrj mbksdagrjr b pbrquè
pbrquè.
(stbrytglldkewdtcajtj.mbn)
stbrytglldkewdtcajtj.mbn . Bs
) tjlvgz qug sgeugn
sjdijn ngu ilbe,
qug tjniän gn dkelès,
sbu mbzdkcgdrj
gktusdjsnjaj, g frgqugktgngktg jprbvgdtb j sgeudktg ngtêfbrj aj mbndaj kj
jkjlîtdmj ag ajabs8 kj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs, rjrjngktg cê unj økdmj rgspbstj
“mgrtj„ (sg cbuvgr)0 gn vgz adssb, gxdstgn ibks sjibrgs. Bs gxgnplbs qug
gxjndkjnbs kgstg mjpîtulb síb j muldkêrdj eburngt abs erêfdmbs.
Adtb dssb, adfgrgktgs pgssbjs tbnjríb adfgrgktgs agmds÷gs jb sg agpjrjrgn
mbn b ngsnb agsjfdb ag vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs. _br dssb, dkgvdtjvglngktg fdz
kgssgs vdsujds jleunjs gsmblcjs ag agsdek qug vbmè pbagrdj tgr trjtjab ag

fbrnjpbssj
vbmè adfgrgktg. Quabpbr
gktgkagr ign.
qugGspgrb
fdz tjds qug, jb agsmrgvgr
gsmblcjs ngu
ag agsdek. prbmgssb
Gssjs síb ngktjl,
mbksdagrjå÷gs j lgnirjr gn sgu prýprdb prbmgssb ag agsdek. B njds
dnpbrtjktg ä qug sujs gsmblcjs ag agsdek sghjn gxjtjngktg dssb8 dktgkmdbkjds.
Jebrj vbmè gstê prbktb pjrj j øltdnj ldåíb sbirg stbrytglldke mbn ajabs8
mbktjr unj cdstýrdj.
 mjpîtulb sgtg

ldå÷gs sbirg stbrytglldke

Gn ngus wbr`scbps, j ldåíb sbirg stbrytglldke frgqugktgngktg mbngåj mbn
un gxgrmîmdb ag dnjedkjåíb. Gu pgåb jbs pjrtdmdpjktgs pjrj fgmcjrgn bs
blcbs g lgnirjrgn aj cdstýrdj aj Mcjpguzdkcb Vgrnglcb,
Vgrnglcb, mbksdagrjkab
gspgmdfdmjngktg j trjnj, js rgvdrjvbltjs g b fdkjl. Ïs vgzgs, gssg gxgrmîmdb
egrj jleunjs rdsjajs0 js pgssbjs sg pgreuktjn sbirg suj rglgvékmdj bu
mbrjhbsjngktg j mbkfukagn mbn Bs Qrès _brqudkcbs. Njs jmcb qug j
njdbrdj abs pjrtdmdpjktgs (kbrnjlngktg gn tbrkb ag 3? j 4?%, mbn ijsg gn
un lgvjktjr ag níbs) ä mjpjz ag lgnirjr aj cdstýrdj gn egrjl ‑ nudtjs vgzgs
unj vgrsíb nbadfdmjaj ab brdedkjl njmjirb abs Erdnns.
Mbkmgaj-ng un nbngktb pjrj gu mbktjr j vgrsíb qug gstê gn ndkcj ngktg8
vbvbzdkcj fdmbu abgktg g j Mcjpguzdkcb Vgrnglcb sjd pglj flbrgstj mbn
unj mgstj ag abmgs pjrj gktrgejr j glj. Kb mjndkcb, gkmbktrj un lgkcjabr
g un lbib. B lbib mbrrg kj frgktg, mbng j vbvbzdkcj g vgstg sujs rbupjs.
Zujkab Mcjpguzdkcb mcgej, pgrmgig qug jleb gstê grrjab. Fjz unj särdg ag
greuktjs pjrj b lbib (adsfjråjab ag vbvbzdkcj), mulndkjkab mbn j
bisgrvjåíb8
“Vbvý, sgus agktgs síb tíb erjkags!„ ‑ jb qug b lbib rgspbkag8 “Ä nglcbr
jrj mbngr vbmè!„ g gkeblg j Mcjpguzdkcb. B lgkcjabr mcgej g, vgkab j
brtj aj mjsj aj vbvbzdkcj gktrgjigrtj, agmdag dkvgstdejr. Lê agktrb,
gkmbktrj b lbib mbmcdljkab agpbds ag suj rgfgdåíb. B lgkcjabr suspgdtj ab
qug jmbktgmgu g mbrtj b lbib jb ngdb. J vbvbzdkcj g j Mcjpguzdkcb suregn
‑ sís g sjlvjs! Fdkjl fgldz pjrj tbabs (ngkbs pjrj b lbib).
Jebrj, vjnbs vbltjr ï pgreuktj qug pbag gstjr kj pbktj ag suj lîkeuj8 B qug
Mcjpguzdkcb Vgrnglcb tgn j vgr mbn j mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs2

_jrj ndn, gssg gxgrmîmdb ä j gvdaèkmdj ag aujs mbdsjs. _rdngdrb, b pbagr aj

rgpgtdåíb. Vbmè prbvjvglngktg hê buvdu jleunj vgrsíb ag Mcjpguzdkcb
Vgrnglcb jleunjs vgzgs. Qjlvgz tgkcj ldab bu mbktjab unj vgrsíb aj
cdstýrdj vêrdjs vgzgs. Gssg prbmgssb ag buvdr, lgr g adzgr mbdsjs kungrbsjs
vgzgs jhuaj j mbksbldaê-ljs gn kbssj ngnýrdj ag lbkeb prjzb. ]geukab,
cdstýrdjs mbnb j ag Mcjpguzdkcb Vgrnglcb gnprgejn gssj mbnidkjåíb
nêedmj ag trjnj‟rgvdrjvbltjs‟fdkjl (bu, mbnb vjnbs jprgkagr ag Jrdstýtglgs
gn irgvg ‑ mbngåb, ngdb g fdn), qug fukmdbkj pjrj dkmbrpbrjr mbdsjs gn
kbssj ngnýrdj ag un nbab qug pbagnbs lgnirjr agpbds g rgmbktjr j
cdstýrdj pjrj butrj pgssbj.
Kgstg mjpîtulb, gxplbrjnbs j nêedmj aj cdstýrdj g mbnb pbagnbs usjr bs
mbkmgdtbs ab stbrytglldke pjrj kbs mbnukdmjrnbs gfdmdgktgngktg mbn ajabs.

J nêedmj aj cdstýrdj
Zujkab vbmè jssdstg j unj erjkag pgåj ag tgjtrb, j un fdlng mjtdvjktg bu lè
un ldvrb fjktêstdmb gstê gxpgrdngktjkab j nêedmj aj cdstýrdj. Wnj ibj
cdstýrdj mcjnj suj jtgkåíb g b lgvj gn unj hbrkjaj, dkmdtjkab unj rgspbstj
gnbmdbkjl. Kb ngdb aglj, vbmè kíb qugr pjrjr kgn agdxê-lj ag ljab. Agpbds
ag tgrndkjr ‑ un adj, unj sgnjkj bu jtä un nès agpbds ‑, vbmè pbagrdj
agsmrgvè-lj fjmdlngktg pjrj un jndeb.
Kíb sgrdj ýtdnb sg puaässgnbs prbvbmjr tjl gkgredj g gnbåíb gn kbssb
pøildmb2 J cdstýrdj ä unj gstruturj tgstjaj g jprbvjaj0 bs sgrgs cunjkbs tèn
sg mbnukdmjab mbn cdstýrdjs jb lbkeb ajs grjs. _bagnbs usjr gssj pbagrbsj
fgrrjngktj pjrj kbssjs mbnukdmjå÷gs mbngrmdjds. Vjnbs vgr js fbrnjs ag
jrtg ajs pgåjs tgjtrjds, fdlngs g ldvrbs pjrj sjigr b qug pbagnbs jprgkagr abs
ngstrgs mbktjabrgs ag cdstýrdjs qug kbs jhuajríb j mbktjr nglcbr kbssjs
cdstýrdjs mbn ajabs.
]tbrytglldke gn pgåjs tgjtrjds
J kbåíb ag gstruturj kjrrjtdvj fbd dkdmdjlngktg agsmrdtj gn tgnpbs jktdebs
pglbs fdlýsbfbs ergebs, mbnb Jrdstýtglgs g _ljtíb. Jrdstýtglgs dktrbauzdu unj
dagdj iêsdmj, pbrän prbfukaj8 qug cdstýrdj tgn mbngåb, ngdb g fdn mljrbs.
Glg prbpñs unj gstruturj ag très jtbs pjrj pgåjs tgjtrjds. Gssg mbkmgdtb fbd
rgfdkjab kb agmbrrgr ab tgnpb g ä mbnungktg rgfgrdab mbnb prgpjrjåíb,

mbkfldtb g sbluåíb. Vjnbs vgr irgvgngktg mjaj un agssgs jtbs g b qug glgs
mbktèn, g gktíb vjnbs mbksdagrjr b qug pbagnbs jprgkagr agssj gstrjtäedj.
B prdngdrb jtb prgpjrj j cdstýrdj. Glg dktrbauz b pgrsbkjegn prdkmdpjl, bu

prbtjebkdstj,prdkmdpjl
pgrsbkjegn sujs rgljå÷gs g b nukabmbn
ä mbkfrbktjab kb un
qujldkmdagktg.
vdvg. JpýsJ gssj prgpjrjåíb,
tgktjtdvj ag ldajrb
mbn gssg dkmdagktg kbrnjlngktg lgvj j unj sdtujåíb njds arjnêtdmj. Dssb ä
mbkcgmdab mbnb prdngdrb pbktb agmdsdvb. B prdngdrb pbktb agmdsdvb ejrjktg
qug j vdaj kukmj sgrê j ngsnj pjrj b pgrsbkjegn prdkmdpjl g lgvjktj j
qugstíb arjnêtdmj ‑ gkqujarjaj gn tgrnbs aj mcjnjaj pjrj jåíb ab
pgrsbkjegn ‑ j sgr rgspbkadaj kb mlînjx aj pgåj tgjtrjl. Dssb njrmj b fdn
ab prdngdrb jtb.
B sgeukab jtb mbnp÷g j pjrtg prdkmdpjl aj cdstýrdj. Glg nbstrj j tgktjtdvj ab
pgrsbkjegn prdkmdpjl ag rgsblvgr b prbilgnj mrdjab kb prdngdrb pbktb
agmdsdvb. Frgqugktgngktg, b pgrsbkjegn prdkmdpjl kíb pbssud cjidldajags
pjrj ldajr mbn b prbilgnj qug gkfrgktj g, mbnb rgsultjab, jmjij gkmbktrjkab
sdtujå÷gs mjaj vgz pdbrgs. Dssb ä mbkcgmdab mbnb jrmb ab pgrsbkjegn, gn
qug b pgrsbkjegn prdkmdpjl pjssj pbr erjkags nuajkåjs kj vdaj mbnb
rgsultjab ab qug gstê jmbktgmgkab. Qjlvgz tgkcj qug jprgkagr kbvjs
cjidldajags bu jlmjkåjr unj kbåíb ag mbksmdèkmdj njds jltj sbirg qugn ä g
ab qug ä mjpjz pjrj ldajr mbn suj sdtujåíb.
B tgrmgdrb jtb rgsblvg j cdstýrdj g sujs suitrjnjs. Dkmlud un mlînjx, kb qujl
js tgks÷gs aj cdstýrdj jtdkegn b pbktb njds jltb ag dktgksdajag. _br fdn, j
qugstíb arjnêtdmj dktrbauzdaj kb prdngdrb jtb ä rgspbkadaj, agdxjkab b
prbtjebkdstj g butrbs pgrsbkjegks mbn unj kbvj mbnprggksíb ag qugn
rgjlngktg síb.
Cê aujs ldå÷gs j sgrgn jprgkadajs jqud. _rdngdrb, j gstruturj ag très jtbs
pbag sgrvdr mbnb nbaglb pjrj kýs kj mbnukdmjåíb gn egrjl. ]geukab,
mbkfldtb g tgksíb síb pjrtgs dktgerjktgs aj cdstýrdj. Vjnbs vbltjr j gssjs
dagdjs gn irgvg g gxplbrjr jleunjs jpldmjå÷gs mbkmrgtjs. Gkqujktb dssb,
vjnbs vgr b qug pbagnbs jprgkagr ag un mbktjabr ag cdstýrdjs gspgmdjldstj
abs mdkgnjs.
]tbrytglldke g b mdkgnj

Ybigrt Nm@gg ä un prgndjab gsmrdtbr, adrgtbr g mbkmgdtujab prbfgssbr ag

rbtgdrbs (sgus jktdebs jlukbs dkmlugn 6= vgkmgabrgs ab Bsmjr g :61 ab
Gnny, g sgu ldvrb ]tbry
]tbry,, ]uistékmdj, Gstruturj, Gstdlb g bs _rdkmîpdbs aj
Gsmrdtj ag Ybtgdrb (ga. Jrtg g Lgtrj), ä lgdturj birdejtýrdj gn nudtbs mursbs
ukdvgrsdtêrdbs ag mdkgnj g fdlngs). Gn unj gktrgvdstj pjrj j Cjrvjra
Ygvdgw, glg adsmutg pgrsujsíb pbr ngdb ag stbrytglldke g gxjndkj
Iusdkgss Ygvdgw,
mbnb b stbrytglldke pbag sgr jprbvgdtjab gn un jnidgktg mbngrmdjl. Nm@gg
adz qug gxdstgn aujs njkgdrjs ag pgrsujadr js pgssbjs8
J prdngdrj ä j rgtýrdmj mbkvgkmdbkjl. Kb nukab abs kgeýmdbs, dssb
kbrnjlngktg jssung j fbrnj ag sldags ab _bwgr_bdkt mcgdbs ag fjtbs g
gstjtîstdmjs mbn njrmjabrgs. Ä un prbmgssb dktglgmtujl. Njs ä prbilgnêtdmb,
pbrqug, gkqujktb vbmè gstê tgktjkab pgrsujadr sgu pøildmb, glg gstê
agijtgkab mbn vbmè gn sujs ngktgs. Nm@gg adz8 “]g vbmè tgvg èxdtb gn
pgrsujad-lb, sý fgz jdssb
kíb síb dkspdrjajs jedrdktglgmtujlngktg. Kíb(Frygr,
jpgkjs pglj rjzíb„ ä b sufdmdgktg,
9??=). pbds js pgssbjs
_gksg gn mbnb Mcjpguzdkcb Vgrnglcb fdmjrdj sg rgauzîssgnbs j cdstýrdj ï
rgtýrdmj mbkvgkmdbkjl. Ldiiy ]pgjrs fjz unj advgrtdaj vgrsíb adssb gn sgu
mbkhuktb ag sldags, Mcjpguzdkcb Vgrnglcb g b Adj gn qug b _bwgr_bdkt
Mcgebu Ï Mdajag (gn dkelès). Gstj ä ndkcj vgrsíb aglg ‑ njrmjabrgs gn
un sldag ab _bwgr_bdkt pbagrdjn sgr mbnb bs sgeudktgs8

Mcjpguzdkcb Vgrnglcb (MV) prgmdsj mjndkcjr ?,35 @n ab _bktb J

(mjsj) pjrj b _bktb
MV gkmbktrj Lbib, I (mjsj
qug (:) aj vbvbzdkcj)
mbrrg kj frgktg jtä j mjsj aj vbvbzdkcj, (9)
j mbng g (=) vgstg sujs rbupjs
MV mcgej ï mjsj aj vbvbzdkcj ïs :1C g fjz très pgreuktjs j glj
_rbilgnj dagktdfdmjab8 jpýs j tgrmgdrj pgreuktj, Lbib mbng MV
]bluåíb8 vgkagabr (Lgkcjabr) gnprgej fgrrjngktj (njmcjab)
Ygsultjab gspgrjab8 Vbvbzdkcj g MV vdvjs, b Lbib kíb

Zujkab rgauzdaj jbs fjtbs, kíb ä tíb dktgrgssjktg, kíb ä2

B sgeukab nbab ag pgrsujadr, ag jmbrab mbn Nm@gg, ä pbr ngdb ag unj
cdstýrdj. Js cdstýrdjs ukgn unj dagdj j unj gnbåíb, gstdnuljkab j jtgkåíb g

j gkgredj ab pøildmb. Mbnb gxdeg mrdjtdvdajag, mbktjr unj cdstýrdj

mbkvdkmgktg ä njds adfîmdl qug j rgtýrdmj mbkvgkmdbkjl. Njs vjlg j pgkj sg
jprbfukajr gn sgus rgmgssbs mrdjtdvbs, pbds j cdstýrdj pgrndtg qug vbmè
gkvblvj sgu pøildmb gn un kîvgl tbtjlngktg kbvb.
B qug ä cdstýrdj gxjtjngktg2 Gn un kîvgl fukajngktjl, unj cdstýrdj
gxprgssj mbnb g pbr qug j vdaj nuaj. Js cdstýrdjs mbngåjn mbn gqudlîirdb.
Gktíb jleb jmbktgmg ‑ un gvgktb qug tdrj js mbdsjs ab gqudlîirdb. Nm@gg
agsmrgvg dssb mbnb “j gxpgmtjtdvj suihgtdvj gkmbktrj j aurj rgjldajag„. Ä
gssj ngsnj tgksíb qug adsmutdnbs kb mbktgxtb ajs pgåjs tgjtrjds. J lutj, b
mbkfldtb g b suspgksg rgsultjktgs síb mbnpbkgktgs fukajngktjds aj cdstýrdj.
Nm@gg adz qug cdstýrdjs pbagn sgr rgvgljajs fjzgkab-sg jleunjs pgreuktjs-
mcjvg8 B qug ngu prbtjebkdstj qugr pjrj rgstjurjr b gqudlîirdb gn suj
vdaj2 Zujl ä j kgmgssdajag iêsdmj2 B qug gstê dnpgadkab ngu prbtjebkdstj
ag jlmjkåjr sgu agsghb2 Mbnb ngu prbtjebkdstj agmdadrdj jedr pjrj
jlmjkåjr sgu agsghb pgrjktg fbråjs mbktrêrdjs2 Agpbds aj mrdjåíb aj cdstýrdj,
Nm@gg suegrg vbltjr g mbksdagrjr8 Gu jmrgadtb kdssb2
kdssb 2 Kíb ä un gxjegrb kgn
gkrbljåíb ab mbkfldtb2 Ä unj kjrrjtdvj cbkgstj, ngsnb qug tuab vdrg ag
grkjs pjrj b jr2
B qug jprgkagnbs ag Nm@gg2 J ngtjldåíb ä qug pbagnbs usjr cdstýrdjs
pjrj gkvblvgr kbssb pøildmb gnbmdbkjlngktg, ag un nbab qug vê jlän ab
qug bs fjtbs mbksgeugn. Njds gspgmdfdmjngktg, pbagnbs usjr js pgreuktjs
qug glg agsmrgvg pjrj dagktdfdmjr cdstýrdjs qug gkqujargn kbssjs
mbnukdmjå÷gs. Vjnbs mbksdagrjr dssb njds jadjktg. _rdngdrb, vjnbs vgr b
qug pbagnbs jprgkagr sbirg stbrytglldke mbn un ngstrg mbktjabr ag
cdstýrdjs kb qug adz rgspgdtb ï pjljvrj gsmrdtj.
]tbrytglldke g j pjljvrj gsmrdtj
Zujkab dkajejab sbirg mbnb gsmrgvgr unj cdstýrdj mjtdvjktg pglb
Dktgrkjtdbkjl _jpgr,
_jpgr, @urt Vbkkgeut (jutbr ag rbnjkmgs mbnb Njtjaburb 7 g
Mjfä aj Njkcí abs Mjnpg÷gs,
Mjnpg÷gs, jnibs puildmjabs pglj L_&N) agsmrgvgu js
admjs j sgeudr, muhb gxmgrtb gxtrjî ag sgu murtb jrtdeb, “Cbw tb Urdtg wdtc
]tylg„ (unj lgdturj rêpdaj gxmglgktg)8
:. Gkmbktrg un jssuktb mbn b qujl vbmè sg prgbmupg. Ä j prgbmupjåíb
egkuîkj, kíb sgus hbebs ag ldkeujegn, qug sgríb b glgngktb njds
mbkvdkmgktg g sgautbr gn sgu gstdlb.
9. Mbktuab, kíb advjeug.
=. ]dnpldfdqug. Bs erjkags ngstrgs gsmrgvgrjn frjsgs qujsg dkfjktds qujkab
sgus jssuktbs grjn njds prbfukabs. “]gr bu kíb sgr2„, pgreuktj Cjnlgt ag
]cj`gspgjrg. J pjljvrj njds lbkej tgn très lgtrjs.
1. Qgkcj mbrjegn ag mbrtjr. ]g unj frjsg, dkagpgkagktg ab qujktb sghj
gxmglgktg, kíb dlundkj sgu jssuktb ag jleun nbab kbvb bu øtdl, gldndkg-j.
7. _jrgåj vbmè ngsnb. Jmcb qug sbu gu qugn njds mbkfdb kb qug gsmrgvb, g
butrbs tjniän pjrgmgn mbkfdjr jdkaj njds qujkab pjrgåb sgr unj pgssbj
ag Dkadjkêpblds, b qug sbu.

Adej b js
6. fdzgssg qug prgtgkag
pjljvrjs tgr adzgr. ]g sgktdab
qujlqugr gu vdbljssg tbajs js rgerjs
qug qudsgssg ag pbktujåíb,
g js gkmjagjssg sgn
qujlqugr bragn, sdnplgsngktg kíb sgrdj mbnprggkadaj.
5. Qgkcj aý abs lgdtbrgs. Kbssb pøildmb gxdeg qug sghjnbs prbfgssbrgs
sbldaêrdbs g pjmdgktgs, sgnprg agsghbsbs ag sdnpldfdmjr g gsmljrgmgr.
Gssg mbksglcb mbktän vêrdjs pärbljs qug pbagnbs jpldmjr kb mbktgxtb ab
stbrytglldke. ]dnpldfdqug. Gadtg rjadmjlngktg. ]ghj jutèktdmb. Kíb mbnukdqug
pjrj sd ngsnb ‑ mbnukdqug pjrj sgu pøildmb. J cdstýrdj kíb ä pjrj vbmè0 ä
pjrj glg.
Jebrj qug jprgkagnbs jleunjs ldå÷gs abs ngstrgs, vjnbs mbksdagrjr mbnb
pbagnbs mbkstrudr kbssjs cdstýrdjs.

Mbkstruåíb aj cdstýrdj
Jprgsgktjnbs bs fukajngktbs ag unj kjrrjtdvj kb Mjpîtulb :, mbn j Erjkag
Dagdj, j cdstýrdj ag = ndkutbs g b stbryibjra pjrj gsibåjr b mbktgøab j sgr
dkmluîab jb sg mbngåjr j mbksdagrjr bragn g fluxb. Jprgkagnbs mbnb ä
dnpbrtjktg dagktdfdmjr kbssb pøildmb ‑ qugn ä glg g b qug prgmdsjnbs qug
fjåj. Kgssg îktgrdn, jprgkagnbs tjniän j jpgrfgdåbjr js vdsujldzjå÷gs ag
ajabs qug vjnbs dkmludr gn kbssj mbnukdmjåíb. Jebrj qug jtjmjnbs gssj
frgktg, ä cbrj ag vbltjrnbs ï cdstýrdj. Cdstýrdj ä b qug vdkmulj j dkfbrnjåíb,

fbrkgmgkab ï jprgsgktjåíb bu mbnukdmjåíb unj gstruturj pjrj kbssb pøildmb

sgeudr.
Qjlvgz Vbkkgeut tgkcj jprgmdjab j bisgrvjåíb sdnplgs, pbrän prbfukaj, ag

Jrdstýtglgs, ag qug lgnirg-sg

gxgnplb mbkmrgtb, unj cdstýrdj
ab tgn
qug mbngåb, ngdb gmbn
mbksdagrjnbs fdnMcjpguzdkcb
mljrbs. Mbnb un
Vgrnglcb8 j mbnidkjåíb nêedmj ag trjnj, rgvdrjvbltjs g fdkjl. _bagnbs usjr
gssj dagdj ag mbngåb, ngdb g fdn ‑ dkspdrjkab-kbs kj gstruturj ag très jtbs
‑ pjrj nbktjr js cdstýrdjs qug qugrgnbs mbnukdmjr mbn ajabs. Vjnbs
adsmutdr mjaj unj agssjs pjrtgs g bs agtjlcgs gspgmîfdmbs j mbksdagrjr jb
gljibrjrnbs unj cdstýrdj.
B dkîmdb
B prdngdrb j fjzgr ä jprgsgktjr j trjnj, mbkstrudkab b mbktgxtb pjrj sgu
pøildmb.
glgngktbsMbksdagrg
gssgkmdjdsdssb
aj mbnb b prdngdrb
cdstýrdj jtb. Kgstj
‑ b jnidgktg, sgåíb, prgpjrjnbs
b pgrsbkjegn prdkmdpjl,bsb
gstjab ag mbdsjs kíb rgsblvdab g b rgsultjab agsghjab ‑, gstjiglgmgkab b
pbktb gn mbnun pjrj qug j cdstýrdj pbssj prbssgeudr. Agvgnbs gkvblvgr
kbssb pøildmb, prbvbmjr sgu dktgrgssg g rgspbkagr ïs pgreuktjs qug
prbvjvglngktg gstíb kjs ngktgs8 _br qug agvb prgstjr jtgkåíb2 B qug cê
kdssb pjrj ndn2
Gn sgu ldvrb, Igybka Iullgt _bdkts,
_bdkts, sgn trjauåíb kb Irjsdl, Mldff Jt`dksbk
dagktdfdmj js sgeudktgs pgreuktjs j mbksdagrjr g rgspbkagr jb nbktjr j
cdstýrdj8
:. B jnidgktg8 qujkab g bkag j cdstýrdj bmbrrg2
9. B pgrsbkjegn prdkmdpjl8 qugn gstê mbkauzdkab j jåíb2 (Dssb agvg sgr
gkqujarjab ag jmbrab mbn sgu pøildmb!)
=. B agsgqudlîirdb8 pbr qug ä kgmgssêrdb, b qug nuabu2
1. B gqudlîirdb8 b qug vbmè qugr qug jmbktgåj2
7. J sbluåíb8 mbnb vbmè vjd prbvbmjr js nuajkåjs2
Kbtg j sgnglcjkåj gktrg js pgreuktjs jmdnj g jqugljs lgvjktjajs pbr Nm@gg,
qug jibrajnbs jktgs.

Wsb ab _bwgr_bdkt pjrj mbktjr cdstýrdjs

Mldff Jt`dksbk usj b _bwgr_bdkt pjrj mbktjr cdstýrdjs jprbvgdtjkab j jrqudtgturj

iêsdmj aj gstruturj ag très jtbs. ]gu ldvrb, Igybka Iullgt _bdkts, sgn trjauåíb kb
Irjsdl, jprgsgktj un nbaglb ag cdstýrdj g bfgrgmg mbksglcbs prêtdmbs, usjkab b
_bwgr_bdkt pjrj jhuajr bs usuêrdbs j mrdjrgn cdstýrdjs mbn sujs jprgsgktjå÷gs.
Njds dkfbrnjå÷gs (gn dkelès) g rgmursbs rgljmdbkjabs pbagn sgr gkmbktrjabs gn
igybkaiullgtpbdkts.mbn.

Butrb nbab ag pgksjr sbirg agsgqudlîirdb‟gqudlîirdb‟sbluåíb gn suj

mbnukdmjåíb ä gkqujarjr dssb gn tgrnbs ab prbilgnj g suj sbluåíb
rgmbngkajaj. ]g vbmè pgksjr, Njs gu kíb tgkcb un prbilgnj!,
prbilgnj!, tjlvgz qugdrj
rgmbksdagrjr. Mbnb hê adsmutdnbs, mbkfldtb g tgksíb arjnêtdmj síb
mbnpbkgktgs fukajngktjds ag unj cdstýrdj. Wnj cdstýrdj bkag tuab ä rbsj g

vjd mbktdkujr
dkspdrj ï jåíb.jssdn kíb ä mbkfldtb
Mbksdagrg nudtb dktgrgssjktg,
g tgksíb ‑ kíb
gktrgmcjnj j jtgkåíb kgn
b agsgqudlîirdb gb
gqudlîirdb, bu gn tgrnbs ab prbilgnj qug vbmè vjd fbmjldzjr ‑ mbnb js
fgrrjngktjs ag stbrytglldke qug víb jhuaê-lb j gkvblvgr sgu pøildmb.
Gkqujarg suj cdstýrdj gn tgrnbs ab prbilgnj ag sgu pøildmb pjrj qug glg
jpbstg dngadjtjngktg kj sbluåíb. Kjkmy Aujrtg mcjnj gssj tgksíb ag “b
mbkfldtb gktrg b qug ä g b qug pbagrdj sgr„.
sgr„. Cê sgnprg unj cdstýrdj j mbktjr.
]g vjlg j pgkj mbnukdmê-lj, vjlg j pgkj pgragr b tgnpb kgmgssêrdb pjrj
gkqujarjr sgus ajabs gn unj cdstýrdj.
B ngdb
Wnj vgz jrnjab b mgkêrdb, pbr jssdn adzgr, j pjrtg prdkmdpjl ag suj
mbnukdmjåíb agsgkvblvg “b qug pbagrdj sgr„, mbn b bihgtdvb ag mbkvgkmgr
sgu pøildmb aj kgmgssdajag ag jåíb. Vbmè njktän j jtgkåíb ab pøildmb kgssj
pjrtg aj cdstýrdj, trjtjkab ag mbnb glg pbag rgsblvgr b prbilgnj jprgsgktjab.
Vbmè vjd trjijlcjr pjrj mbkvgkmè-lb ab pbrquè agvg jmgdtjr j sbluåíb qug
gstê prbpbkab bu jedr aj njkgdrj agsghjaj.
B mbktgøab gspgmîfdmb jssundrê fbrnjs adfgrgktgs, agpgkagkab ag suj
sdtujåíb. J sgeudr cê jleunjs dagdjs ag mbktgøab qug pbagn fjzgr sgktdab
dkmludr jb mbkstrudr suj cdstýrdj g mbkvgkmgr sgu pøildmb j mbnprê-lj8

Agsgkvblvj nglcbr j sdtujåíb bu prbilgnj, jibrajkab js dkfbrnjå÷gs

rglgvjktgs.
Dkmbrpbrg b mbktgxtb gxtgrkb bu pbktbs ag mbnpjrjåíb.
Aè gxgnplbs qug dlustrgn j qugstíb.
Dkmluj ajabs qug agnbkstrgn b prbilgnj.
Gkukmdg b qug jmbktgmgrê sg kgkcunj jåíb fbr jabtjaj bu kgkcunj
nuajkåj fbr fgdtj.
Adsmutj pbssîvgds bpå÷gs pjrj trjtjr ab prbilgnj.
Dlustrg js vjktjegks ag suj sbluåíb rgmbngkajaj.
Qbrkg mljrb pjrj sgu pøildmb pbr qug glg gstê gn unj pbsdåíb
prdvdlgedjaj pjrj tbnjr unj agmdsíb bu jabtjr unj jåíb.

Jb mbksdagrjr b qug dkmludr gn suj mbnukdmjåíb, tgkcj sgu pøildmb gn

ngktg. _gksg kb qug vjd rgpgrmutdr kglg g nbtdvê-lb. _br gxgnplb, sgu
pøildmb ä nbtdvjab pbr ejkcjr adkcgdrb, ijtgr j mbkmbrrèkmdj, ejkcjr unj
fjtdj ag ngrmjab, gmbkbndzjr un rgmursb, gldndkjr gxmgssbs, dkbvjåíb,
jprgkagr unj mbdsj kbvj bu butrj mbdsj2 ]g puagr dagktdfdmjr b qug nbtdvj
sgu pøildmb, pgksg gn gkqujarjr suj cdstýrdj g j kgmgssdajag ag jåíb gn
tgrnbs adssb. _gksg tjniän gn sg g qujkab ajabs rgfbråjríb suj cdstýrdj g
dktgerg-bs qujkab fdzgr sgktdab. Gn tbaj suj mbnukdmjåíb, tbrkg j
dkfbrnjåíb gspgmîfdmj g rglgvjktg pjrj sgu pøildmb. Gn øltdnj jkêldsg, j
cdstýrdj agvg adzgr rgspgdtb jb sgu pøildmb, kíb j vbmè.

Gsmrgvj bs tîtulbs prdngdrb

Jb gstruturjr b fluxb ag suj jprgsgktjåíb bu mbnukdmjåíb elbijl, unj gstrjtäedj ä
mrdjr prdngdrb bs tîtulbs. Lgnirg-sg ab stbryibjra qug adsmutdnbs kb Mjpîtulb :.
Gsmrgvj mjaj tîtulb gn un lgnirgtg jagsdvb. Ngxj kj bragn pjrj mrdjr un fluxb
mljrb, mbkgmtjkab mjaj dagdj mbn j sgeudktg ag njkgdrj lýedmj. Gstjiglgmgr gssg tdpb
ag gstruturj jhuaj j ejrjktdr qug cjvgrê unj bragn lýedmj pjrj sgu pøildmb sgeudr.
Qrjksfbrng mjaj un kb tîtulb abs sldags ag suj jprgsgktjåíb bu kb tîtulb ag sgåíb
gn un rgljtýrdb gsmrdtb.
B fdn

_br øltdnb, j cdstýrdj agvg tgr un fdn. Qgrndkg mbn unj mcjnjaj pjrj
jåíb8 tbrkg tbtjlngktg mljrb pjrj sgu pøildmb b qug vbmè qugr qug glg fjåj
mbn b kbvb gktgkadngktb bu mbkcgmdngktb trjksndtdab. Wnj njkgdrj
mlêssdmj ag tgrndkjr unj cdstýrdj ä vdkmulê-lj jb dkîmdb. Kb dkîmdb ag kbssj
cdstýrdj, agfdkdnbs j trjnj g dktrbauzdnbs j tgksíb arjnêtdmj. _jrj gkmgrrjr,
vbmè pbag pgksjr gn rgmjpdtuljr gssg prbilgnj g j kgmgssdajag ag jåíb
rgsultjktg, rgdtgrjkab qujlqugr sgksb ag ureèkmdj g agdxjkab sgu pøildmb
prbktb pjrj jedr.
Kb qug adz rgspgdtb ï bragn g j mbktjr kbssj cdstýrdj, butrj mbksdagrjåíb
dnpbrtjktg ä j gstruturj aj kjrrjtdvj, qug vjnbs adsmutdr j sgeudr.

J gstruturj aj kjrrjtdvj
_jrj sgr ign-sumgadaj, unj kjrrjtdvj prgmdsj sgr b mgktrb aj mbnukdmjåíb.
]íb js pjljvrjs ‑ gsmrdtjs, fjljajs bu unj mbnidkjåíb ajs aujs ‑ qug
mbktjn j cdstýrdj gn unj bragn qug fjz sgktdab g mbkvgkmg b pøildmb ab
nbtdvb pglb qujl ä dnpbrtjktg bu dktgrgssjktg, g pbr qug prgstjr jtgkåíb kglj.
]gn unj kjrrjtdvj mbkvdkmgktg, j njds ibkdtj ajs vdsujldzjå÷gs ag ajabs
mbrrg b rdsmb ag sg tbrkjr mcjtj g frjmjssjr.
Qjlvgz vbmè hê tgkcj pjssjab pbr dssb, mjsb tgkcj prgsgkmdjab unj gxmglgktg
jprgsgktjåíb qug usjvj sldags ijkjds. Wn jprgsgktjabr cjidldabsb pbag
supgrjr njtgrdjds ngaîbmrgs. Wnj kjrrjtdvj fbrtg pbag supgrjr vdsujds rudks.
Dssb kíb qugr adzgr
mbnukdmjå÷gs qugnjs
vdsujds, vbmègkfjtdzj
kíb agvj fjzgr ýtdnjsagvdsujldzjå÷gs
j dnpbrtékmdj ag ajabs g
unj kjrrjtdvj
mbkvdkmgktg g rbiustj. B kdrvjkj kj mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs ä jlmjkåjab
qujkab vdsujds gfdmjzgs síb mbnidkjabs mbn unj kjrrjtdvj pbagrbsj.
Vjnbs adsmutdr jleunjs mbksdagrjå÷gs gspgmîfdmjs rgljtdvjs ï bragn aj
cdstýrdj g aj kjrrjtdvj fjljaj g gsmrdtj.
Fluxb aj kjrrjtdvj8 j bragn ag suj cdstýrdj
_gksg kj bragn gn qug vbmè qugr qug sgu pøildmb gxpgrdngktg suj cdstýrdj.
Qrjtj-sg agBu
qugr aglg2 unäpøildmb bmupjab,
un pøildmb kbvb qug
mbnebstjrdj qug vbmè
b qujl vbmè adssgssg
prgmdsj lbeb b qug
gstjiglgmgr
mrgadidldajag2 Glg sg dnpbrtj mbn sgu prbmgssb bu qugr jpgkjs j rgspbstj2 Ä

un prbmgssb mbljibrjtdvb, kb qujl vbmè prgmdsj aj bpdkdíb aglg2 Vbmè gstê

pgadkab pjrj qug glg tbng unj agmdsíb bu jabtg unj jåíb2 Zujl ä j nglcbr
njkgdrj ag mbkvgkmè-lb j jedr aj njkgdrj agsghjaj2 Js rgspbstjs j gssjs
pgreuktjs b jhuajríb j agtgrndkjr qujl tdpb ag fluxb ag kjrrjtdvj fukmdbkjrê
nglcbr, ajaj suj sdtujåíb gspgmîfdmj.
Wn pbktb iêsdmb dnpbrtjktg jqud ä qug suj cdstýrdj agvg tgr unj bragn.
Wnj mblgåíb ag køngrbs g pjljvrjs sbirg agtgrndkjab jssuktb, sgn gstruturj
pjrj brejkdzê-lbs g ajr sdekdfdmjab, ä dkøtdl. B fluxb aj kjrrjtdvj ä b mjndkcb
fjljab g gsmrdtb jb lbkeb ab qujl vbmè lgvj sgu pøildmb aurjktg suj
jprgsgktjåíb bu mbnukdmjåíb. Gssg mjndkcb agvg sgr mljrb pjrj vbmè. ]g kíb
fbr, mgrtjngktg kíb cjvgrê un nbab ag tbrkê-lb mljrb pjrj sgu pøildmb.
Jhuag-ng j trjksfbrnjr dssb gn unj cdstýrdj!

Zujkab un mldgktg mcgej mbn unj pdlcj ag jprgsgktjå÷gs g ng pgag jhuaj, j

prdngdrj mbdsj qug adeb pjrj fjzgr ä mblbmjr j pdlcj ag ljab. Gu b mbkauzb pbr
gxgrmîmdbs pjrj jhuaê-lb j gkukmdjr j Erjkag Dagdj g j cdstýrdj ag = ndkutbs qug
adsmutdnbs kb Mjpîtulb :. _br què2 _rgmdsb tgr un sýldab gktgkadngktb ab qug glg
qugr mbnukdmjr jktgs ag gljibrjr j mbnukdmjåíb. Wnj vgz jrtdmuljajs j Erjkag
Dagdj g j cdstýrdj ag = ndkutbs, glg pbag mbngåjr j pgksjr gn qujl fluxb ag kjrrjtdvj
fjz sgktdab g gn mbnb brejkdzjr suj pdlcj.
Wn nbab ag fjzgr dssb ä dkmludr un sldag kb dkîmdb aj pdlcj, njrmjkab bs pbktbs
prdkmdpjds ag suj cdstýrdj. Dssb sg tbrkjrê un rgsunb adrgtbr qug adrê jb sgu pøildmb,
kb dkîmdb aj jprgsgktjåíb, “ä dstb b qug vjnbs jibrajr gn kbssb tgnpb huktbs„.

Gktíb,
kb fdkjlbrejkdzg b rgstjktgvbmè
aj jprgsgktjåíb, abs sldags ag jmbrab
vjd rgpgtdr mbndstb
dssb (“fbd gssgb ngsnb fluxb. _br øltdnb,
qug jibrajnbs„), ajkab
èkfjsg j qujdsqugr jå÷gs qug sgu pøildmb prgmdsg jabtjr bu agmds÷gs qug prgmdsgn
tbnjr. Dssb jhuaj j gstjiglgmgr unj gstruturj gn suj jprgsgktjåíb g j tbrkjr gssj
gstruturj mljrj pjrj sgu pøildmb. Jlän adssb, usj b pbagr aj rgpgtdåíb pjrj jhuajr j
fdxjr suj ngksjegn gn sgu pøildmb.

Wn nbab ag bragkjr j cdstýrdj ‑ b qug vgn njds kjturjlngktg ‑ ä

mrbkblbedmjngktg. J tîtulb ag gxgnplb, sg pgksjrnbs kb prbmgssb jkjlîtdmb
egrjl, glg ä mbnb sgeug8 dagktdfdmjnbs un prbilgnj, rgukdnbs ajabs pjrj
gktgkagr nglcbr j sdtujåíb, jkjldsjnbs bs ajabs (bs vgnbs ag un nbab,
vgnbs ag butrb nbab, ldejnbs j butrjs mbdsjs pjrj vgr sg gljs tgrdjn dnpjmtb
gtm.), gxtgrdbrdzjnbs unj agsmbigrtj bu sbluåíb g, mbn ijsg kdssb, tgnbs

unj jåíb rgmbngkajaj. Wn nbab ag jibrajr j mbnukdmjåíb adssb mbn

kbssb pøildmb ä sgeudr gssg ngsnb mjndkcb, lgvjkab b pøildmb pbr glg aj
ngsnj njkgdrj mbnb b gxpgrdngktjnbs. Gssj gstrjtäedj pbag fukmdbkjr ign
sg vbmè prgmdsj gstjiglgmgr mrgadidldajag huktb jb sgu pøildmb bu sg sjig qug
glg sg dnpbrtj mbn b prbmgssb. Njs mrbkblbedj kíb ä suj økdmj bpåíb.
Butrj gstrjtäedj ä mbngåjr mbn b fdn. Mbngmg mbn j mcjnjaj pjrj jåíb8 b
qug vbmè prgmdsj qug sgu pøildmb sjdij bu fjåj. Gktíb, rgspjlag mbn js pjrtgs
fukajngktjds aj cdstýrdj qug j sustgktjn. Gssj gstrjtäedj pbag fukmdbkjr ign
sg vbmè hê gstjiglgmgu mbkfdjkåj huktb jb sgu pøildmb bu sjig qug glg gstê
njds dktgrgssjab kb “g ajî„ g ngkbs gn mbnb vbmè mcgebu lê. Mbngåjr mbn
j mcjnjaj pjrj jåíb tgn j vjktjegn jadmdbkjl ag tbrkjr dngadjtjngktg mljrb
pjrj sgu pøildmb b pjpgl qug agvg munprdr bu qug lgktgs agvgn tgr jb
mbksdagrjr b rgstb ag suj jprgsgktjåíb bu mbnukdmjåíb, g pbr qug agvg
mbktdkujr j buvdr.
Mbnb pjrtg ag tbrkjr b fluxb aj kjrrjtdvj mljrb, agvgnbs mbksdagrjr qujds
pjrtgs aj cdstýrdj sgríb gsmrdtjs g qujds sgríb trjksndtdajs pbr ngdb ag
pjljvrjs fjljajs.
J kjrrjtdvj fjljaj g gsmrdtj
]g vbmè gstê fjzgkab unj jprgsgktjåíb ‑ sghj fbrnjlngktg, pbstjab kj
frgktg ag un rgmdktb, bu njds dkfbrnjlngktg, sgktjab j unj ngsj ‑, ibj
pjrtg aj kjrrjtdvj sgrê fjljaj. ]g gstdvgr gkvdjkab un g-njdl bu un rgljtýrdb,
äsujs
prbvêvgl qugbpbrtukdajags
prýprdjs j kjrrjtdvj sghj dktgdrjngktg gsmrdtj. Mjaj fbrnjtb jprgsgktj
g agsjfdbs.
Gn unj jprgsgktjåíb jb vdvb, vbmè tgn j vjktjegn ag rgfbråjr js pjljvrjs
qug gstíb kj tglj bu pêedkj mbn js qug gstê adzgkab. Jssdn, sgu pøildmb tgn
j bpbrtukdajag ag lgr g buvdr b qug prgmdsj sjigr, rgfbråjkab j dkfbrnjåíb.
Vbmè pbag usjr j “kjrrjtdvj bmultj„ pjrj gsmljrgmgr b “g ajî„ ag mjaj vdsujl,
tbrkê-lb rglgvjktg pjrj sgu pøildmb g vdkmuljr unj dagdj ï sgeudktg. _bag
rgspbkagr ïs pgreuktjs g gsmljrgmgr, qujkab kgmgssêrdb. Wn agsjfdb gn unj
jprgsgktjåíb jb vdvb ä qug ä prgmdsb ejrjktdr qug b qug b pøildmb lè gn
agtgrndkjab
kb sldag gkfbmjab,
qug gstê sgkab bu sgåíb kíb
gn sghj agksb
vgz ag agnjds kgn mbksunj suj jtgkåíb
buvd-lb.

Butrb agsjfdb ä qug sgu pøildmb pbag jedr ag nbab dnprgvdsîvgl. _bag fjzgr
pgreuktjs fbrj ab tgnj, puljr pjrj un pbktb pbstgrdbr aj jprgsgktjåíb bu
fjzgr butrjs mbdsjs qug b agsvdgn ab mjndkcb. Gssj ä unj rjzíb ag sgr
dnpbrtjktg ‑ gspgmdjlngktg gn un jnidgktg ag jprgsgktjåíb jb vdvb ‑
gkukmdjr mljrjngktg j fukåíb qug vbmè agsghj qug b pøildmb agsgnpgkcg g
mbnb suj jprgsgktjåíb gstê gstruturjaj. _br gxgnplb, sg gstdvgr prgvgkab un
pøildmb qug agsghjrê sjdr ab mjndkcb, mbngmg adzgkab jleb mbnb8 “Gu sgd
qug vjd cjvgr nudtjs pgreuktjs. Jkbtgn, qujkab suredrgn, g gu vbu agdxjr
tgnpb kb fdkjl pjrj trjtjr ag tbajs js qug kíb fbrjn rgspbkadajs. Njs,
prdngdrb, vjnbs vgr b prbmgssb qug kbssj gqudpg usbu pjrj mcgejr ï kbssj
mbkmlusíb, b qug kbs lgvjrê jb qug gstjnbs pgadkab j vbmès cbhg„.
Mbnb butrb gxgnplb, sg gstdvgr pljkghjkab mbngåjr mbn b fdn g dssb adfgrdr
aj gstrjtäedj tîpdmj, dkfbrng b pøildmb ag qug ä dssb qug vbmè gstê fjzgkab.
Vbmè pbagrdj adzgr jleb mbnb8 “Cbhg vbu mbngåjr mbn b qug gstjnbs
pgadkab j vbmès. J gqudpg fgz unj jkêldsg rbiustj qug kbs lgvbu j gstj
mbkmlusíb g gstjnbs pbkagrjkab vêrdjs bpå÷gs adfgrgktgs. Vbu mbkauzd-lbs
pbr tuab dssb, njs jktgs qugrb agstjmjr b qug gstjnbs pgadkab j vbmès, qug ä
…„ Adzgr jb pøildmb mbnb vbmè gstruturjrê suj jprgsgktjåíb pbag agdxjr
vbmè g glg njds ï vbktjag. Dssb jhuaj sgu pøildmb j sjigr b qug gspgrjr g qujl
pjpgl agsgnpgkcjr.
Gn un rgljtýrdb gsmrdtb (bu unj pdlcj ag jprgsgktjåíb gkvdjaj, gn vgz ag
jprgsgktjaj bu tjniän usjaj pjrj “agdxjr pjrj três„, pjrj lgnirjr ïs pgssbjs
ab mbktgøab
vjktjegn aj agpbds qug bmultj„
“kjrrjtdvj vbmè tdvgr
pjrjfgdtb j jprgsgktjåíb)
tbrkjr js sgå÷gs bu vbmè
sldagskíb tgn j ‑
rglgvjktgs
glgs agvgn fjzgr dssb pbr mbktj prýprdj. Ä j kjrrjtdvj gsmrdtj qug mbksgeudrê
dssb. _gksg gn qujds pjljvrjs prgmdsjn gstjr prgsgktgs. Zujkab jleb sgrê
gkvdjab, sgn qug vbmè gstghj lê pjrj gxpldmjr, ä pjrtdmuljrngktg dnpbrtjktg
gsmljrgmgr b “g ajî„ ag mjaj sldag bu sgåíb. Vbmè prbvjvglngktg hê vdu
qujkab dssb kíb fbd ign fgdtb8 vbmè gstê gxjndkjkab unj jprgsgktjåíb g
gkmbktrj un sldag mbn fjtbs mbn njrmjabrgs bu un erêfdmb bu tjiglj mcgdj
ag køngrbs g pgksj8 “Kíb tgkcb j nîkdnj dagdj ab qug fjzgr mbn dssb„. Kíb
agdxg dssb jmbktgmgr gn sgu trjijlcb8 mgrtdfdqug-sg ag qug js pjljvrjs gstghjn
prgsgktgs pjrj tbrkjr suj dagdj mljrj g rglgvjktg pjrj sgu pøildmb.

Bitgr j bpdkdíb ag jleuän qug kíb mbkcgåj b jssuktb pbag sgr

pjrtdmuljrngktg øtdl kgssj sdtujåíb. Dssb b jhuajrê j agsmbirdr prbilgnjs ag
mljrgzj g fluxb bu pgreuktjs qug sgu pøildmb pbagrê tgr pjrj qug pbssj trjtjr
agljs prbjtdvjngktg. Gn tgrnbs ag vjktjegks aj gstrjtäedj ab rgljtýrdb
gsmrdtb, sg vbmè tbrkjr j gstruturj mljrj, sgu pøildmb pbagrê dr adrgtjngktg ïs
pjrtgs qug dktgrgssjn.
Gkqujktb gstjiglgmgnbs j gstruturj g b fluxb aj kjrrjtdvj, b pbagr aj
rgpgtdåíb ä butrj gstrjtäedj qug pbagnbs jprbvgdtjr agktrb ag kbssb
stbrytglldke.

B pbagr aj rgpgtdåíb
Lgnirjkab aj Mcjpguzdkcb Vgrnglcb,
Vgrnglcb, un abs nbtdvbs ag gu rgmbrajr j
cdstýrdj ä j rgpgtdåíb. J cdstýrdj ng fbd mbktjaj g gu j ld dkøngrjs vgzgs
qujkab mrdjkåj. Mbnb adsmutdnbs kb Mjpîtulb 1, dkfbrnjå÷gs dnpbrtjktgs
síb trjksfgrdajs erjaujlngktg aj ngnýrdj ag murtb prjzb pjrj j ngnýrdj ag
lbkeb prjzb. Zujktb njds j dkfbrnjåíb ä rgpgtdaj g usjaj, njds prbvêvgl ä
qug fdkjlngktg jmjig kj ngnýrdj ag lbkeb prjzb bu sghj rgtdaj. Ä pbr dssb
qug j cdstýrdj aj Mcjpguzdkcb Vgrnglcb pgrnjkgmg gn ndkcj ngktg jtä
cbhg. _bagnbs usjr gssg pbagr aj rgpgtdåíb kjs cdstýrdjs qug mbktjnbs.
Agmljrjå÷gs murtjs qug pbagn sgr rgpgtdajs

“]g js pgssbjs mbksgeugn lgnirjr, rgpgtdr g trjksfgrdr suj ngksjegn fjmdlngktg,

vbmè fgz un ibn trjijlcb jb trjksndtd-lj„. _jrj jhuajr j fjmdldtjr dssb, Kjkmy Aujrtg
rgmbngkaj usjr agmljrjå÷gs murtjs qug pbssjn sgr rgpgtdajs8 frjsgs sumdktjs g mljrjs.
_jrj sjigr njds, mbksultg
m bksultg sgu ldvrb, Ygssbkékmdj8 Jprgsgktg Cdstýrdjs Vdsujds qug
Gkmjktgn b _øildmb (ga. Jltj Ibb`s).

_jrj gnprgejr b pbagr aj rgpgtdåíb, vjnbs gxplbrjr un mbkmgdtb mcjnjab

Idke, Ijke, Ibkeb. Ngu prbfgssbr ag dkelès kb edkêsdb ng jprgsgktbu gssj
dagdj qujkab gstêvjnbs jprgkagkab j gsmrgvgr gksjdbs. Gu fdxgd gssg mbkmgdtb
‑ tjlvgz agvdab ï mbksbkékmdj ab kbng “Idke, Ijke, Ibkeb„ g jb fjtb ag
ngu prbfgssbr usê-lb mbnb agmljrjåíb murtj qug pbag sgr rgpgtdaj ‑ g glg
pbag sgr jprbvgdtjab qujkab prgmdsjnbs mbktjr unj cdstýrdj mbn ajabs.

J dagdj ä qug vbmè agvg adzgr prdngdrb jb sgu pøildmb b qug mbktjrê j glg
(“Idke„, b pjrêerjfb dktrbautýrdb gn sgu gksjdb). Gktíb, vbmè mbktj j glg
(“Ijke„, b mbktgøab ab gksjdb). Gn sgeudaj, vbmè rgsung b qug jmjibu ag
mbktjr (“Ibkeb„, j mbkmlusíb). Jpldmjkab dssb j unj jprgsgktjåíb bu
rgljtýrdb, vbmè pbag mbngåjr mbn un rgsunb adrgtbr qug agsmrgvj pjrj sgu
pøildmb b qug jibrajrê0 gktíb, pbag fbrkgmgr bs agtjlcgs bu mbktgøab
prdkmdpjl ag suj jprgsgktjåíb g, fdkjlngktg, tgrndkjr mbn un sldag bu sgåíb
ag rgsunb qug rgvdsg bs pbktbs prdkmdpjds jibrajabs (Fdeurj 5.:).

FDEWYJ 5.: IDKE, IJKE, IBKEB

]g ä vbmè qug gstê prgpjrjkab bu fjzgkab j jprgsgktjåíb bu gsmrgvgkab b

rgljtýrdb, dssb pbag pjrgmgr rgaukajktg, pbds hê mbkcgmg b mbktgøab. Njs pjrj
sgu pøildmb ‑ qug kíb tgn tjktj dktdndajag mbn b mbktgøab ‑ ä ýtdnb.
Vbmè gstjiglgmgu js gxpgmtjtdvjs sbirg b qug jibrajrê, agpbds fbrkgmgu bs
agtjlcgs g, gktíb, rgmjpdtulbu. J rgpgtdåíb jhuaj j mbksbldajr dssb kj ngnýrdj
aglg. Agpbds ag buvdr suj ngksjegn très vgzgs, agvg gstjr mljrb pjrj glg b
qug agvg sjigr g fjzgr j pjrtdr aj cdstýrdj qug vbmè jmjibu ag mbktjr.
Idke, Ijke, Ibkeb ä unj gstrjtäedj j sg jprbvgdtjr pjrj ejrjktdr qug suj
cdstýrdj sghj mljrj. Vjnbs mbksdagrjr njds jleunjs têtdmjs.
Qêtdmjs
cdstýrdj pjrj jhuajr j ejrjktdr qug suj
sghj mljrj

Gxdstgn vêrdbs mbkmgdtbs qug rbtdkgdrjngktg adsmutb gn ngus wbr`scbps

pjrj jhuajr j ejrjktdr qug j cdstýrdj qug vbmè gstê mbktjkab gn suj
mbnukdmjåíb sghj mbnprggkadaj. Glgs sg jpldmjn prdkmdpjlngktg j unj pdlcj
ag jprgsgktjåíb. Gnibrj kgn sgnprg sghj b mjsb, jmcb qug nudtjs vgzgs gssj
ä j prdkmdpjl fbrnj ag mbnukdmjr rgsultjabs jkjlîtdmbs, agsmbigrtjs g
rgmbngkajå÷gs gn nudtjs gnprgsjs. Jleuks abs mbkmgdtbs qug vjnbs
adsmutdr sg jpldmjn j rgljtýrdbs gsmrdtbs g j butrbs fbrnjtbs.
Vjnbs adsmutdr qujtrb têtdmjs pjrj jhuajr j ejrjktdr qug suj cdstýrdj sghj mljrj
gn suj jprgsgktjåíb8 lýedmj cbrdzbktjl, lýedmj vgrtdmjl, stbryibjra dkvgrsb g
unj kbvj pgrspgmtdvj.
Lýedmj cbrdzbktjl
J dagdj pbr três aj lýedmj cbrdzbktjl ä qug vbmè pbag lgr jpgkjs b tîtulb ag
mjaj sldag ag tbaj j suj pdlcj g, huktbs, gssgs frjengktbs mbktjn j cdstýrdj
jirjkegktg qug qugr mbnukdmjr. Ä dnpbrtjktg tgr tîtulbs ag jåíb (kíb tîtulbs
agsmrdtdvbs) pjrj qug dssb fukmdbkg ign.
Wnj gstrjtäedj ä tgr un sldag ag rgsunb adrgtbr kj frgktg, mbn mjaj njrmjabr
mbrrgspbkagkab j un tîtulb ag sldag suisgqugktg kj ngsnj bragn (Fdeurj
5.9). Gssj ä unj ýtdnj njkgdrj ag prgpjrjåíb, pjrj qug sgu pøildmb sjdij b
qug gspgrjr g gktíb sghj lgvjab jbs agtjlcgs (lgnirg-sg aj gstrjtäedj Idke,
Ijke, Ibkeb jibrajaj jktgrdbrngktg).
FDEWYJ 5.9 LÝEDMJ CBYDXBKQJL

Vgrdfdmjr j lýedmj cbrdzbktjl ä unj njkgdrj ag tgstjr sg j cdstýrdj qug vbmè

qugr mbktjr gstê mljrjngktg brejkdzjaj gn suj ngsj.

Lýedmj vgrtdmjl
Lýedmj vgrtdmjl sdekdfdmj qug tbajs js dkfbrnjå÷gs ag agtgrndkjab sldag sg
jutb‟rgfbråjn. B mbktgøab rgfbråj b tîtulb g vdmg-vgrsj. Js pjljvrjs
rgfbråjn b vdsujl g vdmg-vgrsj (Fdeurj 5.=). Kíb cê kgkcunj dkfbrnjåíb
gxtrîksgmj bu kíb rgljmdbkjaj. Kj njdbr pjrtg ajs vgzgs, j agmdsíb sbirg b
qug gldndkjr bu mblbmjr gn un jpèkadmg ä tíb dnpbrtjktg (ïs vgzgs njds)
qujktb j agmdsíb sbirg b qug njktgr.

FDEWYJ 5.= LÝEDMJ VGYQDMJL

Gnprgejr lýedmj cbrdzbktjl g vgrtdmjl huktjs jhuajrê j ejrjktdr qug j cdstýrdj

mbktjaj sghj mljrjngktg mbnprggkadaj gn suj mbnukdmjåíb.
]tbryibjra dkvgrsb
Jb fjzgr b stbryibjra kb dkîmdb aj mbkstruåíb ag unj mbnukdmjåíb, vbmè
gljibrj b gsibåb aj cdstýrdj qug prgtgkag mbktjr. Mbkfbrng b kbng dnpldmj,
b stbryibjra dkvgrsb fjz b bpbstb. Vbmè pgej j mbnukdmjåíb fdkjl, j fblcgdj g
jkbtj b pbktb prdkmdpjl ag mjaj pêedkj (gssj ä unj ýtdnj njkgdrj ag tgstjr
tjniän suj lýedmj cbrdzbktjl). J ldstj rgsultjktg agvg sgr pjrgmdaj mbn b
stbryibjra bu gsibåb aj cdstýrdj qug vbmè qugr mbktjr (Fdeurj 5.1). ]g kíb
fbr, dssb pbag jhuaê-lb j gktgkagr gstruturjlngktg bkag pbagrdj jadmdbkjr,
rgnbvgr bu nbvgr
gstê dktgrgssjab gnpjrtgs pjrj mrdjr b fluxb elbijl g j gstruturj aj cdstýrdj qug
trjksndtdr.

FDEWYJ 5.1 ]QBYTIBJYA DKVGY]B

Wnj kbvj pgrspgmtdvj

Adsmutdnbs b vjlbr ag unj kbvj pgrspgmtdvj pjrj lcg jhuajr j vgr pgljs lgktgs
ag sgu pøildmb qujkab sg trjtj ag suj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs (Fdeurj 5.7).
Iusmjr gssg tdpb ag dksunb pjrj suj jprgsgktjåíb elbijl tjniän pbag sgr
dngksjngktg øtdl. Wnj vgz gljibrjaj suj mbnukdmjåíb, nbstrg-j pjrj un
jndeb bu mblgej. _bag sgr jleuän sgn kgkcun mbktgxtb (sgrê øtdl sg fbr
jleuän sgn kgkcun mbktgxtb, pbrqug dssb mblbmj j pgssbj gn unj pbsdåíb
nudtb njds prýxdnj ï ag sgu pøildmb ab qug vbmè pbag gstjr, ajab sgu îktdnb
mbkcgmdngktb ab jssuktb). _greuktg kb qug glj prgstj jtgkåíb, b qug jmcj
qug ä dnpbrtjktg g bkag tgn pgreuktjs. Dssb b jhuajrê j sjigr sg j
mbnukdmjåíb qug mrdbu gstê mbktjkab j cdstýrdj qug prgtgkadj mbktjr bu, kb
mjsb ag kíb sgr gxjtjngktg dssb, b jhuajrê j dagktdfdmjr bkag vjd mbkmgktrjr
sujs dtgrjå÷gs.
FDEWYJ 5.7 WNJ KBVJ _GY]_GMQDVJ

Cê un vjlbr dkmrîvgl gn bitgr unj kbvj pgrspgmtdvj qujkab sg trjtj aj

mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs gn egrjl. Zujkab kbs tbrkjnbs gspgmdjldstjs kb
jssuktb gn kbssj êrgj ag jtujåíb, ä qujsg dnpbssîvgl rgmujr g vgr b qug
mrdjnbs (sghj un økdmb erêfdmb bu unj jprgsgktjåíb mbnplgtj) pglbs blcbs
ag kbssb pøildmb. Njs dssb kíb qugr adzgr qug vbmè kíb pbag vgr b qug glg
vè. Jprbvgdtg j kbvj pgrspgmtdvj ag un jndeb bu mblgej. Jhuag j ejrjktdr
qug suj mbnukdmjåíb jtdkhj b bihgtdvb.

Gkmgrrjngktb
Cdstýrdjs síb nêedmjs. Gljs tèn b pbagr ag kbs mjtdvjr g fdmjr mbkbsmb ag
njkgdrjs qug jpgkjs fjtbs kíb mbksgeugn. Gljs sgrvgn pjrj gstruturjr. _br
qug vbmè kíb usjrdj gssg pbtgkmdjl jb gljibrjr sujs mbnukdmjå÷gs2
Zujkab mbkstruînbs cdstýrdjs, agvgnbs fjzgr dssb mbn dkîmdb (trjnj), ngdb
(rgvdrjvbltjs) g fdn (mcjnjaj pjrj jåíb). Mbkfldtb g tgksíb síb fukajngktjds
pjrj prgkagr g njktgr j jtgkåíb ag sgu pøildmb. Butrb mbnpbkgktg mgktrjl aj
cdstýrdj ä j kjrrjtdvj, j qujl agvgnbs mbksdagrjr gn tgrnbs ag bragn
(mrbkblýedmj bu mbngåjr mbn b fdn) g njkgdrj (fjljaj, gsmrdtj bu unj
mbnidkjåíb ajs aujs). _bagnbs utdldzjr b pbagr aj rgpgtdåíb pjrj jhuajr j
fdxjr kbssjs cdstýrdjs gn kbssb pøildmb. Qêtdmjs mbnb lýedmj cbrdzbktjl g
vgrtdmjl, stbryibjra dkvgrsb g iusmj ag unj kbvj pgrspgmtdvj pbagn sgr
gnprgejajs pjrj jhuajr j ejrjktdr qug kbssjs cdstýrdjs sghjn mljrjngktg
mbnprggkadajs gn kbssjs mbnukdmjå÷gs.
B pgrsbkjegn prdkmdpjl gn tbaj cdstýrdj qug mbktjnbs agvg sgr b ngsnb8
kbssb pøildmb. Ä tbrkjkab kbssb pøildmb b prbtjebkdstj qug pbagnbs ejrjktdr
qug j cdstýrdj sghj sbirg glg
glg,, kíb sbirg kýs. Qbrkjkab rglgvjktgs bs ajabs qug
qugrgnbs nbstrjr pjrj kbssb pøildmb, glgs sg tbrkjn un pbktb gssgkmdjl gn
kbssj cdstýrdj. Vbmè kíb vjd njds jpgkjs nbstrjr ajabs. Gn vgz adssb, vjd
mbktjr unj cdstýrdj mbn ajabs.
Mbn dssb, vbmè pbag mbksdagrjr suj øltdnj ldåíb jprgkadaj. Jebrj vbmè sjig
mbktjr unj cdstýrdj.
J sgeudr,
ajabs, ab vjnbs vgrfdn.
dkîmdb jb un gxgnplb mbnplgtb ab prbmgssb ag stbrytglldke mbn

mjpîtulb bdtb

tuab rgukdab
Jtä gstg pbktb, fbmjldzjnbs ldå÷gs dkadvdaujds qug, huktjs, b prgpjrjn pjrj b
sumgssb kj vdsujldzjåíb g mbnukdmjåíb gfdmjz mbn ajabs. _jrj rgfrgsmjr suj
ngnýrdj, jibrajnbs js sgeudktgs ldå÷gs8
:. Gktgkagr b mbktgxtb (Mjpîtulb :)
9. Gsmblcgr un vdsujl jprbprdjab (Mjpîtulb 9)
=. Gldndkjr j sjturjåíb (Mjpîtulb =)
1. Mcjnjr j jtgkåíb pjrj bkag vbmè qugr (Mjpîtulb 1)
7. _gksjr mbnb un agsdekgr (Mjpîtulb 7)
6. Mbktjr unj cdstýrdj (Mjpîtulb 5)
Kgstg mjpîtulb, vjnbs vgr b prbmgssb mbnplgtb ab stbrytglldke mbn ajabs, ab
mbngåb jb fdn ‑ jpldmjkab mjaj unj ajs ldå÷gs jktgrdbrgs ‑, usjkab un
økdmb gxgnplb.

Vjnbs mbngåjr
näadb kb mbksdagrjkab
agmbrrgr ab tgnpb agjmdkmb
Fdeurjprbautbs
3.:, qug(J,
nbstrj
I, M,b Aprgåb
g G).agGxjndkg-j
rgvgkaj
pbr uks dkstjktgs.
FDEWYJ 3.: VD]WJL BYDEDKJL

Jb vgrnbs gssg erêfdmb, ä fêmdl mbngåjr j agmbnpñ-lb. Njs jktgs ag

adsmutdrnbs j nglcbr njkgdrj ag vdsujldzjr bs ajabs nbstrjabs kj Fdeurj 3.:,
vjnbs vbltjr un pbumb g mbksdagrjr b mbktgxtb

Ldåíb :8 gktgkaj b mbktgxtb

J prdngdrj mbdsj j fjzgr jb sg agpjrjr mbn un agsjfdb ag vdsujldzjåíb ä
mgrtdfdmjr-sg ag tgr un sýldab gktgkadngktb ab mbktgxtb g ab qug vbmè prgmdsj
mbnukdmjr. Agvgnbs dagktdfdmjr un pøildmb gspgmîfdmb g b qug glg prgmdsj
sjigr bu fjzgr, g gsmblcgr bs ajabs qug vjnbs usjr pjrj dlustrjr kbssb mjsb.
Agvgnbs gljibrjr j Erjkag Dagdj.
Kgstg mjsb, vjnbs supbr qug trjijlcjnbs gn unj stjrtup qug mrdbu un
prbautb pjrj b mbksundabr. Gstjnbs mbngåjkab j pgksjr kb prgåb qug b
prbautb agvg tgr. Wnj ajs mbksdagrjå÷gs kgssg prbmgssb ag tbnjaj ag
agmdsíb ‑ qug gkfbmjrgnbs jqud ‑ ä mbnb bs prgåbs ag rgvgkaj abs
prbautbs aj mbkmbrrèkmdj kgssg ngrmjab nuajrjn kb agmbrrgr ab tgnpb. Cê

unj bisgrvjåíb kb vdsujl brdedkjl qug pbag sgr dnpbrtjktg8 “B prgåb

agmldkbu pjrj tbabs bs prbautbs kb ngrmjab agsag b ljkåjngktb ab prbautb
M, gn 9?:?„.

_jrj mbksdagrjrnbs gspgmdfdmjngktg qugn, b què g mbnb, vjnbs prgsundr b

sgeudktg8
Zugn8 vdmg-prgsdagktg ag prbautb, b prdkmdpjl tbnjabr ag agmdsíb kb
gstjiglgmdngktb ab prgåb ag kbssb prbautb.
B què8 gktgkagr mbnb bs prgåbs abs mbkmbrrgktgs nuajrjn kb agmbrrgr ab
tgnpb g rgmbngkajr unj fjdxj ag prgåb.
Mbnb8 nbstrjr b prgåb näadb kb vjrghb kb agmbrrgr ab tgnpb, abs
prbautbs J, I, M, A g G.
Gktíb, j Erjkag Dagdj pbagrdj sgr jleb mbnb8 mbn ijsg kj jkêldsg abs prgåbs
kb ngrmjab kb agmbrrgr ab tgnpb, pjrj sgrnbs mbnpgtdtdvbs, rgmbngkajnbs
dktrbauzdr kbssb prbautb j un prgåb ag vjrghb kj fjdxj ag Y$JIM j Y$STX.
J sgeudr, vjnbs mbksdagrjr jleuks nbabs adfgrgktgs ag vdsujldzjr gssgs
ajabs.

Ldåíb 98 gsmblcj un vdsujl jprbprdjab

Wnj vgz dagktdfdmjabs bs ajabs qug qugrgnbs nbstrjr, j sgeudr vgn b
agsjfdb ag agtgrndkjr
njds dktgrgssjabs j nglcbr ab
kj tgkaèkmdj njkgdrj
prgåb ag
kb vdsujldzj-lbs. Kgstgpjrj
agmbrrgr ab tgnpb mjsb,mjaj
gstjnbs
prbautb. ]g blcjrnbs j Fdeurj 3.:, j vjrdjåíb kjs mbrgs gktrg js ijrrjs agsvdj
j jtgkåíb adssb, tbrkjkab b gxgrmîmdb njds adfîmdl qug b kgmgssêrdb. ]ghj
pjmdgktg mbndeb, gkqujktb fjzgnbs dtgrjå÷gs kj jpjrèkmdj agssgs ajabs, njds
ab qug vbmè kbrnjlngktg fjrdj. J prbergssíb ä dktgrgssjktg, pbrqug dlustrj
mbnb adfgrgktgs vds÷gs abs ajabs pbagn dkflugkmdjr kb qug vbmè prgstj
jtgkåíb g kjs bisgrvjå÷gs qug pbagn sgr fgdtjs fjmdlngktg.
_rdngdrb, vjnbs rgnbvgr b bistêmulb vdsujl aj vjrdjåíb kj mbr g vgr b
erêfdmb rgsultjktg, nbstrjab kj Fdeurj 3.9.
FDEWYJ 3.9 YGNBVJ J VJYDJÅÍB KJ MBY

]g vbmè fdmbu tgktjab j mbktdkujr j brejkdzjr kgstg pbktb, kíb gstê sbzdkcb.
Gu tdvg qug rgsdstdr jb dnpulsb, pbds dssb ä jleb qug kbrnjlngktg fjåb. Kgstg
mjsb, vjnbs agdxjr pjrj fjzgr dssb kj prýxdnj sgåíb, kj qujl pbagrgnbs
trjtjr adssb tuab ag unj vgz.
Mbnb j èkfjsg kb tîtulb brdedkjl grj b qug jmbktgmgu agsag qug b prbautb M
fbd ljkåjab gn 9?:?, vjnbs rgjlåjr bs ajabs rglgvjktgs pjrj fjmdldtjr j
mbkmgktrjåíb ag kbssj jtgkåíb kdssb pbr un nbngktb. Vghj j Fdeurj 3.=.
FDEWYJ 3.= GKFJQDXG AG 9?:? GN ADJKQG
Jb gstuajrnbs dssb, vgnbs mljrbs agmlîkdbs kb prgåb näadb kb vjrghb abs
prbautbs J g I, kb pgrîbab ag tgnpb ag dktgrgssg, njs dssb kíb pjrgmg vjlgr
pjrj bs prbautbs ljkåjabs agpbds. Agfdkdtdvjngktg, prgmdsjrgnbs nuajr b
tîtulb aj jprgsgktjåíb brdedkjl pjrj nbstrjr dssb qujkab mbktjrnbs kbssj
cdstýrdj mbnplgtj.
]g vbmè gstê pgksjkab qug agvgnbs tgktjr un erêfdmb ag ldkcjs gn vgz ag
un erêfdmb ag ijrrjs ‑ pbds gstjnbs prdkmdpjlngktg dktgrgssjabs kj
tgkaèkmdj kb agmbrrgr ab tgnpb ‑, gstê jisblutjngktg mgrtb. Jb fjzgrnbs
dssb, tjniän gldndkjnbs j gsmjadkcj qug js ijrrjs mrdjn un tjktb
jrtdfdmdjlngktg. Vjnbs vgr mbnb ldkcjs fdmjrdjn kb ngsnb ljybut jmdnj.
Dssb gstê dlustrjab kj Fdeurj 3.1.
FDEWYJ 3.1 NWAG _JYJ WN EYÊFDMB AG LDKCJ]

J Fdeurj 3.1 pgrndtg vgr njds mljrjngktg b qug gstê jmbktgmgkab kb agmbrrgr
ab tgnpb, un prbautb pbr vgz. Njs ä adfîmdl mbnpjrjr bs prbautbs gn ajab
pbktb kb tgnpb. Ygprgsgktjr tbajs js ldkcjs kb ngsnb gdxb x rgsblvgrê dssb g
tjniän rgauzdrê j sjturjåíb g j rgaukaékmdj ajs vêrdjs lgegkajs ag jkb. B
erêfdmb rgsultjktg pbagrdj sgr mbnb j Fdeurj 3.7.
FDEWYJ 3.7 EYÊFDMB AG LDKCJ] ØKDMB _JYJ QBAB] B] _YBAWQB]

Mbn j trjksdåíb pjrj j kbvj mbkfdeurjåíb ag erêfdmb, b Gxmgl jadmdbkbu

kbvjngktg j mbr qug rgnbvgnbs gn unj gtjpj jktgrdbr (vdkmuljkab bs ajabs
ï lgegkaj, gnijdxb). Vjnbs dekbrjr dssb pbr un nbngktb, gkqujktb
mbksdagrjnbs sg gssj vdsíb abs ajabs jtgkagrê kbssjs kgmgssdajags. Lgnirg-
sg8 kbssb bihgtdvb ä gktgkagr mbnb bs prgåbs abs mbkmbrrgktgs nuajrjn kb
agmbrrgr ab tgnpb. B nbab mbnb bs ajabs gstíb nbstrjabs kj Fdeurj 3.7
pgrndtg vgr dssb mbn rgljtdvj fjmdldajag. _bagnbs fjmdldtjr jdkaj njds j
bitgkåíb agssj dkfbrnjåíb, gldndkjkab j sjturjåíb g mcjnjkab j jtgkåíb
pjrj bkag qugrgnbs.

Ldåíb =8 gldndkg j sjturjåíb

J Fdeurj 3.7 nbstrj mbnb fdmj kbssb vdsujl qujkab mbktjnbs mbn js
mbkfdeurjå÷gs pjaríb ag kbssb jpldmjtdvb ag egrjåíb ag erêfdmbs (Gxmgl).
_bagnbs nglcbrjr dssb mbn js sgeudktgs jltgrjå÷gs8

Agsgkfjtdzjr b tîtulb ab erêfdmb. Glg prgmdsj gstjr prgsgktg, njs kíb

 prgmdsj mcjnjr tjktb j jtgkåíb qujktb mcjnj qujkab gsmrdtb gn prgtb
g gn kgerdtb.

Ygnbvgr j ibraj g js ldkcjs ag erjag ab erêfdmb, qug bmupjn

gspjåb sgn jmrgsmgktjr nudtb vjlbr. Kíb pgrndtj qug glgngktbs
agskgmgssêrdbs jtrjpjlcgn sgus ajabs!
Mblbmjr js ldkcjs g lgegkajs abs gdxbs x g y gn sgeukab pljkb,
tbrkjkab-bs mdkzjs. Glgs kíb agvgn mbnpgtdr vdsujlngktg mbn bs
ajabs. Nbadfdqug js njrmjs dkadmjabrjs ab gdxb x ag nbab qug fdqugn
jldkcjajs mbn bs pbktbs ag ajabs.
Ygnbvgr j vjrdjåíb kjs mbrgs gktrg js vêrdjs ldkcjs. _bagnbs usjr
mbr njds gstrjtgedmjngktg, b qug vjnbs adsmutdr njds jadjktg.
Lgegkajr js ldkcjs adrgtjngktg, gldndkjkab b trjijlcb ag dr g vdr
gktrg j lgegkaj g bs ajabs pjrj sjigr b qug gstê sgkab nbstrjab.

J Fdeurj 3.6 nbstrj mbnb fdmj b erêfdmb agpbds agssjs jltgrjå÷gs.

FDEWYJ 3.6 GLDNDKG J ]JQWYJÅÍB

J sgeudr, vjnbs gxplbrjr mbnb pbagnbs fbmjr j jtgkåíb ag kbssb pøildmb.

Ldåíb 18 mcjng j jtgkåíb pjrj bkag vbmè

qugr qug b pøildmb fbqug

Mbn j vdsíb nbstrjaj kj Fdeurj 3.6, pbagnbs vgr g mbngktjr nudtb njds
fjmdlngktg b qug gstê jmbktgmgkab kb agmbrrgr ab tgnpb. Vjnbs gxplbrjr
mbnb pbagnbs gkfbmjr adfgrgktgs jspgmtbs abs ajabs, pbr ngdb ab usb
gstrjtäedmb ag jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs.
Mbksdagrg j njkmcgtg dkdmdjl8 “B prgåb agmldkbu pjrj tbabs bs prbautbs kb
ngrmjab agsag b ljkåjngktb ab prbautb M, gn 9?:?„. Bisgrvjkab j
dkfbrnjåíb njds ag pgrtb, gu pbagrdj nbadfdmê-lj pjrj adzgr jleb mbnb8
“Jpýs b ljkåjngktb ab prbautb M, gn 9?:?, b prgåb näadb kb vjrghb abs
prbautbs gxdstgktgs agmldkjrjn„. J Fdeurj 3.5 agnbkstrj mbnb pbagnbs
vdkmuljr bs pbktbs dnpbrtjktgs kbs ajabs j gssjs pjljvrjs, pbr ngdb ab usb
gstrjtäedmb ag mbr.

FDEWYJ 3.5 FBMJLDXG J JQGKÅÍB AB _ØILDMB

Kj Fdeurj 3.5, jlän abs sgengktbs mblbrdabs ajs ldkcjs, j jtgkåíb tjniän ä
jtrjîaj ï dktrbauåíb ab prbautb M gn 9?:?, pbr ngdb aj jadåíb ag un
njrmjabr ag ajabs kgssg pbktb. Glg gstê vdsujlngktg vdkmuljab jb
agmräsmdnb suisgqugktg kb agmbrrgr ab tgnpb pjrj bs prbautbs J g I, pbr
ngdb ab usb mbgrgktg ag mbr.
Jltgrjåíb ag mbnpbkgktgs ag un erêfdmb kb Gxmgl

Kbrnjlngktg, vbmè fbrnjtj unj särdg ag ajabs (unj ldkcj bu unj särdg ag ijrrjs)
tuab ag unj vgz. Mbktuab, ïs vgzgs pbag sgr øtdl tgr mgrtbs pbktbs fbrnjtjabs ag
fbrnj adfgrgktg ‑ pbr gxgnplb, pjrj mcjnjr j jtgkåíb pjrj pjrtgs gspgmîfdmjs, mbnb
dlustrjab kjs Fdeurjs 3.5, 3.3 g 3.4. _jrj fjzgr dssb, mldqug unj vgz kj särdg ag ajabs

j fdn ag rgjlåê-lj
dktgrgssg. g, gktíb,
Mldqug mbn mldqug
b ibtíb kbvjngktg
adrgdtb pjrj
ab nbusg rgjlåjr jpgkjs
g sglgmdbkg b pbktb
Fbrnjtjr agag Ajabs
_bktb
pjrj jirdr b ngku qug pgrndtg fbrnjtjr b pbktb gspgmîfdmb (pbr gxgnplb, nuajr j
mbr bu jadmdbkjr un njrmjabr ag ajabs). Ygpdtj gssg prbmgssb pjrj mjaj pbktb ag
ajabs qug vbmè qugdrj nbadfdmjr. Dssb lgvj tgnpb, njs b vdsujl rgsultjktg ä njds
fêmdl ag mbnprggkagr pjrj sgu pøildmb. Ä tgnpb ign ejstb!

_bagnbs usjr gssj ngsnj vdsíb g gstrjtäedj pjrj kbs mbkmgktrjrnbs gn

butrj bisgrvjåíb ‑ tjlvgz njds dktgrgssjktg g adekj ag kbtj8 “Mbn b
ljkåjngktb ag un kbvb prbautb kgssj êrgj ag jtujåíb, ä kbrnjl vgr un
jungktb dkdmdjl kb prgåb näadb kb vjrghb, sgeudab pbr un agmlîkdb„. Vghj j
Fdeurj 3.3.

FDEWYJ 3.3 NWAG B FBMB AJ JQGKÅÍB AB _ØILDMB

Qjniän pbag sgr dktgrgssjktg kbtjr qug “Gn

“ Gn 9?:1, bs prgåbs kb vjrghb
mbkvgredrjn gktrg bs prbautbs, mbn un prgåb näadb kb vjrghb ag $99=,
vjrdjkab ag un nîkdnb ag $:3? (prbautb M) jtä un nêxdnb ag $96?

(prbautb J)„.
J)„. J Fdeurj 3.4 usj mbr g njrmjabrgs ag ajabs pjrj mcjnjr kbssj
jtgkåíb jbs pbktbs gspgmîfdmbs kbs ajabs qug mbrrbibrjn gssj bisgrvjåíb.

FDEWYJ 3.4 NWAG KBVJNGKQG B FBMB AJ JQGKÅÍB AB _ØILDMB

J mjaj vdsíb adfgrgktg abs ajabs, b usb ag jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs pgrndtg vgr
mgrtjs mbdsjs njds mljrjngktg. Gssj gstrjtäedj pbag sgr usjaj pjrj rgjlåjr g
mbktjr adfgrgktgs pjrtgs ag unj cdstýrdj mbn kujkmgs.
Njs jktgs ag mbktdkujrnbs j pgksjr kj nglcbr fbrnj ag mbktjr j cdstýrdj,
vjnbs mblbmjr kbssb mcjpäu ag agsdekgrs g jpgrfgdåbjr b vdsujl.
Ldåíb 78 pgksg mbnb un agsdekgr
Gnibrj tjlvgz vbmè kíb tgkcj rgmbkcgmdab gxpldmdtjngktg, hê gstjnbs
pgksjkab mbnb agsdekgrs kgssg prbmgssb. J fbrnj sgeug j fukåíb8
gsmblcgnbs un vdsujl (fbrnj) qug pgrndtdrê jb kbssb pøildmb fjzgr b qug
prgmdsjnbs qug fjåj (fukåíb) mbn fjmdldajag. Kb qug adz rgspgdtb jb usb ag
jffbrajkmgs vdsujds pjrj tbrkjr mljrb mbnb kbssb pøildmb agvg dktgrjedr mbn
kbssb vdsujl, hê agnbs pjssbs pjrj mbrtjr sjturjåíb g tdrjr j èkfjsg ag jleuks
glgngktbs
butrbs. ab erêfdmb, gkqujktb gkfjtdzjnbs g mcjnjnbs j jtgkåíb pjrj

_bagnbs nglcbrjr jdkaj njds gssg vdsujl, jprbvgdtjkab js ldå÷gs jibrajajs

kb Mjpîtulb 7, rgljmdbkjajs ï jmgssdidldajag g ï gstätdmj. Gspgmdfdmjngktg,
pbagnbs8

Qbrkjr b vdsujl jmgssîvgl mbn tgxtb. _bagnbs usjr un tgxtb njds

sdnplgs kb tîtulb ab erêfdmb g usjr njdøsmulj jpgkjs kj prdngdrj lgtrj
aj prdngdrj pjljvrj, pjrj fjmdldtjr suj mbnprggksíb g jedldzjr suj
lgdturj. Qjniän prgmdsjnbs jmrgsmgktjr tîtulbs kbs gdxbs vgrtdmjl g
cbrdzbktjl.
Jldkcjr glgngktbs pjrj nglcbrjr j gstätdmj. B jldkcjngktb
mgktrjldzjab ab tîtulb ab erêfdmb b agdxj suspgksb kb gspjåb g kíb b
jldkcj mbn kgkcun butrb glgngktb0 agvgnbs jldkcjr b tîtulb ab
erêfdmb kb mjktb supgrdbr gsqugrab. Jldkcg b tîtulb ab gdxb y

vgrtdmjlngktg mbn
cbrdzbktjlngktg mbn jj lgegkaj
lgegkaj njds
njdsï gsqugraj.
jltj g bDssb
tîtulb
mrdj ab gdxb
ldkcjs njdsx
ldnpjs g ejrjktg qug sgu pøildmb sjdij mbnb dktgrprgtjr b qug gstê
vgkab, jktgs ag mcgejr jbs ajabs rgjds.

J Fdeurj 3.:? nbstrj mbnb b vdsujl fdmj agpbds agssjs jltgrjå÷gs.

FDEWYJ 3.:? JADMDBKG QGSQB G JLDKCG B] GLGNGKQB]

Ldåíb 68 mbktg unj cdstýrdj

Fdkjlngktg, ä cbrj ag pgksjr gn mbnb pbagnbs usjr b vdsujl qug mrdjnbs kj
Fdeurj 3.:? mbnb ijsg pjrj mbkauzdr kbssb pøildmb pglj cdstýrdj, aj njkgdrj
mbnb qugrgnbs qug j gxpgrdngktg.
Dnjedkg qug tgkcjnbs mdkmb ndkutbs gn un jnidgktg ag jprgsgktjåíb jb
vdvb, mbn b sgeudktg týpdmb8 “_jkbrjnj Mbnpgtdtdvb ‑ Fdxjåíb ag _rgåb„.
J sgquèkmdj j sgeudr (Fdeurjs 3.::”3.:4) dlustrj un mjndkcb qug pbagrîjnbs
tbnjr pjrj mbktjr unj cdstýrdj mbn gssgs ajabs.

FDEWYJ 3.::
FDEWYJ 3.:9

FDEWYJ 3.:=

FDEWYJ 3.:1
FDEWYJ 3.:7

FDEWYJ 3.:6
FDEWYJ 3.:5

FDEWYJ 3.:3
FDEWYJ 3.:4

Vjnbs mbksdagrjr gssj prbergssíb. Mbngåjnbs adzgkab jb kbssb pøildmb

qujl gstruturj sgeudrîjnbs. _bssb dnjedkjr j “kjrrjtdvj bmultj„ kj
jprgsgktjåíb jb vdvb gstjiglgmgkab j trjnj jktgs ag pjssjr pjrj b prýxdnb
sldag8 “Mbnb tbabs sjign, mdkmb prbautbs sgríb kbssbs prdkmdpjds
mbkmbrrgktgs kb ngrmjab„ ‑ g gktíb, mbkstrudkab b mjndkcb mrbkblýedmb ag
prgåbs qug gssgs prbautbs sgeudrjn. _bagnbs dktrbauzdr tgksíb kb pjkbrjnj
mbnpgtdtdvb qujkab bs prbautbs M, A g G ijdxjrjn sdekdfdmjtdvjngktg bs
pbktbs ag prgåb gxdstgktgs gn sgus rgspgmtdvbs ljkåjngktbs. _bagnbs gktíb
rgstjurjr un sgksb ag gqudlîirdb ï ngadaj qug bs prgåbs mbkvgregn.
Qgrndkjnbs mbn unj mljrj mcjnjaj pjrj jåíb8 j rgmbngkajåíb aj fdxjåíb
ag prgåb ag kbssb prbautb.
Mcjnjkab j jtgkåíb ag kbssb pøildmb pjrj j pjrtg gspgmîfdmj aj cdstýrdj qug
qugrgnbs fbmjldzjr ‑ bu jpgkjs nbstrjkab bs pbktbs rglgvjktgs bu
mblbmjkab butrjs mbdsjs gn sgeukab pljkb g gkfjtdzjkab sbngktg js pjrtgs
rglgvjktgs g ukdkab j dssb unj kjrrjtdvj pgksjaj ‑, b mbkauzdnbs pglj
cdstýrdj.

Vdnbs jqud un gxgnplb ag mbnb mbktjr unj cdstýrdj mbn unj økdmj
jprgsgktjåíb. Gssg ngsnb prbmgssb g js ldå÷gs dkadvdaujds pbagn sgr
sgeudabs qujkab vbmè tdvgr vêrdbs erêfdmbs gn unj jprgsgktjåíb bu
mbnukdmjåíb njds jnplj. Kgssg mjsb, pgksg kj cdstýrdj abndkjktg qug
vdkmulj tuab. Js cdstýrdjs dkadvdaujds ag agtgrndkjaj vdsujldzjåíb agktrb
agssj jprgsgktjåíb njdbr, mbnb vdnbs jqud, pbagn sgr mbksdagrjajs
suitrjnjs agktrb ab gkrgab njds jnplb.

Gkmgrrjngktb
_br ngdb agssg gxgnplb, vdnbs b prbmgssb ab stbrytglldke mbn ajabs ab
dkîmdb jb fdn. Mbngåjnbs gstjiglgmgkab un sýldab gktgkadngktb ab
mbktgxtb. Gsmblcgnbs un vdsujl jprbprdjab. Dagktdfdmjnbs g gldndkjnbs j
sjturjåíb. Wsjnbs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs pjrj mcjnjr j jtgkåíb ag kbssb
pøildmb pjrj b qug qugrgnbs fbmjldzjr. Mblbmjnbs kbssbs mcjpäus ag
agsdekgrs, jadmdbkjkab tgxtb pjrj tbrkjr kbssb vdsujl jmgssîvgl, g
gnprgejnbs jldkcjngktb pjrj nglcbrjr j gstätdmj. Gljibrjnbs unj kjrrjtdvj
mbkvdkmgktg g mbktjnbs unj cdstýrdj.
Mbksdagrg b “jktgs g agpbds„ nbstrjab kj Fdeurj 3.9?.

FDEWYJ 3.9? JKQG] G AG_BD]

Js ldå÷gs qug jprgkagnbs g gnprgejnbs kbs jhuajn j nuajr ag

sdnplgsngktg nbstrjr ajabs pjrj b stbrytglldke mbn ajabs.
 mjpîtulb kbvg

gstuabs ag mjsb
J gstj jlturj vbmè agvg sgktdr qug tgn unj ijsg sýldaj pjrj sg mbnukdmjr
gfdmdgktgngktg mbn ajabs. Kgstg pgkøltdnb mjpîtulb, gxplbrjnbs gstrjtäedjs
pjrj gkfrgktjr agsjfdbs mbnuks aj mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs, pbr ngdb ag
vêrdbs gstuabs ag mjsb.
Gspgmdfdmjngktg, vjnbs adsmutdr8

Mbksdagrjå÷gs sbirg mbr mbn fukab gsmurb

Wsb ag jkdnjåíb kbs vdsujds jprgsgktjabs
Gstjiglgmdngktb ag lýedmj kj bragn
Gstrjtäedjs pjrj gvdtjr b erêfdmb gspjeugtg
Jltgrkjtdvjs jbs erêfdmbs ag pdzzj

Agktrb ag mjaj un agssgs gstuabs ag mjsb, jpldmjrgd js vêrdjs ldå÷gs qug

jibrajnbs pjrj j mbnukdmjåíb gfgtdvj mbn ajabs, njs ldndtjrgd ndkcj

adsmussíb prdkmdpjlngktg jb agsjfdb gspgmîfdmb gn qugstíb.

G]QWAB AG MJ]B :8 Mbksdagrjå÷gs sbirg mbr mbn
fukab gsmurb
Kj mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs, kbrnjlngktg rgmbngkab jpgkjs fukab irjkmb.
Vjnbs vgr mbnb un erêfdmb fdmj mbn fukab irjkmb, mdkzj g prgtb. Vghj j
Fdeurj 4.:.
FDEWYJ 4.: EYÊFDMB ]DN_LG] ]BIYG FWKAB IYJKMB, JXWL G _YGQB

]g vbmè tdvgssg qug agsmrgvgr mbn unj pjljvrj mbnb bs fukabs jzul g prgtb
kj Fdeurj 4.: b fjzgn sg sgktdr, qujl sgrdj2 _jrj ndn, sgrdj pgsjab. Mbn b
fukab irjkmb, jmcb fêmdl gkfbmjr bs ajabs. Bs fukabs gsmurbs, pbr butrb ljab,
jrrjstjn ngus blcbs pjrj lê ‑ pjrj b fukab ‑, fbrj abs ajabs. Glgngktbs
mljrbs sbirg un fukab gsmurb pbagn mrdjr un mbktrjstg njds kîtdab, njs
egrjlngktg síb njds adfîmgds ag lgr. _br dssb, kbrnjlngktg gvdtb fukabs
gsmurbs g mblbrdabs.
Adtb dssb, ïs vgzgs gxdstgn mbksdagrjå÷gs, fbrj ab mgkêrdb dagjl pjrj j
mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs, qug agvgn sgr lgvjajs gn mbktj, mbnb j njrmj ag
suj gnprgsj bu mldgktg g b nbaglb pjaríb mbrrgspbkagktg. Fbd gssg b agsjfdb
qug gkfrgktgd gn un prbhgtb ag mbksultbrdj.
Kíb rgmbkcgmd dssb dngadjtjngktg. Fbd sbngktg jpýs gu tgr mbkmluîab ndkcj

rgnbagljåíb
sdnplgsngktgdkdmdjl
kíb sgab vdsujl brdedkjl
gkmjdxjvj ab mldgktg
kj jpjrèkmdj abs qug pgrmgid
prbautbs agqug
trjijlcb qug
cjvdj vdstb kb sgu erupb. B nbaglb aglg grj gsmurb g gn suj fjmg, mbn fukab
prgtb njtdzjab, mcgdj ag pbktbs irdlcjktgs, mbrgs pgsjajngktg sjturjajs. Gn
mbnpjrjåíb, ngu vdsujl pjrgmdj ign frjmb. J Fdeurj 4.9 nbstrj unj vgrsíb
egkgrjldzjaj ag ndkcj rgnbagljåíb dkdmdjl ag un vdsujl gxdidkab bpdkd÷gs aj
pgsqudsj ag fukmdbkêrdbs.
FDEWYJ 4.9 YGNBAGLJÅÍB DKDMDJL ]BIYG FWKAB IYJKMB

Gn un gsfbråb pjrj mrdjr jleb njds ag jmbrab mbn j njrmj ab mldgktg, rgfdz
ndkcj rgnbagljåíb, usjkab b ngsnb fukab gsmurb qug cjvdj usjab gn
jleuks abs butrbs gxgnplbs mbnpjrtdlcjabs. Jb fjzgr dssb, prgmdsgd dkvgrtgr
ngu prbmgssb ag pgksjngktb kbrnjl. Mbn un fukab irjkmb, qujktb njds
adstjktg unj mbr gstdvgr ab irjkmb, njds sg agstjmjrê (jssdn, mdkzj sg agstjmj
ngkbs, gkqujktb prgtb sg agstjmj nudtb). Mbn un fukab prgtb sg aê b
ngsnb, njs prgtb sg tbrkj j ldkcj ag ijsg (pbrtjktb, mdkzj sg agstjmj ngkbs

gkbrnjlngktg
irjkmb sg agstjmj nudtb). Qjniän
síb prbdidajs mbn fukabpgrmgid
irjkmbqug
(pbrjleunjs mbrgs
gxgnplb, qug )
jnjrglb)
jnjrglb
mcjnjn nudtb j jtgkåíb mbktrj prgtb (kíb usgd jnjrglb kgssg gxgnplb gn
pjrtdmuljr, njs gn jleuks butrbs, sdn).
J Fdeurj 4.= nbstrj mbnb fdmbu ndkcj vgrsíb ab vdsujl “njds ag jmbrab mbn
j njrmj ab mldgktg„.
FDEWYJ 4.= YGMYDJÅÍB ]BIYG FWKAB G]MWYB

Gnibrj b mbktgøab sghj gxjtjngktg b ngsnb, kbtg mbnb j Fdeurj 4.= fdmj
adfgrgktg mbnpjrjaj mbn j Fdeurj 4.9. Gssj ä unj ibj dlustrjåíb ag mbnb j
mbr pbag dnpjmtjr b tbn elbijl ag unj vdsujldzjåíb.

G]QWAB AG MJ]B 98 Wsb ag jkdnjåíb

kbs vdsujds jprgsgktjabs
Wnj mcjrjaj frgqugktg kj mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs ä qujkab unj økdmj
vdsíb abs ajabs ä usjaj pjrj jprgsgktjåíb g pjrj rgljtýrdb. Jb jprgsgktjr
mbktgøab gn un jnidgktg jb vdvb, vbmè qugr mbkauzdr sgu pøildmb pglj
cdstýrdj, gkfbmjkab jpgkjs j pjrtg rglgvjktg ab vdsujl. Mbktuab, j vgrsíb qug
mdrmulj pglb sgu pøildmb ‑ mbnb prä ‟lgdturj bu dkfbrnjåíb, bu pjrj jquglgs
qug kíb puagrjn pjrtdmdpjr aj rgukdíb ‑ prgmdsj sg sustgktjr sgn qug vbmè,
b jprgsgktjabr, gstghj lê pjrj mbkauzd-lb.
Mbn nudtj frgquèkmdj, usjnbs gxjtjngktg b ngsnb mbktgøab g rgmursbs
vdsujds pjrj bs abds prbpýsdtbs. Dssb kbrnjlngktg tbrkj b mbktgøab agtjlcjab
agnjds pjrj j jprgsgktjåíb jb vdvb (pjrtdmuljrngktg sg gstê sgkab prbhgtjaj
kb tglíb) g, ïs vgzgs, kíb agtjlcjab b sufdmdgktg pjrj b mbktgøab mdrmuljab.

Dssb mjusj b sldagngktb ‑ pjrtg jprgsgktjåíb, pjrtg abmungktb, g kíb jtgkag

gxjtjngktg js kgmgssdajags ag jnibs ‑, qug mdtjnbs irgvgngktg kb
Mjpîtulb :. J sgeudr, vjnbs vgr unj gstrjtäedj pjrj usjr jkdnjåíb jmbpljaj
j un erêfdmb ag ldkcjs jkbtjab pjrj sjtdsfjzgr js kgmgssdajags aj
jprgsgktjåíb g aj mdrmuljåíb.
Vjnbs supbr qug vbmè trjijlcg gn unj gnprgsj qug prbauz hbebs sbmdjds
bkldkg. Vbmè gstê dktgrgssjab gn mbktjr j cdstýrdj sbirg mbnb bs usuêrdbs
jtdvbs ag agtgrndkjab hbeb ‑ vjnbs mcjnê-lb ag Nbbkvdllg ‑ tèn
jungktjab kb agmbrrgr ab tgnpb.
Vbmè pbagrdj usjr j Fdeurj 4.1 pjrj fjljr sbirg mrgsmdngktb agsag b
ljkåjngktb ab hbeb, kb fdkjl ag 9?:=.

FDEWYJ 4.1 EYÊFDMB BYDEDKJL

B agsjfdb, mbktuab, ä qug, qujkab vbmè jprgsgktj gssg vblung ag ajabs pjrj
sgu pøildmb, pgrag b mbktrblg ag suj jtgkåíb. Vbmè pbag gstjr fjljkab sbirg
unj pjrtg abs ajabs, gkqujktb glg gstê gkfbmjkab jleb tbtjlngktg adfgrgktg.
Qjlvgz vbmè qugdrj mbktjr j cdstýrdj mrbkblbedmjngktg, njs sgu pøildmb pbag

puljr dngadjtjngktg pjrj b fbrtg jungktb gn 9?:7 g sg pgreuktjr b qug

nbtdvbu dssb. Jb fjzgr dssb, glg pjrj ag buvd-lb.
Mbnb jltgrkjtdvj, vbmè pbag usjr jkdnjåíb pjrj mbkauzdr b pøildmb gn suj
jprgsgktjåíb, ï ngadaj qug mbktj bs pbktbs mbrrgspbkagktgs aj cdstýrdj. _br
gxgnplb, pbagrdj mbngåjr mbn un erêfdmb gn irjkmb. Dssb birdejrdj b
pøildmb j gxjndkjr bs agtjlcgs ab erêfdmb mbn vbmè, gn vgz ag puljr
adrgtjngktg pjrj bs ajabs g mbngåjr j tgktjr dktgrprgtê-lb. Vbmè pbag usjr
gssj gstrjtäedj pjrj mrdjr gxpgmtjtdvj gn sgu pøildmb, b qug b jhuajrê j
njktgr suj jtgkåíb. J pjrtdr ajî, nbstrb bu agstjmb suisgqugktgngktg
jpgkjs bs ajabs rglgvjktgs jb ngu pbktb ag vdstj gspgmîfdmb,
gspgmîfdmb, birdejkab j
jtgkåíb ab pøildmb j gstjr gxjtjngktg bkag qugrb, gkqujktb gstbu fjljkab.
Gu pbagrdj adzgr ‑ g nbstrjr ‑ j sgeudktg prbergssíb8
Cbhg, vbu mbktjr j vbmès unj cdstýrdj ag sumgssb8 b jungktb kb køngrb ag
usuêrdbs ag Nbbkvdllg kb agmbrrgr ab tgnpb. _rdngdrb, agdxgn-ng agfdkdr b
qug gstjnbs vgkab. Kb gdxb y vgrtdmjl agstg erêfdmb, vjnbs nbstrjr bs
usuêrdbs jtdvbs. Dssb ä agfdkdab mbnb b køngrb ag usuêrdbs dkadvdaujds kbs
øltdnbs =? adjs. Vjnbs vgr mbnb dssb nuabu kb agmbrrgr ab tgnpb, agsag b
ljkåjngktb, kb fdkjl ag 9?:=, jtä cbhg, nbstrjab jb lbkeb ab gdxb x
cbrdzbktjl. (Fdeurj 4.7)
FDEWYJ 4.7

Ljkåjnbs b Nbbkvdllg gn sgtgnirb ag 9?:=. Kb fdkjl agssg prdngdrb nès,

tîkcjnbs pbumb njds ag 7.??? usuêrdbs jtdvbs, agkbtjabs pglb pbktb prgtb
kj pjrtg dkfgrdbr gsqugraj ab erêfdmb. (Fdeurj 4.6)
FDEWYJ 4.6

rgjåíb dkdmdjl jb hbeb grj ndstj. Jpgsjr adssb ‑ g aj kbssj prjtdmjngktg

tbtjl fjltj ag njr`gtdke ‑ b køngrb ag usuêrdbs jtdvbs qujsg abirbu kbs
qujtrb prdngdrbs ngsgs, pjrj qujsg ::.??? kb fdkjl ag agzgnirb. (Fdeurj
4.5)
FDEWYJ 4.5

Kb dkîmdb ag 9?:1, b køngrb ag usuêrdbs jtdvbs mrgsmgu gn unj trjhgtýrdj

njds prbkukmdjaj. Dssb fbd prdkmdpjlngktg b rgsultjab ag prbnbå÷gs pjrj
jndebs g fjnîldjs qug fdzgnbs aurjktg gssg tgnpb, pjrj jungktjr j
vdsdidldajag ab hbeb. (Fdeurj 4.3)
FDEWYJ 4.3

B mrgsmdngktb fbd nudtb pgqugkb kb rgstjktg ag 9?:1, pbds dktgrrbnpgnbs

tbabs bs gsfbråbs ag njr`gtdke g fbmjldzjnbs js nglcbrdjs kj qujldajag ab
beb. (Fdeurj 4.4)
FDEWYJ 4.4

_br butrb ljab, b mbksunb kgstg jkb tgn sdab dkmrîvgl, supgrjkab kbssjs
gxpgmtjtdvjs. B hbeb rgnbagljab g nglcbrjab sg tbrkbu vdrjl. Js pjrmgrdjs
qug fbrnjnbs mbn mjkjds ag nîadj sbmdjl sg nbstrjrjn un sumgssb pjrj
mbktdkujr j jungktjr kbssj ijsg ag usuêrdbs jtdvbs. Mbn js tjxjs ag
mrgsmdngktb rgmgktgs, prgvgnbs qug vjnbs ultrjpjssjr bs :??.??? usuêrdbs
jtdvbs gn hukcb! (Fdeurj 4.:?)

FDEWYJ 4.:?
_jrj j vgrsíb njds agtjlcjaj qug vbmè adstrdiud mbnb jmbnpjkcjngktb bu
pjrj jquglgs qug pgragrjn suj (gxmglgktg) jprgsgktjåíb, vbmè pbag usjr unj
qug gxpldqug bs pbktbs dnpbrtjktgs aj cdstýrdj adrgtjngktg kb erêfdmb ag
ldkcjs, mbnb nbstrjab kj Fdeurj 4.::.
FDEWYJ 4.::

Gssj ä unj gstrjtäedj pjrj mrdjr un dkfberêfdmb (bu, kgstg mjsb, un mbkhuktb
ag dkfberêfdmbs) qug sjtdsfjåj js kgmgssdajags ag suj jprgsgktjåíb jb vdvb g
aj vgrsíb adstrdiuîaj. Kbtg qug, mbn gssj gstrjtäedj, ä dnpgrjtdvb mbkcgmgr
ign suj cdstýrdj pjrj kjrrê-lj sgn mbktjr mbn sgus dkfberêfdmbs (jleb qug
vbmè sgnprg agvg tgr pbr ngtj).

]g gstdvgr
økdmb sldagusjkab sbftwjrg ag
g usjr jkdnjåíb jprgsgktjåíb,
pjrj vbmèjbpbag
j jprgsgktjåíb vdvb,nbktjr
fjzgkabtuab gn un
mjaj
dnjegn jpjrgmgr g agsjpjrgmgr, mbkfbrng b kgmgssêrdb, pjrj fbrnjr j
prbergssíb agsghjaj. Mblbqug j vgrsíb jkbtjaj fdkjl gn mdnj pjrj qug sghj
tuab qug jpjrgåj kj vgrsíb dnprgssj ab sldag. ]g fdzgr dssb, vbmè pbag usjr
gxjtjngktg j ngsnj pdlcj pjrj j jprgsgktjåíb g pjrj j mbnukdmjåíb qug fjz
mdrmuljr. Mbnb jltgrkjtdvj, vbmè pbag mblbmjr mjaj erêfdmb gn un sldag
sgpjrjab g fblcgê-lbs0 kgssg mjsb, sgrdj mbkvgkdgktg adstrdiudr j vgrsíb
jkbtjaj fdkjl.
G]QWAB AG MJ]B =8 Lýedmj kj bragn
Agvg cjvgr lýedmj kj bragn gn qug vbmè gxdig dkfbrnjå÷gs.

J agmljrjåíb jmdnj prbvjvglngktg ä ýivdj. Jpgsjr adssb, jssdn mbnb nudtjs

mbdsjs qug pjrgmgn lýedmjs qujkab js lgnbs, buvdnbs bu adzgnbs, mbn
nudtj frgquèkmdj kíb js mblbmjnbs gn prêtdmj. Gssg ä un gxgnplb adssb.

Gnibrj gu pbssj adzgr qug ndkcj frjsg dktrbautýrdj ä ukdvgrsjlngktg

vgrajagdrj, vbu gkfbmjr jqud un gxgnplb nudtb gspgmîfdmb pjrj dlustrjr b
mbkmgdtb8 usjr bragn pjrj ajabs mjtgeýrdmbs gn un erêfdmb ag ijrrjs
cbrdzbktjds.
_rdngdrb, vjnbs gstjiglgmgr b mbktgxtb. Adejnbs qug vbmè trjijlcj gn unj
gnprgsj qug vgkag un prbautb qug tgn vêrdbs rgmursbs. Ygmgktgngktg, vbmè
fgz unj pgsqudsj mbn sgus usuêrdbs pjrj sjigr sg glgs gstíb gnprgejkab
mjaj un abs rgmursbs g b qujktb gstíb sjtdsfgdtbs mbn glgs g qugr usjr gssgs
ajabs. B erêfdmb dkdmdjl qug vbmè mrdj pbag sgr mbnb b aj Fdeurj 4.:9.

FDEWYJ 4.:9 ]JQD]FJÅÍB AB W]WÊYDB, EYÊFDMB BYDEDKJL

Gssg ä un gxgnplb rgjl, g j Fdeurj 4.:9 nbstrj b erêfdmb qug fbd mrdjab pjrj
gssg prbpýsdtb, mbn j gxmgåíb ag qug suistdtuî bs kbngs ag rgmursb
agsmrdtdvbs pbr Ygmursb J, Ygmursb I gtm. Cê unj bragn jqud ‑ sg
bisgrvjrnbs bs ajabs
bragn agmrgsmgktg pbr jleun
ab erupb tgnpb,
“Nudtb vgrgnbs
sjtdsfgdtb„, qugbgstíb
njds erupbbrejkdzjabs
“Qbtjlngktgkj
sjtdsfgdtb„ (bs vgrags-jzuljabs g vgrag-jzuljabs gsmurbs kb ljab adrgdtb ab

erêfdmb). Dssb pbag suegrdr qug ä bkag agvgnbs prgstjr jtgkåíb. Njs, ab
pbktb ag vdstj aj mbr, ngus blcbs síb jtrjîabs prdngdrb pjrj b sgengktb gn
prgtb “Kíb tgkcb usjab„. G, sg pgksjrnbs sbirg b qug bs ajabs nbstrjn,
tjlvgz fbssgn js êrgjs ag dksjtdsfjåíb qug njds dktgrgssjrdjn.
_jrtg ab prbilgnj jqud ä qug gstê fjltjkab j cdstýrdj ‑ b “g ajî„ ‑ agssj
jprgsgktjåíb. _bagrîjnbs mbktjr vêrdjs cdstýrdjs adfgrgktgs g gkfbmjr vêrdbs
jspgmtbs adfgrgktgs agssgs ajabs. Vjnbs vgr aujs njkgdrjs ag fjzgr dssb
vdsjkab jprbvgdtjr j bragn.
_rdngdrb, pbagrîjnbs pgksjr gn agstjmjr j cdstýrdj pbsdtdvj8 bkag kbssbs
usuêrdbs gstíb njds sjtdsfgdtbs. Vghj j Fdeurj 4.:=.

FDEWYJ 4.:= YGJLMG J CD]QÝYDJ _B]DQDVJ

Kj Fdeurj 4.:=, bragkgd bs ajabs mljrjngktg pjrj mblbmjr “Qbtjlngktg
sjtdsfgdtb„, njds “Nudtb sjtdsfgdtb„, gn bragn agmrgsmgktg ‑ mbnb kb

erêfdmb brdedkjl ‑, njs tbrkgd dssb nudtb njds gvdagktg jqud, pbr ngdb ag
butrjs admjs vdsujds (j sjigr, j mbr, njs tjniän b pbsdmdbkjngktb abs
sgengktbs mbnb j prdngdrj särdg kb erêfdmb, pjrj qug j jtgkåíb ab pøildmb sg
vbltg prdngdrb j dssb, jb pgrmbrrgr aj gsqugraj pjrj j adrgdtj). Qjniän usgd
pjljvrjs pjrj jhuajr j gxpldmjr pbr qug suj jtgkåíb ä mcjnjaj pjrj bkag ä,
pbr ngdb ab tîtulb ag jåíb kj pjrtg supgrdbr, qug gxjltj b qug vbmè agvgr vgr
kb vdsujl.
_bagnbs usjr gssjs ngsnjs têtdmjs ‑ bragn, mbr, pbsdmdbkjngktb, g
pjljvrjs ‑ pjrj agstjmjr unj cdstýrdj adfgrgktg agktrb agssgs ajabs8 bkag bs
usuêrdbs gstíb ngkbs sjtdsfgdtbs. Vghj j Fdeurj 4.:1.

FDEWYJ 4.:1 YGJLMG J DK]JQD]FJÅÍB

Bu tjlvgz j cdstýrdj rgjl jqud gstghj kbs rgmursbs kíb usjabs, b qug pbagrdj
sgr agstjmjab mbnb nbstrj j Fdeurj 4.:7.

FDEWYJ 4.:7 GKFBZWG KB] YGMWY]B] KÍB W]JAB]

Kbtg qug, kj Fdeurj 4.:7, vbmè jdkaj pbag mcgejr j adfgrgktgs kîvgds ag
sjtdsfjåíb (bu aj fjltj aglj) agktrb ag mjaj ijrrj, njs gljs fbrjn rglgejajs j
unj mbnpjrjåíb ag sgeukaj bragn agvdab ïs gsmblcjs ag mbr qug fdz,
gkqujktb j bragn ag mljssdfdmjåíb rgljtdvj ab sgengktb “Kíb tgkcb usjab„ ä
mljrjngktg j prdkmdpjl mbnpjrjåíb kj qujl ngu pøildmb agvg sg mbkmgktrjr.
]g qudsgrnbs mbktjr unj ajs cdstýrdjs jmdnj, pbagnbs usjr j bragn, mbr,
pbsdåíb g js pjljvrjs qug nbstrgd pjrj mcjnjr j jtgkåíb ag kbssb pøildmb
pjrj bkag qugrgnbs kbs ajabs. Mbktuab, sg qudsgrnbs mbktjr tbajs js très
cdstýrdjs, gu rgmbngkajrdj unj gstrjtäedj un pbumb adfgrgktg.
Kíb ä nudtb jerjaêvgl fjndldjrdzjr sgu pøildmb mbn bs ajabs sý pjrj
rgbrejkdzê-lbs mbnplgtjngktg. Dssb mrdj unj sbirgmjrej ngktjl ‑ b ngsnb
tdpb ag pgsb mbekdtdvb agskgmgssêrdb adsmutdab kb Mjpîtulb =, qug qugrgnbs

gvdtjr. Vjnbs mrdjr un vdsujl iêsdmb g prgsgrvjr j ngsnj bragn pjrj qug
kbssb pøildmb sý prgmdsg sg fjndldjrdzjr mbn bs agtjlcgs unj vgz ‑
rgjlåjkab js adfgrgktgs cdstýrdjs, unj pbr vgz, pbr ngdb ab usb gstrjtäedmb ag
mbr.

FDEWYJ 4.:6 NBKQG B EYÊFDMB

J Fdeurj 4.:6 nbstrj kbssb vdsujl iêsdmb, sgn kjaj rgjlåjab. ]g gu fbssg
jprgsgktjr dssb pjrj un pøildmb, usjrdj gssj vgrsíb pjrj mbkauzd-lb pglb qug
gstjrdj blcjkab8 rgspbstjs ag unj pgsqudsj mbn j pgreuktj8 “B qujktb vbmè
gstê sjtdsfgdtb mbn mjaj un agstgs rgmursbs2„ ‑ vjrdjkab ab pbsdtdvb
“Qbtjlngktg sjtdsfgdtb„, ï adrgdtj, jtä “Kíb gstbu sjtdsfgdtb„ g, fdkjlngktg,
“Kíb tgkcb usjab„, ï gsqugraj (jprbvgdtjkab j jssbmdjåíb kjturjl ag pbsdtdvb
ï adrgdtj g kgejtdvb ï gsqugraj). Gktíb, fjrdj unj pjusj pjrj mbktjr mjaj unj
ajs cdstýrdjs sumgssdvjngktg.
_rdngdrb vgn un vdsujl sgnglcjktg ïquglg mbn b qujl mbngåjnbs kj øltdnj
särdg, qug agstjmj bkag bs usuêrdbs gstíb njds sjtdsfgdtbs. Kgssj vgrsíb, gu

usgd adfgrgktgs tbks ag jzul, pjrj mcjnjr j jtgkåíb kíb sbngktg pjrj j
prbpbråíb ag usuêrdbs qug gstíb sjtdsfgdtbs, njs gspgmdfdmjngktg pjrj bs
rgmursbs J g I agktrb abs sgengktbs mbn mljssdfdmjåíb njds jltj, vdkmuljkab
vdsujlngktg gssjs ijrrjs jb tgxtb qug dlustrj ngu pbktb. Vghj j Fdeurj 4.:5.

FDEWYJ 4.:5 ]JQD]FJÅÍB

Dssb ä sgeudab pbr un gkfbqug kj butrj gxtrgndajag ab gspgmtrb, bkag bs
usuêrdbs gstíb ngkbs sjtdsfgdtbs, kbvjngktg gxjltjkab g agstjmjkab pbktbs
ag dktgrgssg gspgmîfdmbs. Vghj j Fdeurj 4.:3.
FDEWYJ 4.:3 DK]JQD]FJÅÍB

Bisgrvg mbnb kj Fdeurj 4.:3 kíb ä tíb fêmdl vgr j bragn ag mljssdfdmjåíb
rgljtdvj abs rgmursbs agstjmjabs, mbnb jmbktgmdj qujkab gstjvjn mblbmjabs
gn bragn agmrgsmgktg (Fdeurj 4.:1), pbds kíb gstjvjn jldkcjabs jb lbkeb ag
unj ldkcj ag ijsg mbnun, kgn ï gsqugraj kgn ï adrgdtj. Jdkaj pbagnbs vgr
js prdkmdpjds êrgjs ag dksjtdsfjåíb (rgmursbs H g K) ag fbrnj rgljtdvjngktg
rêpdaj, pbds síb nudtb njdbrgs qug js butrjs mjtgebrdjs g pbr mjusj aj èkfjsg
mblbrdaj. Jadmdbkgd tjniän unj mjdxj ag lgegkaj pjrj agstjmjr dssb pbr ngdb
ag tgxtb.
_br fdn, prgsgrvjkab j ngsnj bragn, pbagnbs mcjnjr j jtgkåíb ag kbssb
pøildmb pjrj bs rgmursbs kíb usjabs. Vghj j Fdeurj 4.:4.
FDEWYJ 4.:4 YGMWY]B] KÍB W]JAB]

Kj Fdeurj 4.:4 ä njds fêmdl vgr j bragn ag mljssdfdmjåíb (ngsnb qug js

mjtgebrdjs kíb jungktgn nbkbtbkdmjngktg ag mdnj pjrj ijdxb), agvdab jb
jldkcjngktb mbn unj ldkcj ag ijsg ukdfbrng ï gsqugraj ab erêfdmb. Jqud,
qugrgnbs qug kbssb pøildmb gkfbqug prdkmdpjlngktg b rgmursb dkfgrdbr kb
erêfdmb ‑ b rgmursb B. Mbnb gstjnbs tgktjkab prgsgrvjr j bragn
gstjiglgmdaj g kíb pbagnbs fjzgr dssb mblbmjkab-b kj pjrtg supgrdbr (bkag b
pøildmb b gkmbktrjrdj prdngdrb), j mbr gsmurj g j mjdxj ag lgegkaj jhuajn j
mcjnjr j jtgkåíb pjrj j pjrtg dkfgrdbr ab erêfdmb.
Js vds÷gs jktgrdbrgs nbstrjn j prbergssíb qug gu usjrdj gn unj
jprgsgktjåíb jb vdvb. B usb ldndtjab g gstrjtäedmb ag mbr ng pgrndtg
adrgmdbkjr j jtgkåíb ab pøildmb pjrj un mbnpbkgktg abs ajabs pbr vgz. ]g
vbmè gstdvgr mrdjkab un abmungktb gsmrdtb pjrj mbnpjrtdlcjr adrgtjngktg
mbn sgu pøildmb, pbag mbnpjmtjr tbajs gssjs vds÷gs gn jpgkjs un vdsujl
jirjkegktg, mbnb nbstrjab kj Fdeurj 4.9?.

FDEWYJ 4.9? VD]WJL JIYJKEGKQG

Zujkab prbmgssb j Fdeurj 4.9?, ngus blcbs fjzgn vêrdbs zdeug-zjeugs gn

fbrnj ag “z„ pglj pêedkj. _rdngdrb, vghb b agstjmjab “Ygmursbs„ kb tîtulb ab
erêfdmb. Gktíb, sbu jtrjîaj pjrj js ijrrjs gsmurjs ‑ js qujds sdeb jtä j mjdxj
ag tgxtb gsmurj qug ng adz b qug ä dktgrgssjktg kb qug gstbu blcjkab (vbmè
vjd kbtjr qug ngu tgxtb jqud ä prgabndkjktgngktg agsmrdtdvb, prdkmdpjlngktg
agvdab
pjrj ajrjbnjds
jkbkdnjtb
dagdjs). ab
Gngxgnplb0
sgeudaj, ag prgfgrèkmdj,
mcgeb gssg
ï mjdxj ag gspjåb
tgxtb mdkzjsgrdj usjab
gsmurj, j lgdb
g abu unj blcjaj ï gsqugraj pjrj vgr j gvdaèkmdj kb erêfdmb qug j mbrrbibrj.
_br fdn, vghb j ijrrj mdkzj mljrj gkfjtdzjaj kj pjrtg dkfgrdbr g blcb kb butrb
ljab pjrj vgr b tgxtb qug j agsmrgvg. B usb gstrjtäedmb ag mbr adfgrgkmdj js
vêrdjs särdgs, jb pjssb qug tjniän tbrkj mljrb bkag b pøildmb agvg prbmurjr
j gvdaèkmdj gspgmîfdmj ab qug gstê sgkab agsmrdtb kb tgxtb.
Kbtg qug kj Fdeurj 4.9? ä njds adfîmdl sgu pøildmb tdrjr butrjs mbkmlus÷gs
mbn bs ajabs, pbds j jtgkåíb ä fbrtgngktg jtrjîaj pjrj bs pbktbs gn
pjrtdmuljr qugtgkcj
vgz qug vbmè qugrbjtdkedab
agstjmjr.b Njs,
pbktbmbnb hê adsmutdnbs
qug prgmdsj rgpgtdajngktg,
mbnukdmjr, agvg cjvgrunj
unj
cdstýrdj gspgmîfdmj bu pbktb j agstjmjr, gn vgz ag pgrndtdr qug sgu pøildmb

tdrg sujs prýprdjs mbkmlus÷gs. J Fdeurj 4.9?

ä agksj agnjds pjrj unj jprgsgktjåíb jb vdvb, njs pbagrdj fukmdbkjr ign
pjrj b abmungktb qug sgrê adstrdiuîab.

Hê ngkmdbkgd dssb, njs sgrdj kgeldeèkmdj kíb agstjmjr qug, gn jleuks mjsbs,
gxdstg unj bragn dktrîksgmj kbs ajabs qug vbmè qugr nbstrjr (mjtgebrdjs
bradkjds). _br gxgnplb, gn vgz ag rgmursbs, sg js mjtgebrdjs fbssgn fjdxjs
gtêrdjs (? j 4, :? j :4, 9? j 94 gtm.), vbmè agvgrdj njktè-ljs gn bragn
kunärdmj. Dssb fbrkgmg unj mbkstruåíb dnpbrtjktg pjrj b pøildmb usjr jb
dktgrprgtjr j dkfbrnjåíb. Gktíb, usg bs butrbs nätbabs pjrj mcjnjr j jtgkåíb
(pbr ngdb ag mbr, pbsdåíb, mjdxjs ag lgegkaj mbn tgxtb) pjrj adrgmdbkjr b
pøildmb pjrj bkag vbmè qugr.
_bktb prdkmdpjl8 agvg cjvgr lýedmj kj bragn abs ajabs qug vbmè nbstrj.

G]QWAB AG MJ]B 18 Gstrjtäedjs pjrj gvdtjr b

erêfdmb gspjeugtg
Gnibrj gu ebstg nudtb ag mbndaj, tgkcb jvgrsíb j qujlqugr tdpb ag erêfdmb
qug tgkcj mbndaj gn sgu kbng. Ngu ýadb pbr erêfdmbs ag pdzzj ä ign
abmungktjab. Ybsmjs síb jdkaj pdbrgs. Gstg ä butrb pjrj jmrgsmgktjr ï ldstj8 b
erêfdmb ag gspjeugtg.
]g vbmè kíb tgn mgrtgzj sg hê vdu un erêfdmb ag gspjeugtg, jpbstb qug sdn.

Wn erêfdmb nudtb,
sbirgp÷gn ag gspjeugtg ä un
tbrkjkab erêfdmb
adfîmdl fbmjragunj
ldkcjs kbag
särdg qujl js ldkcjs
ajabs sg Glgs sg
pbr vgz.
pjrgmgn mbn j Fdeurj 4.9:.
FDEWYJ 4.9: B EYÊFDMB G]_JEWGQG

Erêfdmbs mbnb b aj Fdeurj 4.9: síb mbkcgmdabs mbnb erêfdmbs gspjeugtg

pbrqug pjrgmg qug jleuän pgebu un pukcjab ag tjlcjrdn mru g hbebu kb
mcíb. G síb qujsg tíb dkfbrnjtdvbs qujktb b tjlcjrdn jlgjtýrdb sgrdj …

b qug qugr adzgr …

kgn un pbumb dkfbrnjtdvbs.

Kbtg mbnb ä adfîmdl sg mbkmgktrjr gn unj økdmj ldkcj kgssj ijeukåj, erjåjs g
tbab b gktrgmruzjab g pbrqug nudtj mbdsj gstê mbnpgtdkab pbr suj jtgkåíb.
Gxdstgn jleunjs gstrjtäedjs pjrj pgejr un erêfdmb qug sgrdj ag gspjeugtg g
ajr njds sgktdab vdsujl jbs ajabs. Vbu jibrajr très agljs g nbstrê-ljs
jpldmjajs ag aujs njkgdrjs adfgrgktgs jbs ajabs rgprgsgktjabs kj Fdeurj
4.9:, j qujl nbstrj tdpbs ag brejkdzjå÷gs sgn fdks lumrjtdvbs ijkmjajs pbr
fdkjkmdjabrgs gn agtgrndkjab lbmjl. _rdngdrb, vjnbs vgr unj gstrjtäedj qug
vbmè agvg mbkcgmgr j gstj jlturj8 usjr jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs pjrj gkfjtdzjr
unj ldkcj pbr vgz. Agpbds adssb, vjnbs gxjndkjr aujs vds÷gs qug sgpjrjn js

ldkcjs gspjmdjlngktg. _br øltdnb, vjnbs vgr unj gstrjtäedj mbnidkjaj qug
jprbvgdtj glgngktbs agssjs aujs prdngdrjs.
Gkfjtdzg unj ldkcj pbr vgz
Wn nbab ag dnpgadr qug b erêfdmb gspjeugtg sg tbrkg vdsujlngktg bprgssdvb
ä usjr jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs j fdn ag mcjnjr j jtgkåíb pjrj unj ldkcj pbr
vgz. _br gxgnplb, pbagrîjnbs fjzgr kbssb pøildmb fbmjldzjr b jungktb
pgrmgktujl abs fdkjkmdjabrgs qug fjzgn abjå÷gs kb agmbrrgr ab tgnpb pjrj
brejkdzjå÷gs sgn fdks lumrjtdvbs vbltjajs ï sjøag. Vghj j Fdeurj 4.99.

FDEWYJ 4.99 GKFJQDXG WNJ ØKDMJ LDKCJ

Bu gktíb, pbagrîjnbs usjr j ngsnj gstrjtäedj pjrj gkfjtdzjr j adndkudåíb kj

pbrmgktjegn ag fdkjkmdjabrgs qug fjzgn abjå÷gs pjrj brejkdzjå÷gs sgn fdks
lumrjtdvbs rgljmdbkjajs ï gaumjåíb. Vghj j Fdeurj 4.9=.
FDEWYJ 4.9= GKFJQDXG BWQYJ LDKCJ ØKDMJ

Kjs Fdeurjs 4.99 g 4.9=, mbr, gspgssurj ag ldkcj g njrmjs jadmdbkjajs (b

njrmjabr g j lgegkaj ag ajabs) jtujn mbnb admjs vdsujds pjrj mcjnjr j
jtgkåíb pjrj bkag qugrgnbs qug kbssb pøildmb sg mbkmgktrg. Gssj gstrjtäedj
pbag fukmdbkjr ign gn unj jprgsgktjåíb jb vdvb, kj qujl vbmè gxpldmj bs
agtjlcgs ab erêfdmb unj vgz (mbnb vdnbs kbs gstuabs ag mjsb rgmgktgs) g,
gktíb, pgrmbrrg js vêrdjs särdgs ag ajabs agssj njkgdrj, agstjmjkab b qug ä

dktgrgssjktg bu jb“kjrrjtdvj
prgmdsjnbs agssj qug sg agvg prgstjrbujtgkåíb
bmultj„ g pbr
aj jadåíb ag què.
tgxtbKbtg
pjrjqug
tbrkjr mljrb b
nbtdvb ag gstjrnbs rgjlåjkab agtgrndkjabs ajabs g fbrkgmgr j cdstýrdj pjrj
kbssb pøildmb.
]gpjrg gspjmdjlngktg
_bagnbs agsgnijrjåjr b erêfdmb gspjeugtg sgpjrjkab js ldkcjs vgrtdmjl bu
cbrdzbktjlngktg. _rdngdrb, vjnbs vgr unj vgrsíb kj qujl js ldkcjs síb
sgpjrjajs vgrtdmjlngktg. Vghj j Fdeurj 4.91.
FDEWYJ 4.91 ]G_JYG J] LDKCJ] VGYQDMJLNGKQG

Kj Fdeurj 4.91, b ngsnb gdxb x (jkb, nbstrjab gn mdnj) ä jprbvgdtjab gn

tbabs bs erêfdmbs.
brejkdzgd Kgssj
ag tjl nbab qugsbluåíb,
pjrgmgnmrdgd
sgr mdkmb erêfdmbs
un økdmb sgpjrjabs,
erêfdmb. B gdxb njs bs ag
y agktrb
mjaj erêfdmb kíb ä nbstrjab0 gn vgz adssb, js lgegkajs ag pbktb dkdmdjl g
fdkjl sg agstdkjn j fbrkgmgr mbktgxtb sufdmdgktg pjrj qug b gdxb sghj
agskgmgssêrdb. Gnibrj kíb sghjn nbstrjabs, ä dnpbrtjktg qug b nîkdnb g b
nêxdnb ab gdxb y sghjn bs ngsnbs pjrj mjaj erêfdmb, j fdn ag qug b pøildmb
pbssj mbnpjrjr j pbsdåíb rgljtdvj ag mjaj ldkcj bu pbktb agktrb ab gspjåb
ajab. ]g vbmè bs rgauzdssg, glgs pjrgmgrdjn mbn b qug Gawjra Quftg mcjnj
ag “spjr`ldkgs„ (un erêfdmb ag ldkcjs nudtb pgqugkb, kbrnjlngktg
agsgkcjab sgn gdxb kgn mbbragkjajs pjrj nbstrjr j fbrnj egrjl abs ajabs0
Igjutdful Gvdagkmg,
Gvdagkmg, 9??6).

Gssj gstrjtäedj prgsung qug j mjpjmdajag ag vgr j tgkaèkmdj ag agtgrndkjaj

mjtgebrdj (]jøag, Gaumjåíb gtm.) ä njds dnpbrtjktg ab qug mbnpjrjr bs
vjlbrgs kjs mjtgebrdjs. ]g gssg kíb fbr b mjsb, pbagnbs pgksjr gn sgpjrjr bs
ajabs cbrdzbktjlngktg, mbnb dlustrjab kj Fdeurj 4.97.

FDEWYJ 4.97 ]G_JYG J] LDKCJ] CBYDXBKQJLNGKQG

CBYDXBKQJLNGKQG

Gkqujktb kj Fdeurj 4.91 jprbvgdtjnbs b gdxb x (jkbs) kjs mdkmb mjtgebrdjs,

kj Fdeurj 4.97 jprbvgdtjnbs b ngsnb gdxb y (pbrmgktjegn ag fdkjkmdjabrgs).
Jqud, j jlturj rgljtdvj ajs vêrdjs särdgs ag ajabs pgrndtg qug sghjn njds
fjmdlngktg mbnpjrjajs.
fdkjkmdjabrgs _bagnbs
njds jltj gn vgrabjå÷gs
9?:7 fgz rjpdajngktg qug j pbrmgktjegn
pjrj ]jøag, ag
unj pbrmgktjegn
njds ijdxj pjrj Gaumjåíb, unj jdkaj njds ijdxj pjrj ]grvdåbs Cunjkbs g
jssdn pbr adjktg.
Gstrjtäedj mbnidkjaj
Butrj bpåíb ä mbnidkjr js gstrjtäedjs agsmrdtjs jtä jqud. _bagnbs sgpjrjr
gspjmdjlngktg g gkfjtdzjr unj ldkcj pbr vgz, gkqujktb agdxjnbs js butrjs lê
pjrj mbnpjrjåíb, njs js mblbmjnbs gn sgeukab pljkb. Mbnb kj gstrjtäedj
jktgrdbr, pbagnbs fjzgr dssb sgpjrjkab js ldkcjs vgrtdmjlngktg (Fdeurj 4.96)
bu cbrdzbktjlngktg (Fdeurj 4.95).

FDEWYJ 4.96 G]QYJQÄEDJ MBNIDKJAJ, MBN ]G_JYJÅÍB VGYQDMJL

FDEWYJ 4.95 G]QYJQÄEDJ MBNIDKJAJ, MBN ]G_JYJÅÍB CBYDXBKQJL

Qgr vêrdbs erêfdmbs pgqugkbs rgukdabs, mbnb nbstrjab kj Fdeurj 4.95, ïs

vgzgs ä rgfgrdab mbnb “pgqugkbs nøltdplbs„. Mbnb hê ngkmdbkjab, jqud ä
dnpgrjtdvb qug bs agtjlcgs ag mjaj erêfdmb (b nîkdnb g b nêxdnb ab gdxb x g
ab gdxb yy)) sghjn bs ngsnbs, pjrj qug b pøildmb pbssj mbnpjrjr rjpdajngktg
j särdg agstjmjaj gktrg bs vêrdbs erêfdmbs.
Gssj gstrjtäedj, nbstrjaj kjs Fdeurjs 4.96 g 4.95, pbag fukmdbkjr ign sg b
mbktgxtb ab mbkhuktb ag ajabs dktgdrb ä dnpbrtjktg, njs vbmè qugr fbmjldzjr
unj ldkcj pbr vgz. _br mjusj aj agksdajag aj dkfbrnjåíb, gssj gstrjtäedj
mbnidkjaj pbag fukmdbkjr nglcbr pjrj un rgljtýrdb bu jprgsgktjåíb qug vjd
sgr adstrdiuîaj jb pøildmb ab qug gn unj jprgsgktjåíb jb vdvb, bkag sgrê
njds agsjfdjabr adrgmdbkjr sgu pøildmb pjrj bkag vbmè qugr qug glg blcg.
Mbnb frgqugktgngktg jmbktgmg, kíb gxdstg unj økdmj rgspbstj “mgrtj„. J
sbluåíb qug vjd fukmdbkjr nglcbr vjrdjrê ag jmbrab mbn j sdtujåíb. J
ngtjldåíb ä8 sg vbmè sg agpjrjr mbn un erêfdmb gspjeugtg, kíb pjrg jî. _gksg
gn qujl dkfbrnjåíb vbmè njds qugr trjksndtdr, qujl cdstýrdj qugr mbktjr g
qujds nuajkåjs kb vdsujl pbagrdjn jhuaê-lb j fjzgr dssb gfdmdgktgngktg. Kbtg
qug, gn jleuks mjsbs, dssb pbag sdekdfdmjr nbstrjr ngkbs ajabs. _greuktg-sg8
gu prgmdsb ag tbajs js mjtgebrdjs2 Ag tbabs bs jkbs2 Zujkab jprbprdjab,
rgauzdr b vblung ag ajabs nbstrjabs tjniän pbag fjmdldtjr b agsjfdb ag
rgprgsgktjr ajabs gn erêfdmb, mbnb bs nbstrjabs kgstg gxgnplb.

G]QWAB AG MJ]B 78 Jltgrkjtdvjs ïs pdzzjs

Lgnirg-sg ab mgkêrdb qug adsmutdnbs kb Mjpîtulb :, ab mursb ag vgríb sbirg
mdèkmdjs. _jrj rgfrgsmjr suj ngnýrdj8 vbmè jmjibu ag mbkmludr un prberjnj-
pdlbtb sbirg mdèkmdjs, agstdkjab j nglcbrjr js pgrmgpå÷gs sbirg j êrgj gktrg
mrdjkåjs ab 9¸ g =¸ jkbs ab gksdkb iêsdmb. Vbmè fgz unj jvjldjåíb kb dkîmdb g
kb fdkjl ab mursb, g qugr usjr gssgs ajabs mbnb gvdaèkmdj ab sumgssb ab
prberjnj-pdlbtb gn sgu pgadab ag fdkjkmdjngktb futurb. J Fdeurj 4.93
nbstrj j prdngdrj tgktjtdvj ag mblbmjr gssgs ajabs gn un erêfdmb.
FDEWYJ 4.93 VD]WJL BYDEDKJL

Bs ajabs ajgn
nglcbrjab jvjldjåíb agnbkstrjn
rgljåíb ïs mdèkmdjs, bqug, ag jmbrab mbn
prberjnj-pdlbtb fbdbun
sgktdngktb
erjkag sumgssb.
Jb gktrjr kb prberjnj, b njdbr sgengktb abs jlukbs (1?%, j fjtdj njds mljrj
kj Fdeurj 4.93, ï gsqugraj) jmcjvj mdèkmdjs jpgkjs “B@„ ‑ tjlvgz kíb
tdvgssgn unj bpdkdíb fbrnjaj sbirg b jssuktb. Kb gktjktb, agpbds ab
prberjnj (Fdeurj 4.93, ï adrgdtj), vgnbs qug bs 1?% gn vgrag síb rgauzdabs
j :1%. “Gktgadjab„ (jzul) g “Kjaj agnjds„ (vgrnglcb) suidrjn un pbktb
pgrmgktujl mjaj, njs j njdbr pjrtg aj nuajkåj fbd gn unj adrgåíb pbsdtdvj.
Agpbds ab prberjnj, qujsg 5?% ajs mrdjkåjs (sgengktbs vdblgtj g jzul-
gsvgragjab) gxprgssjrjn jleun erju ag dktgrgssg kjs mdèkmdjs.
J Fdeurj 4.93 prgstj un erjkag agssgrvdåb j gssj cdstýrdj. Mbnpjrtdlcgd
ndkcj vdsíb agsfjvbrêvgl gn rgljåíb jbs erêfdmbs ag pdzzj kb Mjpîtulb 90
jssdn, gspgrb qug gssg hulejngktb kíb surprggkaj. ]dn, vbmè pbag mcgejr ï
cdstýrdj j pjrtdr aj Fdeurj 4.93, njs prgmdsj trjijlcjr pjrj dssb g supgrjr j
drrdtjåíb ag tgktjr mbnpjrjr sgengktbs gktrg aujs pdzzjs. Mbnb hê
adsmutdnbs, qugrgnbs ldndtjr bu gldndkjr b trjijlcb qug sgu pøildmb tgn ag
mcgejr ï dkfbrnjåíb, g mgrtjngktg kíb qugrgnbs drrdtê-lb. _bagnbs gvdtjr tjds
agsjfdbs gsmblcgkab un nbaglb ag jprgsgktjåíb adfgrgktg.
Vjnbs vgr qujtrb jltgrkjtdvjs pjrj gxdidr gssgs ajabs ‑ nbstrjr bs køngrbs
adrgtjngktg, erêfdmb ag ijrrjs sdnplgs, erêfdmb ag ijrrjs cbrdzbktjds

gnpdlcjajs g erêfdmb ag dkmldkjåíb ‑ g adsmutdr jleunjs mbksdagrjå÷gs sbirg

mjaj unj.
Jltgrkjtdvj :8 nbstrjr bs køngrbs adrgtjngktg
]g j nglcbrj kb sgktdngktb pbsdtdvb ä j prdkmdpjl ngksjegn qug qugrgnbs
trjksndtdr jb kbssb pøildmb, pbagnbs pgksjr gn tbrkjr gssj j økdmj
dkfbrnjåíb j mbnukdmjr. Vghj j Fdeurj 4.94.

FDEWYJ 4.94 NB]QYG B] KØNGYB] ADYGQJNGKQG

Nudtb frgqugktgngktg, jmcjnbs qug prgmdsjnbs dkmludr tbabs bs ajabs g

dekbrjr j sdnpldmdajag g b pbagr ag kbs mbnukdmjrnbs mbn jpgkjs un bu
abds køngrbs adrgtjngktg, mbnb agnbkstrjab kj Fdeurj 4.94. Adtb dssb, sg
vbmè jmcjr qug prgmdsj nbstrjr njds, gxjndkg unj ajs jltgrkjtdvjs j sgeudr.
Jltgrkjtdvj 98 erêfdmb ag ijrrjs sdnplgs
Zujkab vbmè qugr mbnpjrjr aujs mbdsjs, egrjlngktg agvg mblbmê-ljs b njds
prýxdnjs pbssîvgl g jldkcê-ljs jb lbkeb ag unj ldkcj ag ijsg mbnun pjrj
fjmdldtjr gssj mbnpjrjåíb. B erêfdmb ag ijrrjs sdnplgs fjz dssb, jldkcjkab js
rgspbstjs ag Jktgs g Agpbds aj jvjldjåíb, mbn unj ldkcj ag ijsg ukdfbrng
kj pjrtg dkfgrdbr ab erêfdmb. Vghj j Fdeurj 4.=?.

FDEWYJ 4.=? EYÊFDMB AG IJYYJ] ]DN_LG]

]bu pjrmdjl kgssj vdsíb pjrj gstg gxgnplb gspgmîfdmb, pbrqug b ljybut
pbssdidldtj mblbmjr js mjdxjs ag tgxtb adrgtjngktg jb ljab abs pbktbs ag ajabs
qug agsmrgvgn (kbtg qug butrbs ajabs gstíb lê pjrj mbktgxtujldzjr, njs síb
ldegdrjngktg mblbmjabs gn sgeukab pljkb pbr ngdb ab usb ag tbks njds
mljrbs). Jlän adssb, tgkab Jktgs g Agpbds mbnb prdkmdpjl mljssdfdmjåíb,
pbssb ldndtjr b vdsujl j aujs mbrgs, mbnb prgtb g jzul, jb pjssb qug très
tbkjldajags sgríb usjajs kjs jltgrkjtdvjs j sgeudr.
Jltgrkjtdvj =8 Erêfdmb ag ijrrjs cbrdzbktjds
gnpdlcjajs j :??%
Zujkab b mbkmgdtb ag pjrtg ab tbab ä dnpbrtjktg (jleb qug vbmè kíb
mbksgeug mbn j Jltgrkjtdvj : bu 9), b erêfdmb ag ijrrjs cbrdzbktjds
gnpdlcjajs j :??% mbksgeug dssb. Vghj j Fdeurj 4.=:. Jqud, vbmè tgn unj
ldkcj ag ijsg ukdfbrng pjrj usjr kj mbnpjrjåíb, ï gsqugraj g ï adrgdtj ab
erêfdmb. Dssb pgrndtg qug b pøildmb mbnpjrg fjmdlngktg bs sgengktbs
kgejtdvbs, ï gsqugraj, g bs sgengktbs pbsdtdvbs, ï adrgdtj, kjs aujs ijrrjs g,
pbr dssb, ä unj njkgdrj øtdl ag vdsujldzjr ajabs ag pgsqudsj gn egrjl.

FDEWYJ 4.=: EYÊFDMB AG IJYYJ] CBYDXBKQJD] GN_DLCJAJ] J :??%

Kj Fdeurj 4.=:, bptgd pbr njktgr js lgegkajs ab gdxb xx,, gn vgz mblbmjr
lgegkajs ag ajabs adrgtjngktg kjs ijrrjs. Gu tgkab j fjzgr dssb qujkab usb
ijrrjs gnpdlcjajs j :??%, j fdn ag usjr j gsmjlj aj pjrtg supgrdbr pjrj lgr aj
gsqugraj pjrj j adrgdtj bu aj adrgdtj pjrj j gsqugraj. Kgstg mjsb, dssb kbs
pgrndtg jtrdiudr køngrbs pjrj j nuajkåj ag Jktgs pjrj Agpbds kj
gxtrgndajag kgejtdvj aj gsmjlj (“Gktgadjab„ g “Kjaj agnjds„) bu aj adrgdtj
pjrj j gsqugraj, fjzgkab b ngsnb pjrj j gxtrgndajag pbsdtdvj (“Qgkcb
dktgrgssg„ g “Gktusdjsnjab„). Kb erêfdmb ag ijrrjs sdnplgs nbstrjab jktgs
(Fdeurj 4.=?), bptgd pbr bndtdr b gdxb g lgegkajr js ijrrjs adrgtjngktg. Dssb
dlustrj mbnb adfgrgktgs vds÷gs ag sgus ajabs pbagn lgvê-lb j adfgrgktgs
gsmblcjs ag agsdek. _gksg sgnprg gn mbnb qugr qug sgu pøildmb usg b
erêfdmb g fjåj sujs gsmblcjs ag agsdek ag fbrnj mbrrgspbkagktg8 adfgrgktgs
gsmblcjs fjríb sgktdab gn adfgrgktgs sdtujå÷gs.
Jltgrkjtdvj 18 erêfdmb ag dkmldkjåíb
J øltdnj jltgrkjtdvj qug vbu jprgsgktjr jqud ä b erêfdmb ag dkmldkjåíb. Mbnb
kb mjsb ab erêfdmb ag ijrrjs sdnplgs, kgstj vdsíb vbmè kíb tgn unj dagdj

mljrj ag cjvgr un tbab g, jssdn, pjrtgs ag un tbab (mbnb jmbktgmdj kj pdzzj

dkdmdjl bu kjs ijrrjs cbrdzbktjds gnpdlcjajs j :??%). Jlän adssb, sg fbr
dnpbrtjktg bragkjr sujs mjtgebrdjs ag agtgrndkjaj njkgdrj, un erêfdmb ag
dkmldkjåíb kgn sgnprg sgrê dagjl, pbds js vêrdjs mjtgebrdjs síb mblbmjajs ag
jmbrab mbn bs rgspgmtdvbs vjlbrgs ag ajabs. Kb ljab adrgdtb aj Fdeurj 4.=9,
vbmè tgn j gxtrgndajag pbsdtdvj aj gsmjlj kj pjrtg supgrdbr, njs kbtg qug
“Gktgadjab„ g “Kjaj agnjds„, kj pjrtg dkfgrdbr, gstíb trbmjabs gn rgljåíb j
mbnb jpjrgmdjn gn unj gsmjlj bradkjl, pbr mjusj abs vjlbrgs
mbrrgspbkagktgs j gssgs pbktbs. ]g prgmdsjr dnpbr j bragn ajs mjtgebrdjs, usg
b erêfdmb ag ijrrjs sdnplgs bu b erêfdmb ag ijrrjs gnpdlcjajs j :??%, kb
qujl dssb pbag sgr mbktrbljab.

FDEWYJ 4.=9 EYÊFDMB AG DKMLDKJÅÍB

Mbn b erêfdmb ag dkmldkjåíb aj Fdeurj 4.=9, vbmè pbag vgr j nuajkåj

pgrmgktujl ag Jktgs g Agpbds pjrj mjaj mjtgebrdj, pbr ngdb aj dkmldkjåíb aj
rgspgmtdvj ldkcj. Ä fêmdl vgr rjpdajngktg qug j mjtgebrdj qug njds jungktbu
fbd “Gktusdjsnjab„ (agvdab ï dkmldkjåíb prbkukmdjaj) g qug j mjtgebrdj qug
agmldkbu jmgktujajngktg fbd “B@„. B erêfdmb ag dkmldkjåíb tjniän fbrkgmg

mljrj bragn vdsujl ajs mjtgebrdjs, aj njdbr pjrj j ngkbr (vdj sgus
rgspgmtdvbs pbktbs kb gspjåb, ag mdnj pjrj ijdxb, kbs ljabs gsqugrab g
adrgdtb ab erêfdmb).

Zujlqugr unj agssjs jltgrkjtdvjs pbag sgr j nglcbr gsmblcj, ajaj j sdtujåíb
gspgmîfdmj, mbnb vbmè agsghj qug sgu pøildmb dktgrjhj mbn j dkfbrnjåíb g
qujl pbktb (bu pbktbs) qugr gkfjtdzjr. J erjkag ldåíb jqud ä qug vbmè tgn
vêrdjs jltgrkjtdvjs ïs pdzzjs qug pbagn sgr njds gfdmjzgs pjrj gxpldmjr sgu
pbktb.

Gkmgrrjngktb
Kgstg mjpîtulb, adsmutdnbs mbksdagrjå÷gs g sbluå÷gs pjrj gkfrgktjr agsjfdbs
mbnuks kj mbnukdmjåíb vdsujl mbn ajabs. Dkgvdtjvglngktg, vbmè gkmbktrjrê
agsjfdbs
jprgkadabagabvdsujldzjåíb
pgksjngktbagmrîtdmb
ajabsgkvblvdab
abs qujds kj
kíbsbluåíb
trjtjnbs.
ag Cê nudtb
jleuks j sgr
agssgs
mgkêrdbs, jssdn mbnb aj prýprdj “rgspbstj„. Mbkfbrng adsmutdnbs, kj
vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs rjrjngktg cê un økdmb mjndkcb bu sbluåíb mbrrgtj.
Jdkaj njds gxgnplbs

_jrj njds gstuabs ag mjsb mbnb bs qug mbksdagrjnbs jqud, vghj ngu ilbe, gn
stbrytglldkewdtcajtj.mbn,, gn dkelès, bkag vbmè gkmbktrjrê vêrdbs gxgnplbs ag “jktgs
stbrytglldkewdtcajtj.mbn
g agpbds„ qug utdldzjn js ldå÷gs qug jprgkagnbs.

Zujkab vbmè sg gkmbktrjr gn unj sdtujåíb kj qujl kíb tgn mgrtgzj ag mbnb
prbmgagr, qujsg sgnprg rgmbngkab j ngsnj gstrjtäedj8 mbksdagrg sgu
pøildmb. B qug vbmè prgmdsj qug glg sjdij bu fjåj2 Zug cdstýrdj prgtgkag
mbktjr j glg2 Frgqugktgngktg, rgspbkagkab j gssjs pgreuktjs, un ibn
mjndkcb pjrj mbnb jprgsgktjr sgus ajabs sg tbrkjrê mljrb. Mjsb mbktrêrdb,
tgktg vêrdjs vds÷gs g iusqug bpdkd÷gs.
Ngu agsjfdb pjrj vbmè ä mbksdagrjr mbnb pbag jpldmjr tbajs js ldå÷gs qug
jprgkagnbs g sujs cjidldajags ag pgksjngktb mrîtdmb kbs advgrsbs g vjrdjabs
prbilgnjs ag vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs qug gkmbktrjr. J rgspbksjidldajag ‑ g j
bpbrtukdajag ‑ ag mbktjr unj cdstýrdj mbn ajabs ä suj.

mjpîtulb agz

mbksdagrjå÷gs fdkjds
J vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs ‑ g j mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs gn egrjl ‑ sdtuj-sg
kj dktgrsgmåíb gktrg j mdèkmdj g j jrtg. Mgrtjngktg cê mdèkmdj kdssb8 nglcbrgs
prêtdmjs g adrgtrdzgs j sgeudr, mbkfbrng adsmutdnbs jb lbkeb agstg ldvrb. Njs
tjniän cê un mbnpbkgktg jrtîstdmb. Gssg ä un abs nbtdvbs agssj êrgj sgr
tíb advgrtdaj. Glj ä dkgrgktgngktg advgrsdfdmjaj. Adfgrgktgs pgssbjs gkmjrjríb

js mbdsjsagagvdsujldzjåíb
agsjfdb njkgdrjs vjrdjajs g suegrdríb
ag ajabs. Mbkfbrngsbluå÷gs adstdktjs
adsmutdnbs, kíb pjrj b ngsnb
cê unj økdmj
rgspbstj “mgrtj„. Frgqugktgngktg gxdstgn nudtbs mjndkcbs pbssîvgds pjrj j
mbnukdmjåíb gfdmjz mbn ajabs. Jpldqug js ldå÷gs jibrajajs kgstg ldvrb pjrj
fbrhjr b sgu mjndkcb, mbn b bihgtdvb ag usjr suj ldmgkåj jrtîstdmj pjrj
fjmdldtjr b gktgkadngktb aj dkfbrnjåíb pbr sgu pøildmb.
Vbmè jprgkagu b ijstjktg kgstg ldvrb pjrj sg prgpjrjr pjrj b sumgssb kj
mbnukdmjåíb gfdmdgktg mbn ajabs. Kgstg øltdnb mjpîtulb, vjnbs adsmutdr
jleunjs admjs sbirg bkag dr j pjrtdr ajqud g gstrjtäedjs pjrj jprdnbrjr j
mjpjmdajag ag stbrytglldke mbn ajabs gn suj gqudpg g gn suj gnprgsj. _br
fdn, vjnbs rgmjpdtuljr js prdkmdpjds ldå÷gs jibrajajs g b agdxjrgnbs êvdab g
prbktb pjrj mbktjr cdstýrdjs mbn ajabs.

_jrj bkag dr j pjrtdr ajqud

Lgr sbirg stbrytglldke mbn ajabs gfdmjz ä unj mbdsj. Njs mbnb vbmè
trjksfbrnj b qug jprgkagnbs gn jpldmjåíb prêtdmj2 B nbab sdnplgs ag fdmjr
ibn kdssb ä fjzgkab
fjzgkab88 prjtdmjr, prjtdmjr g prjtdmjr njds un pbumb. _rbmurg
bpbrtukdajags gn sgu trjijlcb pjrj jpldmjr js ldå÷gs qug jprgkagnbs. Kbtg
qug kíb prgmdsj sgr unj qugstíb ag tuab bu kjaj ‑ un nbab ag jvjkåjr ä
pbr ngdb ag nglcbrdjs prbergssdvjs gn un trjijlcb hê gxdstgktg bu gn
jkajngktb. _gksg tjniän gn qujkab vbmè pbagrê usjr tbab b prbmgssb ag
stbrytglldke mbn ajabs qug jibrajnbs.

Jebrj qugrb rgvdsjr tbab kbssb rgljtýrdb ngksjl!

Vbmè prbvjvglngktg vè bs erêfdmbs ag fbrnj adfgrgktg ab qug vdj kb dkîmdb ag kbssj

hbrkjaj. Ygpgksjr b nbab mbnb vbmè vdsujldzj ajabs ä ýtdnb. Njs kíb agdxg qug
bihgtdvbs jnidmdbsbs agnjds bprdnjn g jtrjpjlcgn b prbergssb. _gksg gn qujds
nglcbrdjs prbergssdvjs vbmè pbag fjzgr, gkqujktb trjijlcj pjrj jtdkedr b kdrvjkj ab
stbrytglldke mbn ajabs. _br gxgnplb, sg vbmè gstê pgksjkab gn rgfbrnuljr sgus
rgljtýrdbs rgeuljrgs, un pjssb dktgrngadêrdb pbagrdj sgr mbngåjr j mbksdagrê-lbs
mbnb jpèkadmgs. Agdxg bs ajabs lê, pjrj rgfgrèkmdj, njs mblbqug-bs pjrj três j fdn
ag qug kíb jtrjpjlcgn j ngksjegn prdkmdpjl. Dksdrj jleuks sldags bu unj kbtj ag
mjpj kj frgktg g usg dssb pjrj gxtrjdr js cdstýrdjs dktgrgssjktgs, jprbvgdtjkab js ldå÷gs
ag stbrytglldke mbn ajabs qug jibrajnbs. Jssdn, vbmè pbag fbmjr njds fjmdlngktg
sgu pøildmb kjs cdstýrdjs dnpbrtjktgs g kjs jå÷gs rgsultjktgs.

_jrj jleuks
agsmrgvgr pjssbs
mdkmb mbkmrgtbs
admjs g gspgmîfdmbs
fdkjds8 mbkcgåj sbirgfgrrjngktjs,
ign sujs bkag dr j pjrtdr
dtgrgajqud, vbu
g iusqug
bpdkd÷gs, agdxg tgnpb sufdmdgktg pjrj gssj pjrtg ab prbmgssb, iusqug
dkspdrjåíb gn butrjs pgssbjs g ‑ pbr øltdnb ‑ advdrtj-sg jb fjzgr dssb!
Vjnbs adsmutdr mjaj unj agljs.
Admj :8 mbkcgåj ign sujs fgrrjngktjs
Egrjlngktg gu gvdtb adsmutdr fgrrjngktjs, pbds js ldå÷gs qug jibrajnbs síb
iêsdmjs g pbagn sgr jpldmjajs gn advgrsbs erjus, gn qujlqugr fgrrjngktj
(pbr gxgnplb, Gxmgl bu Qjilgju). Kíb agdxg qug sujs fgrrjngktjs sghjn un
fjtbr ldndtjktg
j b nglcbr qugkj mbnukdmjåíb
puagr. gfdmdgktg
Zujkab gstdvgr mbn ajabs.
mbngåjkab Gsmblcj
j usê-lj, ununj g mbkcgåj-
mursb pjrj
mbkcgmgr bs fukajngktbs pbag sgr øtdl. Mbktuab, ndkcj gxpgrdèkmdj adz qug j
nglcbr njkgdrj ag jprgkagr unj fgrrjngktj ä usjkab-j. Zujkab kíb
agsmbirdr mbnb fjzgr jleb, kíb agsdstj. Mbktdkug j ngxgr kb prberjnj g
prbmurg sbluå÷gs kb Ebbelg. Qbaj frustrjåíb qug vbmè tdvgr vjlgrê j pgkj
qujkab abndkjr suj fgrrjngktj!
Vbmè kíb prgmdsj ag fgrrjngktjs sbfdstdmjajs pjrj vdsujldzjr ign bs ajabs.
Qbabs bs gxgnplbs qug vdnbs kgstg ldvrb fbrjn mrdjabs kb Ndmrbsbft Gxmgl,
b qujl mbksdagrb b njds adfukadab qujkab sg trjtj ag jkêldsg mbngrmdjl.
Gnibrj gu usg prdkmdpjlngktg b Gxmgl pjrj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs, gssj kíb ä
suj økdmj bpåíb. Gxdstgn nudtjs fgrrjngktjs kb ngrmjab. J sgeudr cê un

rgsunb nudtb rêpdab ag jleunjs ajs fgrrjngktjs mbkcgmdajs, jtujlngktg

usjajs pjrj mrdjr vdsujldzjå÷gs ag ajabs mbnb js qug gxjndkjnbs8

_ljkdlcjs ab Ebbelg síb erjtudtjs, bkldkg g pbagn sgr mbnpjrtdlcjajs,

pgrndtdkab qug vêrdjs pgssbjs gadtgn (qujkab gstj birj gstjvj sgkab
prbauzdaj jdkaj cjvdj rgstrdå÷gs kj fbrnjtjåíb ag erêfdmbs, b qug
tbrkjvj agsjfdjabr jpldmjr jleunjs ajs ldå÷gs qug jibrajnbs sbirg
agssjturjr g mcjnjr j jtgkåíb pjrj bkag vbmè qugr).
Qjilgju ä unj mbkcgmdaj sbluåíb ag vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs prbktj
pjrj usb qug pbag sgr ýtdnj pjrj jkêldsg gxplbrjtýrdj, pbds pgrndtg
mrdjr rjpdajngktg vêrdjs vds÷gs g erêfdmbs ag ibj jpjrèkmdj j pjrtdr ag
sgus ajabs. _bag sgr usjaj pjrj jkêldsg gxpldmjtdvj pbr ngdb ab
rgmursb ]tbry _bdkts. Mustj mjrb, gnibrj gstghj adspbkîvgl unj bpåíb
erjtudtj, Qjilgju _uildm, sg kíb fbr prbilgnj mjrrgejr sgus ajabs gn
un sgrvdabr pøildmb.
Ldkeujegks ag prberjnjåíb ‑ mbnb Y, A= (Hjvj]mrdpt), _rbmgssdke g
_ytcbk ‑ tèn unj murvj ag jprgkadzjab njds prbkukmdjaj, njs
pgrndtgn njdbr flgxdidldajag, pbds vbmè pbag mbktrbljr bs glgngktbs
gspgmîfdmbs abs erêfdmbs qug mrdj g rgpgtdr gssjs gspgmdfdmjå÷gs pbr
ngdb ag mýadeb.
Jleunjs pgssbjs usjn Jabig Dllustrjtbr, sbzdkcb, huktb mbn erêfdmbs
mrdjabs gn un jpldmjtdvb mbnb b Gxmgl bu pbr ngdb ag unj ldkeujegn
ag prberjnjåíb pjrj fjmdldtjr j njkdpuljåíb abs glgngktbs ab erêfdmb
g bitgr jpjrèkmdj g mbnpbrtjngktb prbfdssdbkjds.

Mbnb usb b _bwgr_bdkt

_jrj ndn, b _bwgr_bdkt ä jpgkjs b ngmjkdsnb qug ng pgrndtg brejkdzjr un fblcgtb

bu jprgsgktjr kb tglíb.
Zujsg sgnprg mbngåb mbn un sldag gn irjkmb g kíb usb bs njrmjabrgs dktgrkbs
qug fjmdlngktg trjksfbrnjn mbktgøab ag jprgsgktjåíb gn tglgprbnptgr.
Ä pbssîvgl mbkstrudr erêfdmbs adrgtjngktg kb _bwgr_bdkt0 mbktuab, tgkab j kíb fjzgr
dssb. Cê njdbr flgxdidldajag kb Gxmgl (kb qujl, jlän ab erêfdmb, vbmè tjniän pbag
tgr jleuks glgngktbs ag un erêfdmb ‑ pbr gxgnplb, tîtulbs bu lgegkajs ag gdxb ‑
adrgtjngktg kj mäluljs, b qug ïs vgzgs ä øtdl). _br dssb, mrdb ngu vdsujds kb Gxmgl g,
gktíb, mbpdb g mblb mbnb dnjegn kb _bwgr_bdkt. ]g gstbu usjkab tgxtb huktb mbn

un erêfdmb ‑ pbr gxgnplb, pjrj mcjnjr j jtgkåíb pjrj un pbktb gspgmîfdmb ‑,

kbrnjlngktg fjåb dssb pbr ngdb ag unj mjdxj ag tgxtb kb _bwgr_bdkt.
B rgmursb ag jkdnjåíb ab _bwgr_bdkt pbag sgr øtdl pjrj b agsgkvblvdngktb ag unj
cdstýrdj mbn dtgrjå÷gs ab ngsnb vdsujl, mbnb nbstrjab kb Mjpîtulb 3 bu gn jleuks
abs gstuabs ag mjsb ab Mjpîtulb 4. Zujkab usjr jkdnjåíb kb _bwgr_bdkt, usg
sbngktg Jpjrgmgr bu Agsjpjrgmgr sdnplgs (gn jleuks mjsbs, Qrjkspjrèkmdj tjniän
pbag sgr øtdl)0 gvdtg qujlqugr jkdnjåíb qug fjåj bs glgngktbs jpjrgmgrgn bu
agsjpjrgmgrgn erjaujlngktg ‑ dssb ä b gqudvjlgktg abs erêfdmbs gn =A pjrj
sbftwjrg ag jprgsgktjåíb8 agskgmgssêrdb g jtrjpjlcj!

Butrj fgrrjngktj iêsdmj gssgkmdjl pjrj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs, qug kíb dkmluî
kj ldstj jktgrdbr, ä b pjpgl ‑ b qug ng lgvj ï ndkcj prýxdnj admj.
Admj 98 dtgrg g iusqug bpdkd÷gs
Gu jprgsgktgd b prbmgssb ab stbrytglldke mbn ajabs mbnb un mjndkcb ldkgjr.
Kj rgjldajag, dssb kíb jmbktgmg frgqugktgngktg. Ä prgmdsb dtgrjå÷gs pjrj dr
ajs dagdjs dkdmdjds pjrj unj sbluåíb fdkjl. Zujkab b nglcbr pgrmursb pjrj
vdsujldzjr mgrtbs ajabs kíb gstdvgr mljrb, mbngmg mbn unj fblcj ag pjpgl gn
irjkmb. Dssb pgrndtg gsibåjr js dagdjs sgn js rgstrdå÷gs ag sujs fgrrjngktjs
bu ab qug vbmè sjig fjzgr mbn gljs. Gsibmg pbssîvgds vds÷gs pjrj mblbmê-ljs
ljab j ljab g agtgrndkjr qujl fukmdbkjrê nglcbr pjrj gxpldmjr suj ngksjegn
jb sgu pøildmb. Jmcb qug gstjiglgmgnbs ngkbs vîkmulbs mbn b prbautb ag
kbssb trjijlcb ‑ b qug pbag fjmdldtjr j dtgrjåíb ‑ qujkab gstjnbs
trjijlcjkab kb pjpgl, kíb gn kbssbs mbnputjabrgs. Qjniän cê jleb
ldigrtjabr gn agsgkcjr kb pjpgl gn irjkmb, b qug pbag fjmdldtjr j
dagktdfdmjåíb ag kbvjs jibrajegks, sg vbmè gstdvgr sg sgktdkab prgsb. Wnj
vgz gsibåjaj suj gstrjtäedj iêsdmj, mbksdagrg b qug vbmè tgn ï adspbsdåíb ‑
fgrrjngktjs bu gspgmdjldstjs dktgrkbs bu gxtgrkbs ‑ pjrj mrdjr b vdsujl.
Jb mrdjr suj jprgsgktjåíb gn un jpldmjtdvb ag egrjåíb ag erêfdmbs (pbr
gxgnplb, b Gxmgl) g rgfdkjr pjrj dr ab ibn jb ýtdnb, vbmè pbag usjr b qug
mcjnb ag “gstrjtäedj ab bptbngtrdstj„. Mrdg unj vgrsíb ab erêfdmb (vjnbs
mcjnê-lj ag J), fjåj unj mýpdj aglj (I) g rgjldzg unj økdmj jltgrjåíb. Gktíb,
agtgrndkg b qug pjrgmg nglcbr ‑ J bu I. Frgqugktgngktg, j prêtdmj ag vgr
pgqugkjs vjrdjå÷gs unj jb ljab aj butrj tbrkj rjpdajngktg mljrb qujl vdsíb ä
supgrdbr. Mbktdkug jssdn, prgsgrvjkab b “nglcbr„ erêfdmb njds rgmgktg g
fjzgkab pgqugkjs nbadfdmjå÷gs gn unj mýpdj (j fdn ag qug vbmè sgnprg

pbssj tgr j vgrsíb jktgrdbr, pjrj vbltjr j glj mjsb j nbadfdmjåíb j pdbrg) jtä j
vgrsíb dagjl.
Gn qujlqugr pbktb, sg b nglcbr mjndkcb kíb gstdvgr mljrb, iusqug bpdkd÷gs.
B kbvb blcjr qug un jndeb bu mblgej pbssj tgr gn rgljåíb jb trjijlcb ag
vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs ä vjldbsb. Nbstrg suj jprgsgktjåíb j njds jleuän g
pgåj pjrj adzgr j vbmè mbnb fbd b prbmgssb ngktjl8 b qug mcjnj j jtgkåíb,
qujds bisgrvjå÷gs fjz, qujds pgreuktjs tgn g qujds dagdjs pbag tgr pjrj
nglcbr gxpldmjr sgu pbktb. Gssjs mbkstjtjå÷gs pgrndtdríb qug vbmè sjdij sg b
erêfdmb qug mrdbu gstê mbrrgtb bu, sg kíb gstdvgr, ajrê unj dagdj ag bkag fjzgr
nuajkåjs g fbmjldzjr j dtgrjåíb mbktdkujaj.
Mbn rgljåíb ï dtgrjåíb, cê jleb qug tjlvgz vbmè prgmdsg njds ab qug tuab
pjrj tgr sumgssb8 tgnpb.
Admj =8 agadqug tgnpb jb stbrytglldke mbn ajabs
Quab qug adsmutdnbs kgstg ldvrb gxdeg tgnpb. Ä kgmgssêrdb tgnpb pjrj tgr un
gktgkadngktb sýldab ab mbktgxtb, tgnpb pjrj sjigr b qug nbtdvj kbssb
pøildmb, tgnpb pjrj gljibrjr j cdstýrdj ag très ndkutbs g fbrnjr j Erjkag
Dagdj. Ä prgmdsb tgnpb pjrj vgr bs ajabs ag adfgrgktgs nbabs g agtgrndkjr
mbnb ä nglcbr nbstrê-lbs. Qgnpb pjrj brejkdzjr, mcjnjr j jtgkåíb, dtgrjr,
iusmjr bpdkd÷gs g dtgrjr njds jleunjs vgzgs pjrj mrdjr un vdsujl gfdmjz. Lgvj
tgnpb rgukdr tuab gn unj cdstýrdj g fbrnjr unj kjrrjtdvj mbgsj g mjtdvjktg.

Lgvj jdkaj njds tgnpb fjzgr tuab dssb ign.

Wnj ag ndkcjs njdbrgs admjs pjrj tgr sumgssb kb stbrytglldke mbn ajabs ä
rgsgrvjr tgnpb jagqujab pjrj dssb. ]g kíb rgmbkcgmgrnbs mbksmdgktgngktg
qug lgvj tgnpb pjrj fjzgr dssb ign g tgr un bråjngktb mbrrgspbkagktg,
kbssb tgnpb pbagrê sgr tbtjlngktg mbksundab pgljs butrjs pjrtgs ab prbmgssb
jkjlîtdmb. _gksg kb prbmgssb jkjlîtdmb tîpdmb8 vbmè mbngåj mbn unj pgreuktj
bu cdpýtgsg, gktíb mblgtj bs ajabs, agpbds ldnpj bs ajabs g bs jkjldsj. Agpbds
adssb tuab, pbag sgr tgktjabr sdnplgsngktg mblbmjr bs ajabs gn un erêfdmb g
adzgr qug gstê prbktb .

Njs, mbn gssj gstrjtäedj, kíb gstjnbs fjzgkab hustdåj mbkbsmb ‑ kgn mbn
kbssbs ajabs. Js mbkfdeurjå÷gs pjaríb ag kbssb jpldmjtdvb ag egrjåíb ag
erêfdmbs kbrnjlngktg gstíb lbkeg ab dagjl. Kbssjs fgrrjngktjs kíb

mbkcgmgn j cdstýrdj qug qugrgnbs mbktjr. Mbnidkg gssjs aujs mbdsjs g vbmè
mbrrgrê b rdsmb ag pgragr erjkag pjrtg ab vjlbr gn pbtgkmdjl ‑ dkmludkab j
bpbrtukdajag ag gstdnuljr j jåíb g fjzgr nuajkåjs ‑, sg kíb agadmjr b

tgnpb jagqujab
mbnukdmjåíb. j gssj
Gssj gtjpj pjrtg
ä j økdmj fdkjl ab prbmgssb jkjlîtdmb8
dktgdrb qugj sgu
gtjpj aj vè.
pøildmb
Agadqug tgnpb j gssj dnpbrtjktg gtjpj. Gspgrg agnbrjr njds ab qug
dnjedkj, j fdn ag agdxjr tgnpb sufdmdgktg pjrj dtgrjr g fjzgr j mbdsj mgrtj.
gxgnpl bs
Admj 18 iusqug dkspdrjåíb pbr ngdb ag ibks gxgnplbs
J dndtjåíb ä rgjlngktg b nglcbr glbedb. ]g vbmè vdr unj vdsujldzjåíb ag
ajabs bu un gxgnplb ag stbrytglldke mbn ajabs ag qug ebstg, pgksg gn
mbnb pbagrdj jajptjr j jibrajegn pjrj sgu prýprdb usb. Ygfldtj sbirg b qug
j tbrkj gfdmjz. Fjåj unj mýpdj aglj g mrdg unj idildbtgmj vdsujl qug vbmè
pbssj mbnplgngktjr
Dndtg bs kb agmbrrgr
ibks gxgnplbs ab tgnpb
g gstrjtäedjs g mbksultjr pjrj iusmjr dkspdrjåíb.
qug vdr.
Adtb ag unj fbrnj njds prbvbmjtdvj‑ dndtjåíb ä jleb ibn. Jprgkagnbs
dndtjkab bs gspgmdjldstjs. Ä pbr dssb qug vbmè vè pgssbjs mbn sgus mjagrkbs
ag agsgkcb g mjvjlgtgs kbs nusgus ag jrtg ‑ glgs gstíb dktgrprgtjkab
trjijlcbs kbtêvgds. Ngu njrdab ng adz qug, gkqujktb jprgkag j tbmjr hjzz kb
sjxbfbkg, pbag buvdr bs ngstrgs rgpgtdajngktg ‑ ïs vgzgs ldndtjkab-sg j un
økdmb mbnpjssb, tbmjab gn vglbmdajag njds lgktj, qug prjtdmj jtä mbksgeudr
rgpgtdr js kbtjs pgrfgdtjngktg. Gssj dagdj ag usjr gxmglgktgs gxgnplbs mbnb

jrquätdpb pjrj jprgkagr sg jpldmj tjniän ï vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs.

Gxdstgn vêrdbs ilbes g rgmursbs ýtdnbs sbirg b tgnj aj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs
g mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs, mbktgkab nudtbs gxgnplbs ibks. Gstgs síb jleuks
ag ngus fjvbrdtbs pgssbjds jtujds (dkmludkab b ngu! - tbabs gn dkelès)8

Gjegr Gygs ((gjegrgygs.bre

gjegrgygs.bre,, Ybigrt @bsjrj)8 mbktgøab mudajabsb sbirg
vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs g stbrytglldke vdsujl.
FdvgQcdrtyGdect—s Ajtj Lji (fdvgtcdrtygdect.mbn/ajtjlji,
fdvgtcdrtygdect.mbn/ajtjlji, vêrdbs
jutbrgs)8 ebstb ab gstdlb erêfdmb tdpdmjngktg ndkdnjldstj sbirg unj

erjkag
Flbwdkevjrdgajag ag kbtîmdjs g gvgktbs
Ajtj (flbwdkeajtj.mbn
flbwdkeajtj.mbn, jtujds.Tju)8 j pjrtdmdpjåíb kb
, Kjtcjk
erupb aê adrgdtb j mbktgøab prgndun, njs tjniän cê nudtbs

gxgnplbs ag vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs erjtudtbs g gxmglgktgs.

Qcg Fukmtdbkjl Jrt (tcgfukmtdbkjljrt.mbn,
tcgfukmtdbkjljrt.mbn, Jligrtb Mjdrb)8 unj
dktrbauåíb ïs dnjegks erêfdmjs g ï vdsujldzjåíb ag dkfbrnjå÷gs, mbn
pbsts mbkmdsbs agstjmjkab
Qcg Eujradjk Ajtj Ilbembksglcbs g gxgnplbs. , vêrdbs jutbrgs)8
tcgeujradjk.mbn/ajtj,
(tcgeujradjk.mbn/ajtj
ajabs rgljmdbkjabs j kbtîmdjs, frgqugktgngktg mbn jrtdeb g
vdsujldzjå÷gs jmbnpjkcjktgs, aj jeèkmdj ag kbtîmdjs irdtékdmj.
CglpNgVdz (CglpNgVdz.mbn,
CglpNgVdz.mbn, Hbk ]mcwjidsc)8 “Jhuajkab js pgssbjs
mbn vdsujldzjå÷gs mbtdadjkjs„, gstg sdtg pgrndtg suingtgr un vdsujl
pjrj rgmgigr bpdkd÷gs abs lgdtbrgs bu iusmjr gxgnplbs g js mbkvgrsjs
mbrrgspbkagktgs kbs jrqudvbs.
Huk` Mcjrts (huk`mcjrts.typgpja.mbn
huk`mcjrts.typgpja.mbn,, @jdsgr Fuke)8 ab jutb-
prbmljnjab “prdngdrb ajab sjidajngktg mrîtdmb aj wgi„, fbmjldzj b
qug fjz glgngktbs erêfdmbs fukmdbkjrgn g mbnb nglcbrê-lbs.
Nj`g j _bwgrful _bdkt (nj`gjpbwgrfulpbdkt.mbn,
nj`gjpbwgrfulpbdkt.mbn, Ejvdk
NmNjcbk)8 mbktgøab advgrtdab g ag fêmdl mbnprggksíb sbirg mrdjåíb g
mbnb fjzgr jprgsgktjå÷gs g jprgsgktjr ajabs.
_grmgptujl Gaeg (pgrmgptujlgaeg.mbn,
pgrmgptujlgaeg.mbn, ]tgpcgk Fgw)8 mbktgøab
prêtdmb sbirg vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs pjrj rjmdbkjldzjåíb g
mbnukdmjåíb.
Vdsujldsdke Ajtj (vdsujldsdkeajtj.mbn
vdsujldsdkeajtj.mbn,, Jkay @dr`)8 agsmrgvg b
agsgkvblvdngktb aj êrgj ag vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs, mbn unj gxmglgktg
ldstj ag rgmursbs ngksjl “nglcbrgs vdsujldzjå÷gs aj wgi„.
VdzUdz (vdzwdz.ilbespbt.mbn
vdzwdz.ilbespbt.mbn,, Jkay @rdgigl)8 nglcbrgs prêtdmjs kj
vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs, nätbabs pjrj nglcbrjr un trjijlcb gxdstgktg g
admjs g truqugs pjrj usjr b Qjilgju ]bftwjrg.
stbrytglldke wdtc ajtj (stbrytglldkewdtcajtj.mbn)8
stbrytglldkewdtcajtj.mbn)8 ngu ilbe gkfbmj j
mbnukdmjåíb gfdmjz mbn ajabs g mbktän nudtbs gxgnplbs,
rgnbagljå÷gs vdsujds g adêlbeb pgrnjkgktg.
Dssb ä jpgkjs unj jnbstrj. Gxdstg nudtb mbktgøab ibn pbr jî. Gu mbktdkub j
jprgkagr mbn butrjs pgssbjs qug síb jtdvjs kgssg gspjåb g gstíb fjzgkab un
ýtdnb trjijlcb. Vbmè tjniän pbag!
Jprgkaj tjniän mbn gxgnplbs kíb tíb ibks

Nudtjs vgzgs, vbmè pbag jprgkagr tjktb mbn gxgnplbs rudks ag vdsujldzjåíb ag
ajabs ‑ b qug kíb fjzgr ‑ qujktb mbn bs qug síb gfdmjzgs. Cê tjktbs erêfdmbs rudks
qug gxdstgn sdtgs dktgdrbs pjrj nglcbrê-lbs, mrdtdmê-lbs g agibmcjr aglgs. _jrj un
gxgnplb
mbktgøabadvgrtdab,
ä agsmrdtbvghj UQF Vdsujldzjtdbks
sdnplgsngktg (wtfvdz.kgt),
(wtfvdz.kgt
mbnb “vdsujldzjå÷gs ), mbktgøab
qug dkelès,
kíb fjzgn kb qujl
sgktdab„. Gubb
agsjfdb kíb sbngktg j rgmbkcgmgr, qujkab gkmbktrjr un gxgnplb rudn ag
vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs, njs tjniän j rgflgtdr pbr qug kíb ä dagjl g mbnb pbagrdj sgr
nglcbrjab.

Jebrj vbmè mbksgeug tgr adsmgrkdngktb qujkab sg trjtj ag gxdidåíb vdsujl ag

dkfbrnjå÷gs. Kukmj njds vbmè vgrê un erêfdmb aj ngsnj fbrnj. Wn
pjrtdmdpjktg ag un wbr`scbp ng adssg qug gstê “jrrudkjab„ ‑ glg kíb pbag
gkmbktrjr unj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs sgn jpldmjr sujs kbvjs lgktgs pjrj
jvjldjr
fjzgkabjprbergssb
gfdmêmdj. Ebstb
gn nguag bihgtdvb
buvdr gssjs cdstýrdjs,
ag ldvrjr pbds sdekdfdmjn
b nukab ag erêfdmbsqug gstbu
dkgfdmdgktgs. Vbmè fbd jrrudkjab agssj ngsnj njkgdrj, njs dssb ä ibn!
Mbktdkug j jprgkagr g j usjr bs jspgmtbs abs ibks gxgnplbs qug vdr,
gkqujktb gvdtj js jrnjadlcjs abs rudks, qujkab mbngåjr j mrdjr sgu prýprdb
gstdlb ag vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs.
Admj 78 advdrtj-sg g gkmbktrg sgu gstdlb
Zujkab j njdbrdj ajs pgssbjs pgksj gn ajabs, unj ajs mbdsjs njds adstjktgs
ag sujs ngktgs ä j mrdjtdvdajag. Njs agktrb aj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs
mgrtjngktg gxdstg gspjåb pjrj j mrdjtdvdajag. Ajabs pbagn sgr gxtrgnjngktg
iglbs. Kíb tgkcj ngab ag gxpgrdngktjr kbvjs jibrajegks g irdkmjr un
pbumb. Jb lbkeb ab tgnpb, vbmè vjd mbktdkujr j jprgkagr b qug fukmdbkj g b
qug kíb fukmdbkj.
Vbmè tjniän pbag agsgkvblvgr un gstdlb ag vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs pgssbjl.
_br gxgnplb, ngu njrdab adz qug mbksgeug rgmbkcgmgr js jprgsgktjå÷gs qug
mrdgd bu dkflugkmdgd. J kíb sgr qug j njrmj ag un mldgktg gxdhj jleb, gu tgkab
j fjzgr tuab gn tbks ag mdkzj g usb jzul nbagrjajngktg, gn un gstdlb
ndkdnjldstj, qujsg sgnprg mbn fbktg Jrdjl (ebstb aglj!). Dssb kíb sdekdfdmj
qug
Ngusuj gstrjtäedj
gstdlb gvbluduagvj
mbndndtjr gssgs
ijsg gn agtjlcgs gspgmîfdmbs
prgfgrèkmdjs pjrj tgr sumgssb.
pgssbjds g jprgkadzjab pbr
ngdb ag tgktjtdvj g grrb ‑ tgstgs mbn adfgrgktgs fbktgs, mbrgs g glgngktbs ag

erêfdmb. _bssb ng lgnirjr ag un gxgnplb pjrtdmuljrngktg dkfgldz qug

dkmbrpbrjvj un fukab ag erêfdmb gn tbks mdkzj mljrb g nudtjs tbkjldajags ag
ljrjkhj. _grmbrrd un lbkeb mjndkcb!
Agsag qug fjåj sgktdab pjrj j tjrgfj gn qugstíb, kíb tgkcj ngab ag agdxjr
sgu prýprdb gstdlb sg agsgkvblvgr g suj mrdjtdvdajag jflbrjr jb mbnukdmjr mbn
ajabs. Njrmjs ag gnprgsjs tjniän dkflugkmdjn b agsgkvblvdngktb ab gstdlb
kj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs0 mbksdagrg j njrmj ag suj gnprgsj g sg gxdstgn
bpbrtukdajags ag nbadfdmê-lj pjrj b nbab mbnb vbmè vdsujldzj g sg
mbnukdmj mbn ajabs. Jpgkjs mgrtdfdqug-sg ag qug suj jibrajegn g sgus
glgngktbs gstdlîstdmbs gstghjn fjmdldtjkab j dkfbrnjåíb ‑ kíb adfdmultjkab ‑
pjrj sgu pøildmb jisbrvgr.
Jebrj qug vdnbs jleunjs admjs gspgmîfdmjs pjrj vbmè sgeudr, vjnbs
gxjndkjr jleunjs dagdjs pjrj agsgkvblvgr mbnpgtèkmdj gn stbrytglldke mbn
ajabs gn butrjs pgssbjs.

Agsgkvblvj mbnpgtèkmdj gn stbrytglldke mbn ajabs

gn suj gqudpg bu gnprgsj
Jmrgadtb pdjngktg qug qujlqugr un pbag jprdnbrjr suj mjpjmdajag ag sg
mbnukdmjr mbn ajabs jprgkagkab g jpldmjkab js ldå÷gs qug jibrajnbs. Adtb
dssb, jleuks tgríb njds dktgrgssg g jptdaíb kjturjl qug butrbs kgssg gspjåb.
Zujkab sg trjtj ag sgr gfdmjz kj mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs gn suj gqudpg bu
gn sgu gnprgsj, gxdstgn jleunjs gstrjtäedjs gn pbtgkmdjl j mbksdagrjr8
nglcbrjr j mbnpgtèkmdj ag tbabs, dkvgstdr gn un gspgmdjldstj bu tgrmgdrdzjr
gssj pjrtg ab prbmgssb. Vjnbs adsmutdr irgvgngktg mjaj unj agljs.
Nglcbrjr j mbnpgtèkmdj ag tbabs
Mbkfbrng adsmutdnbs, pjrtg ab agsjfdb ä qug j vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs ä
jpgkjs unj gtjpj ab prbmgssb jkjlîtdmb. Bs mbktrjtjabs pjrj fukå÷gs
jkjlîtdmjs kbrnjlngktg tèn fbrnjå÷gs qujktdtjtdvjs, jagqujajs pjrj js
butrjs gtjpjs (gkmbktrjr bs ajabs, rgukd lbs, jkjldsê lbs, mbkstrudr nbaglbs),
njs kíb kgmgssjrdjngktg qujlqugr trgdkjngktb fbrnjl gn agsdek pjrj jhuaê-
lbs qujkab sg trjtj aj mbnukdmjåíb aj jkêldsg. Jlän adssb, mjaj vgz njds bs
qug kíb tèn fbrnjå÷gs jkjlîtdmjs gstíb sgkab sbldmdtjabs j mblbmjr bs
mcjpäus jkjlîtdmbs g sg mbnukdmjr usjkab ajabs.

_jrj gssgs abds erupbs, gkmbktrjr njkgdrjs ag trjksndtdr mbkcgmdngktb iêsdmb

pbag tbrkjr tbabs nglcbrgs. Dkvdstj gn trgdkjngktb bu usg js ldå÷gs
jibrajajs jqud pjrj ajr dnpulsb. ]birg gstj øltdnj kbtj, vghj jleunjs dagdjs8

Mluig ab ldvrb ]tbrytglldke mbn ajabs8 lgdj un mjpîtulb pbr vgz g,

gktíb, adsmutj mbn butrjs pgssbjs, dagktdfdmjkab gxgnplbs gspgmîfdmbs
gn sgu trjijlcb kbs qujds j ldåíb pbag sgr jpldmjaj.
Fjåj sgu prýprdb wbr`scbp8 agpbds ag tgrndkjr b ldvrb, fjåj sgu
prýprdb wbr`scbp ‑ sbldmdtjkab gxgnplbs ag mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs
ag suj gqudpg g adsmutdkab mbnb glgs pbagn sgr nglcbrjabs.
]geukaj-fgdrj aj Ygnbagljåíb8 agsjfdg js pgssbjs j fjzgr unj
rgnbagljåíb sgnjkjl abs gxgnplbs kíb nudtb ibks, gnprgejkab js
ldå÷gs qugbpdkd÷gs8
Mdmlb ag jibrajnbs.
gstjiglgåj j gxpgmtjtdvj ag qug js pgssbjs agvgn
mbnpjrtdlcjr b trjijlcb gn jkajngktb g ajr bpdkd÷gs unjs pjrj js
butrjs, ijsgjajs kjs ldå÷gs ag stbrytglldke mbn ajabs.
G b vgkmgabr ä8 dktrbauzj unj mbnpgtdåíb ngksjl bu trdngstrjl, kj
qujl pgssbjs bu gqudpgs pbssjn gkvdjr sgus gxgnplbs ag stbrytglldke
mbn ajabs gfdmjz g, gktíb, dkdmdg unj ejlgrdj ag gxgnplbs-nbaglb,
jmrgsmgktjkab trjijlcbs abs vgkmgabrgs aj mbnpgtdåíb kb agmbrrgr ab
tgnpb.

Zujlqugr unj agssjs gstrjtäedjs ‑ sbzdkcjs bu mbnidkjajs ‑ pbag mrdjr g

jhuajr j ejrjktdr un gkfbqug mbktdkujab kj vdsujldzjåíb g kb stbrytglldke
mbn ajabs gfdmjz.
Dkvdstj gn un bu abds gspgmdjldstjs dktgrkbs
Butrb hgdtb ä dagktdfdmjr unj bu aujs pgssbjs gn suj gqudpg bu gnprgsj qug
gstghjn dktgrgssjajs gn vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs (nglcbr jdkaj sg hê tdvgrgn
nbstrjab jleunj jptdaíb kjturjl) g dkvdstj kgljs pjrj qug sg tbrkgn sgus
gspgmdjldstjs dktgrkbs. Mrdg j gxpgmtjtdvj ag qug suj fukåíb sgrê ag mbksultbr
dktgrkb ag vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs, j qugn butrbs aj gqudpg pbagn rgmbrrgr
pjrj tgr dagdjs g bpdkd÷gs bu pjrj supgrjr agsjfdbs gspgmîfdmbs aj fgrrjngktj.
Gssg dkvgstdngktb pbag jssundr j fbrnj ag ldvrbs, fgrrjngktjs, trgdkjngktb,
wbr`scbps bu mursbs. Bfgrgåj tgnpb g bpbrtukdajags pjrj jprgkagr g

prjtdmjr. Gssj pbag sgr unj ýtdnj fbrnj ag rgmbkcgmdngktb g

agsgkvblvdngktb kj mjrrgdrj pjrj j pgssbj. Ï ngadaj qug glj mbktdkujr j
jprgkagr, pbag mbnpjrtdlcjr dssb mbn butrbs, mbnb un nbab ag ejrjktdr b

agsgkvblvdngktb mbktdkujab kj gqudpg.

Qgrmgdrdzjåíb
Gn jleunjs sdtujå÷gs pbag fjzgr sgktdab tgrmgdrdzjr j mrdjåíb ag vdsujl pjrj
un gspgmdjldstj gxtgrkb. ]g rgstrdå÷gs ag tgnpb bu cjidldajag fbrgn erjkags
agnjds pjrj supgrjr, pjrj unj kgmgssdajag gspgmîfdmj pbag vjlgr j pgkj
rgmbrrgr j un mbksultbr ag vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs bu jprgsgktjåíb. _br
gxgnplb, un mldgktg ng mbktrjtbu pjrj prbhgtjr unj dnpbrtjktg jprgsgktjåíb
qug prgmdsjvj fjzgr vêrdjs vgzgs kb jkb sgeudktg. Wnj vgz mrdjaj j cdstýrdj
iêsdmj, glg sjidj qug pbagrdj fjzgr js pgqugkjs jltgrjå÷gs kgmgssêrdjs pjrj
gkmjdxjr kbs advgrsbs jnidgktgs.
B njdbr dkmbkvgkdgktg aj tgrmgdrdzjåíb ä qug vbmè kíb agsgkvblvg js
cjidldajags kgn jprgkag ab ngsnb hgdtb, sg fbr gkfrgktjr b agsjfdb
dktgrkjngktg. _jrj jhuajr j supgrjr dssb, iusqug bpbrtukdajags ag jprgkagr
mbn b mbksultbr aurjktg b prbmgssb. Mbksdagrg sg b rgsultjab tjniän pbag
sgr un pbktb ag pjrtdaj pjrj butrb trjijlcb bu sg pbag gvbludr kb agmbrrgr ab
tgnpb, qujkab vbmè agsgkvblvgr mjpjmdajag dktgrkj.
Wnj gstrjtäedj mbnidkjaj

Qgkcb vdstb qugmbnidkjaj.

unj gstrjtäedj js gqudpgs Gljs
g gnprgsjs ag njds
rgmbkcgmgn sumgssb kgssj
j dnpbrtékmdj ab êrgj utdldzjn
stbrytglldke
mbn ajabs g dkvgstgn gn trgdkjngktb g gn prêtdmj pjrj ajr j tbabs b
mbkcgmdngktb iêsdmb aj vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs gfdmjz. Qjniän dagktdfdmjn g
aíb supbrtg pjrj un gspgmdjldstj dktgrkb, j qugn b rgstb aj gqudpg pbag
rgmbrrgr pjrj jhuajr j supgrjr agsjfdbs gspgmîfdmbs. Gljs mbktrjtjn
gspgmdjldstjs gxtgrkbs pjrj jprgkagr b qug fjz sgktdab. Ygmbkcgmgn b vjlbr
ag mbktjr cdstýrdjs mbn ajabs gfdmdgktgngktg g dkvgstgn gn sgu pgssbjl pjrj
jaqudrdr gssj mbnpgtèkmdj.
Kgstg ldvrb, fbrkgmd j vbmè b mbkcgmdngktb iêsdmb g j ldkeujegn j usjr pjrj
jhuajr suj gqudpg g suj gnprgsj j sg adstdkeudrgn kj mbnukdmjåíb mbn
ajabs. _gksg gn mbnb vbmè pbag ajr fggaijm` gn tgrnbs ajs ldå÷gs qug

jibrajnbs, pjrj jhuajr butrjs pgssbjs j nglcbrjr suj mjpjmdajag g

gfdmdèkmdj.
Vjnbs gkmgrrjr mbn unj rgmjpdtuljåíb ab mjndkcb qug tbnjnbs pjrj b
stbrytglldke mbn ajabs gfdmjz.
Ygmjpdtuljkab8 un rêpdab gxjng ag tuab qug
jprgkagnbs
Jprgkagnbs nudtb kgstg ldvrb, ab mbktgxtb jb mbrtg ag sjturjåíb g mcjnjaj
ag jtgkåíb, jtä mbnb mbktjr unj cdstýrdj pbagrbsj. Vgstdnbs kbssbs mcjpäus
ag agsdekgrs g vdnbs js mbdsjs pglbs blcbs ag kbssb pøildmb. Jqud gstê unj
rgvdsíb ajs prdkmdpjds ldå÷gs jibrajajs8

:. Gktgkaj b mbktgxtb. ]jdij mljrjngktg pjrj qugn vbmè gstê mbnukdmjkab,

b qug prgmdsj qug sjdijn bu fjåjn, mbnb vjd sg mbnukdmjr g qujds ajabs
tgn pjrj jpbdjr sgu jreungktb. Gnprgeug mbkmgdtbs mbnb j cdstýrdj ag =
ndkutbs, j Erjkag Dagdj g b stbryibjra pjrj gkukmdjr suj cdstýrdj g pljkghjr
b mbktgøab g b fluxb agsghjabs.
9. Gsmblcj un vdsujl jprbprdjab. _jrj rgjlåjr un bu abds køngrbs, tgxtb
sdnplgs ä b nglcbr. Erêfdmbs ag ldkcjs kbrnjlngktg síb nglcbrgs pjrj
ajabs mbktîkubs. Erêfdmbs ag ijrrjs fukmdbkjn ign pjrj ajabs mjtgeýrdmbs
g agvgn tgr unj ldkcj ag ijsg zgrb. Agdxg j rgljåíb qug vbmè qugr nbstrjr
eudjr b tdpb ag erêfdmb gsmblcdab. Gvdtg pdzzjs, rbsmjs, =A g gdxbs y
sgmukaêrdbs, agvdab ï adfdmulajag ag dktgrprgtjåíb vdsujl.
=. Gldndkg j sjturjåíb. Dagktdfdqug bs glgngktbs qug kíb jmrgsmgktjn vjlbr
dkfbrnjtdvb g rgnbvj-bs ag sgus vdsujds. Wsg bs prdkmîpdbs aj Egstjlt pjrj
sjigr mbnb js pgssbjs vggn g dagktdfdqug mjkadajtbs ï gldndkjåíb. Wsg
mbktrjstg gstrjtgedmjngktg. Gnprgeug jldkcjngktb ag glgngktbs g
njktgkcj gspjåb gn irjkmb pjrj jhuajr j tbrkjr j dktgrprgtjåíb ag sgus
vdsujds unj gxpgrdèkmdj mbkfbrtêvgl pjrj sgu pøildmb.
1. Fbmjldzg j jtgkåíb pjrj bkag vbmè agsghj. Gnprgeug b pbagr abs
jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs, mbnb mbr, tjnjkcb g pbsdåíb, pjrj sdkjldzjr b qug ä
dnpbrtjktg. Wsg gssgs jtrdiutbs gstrjtäedmbs pjrj mcjnjr j jtgkåíb pjrj
bkag vbmè agsghj qug sgu pøildmb blcg g pjrj eudê-lb gn sgu vdsujl. Jvjldg

j gfdmêmdj abs jtrdiutbs prä-jtgktdvbs gn sgu vdsujl, jpldmjkab b tgstg “pjrj

bkag sgus blcbs síb jtrjîabs2„.
7. _gksg mbnb un agsdekgr. Bfgrgåj jb sgu pøildmb jffbrajkmgs vdsujds
mbnb dkaîmdbs ag mbnb dktgrjedr mbn suj mbnukdmjåíb8 rgjlmg b qug fbr
dnpbrtjktg, gldndkg js adstrjå÷gs g mrdg unj cdgrjrqudj vdsujl ag
dkfbrnjå÷gs. Qbrkg sgus agsdeks jmgssîvgds, kíb mbnpldmjkab agnjds g
usjkab tgxtb pjrj lgegkajr g gxpldmjr. Jungktg j tblgrékmdj ag sgu pøildmb
j prbilgnjs ag agsdek tbrkjkab sgus vdsujds gstgtdmjngktg jtrjgktgs.
Qrjijlcg pjrj ejkcjr j jmgdtjåíb ab pøildmb pjrj sgus agsdeks vdsujds.
6. Mbktg unj cdstýrdj. Gljibrg unj cdstýrdj mbn dkîmdb (trjnj), ngdb
(rgvdrjvbltjs) g fdn (mcjnjaj pjrj jåíb) mljrbs. Wsg mbkfldtb g tgksíb pjrj
mcjnjr g njktgr j jtgkåíb ab pøildmb. Mbksdagrg j bragn g j njkgdrj ag
suj kjrrjtdvj. Wtdldzg b pbagr aj rgpgtdåíb pjrj jhuajr j fdxjr sujs cdstýrdjs.
Gnprgeug têtdmjs mbnb lýedmj vgrtdmjl g cbrdzbktjl, stbryibjra dkvgrsb g
iusqug unj kbvj pgrspgmtdvj pjrj ejrjktdr qug suj cdstýrdj sghj mljrjngktg
mbnprggkadaj gn suj mbnukdmjåíb.
Huktjs, gssjs ldå÷gs b prgpjrjn pjrj b sumgssb kj mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs.

Gkmgrrjngktb
Zujkab vbmè jirdu gstg ldvrb, sg sgktdu qujlqugr agsmbkfbrtb bu fjltj ag
gxpgrdèkmdj kj mbnukdmjåíb mbn ajabs, ndkcj gspgrjkåj ä ag qug gssgs
sgktdngktbs
pjrj dndtjr gtgkcjn adndkuîab.j Jebrj
pjssbs mbkmrgtbs vbmè
ajr pjrj tgn unj
supgrjr ijsg sýldaj,
bs agsjfdbs gxgnplbs
ag vdsujldzjåíb
ag ajabs qug gkfrgktjr. Vbmè tgn unj kbvj pgrspgmtdvj. Kukmj njds vgrê j
vdsujldzjåíb ag ajabs aj ngsnj fbrnj. Vbmè gstê prbktb pjrj ng jhuajr gn
ngu bihgtdvb ag ldvrjr b nukab abs erêfdmbs dkgfdmdgktgs.
Cê unj cdstýrdj gn sgus ajabs. ]g vbmè kíb gstjvj mbkvgkmdab adssb jktgs ag
kbssj hbrkjaj huktbs, gspgrb qug jebrj gstghj. Wsg js ldå÷gs qug jibrajnbs
pjrj tbrkjr gssj cdstýrdj mljrj pjrj sgu pøildmb. Jhuag j gstdnuljr nglcbrgs
tbnjajs ag agmdsíb g j nbtdvjr sgu pøildmb j jedr. Kukmj njds vbmè vjd

jpgkjs nbstrjr
prbhgtjajs pjrj ajabs. Gndkfbrnjå÷gs
trjksndtdr vgz adssb, vjdg dkmdtjr
mrdjr vdsujldzjå÷gs
jåíb. mudajabsjngktg

Vê g mbktg sujs cdstýrdjs mbn ajabs!

idildberjfdj
Jrcgdn, Yuablf. Vdsujl Qcdk`dke.
Qcdk`dke. Igr`glgy, MJ8 Wkdvgrsdty bf Mjldfbrkdj _rgss, 9??1.
Jt`dksbk, Mldff. Igybka Iullgt _bdkts8 Wsdke Ndmrbsbft _bwgr_bdkt tb Mrgjtg _rgsgktjtdbks tcjt
Dkfbrn, Nbtdvjtg, jka Dkspdrg. Yganbka, UJ8 Ndmrbsbft _rgss, 9?::.
Iryjkt, Jajn. “Ebbelg—s Zugst tb Iudla j Igttgr Ibss.„ Kgw Tbr` Qdngs, Qdngs, := ag njråb ag 9?::.
Mjdrb, Jligrtb. Qcg Fukmtdbkjl Jrt8 Jk Dktrbaumtdbk tb Dkfbrnjtdbk Erjpcdms jka Vdsujldzjtdbk.
Vdsujldzjtdbk.
Igr`glgy, MJ8 Kgw Ydagrs, 9?:=.
Mbck, A—Vgrj, Ergtmcgk Ldvdkestbk g Ugkay Ujke. “Jftgr Agmjags bf Agmldkg, j Ydsg dk ]tjy‟jt‟
Cbng Nbtcgrs.„ _gw Ygsgjrmc Mgktgr
Mgktgr,, 3 ag jirdl ag 9?:1.
Mbwjk, Kglsbk. “Qcg Njedmjl Kunigr Fbur dk ]cbrt‟Qgrn Ngnbry8 J Ygmbksdagrjtdbk bf Ngktjl
]tbrjeg Mjpjmdty.„ Igcjvdbrjl jka Irjdk ]mdgkmgs 91 (9??:)8 35”::1.
Aujrtg, Kjkmy. Ygsbkjtg8 _rgsgkt
_rgsgkt Vdsujl ]tbr
]tbrdgs
dgs tcjt Qrjk
Qrjksfbrn
sfbrn Juadgkmgs
Juadgkmgs.. Cbib`gk, KH8 Hbck Udlgy
& ]bks, 9?:?.
Aujrtg, Kjkmy. ]ldag8blbey8 Qcg Jrt jka ]mdgkmg bf Mrgjtdke Ergjt _rgsgktjtdbks.
_rgsgktjtdbks. ]gijstbpbl, MJ8
B—Ygdlly, 9??3.
Fgw, ]tgpcgk. ]cbw Ng tcg Kunigrs8 Agsdekdke Qjilgs jka Erjpcs tb Gkldectgk. Bj`ljka, MJ8
Jkjlytdms _rgss, 9??1.
Fgw, ]tgpcgk. Kbw Tbu ]gg Dt8 ]dnplg Vdsujldzjtdbk Qgmckdqugs fbr Zujktdtjtdvg Jkjlysds
Jkjlysds.. Bj`ljka,
MJ8 Jkjlytdms _rgss, 9??4.
Frygr, Irbkwyk. “]tbrytglldke tcjt Nbvgs _gbplg.„ Cjrvjra Iusdkgss
Iusdkgss Ygvdgw, hukcb ag 9??=.
Ejrvdk, Ajvda J., Jldsbk Igr`lgy Ujebkfgla g Ldz @dka. “Ebbelg—s _rbhgmt Bxyegk8 Ab Njkjegrs
Njttgr2„ Mjsg ]tuay 4”=:=”::?, Cjrvjra Iusdkgss
Iusdkgss Ygvdgw, = ag jirdl ag 9?:=.
_rjmtdmg, 6j gadåíb. Lbs Jkeglgs, MJ8 Qcg Ebbanjk Mgktgr,
Ebbanjk, Jkay. ]tbrytglldke js Igst _rjmtdmg,
9?:=.
Erdnn, Hjmbi g Udlcgln Erdnn. Erdnns— Fjdry Qjlgs. Qjlgs. Kbvj Tbr`, KT8 Erbssgt & Aukljp, :436.
Dlddks`y, Kbjc g Huldg ]tgglg. Agsdekdke Ajtj Vdsujldzjtdbks
Vdsujldzjtdbks.. ]gijstbpbl, MJ8 B—Ygdlly, 9?::.
@ljktgk, Ybigrt, ]vgk Gcnjkk g Flbya ]mculzg. Vdsujl ]tbrytglldke8 Dkspdrdke j Kgw Vdsujl Ljkeujeg
Ljkeujeg..
Igrldn, Jlgnjkcj8 Egstjltgk, 9?::.
Ldawgll, Udlldjn, @rdtdkj Cblagk g Hdll Iutlgr. Wkdvgrsjl _rdkmdplgs bf Agsdek. Igvgrly, NJ8 Ybm`pbrt
_uildscgrs, 9?:?.
NmMjkalgss, Ajvda. Qcg Vdsujl Ndsmglljkgun8 J Mblbrful Eudag tb tcg Ubrla—s Nbst Mbksgqugktdjl
Mbksgqugktdjl
Qrdvdj.. Kbvj Tbr`, KT8 Cjrpgr Agsdek, 9?:9.
Qrdvdj
Ngdrgllgs, Dsjigl. Agsdek fbr Dkfbrnjtdbk
Dkfbrnjtdbk.. Igvgrly, NJ8 Ybm`pbrt _uildscgrs, 9?:=.
Ndllgr, E. J. “Qcg Njedmjl Kunigr ]gvgk, _lus br Ndkus Qwb8 ]bng Ldndts bk Bur Mjpjmdty fbr
_rbmgssdke Dkfbrnjtdbk.„ Qcg _symcblbedmjl Ygvdgw 6= (:476)8 3:”45.
Kbrnjk, Abkjla J. Qcg Agsdek bf Gvgryajy Qcdkes. Kbvj Tbr`, KT8 Ijsdm Ibb`s, :433.

Ygykblas, Ejrr. _rgsgktjtdbk Xgk8

Xgk8 ]dnplg Dagjs bk _rgsgktjtdb
_rgsgktjtdbkk Agsdek jka Agldv
Agldvgry
gry.. Igr`glgy, MJ8
Kgw Ydagrs, 9??3.
Ybiidks, Kjbnd. Mrgjtdke Nbrg Gffgmtdvg Erjpcs.
Erjpcs. Ujykg, KH8 Mcjrt Cbusg, 9?:=.
]jdkt-Gxupgry, Jktbdkg ag. Qcg Jdrnjk—s Bayssgy.
Bayssgy. Kbvj Tbr`, KT8 Cjrmburt, :41=.
]dnnbks, Jkkgttg.
]tbrytglldke. Qcg ]tbry
Mjnirdaeg, NJ8Fjmtbr8
Ijsdm Dkspdrjtdbk,
Ibb`s, 9??6.Dkflugkmg, jka _grsujsdbk tcrbuec
tcrbuec tcg Jrt bf
]bke, Cyukhdk g Kbrigrt ]mcwjrz. “Df Dt—s Cjra tb Ygja, Dt—s Cjra tb Ab8 _rbmgssdke Flugkmy Jffgmts
Gffbrt _rgadmtdbk jka Nbtdvjtdbk.„ _symcblbedmjl ]mdgkmg
]mdgkmg :4 (:?) (9??3)8 436”443.
]tgglg, Huldg g Kbjc Dlddks`y. Igjutdful Vdsujldzjtdbk8 Lbb`dke jt Ajtj Qcrbuec tcg Gygs bf Gxpgrts.
Gxpgrts.
]gijstbpbl, MJ8 B—Ygdlly, 9?:?.
Quftg, Gawjra. Igjutdful Gvdagkmg. Mcgscdrg, MQ8 Erjpcdms _rgss, 9??6.
Quftg, Gawjra. Gkvdsdbkdke Dkfbrnjtdbk.
Dkfbrnjtdbk. Mcgscdrg, MQ8 Erjpcdms _rgss, :44?.
Quftg, Gawjra. Qcg Vdsujl Adspljy bf Zujktdtjtdvg Dkfbrnjtdbk. Mcgscdrg, MQ8 Erjpcdms _rgss, 9??:.
Quftg, Gawjra. Vdsujl Gxpljkjtdbks8 Dnjegs jka Zujktdtdgs, Gvdagkmg jka Kjrrjtdvg. Mcgscdrg, MQ8
Erjpcdms _rgss, :445.
Vbkkgeut, @urt. “Cbw tb Urdtg wdtc ]tylg.„ DGGG Qrjksjmtdbks
Qrjksjmtdbks bk _rbfg
_rbfgssdbkjl
ssdbkjl Mbnnuk
Mbnnukdmjtdbk
dmjtdbk _M‟
91 (9) (hukcb ag :437)8 66”65.
Ujrg, Mbldk. Dkfbrnjtdbk Vdsujldzjtdbk8
Vdsujldzjtdbk8 _grmgp
_grmgptdbk
tdbk fbr Agsdek
Agsdek.. ]íb Frjkmdsmb, MJ8 Nbrejk @jufnjkk,
9??1.
Ujrg, Mbldk. Vdsujl Qcdk`dke fbr Agsdek.
Agsdek. Iurldketbk, NJ8 Nbrejk @jufnjkk, 9??3.
Ugdksmcgk`, ]usjk. :?? Qcdkes Gvgry Agsdekgr Kggas tb @kbw jibut _gbplg.
_gbplg. Igr`glgy, MJ8 Kgw
Ydagrs, 9?::.
Udeabr, Ajkdgl g Yjvdk Ijlj`rdsckjk. “Gnpdrdmjl Dkvgstdejtdbk dktb tcg Gffgmt bf Brdgktjtdbk bk Qgxt
Ygjajidldty dk Qjilgtbp Adspljys.„ Agpjrtjngktb ag Mdèkmdjs aj Mbnputjåíb, Wkdvgrsdajag ag
Qbrbktb, 9??7.
Ubke, Abkj. Qcg Ujll ]trggt Hburkjl Eudag tb Dkfbrnjtdbk Erjpcdms
Erjpcdms.. Kbvj Tbr`, KT8 U. U. Kbrtbk
& Mbnpjky, 9?:?.
Tju, Kjtcjk. Ajtj _bdkts8 Vdsujldzjtdbk
Vdsujldzjtdbk tcjt N
Ngjks
gjks ]bngtcdke. Dkadjkêpblds, DK8 Hbck Udlgy & ]bks,
9?:=.
Tju, Kjtcjk. Vdsujldzg Qcds8 Qcg FlbwdkeAjtj Eudag tb Agsdek, Vdsujldzjtdbk, jka ]tjtdstdms.
Dkadjkêpblds, DK8 Hbck Udlgy & ]bks, 9?::.
Agsdek Qcdk`dke
Irbwk, Qdn
453377?3?=364
959 pêedkjs

Mbnprg jebrj g lgdj

Gstg ldvrb dktrbauz j dagdj ag Agsdek Qcdk`dke, un prbmgssb

mbljibrjtdvb qug usj j sgksdidldajag g j tämkdmj mrdjtdvj pjrj suprdr
js kgmgssdajags ajs pgssbjs kíb sý mbn b qug ä tgmkdmjngktg
vdsîvgl, njs mbn unj ggstrjtäedj
strjtäedj ag kgeýmdbs vdêvgl. Gn rgsunb, b
Agsdek Qcdk`dke mbkvgrtg kgmgssdajag gn agnjkaj. Ä unj
jibrajegn mgktrjaj kb jspgmtb cunjkb agstdkjaj j rgsblvgr
prbilgnjs g jhuajr pgssbjs g brejkdzjå÷gs j sgrgn njds

dkbvjabrjs g mrdjtdvjs. Gsmrdtb kunj ldkeujegn lgvg g gnijsjaj,

gstg kíb ä un ldvrb ag agsdekgrs pjrj agsdekgrs, g sdn unj birj
pjrj lîagrgs mrdjtdvbs qug gstíb sgnprg gn iusmj ag jltgrkjtdvjs
vdêvgds, tjktb fukmdbkjl qujktb fdkjkmgdrjngktg, pjrj bs kgeýmdbs g
pjrj j sbmdgajag. Kgstg ldvrb, Qdn Irbwk, MGB aj mglgirjaj
gnprgsj ag dkbvjåíb g agsdek DAGB, kbs jprgsgktj b agsdek
tcdk`dke. B agsdek kíb sg ldndtj j mrdjr bihgtbs glgejktgs bu

gniglgzjr b nukab
mbnpjtdidldzjn j kbssb mbn
j gxdeèkmdj r gabr.j utdldajag,
rgabr. Bs nglcbrgs agsdekgrs mbn j
js rgstrdå÷gs

pbssdidldajag g j kgmgssdajag mbn j agnjkaj.

Mbnprg jebrj g lgdj

Mldqug Jqud _jrj Njtjr Qbab Nukab
]mckgdgr, Irumg
453377?3?335:
933 pêedkjs

Mbnprg jebrj g lgdj

Wn nukab ag adspbsdtdvbs "dktgldegktgs" sdekdfdmj qug j dktgrkgt

pbag njtjr pgssbjs. _rgmdsjnbs jedr. Jebrj. Quab ä un
mbnputjabr. Fbrkbs síb mbnputjabrgs qug jqugmgn js mbdsjs0
egljagdrjs
egljagdrjs síb mbnputjabrgs
mbnputjabrgs qug njktèn js mbdsjs frdjs.
f rdjs. Gssgs
mbnputjabrgs ‗ ag tgrnbstjtbs abnästdmbs j fêirdmjs ag prbautbs
quîndmbs ‗ gstíb bkldkg. J dktgrkgt, jktgs unj jistrjåíb vdrtujl,
jebrj pbag sgktdr g tbmjr b nukab fîsdmb. Jb jirdr kbssjs vdajs pjrj

gssg futurb, nudtjs vgzgs mcjnjab ag Dktgrkgt ajs Mbdsjs,

mbngåjnbs j vgr sgu dngksb pbtgkmdjl gn dagdjs mbnb mjrrbs
jutñkbnbs, mdajags dktgldegktgs g jegktgs pgssbjds gqudpjabs mbn
bs prýprdbs jlebrdtnbs ag mbnpbrtjngktb. Njs tbajs js nbgajs
tèn abds ljabs. Qbabs bs mbnputjabrgs pbagn sgr cjm`gjabs. G
mbnputjabrgs mbkgmtjabs ï Dktgrkgt síb bs njds vulkgrêvgds.
Gsqugåj rbuib ag ajabs8 dkvjsbrgs adedtjds dkbvjabrgs cbhg pbagn

cjm`gjr sguJqud
Gn Mldqug mjrrb,pjrj
sguNjtjr
njrmj-pjssbs g j rgag
Qbab Nukab, rag gkgredjgspgmdjldstj
b rgkbnjab
gkbnjab ag un pjîs.

g jutbr ag sumgssb Irumg ]mckgdgr gxjndkj bs rdsmbs bmultbs agssj

kbvj rgjldajag. Agpbds ag gxplbrjr tbajs js dnpldmjå÷gs ag un

nukab
js fbråjsbmupjab pbrpblîtdmjs
tämkdmjs, adspbsdtdvbs cdpgrmbkgmtjabs,
g ag ngrmjab ]mckgdgr
gsmbkadajs rgvglj
kj Dktgrkgt
qug sustgktjn js dksgeurjkåjs jtujlngktg adssgndkjajs. Gktíb, glg
bfgrgmg bpå÷gs ag ibn sgksb pjrj gnprgsjs, ebvgrkbs g pgssbjs,
qug pbagn pgrndtdr qug bs igkgfîmdbs agssj grj bkdpbtgktg sghjn
jprgmdjabs sgn qug js pgssbjs sg tbrkgn prgsjs ag sujs
vulkgrjidldajags. _jrtdkab ag prdkmîpdbs ag unj Dktgrkgt
D ktgrkgt ajs Mbdsjs

njds rgsdldgktg,
supgrvdsíb pjssjkab pbr
ebvgrkjngktjl unj rgmgdtj
sjuaêvg
sjuaêvgl pjrj
l jtä unj unj nglcbr
fbrnj rgeuljåíbag g
gktgkagr un jnidgktg rgjlngktg kbvb, j vdsíb ag ]mckgdgr ä unj
lgdturj kgmgssêrdj pjrj qujlqugr pgssbj agadmjaj jb
agsgkvblvdngktb cunjkb. Glbedbs8 "]mckgdgr, njds ab qug b
tbnjabr ag agmds÷gs näadb bu un njrqugtgdrb jrrbejktg, tgn unj
ýtdnj kbåíb ag qujds pbagn sgr bs vgrajagdrbs igkgfîmdbs agssgs
sdstgnjs. Glg gvdtj js tgktjå÷gs aupljs aj rghgdåíb dkadsmrdndkjaj g
aj prbpjejkaj gktusdjsnjaj,
gktusdjsnjaj, g trjåj un runb qug trjtj
t rjtj bs
kgeýmdbs mbnpldmjabs qug síb jb ngsnb tgnpb adfgrgkmdjabs g
gstdnuljktgs." ‗ MBYT ABMQBYBU, IBDKEIBDKE.KGQ "
PMldqug Jqud pjrj Njtjr Qbab Nukab^ ä sýirdb, lømdab g, nudtjs
vgzgs, sgksjtb jb adjekbstdmjr mbnb bs agsjfdbs aj sgeurjkåj
jprgsgktjabs pglj Dktgrkgt gn gxpjksíb bmbrrgrjn, g gn prbpbr b
qug pbagrdj (njs prbvjvglngktg kíb drê) sgr fgdtb sbirg glgs." ‗
KJQWYG "Gstg ldvrb dkstdejktg fjrê vbmè mbkmbrajr g sjmuadr j
mjigåj, gn frustrjåíb. B futurb jdkaj kíb fbd gsmrdtb g, jssdn, j

prgvdsíb, mbnb j jtrdiudåíb, ä adfîmdl. Gspgrjnbs qug un køngrb

sufdmdgktg ag pgssbjs lgdj b ldvrb pjrj nuajr b mjndkcb j kbssj

frgktg.
IJMMJ], _rgtgkab
VDYW] rglè-lb, g gssg ä "B
IWLLGQDK unjutbr
erjkag glbedb." ‗
cjidlngktg _JWL
eudj bs
lgdtbrgs pbr vêrdbs jtjqugs erjvgs qug hê jmbktgmgrjn ‗ g pjssj
jbs qug jmrgadtj qug gstíb suredkab kb cbrdzbktg... ]mckgdgr nbstrj
sbluå÷gs agtjlcjajs qug agvgrdjn
agvgrdjn sgr ldajs pbr pblîtdmbs gn tbab b
nukab." ‗ FDKJKMDJL QDNG]

Mbnprg jebrj g lgdj

_jd Ydmb, _jd _birg - Gadåíb ag 9? jkbs
jtujldzjaj g jnpldjaj
Q. @dybsj`d, Ybigrt
453377?3?:13=
==6 pêedkjs

Mbnprg jebrj g lgdj

<p;Mglgirjkab 9? jkbs mbnb b ldvrb k&age0 : gn fdkjk&mmgadl0js

pgssbjds,
pgssbjds, J gsmblj prgpjrj
prgpjrj js mrdjk&mmgadl0js pjrj b nukab rgjl2
<ir /;Gssj &gjmutg0 j prdngdrj pgreuktj mbn j qujl b lgdtbr sg
agpjrj kgstg ldvrb.<ir /;B rgmjab &gjmutg0 busjab g adrgtb8 ibj
fbrnj&mmgadl0&jtdlag0b g kbtjs jltjs k&jtdlag0b ijstjn pjrj
jssgeurjr b sumgssb ag jleu&gjmutg0n.</p;
<p;B nukab nuabu j njdbrdj abs hbvgks tgn mjrt&jtdlag0b ag
mr&gjmutg0adtb, jktgsdkvgstdngktbs,
julj sbirg adkcgdrb, ngsnb ag mbkmludr bs gstuabs, g kukmj tgvg
hurbs gtm.</p;
<p;Bu sghj, glgs v&jtdlag0b pjrj j gsmblj, njs mbktdkujn
fdkjkmgdrjngktg dnprbfdmdgktgs, agsprgpjrjabs pjrj gkfrgktjr un
nukab qug vjlbrdzj njds js agspgsjs ab qug j
pbupjk&mmgadl0j._jrj
pbupjk&mmgadl0j._ jrj b jutbr, b mbksglcb njds pgrdebsb qug sg
pbag ajr j un hbvgn kbs adjs ag cbhg &gjmutg08 'V&jjmutg0 pjrj j
gsmblj, tdrg kbtjs jltjs g agpbds prbmurg un trjijlcb sgeurb. B fjtb
&gjmutg0 qug jebrj js rgerjs s&jtdlag0b butrjs, g k&jtdlag0b gxdstg
njds gnprgeb ejrjktdab pjrj kdkeu&gjmutg0n.</p;
<p;_jd Ydmb, _jd _birg agnbkstrj qug j qugst&jtdlag0b k&jtdlag0b
&gjmutg0 sgr gnprgejab bu gnprgejabr, njs tgr b mbktrblg ab

pr&bjmutg0prdb agstdkb bu aglge&jjmutg0-lb j jleu&gjmutg0n.<ir

/;gssj j tgsg ag Ybigrt @dybsj`d kgstg ldvrb suistjkmdjl g
vdsdbk&jjmutg0rdb. _jrj glg, j fbrnj&mmgadl0&jtdlag0b
prbpbrmdbkjaj pglb sdstgnj gaumjmdbkjl k&jtdlag0b prgpjrj bs
bvgks pjrj b nukab qug gkmbktrjr&jtdlag0b agpbds ag fbrnjabs. G
mbnb bs pjds pbagn gksdkjr jbs fdlcbs b qug j gsmblj rglgej2<ir
/;Gssj &gjmutg0 butrj ajs nudtjs pgreuktjs qug b lgdtbr gkmbktrj
gn _jd Ydmb, _jd _birg.</p;
<p;Kgssg sgktdab, j prbpbstj ab jutbr &gjmutg0 fjmdldtjr j tjrgfj
abs pjds. Zugn gktgkag ag mbktjidldajag agvg gsqugmgr sgus
mbkcgmdngktbs jmja&gmdrm0ndmbs,
jmja&gmdrm0ndmbs, pbds nudtjs ajs tgbrdjs gxpbstjs
pbr Ybigrt @dybsj`d mbktrjrdjn bs prdkm&djmutg0pdbs
mbkt&jjmutg0igds mbnungktg jmgdtbs, g jprgsgktjn unj vjldbsj g
nbagrkj pgrmgp&mmgadl0&jtdlag0b ab nbab mbnb sg rgjldzjn bs
dkvgstdngktbs.</p;
<p;J sbmdgajag sbfrg nuajk&mmgadl0js rjadmjds g, tjlvgz, ag
prbpbr&mmgadl0&btdlag0gs njdbrgs ab qug js bmbrrdajs gn
s&gjmutg0mulbs pjssjabs.</p;
<p;K&jtdlag0b gxdstg iblj ag mrdstjl, njs jleb &gjmutg0 mgrtb8 j
pgrspgmtdvj elbijl ag trjksfbrnj&mmgadl0&btdlag0gs
t rjksfbrnj&mmgadl0&btdlag0gs trjksmgka
trjksmgkagg
kbssj rgjldajag dngadjtj.
jmbktgmgr,s&bjmutg0
jmbktgmgr,s&bjm Jmbktg&mmgadl0j
utg0 gxdstgn b qug
aujs jltgrkjtdvjs8 sgeurjk&mmgadl0j
bu dkagpgka&gmdrm0kmdj fdkjkmgdrj.&kisp0
fdkjkmgdrj.&kisp0 G b bihgtdvb ag _jd
Ydmb, _jd _birg &gjmutg0 dkstrudr b lgdtbr g agspgrtjr suj
dktglde&gmdrm0kmdj fdkjkmgdrj g j ag sgus fdlcbs.</p;
<p;<ir /;<strbke;Mbngkt&jjmutg0rdb ab jutbr8</strbke;</p;
<p;'J prdkmdpjl rjz&jtdlag0b pglj qujl js pgssbjs t&gmdrm0n
prbilgnjs fdkjkmgdrbs &gjmutg0 qug pjssjrjn jkbs kj gsmblj, njs
k&jtdlag0b jprgkagrjn kjaj sbirg adkcgdrb. B rgsultjab &gjmutg0
qug gljs jprgkagn j trjijlcjr pbr adkcgdrb&cglldp0 njs kukmj j
fjz&gmdrm0-lb trjijlcjr pjrj gljs.'<ir /;<strbke;‗ Ybigrt
@dybsj`d</strbke;</p;

Mbnprg jebrj g lgdj

Fj`g
@dybsj`d, Ybigrt
453377?3:77?=
13? pêedkjs

Mbnprg jebrj g lgdj

Dnprdndr adkcgdrb ag ngktdrj kíb ä kbvdajag. Bs jktdebs g

nbagrkbs sdstgnjs ijkmêrdbs síb ijsgjabs kj dnprgssíb ag
adkcgdrb ag ngktdrj. Ä jssdn qug bs ijkmbs gkrdqugmgn. Glgs
ejkcjn nudtb adkcgdrb pbrqug, cê ndlcjrgs ag jkbs, tèn ldmgkåj
pjrj dnprdndr adkcgdrb. Bs ijkmbs kíb síb js økdmjs brejkdzjå÷gs
jutbrdzjajs j fjzgr dssb. B ngrmjab ag jå÷gs, ag tîtulbs,
dnbidldêrdb, ag agrdvjtdvbs fdkjkmgdrbs g nudtbs butrbs ngrmjabs

tjniän tèn gssj ldmgkåj. Zugn trjijlcj

tr jijlcj pbr adkcgdrb… trjijlcj
pjrj pgssbjs qug dnprdngn adkcgdrb. Wn mjstglb ag mjrtjs aj
gmbkbndj jmbktgmg qujkab js gldtgs jmjaèndmjs síb rgspbksêvgds
pglb kbssb adkcgdrb, kbssbs prbfgssbrgs g kbssbs jtdvbs. B erjkag
prbilgnj ä qug kbssb sdstgnj kíb gksdkj bs gstuajktgs j dnprdndr
adkcgdrb. Gn vgz adssb, gksdkj-bs j trjijlcjr pjrj pgssbjs qug b
dnprdngn. Dssb ä b qug rgjlngktg gstê pbr três aj mrdsg fdkjkmgdrj

qug gkfrgktjnbs cbhg. Gn 9?:4, jb gsmrgvgr gstg ldvrb, b prgåb ab

idtmbdk g ag butrjs nbgajs mdigrkätdmjs suidj g agspgkmjvj

rjpdajngktg. Njds unj vgz, pbumjs pgssbjs gktgkagn mbnb js

nbgajs ag tgmkblbedj idtmbdk bu ilbm`mcjdk jfgtjríb sujs vdajs,

sgu futurb g suj sgeurjkåj fdkjkmgdrj. B jungktb ab prgåb ab burb

gn :45: g b ab idtmbdk gn 9?:3 síb dkaîmdbs ag prbfukajs
nuajkåjs kjs pljmjs tgmtñkdmjs fdkjkmgdrjs ag tbab b nukab, qug
mjusjríb tgrrgnbtbs g tsukjnds fdkjkmgdrbs gn tbab b elbib. B
bihgtdvb agstg ldvrb ä ajr ïs pgssbjs mbnuks j pbssdidldajag ag
sbirgvdvgr, pbssdvglngktg prbspgrjr, tjlvgz jtä fdmjr nudtb rdmjs,
ngsnb jpýs b mbljpsb. G ä gspgrjab qug gssg mbljpsb sghj ag un

qujtrdlcíb
ADKCGDYBagAG aýljrgs. MBKQYJ
NGKQDYJ FJQB]
Gn :45:, KÍB CÊ Ydmcjra
b prgsdagktg NGKQDYJ]Kdxbk
agsjtrglbu b aýljr ab pjaríb-burb. Gn :45:, b aýljr sg tbrkbu
nbgaj fdaumdêrdj… adkcgdrb ebvgrkjngktjl. B pjd rdmb b agfdkdu
mbnb "adkcgdrb ag ngktdrj". B adkcgdrb ag ngktdrj agdxj bs rdmbs
rd mbs
njds rdmbs. B prbilgnj ä qug agdxj bs pbirgs g j mljssg näadj njds
pbirgs. _YBFG]]BYG] AG NGKQDYJ B qug j gsmblj gksdkj
sbirg adkcgdrb2 B qug sgus pjds sjign sbirg adkcgdrb2 B qug sgu
mbksultbr fdkjkmgdrb sjig2 B qug kbssbs lîagrgs sjign2 _br qug
53% ajs pgssbjs vdvgn ag sjlêrdb gn sjlêrdb2 _br qug bs
gstuajktgs sg jfukajn gn aîvdajs mbn gnprästdnbs gstuajktds2
_br qug bs prbfgssbrgs fjzgn ergvgs, gxdedkab njds adkcgdrb2
JQDVB] AG NGKQDYJ Gn 9??3, j gmbkbndj nukadjl gktrbu gn
mbljpsb, qujkab jtdvbs ag ngktdrj g fdkjkmdjngktbs ag jltb rdsmb
mbljpsjrjn. Bs ngsnbs ijkqugdrbs qug vgkagrjn jtdvbs ag
ngktdrj gn 9??3 jdkaj bs vgkagn pjrj vbmè, pjrj ndn g pjrj bs
pljkbs ag jpbsgktjabrdj2 _br qug tjktjs pgks÷gs síb

suifdkjkmdjajs2 Zujktjs pgssbjs ag ngdj-dajag fdmjríb sgn

adkcgdrb kj jpbsgktjabrdj2

Mbnprg jebrj g lgdj

:9 Ygerjs pjrj j Vdaj
_gtgrsbk, Hbrajk I.
453377?3?1??9
113 pêedkjs

Mbnprg jebrj g lgdj

Jmljnjab psdmýlbeb mlîkdmb, Hbrajk _gtgrsbk tgn dkflugkmdjab j

mbnprggksíb nbagrkj sbirg j pgrsbkjldajag g, jebrj, sg
trjksfbrnbu gn un abs pgksjabrgs pøildmbs njds pbpuljrgs ab
nukab, mbn sujs pjlgstrjs
pjlgstrjs sbirg týpdmbs qug vjrdjn aj iîildj, ïs
rgljå÷gs jnbrbsjs g ï ndtblbedj, jtrjdkab agzgkjs ag ndlc÷gs ag
gspgmtjabrgs. Gn unj grj ag nuajkåjs sgn prgmgagktgs g
pbljrdzjåíb aj pblîtdmj, suj ngksjegn frjkmj g rgvdebrjktg sbirg b
vjlbr aj rgspbksjidldajag dkadvdaujl g aj sjigabrdj jkmgstrjl tgn
gmbjab gn tbabs bs mjktbs ab nukab. Ign-cunbrjab,
surprggkagktg g dkfbrnjtdvb, ar. _gtgrsbk kbs mbktj pbr qug
ngkdkbs g ngkdkjs jkajkab ag s`jtg agvgn sgr agdxjabs gn pjz,
qug tgrrîvgl agstdkb jeujraj jquglgs qug mrdtdmjn mbn nudtj
fjmdldajag g pbr qug vbmè sgnprg agvg jmjrdmdjr ejtbs jb gkmbktrjr
un kj ruj. B qug b sdstgnj kgrvbsb ajs cundlags ljebstjs tgn j

kbs adzgr sbirg j rgljåíb gktrg njktgr js mbstjs grgtjs (g bs bnirbs

pjrj três) g b sumgssb kj vdaj2 _br qug bs jktdebs geîpmdbs

vgkgrjvjn j mjpjmdajag ag jtgkåíb mbnb sgu agus njds suprgnb2

Zug tgrrîvgds mjndkcbs js pgssbjs pgrmbrrgn qujkab sg tbrkjn

rgssgktdajs, jrrbejktgs g vdkejtdvjs2 Kgstg ldvrb, glg bfgrgmg abzg

prdkmîpdbs prbfukabs g prêtdmbs sbirg mbnb vdvgr unj vdaj mbn
sdekdfdmjab.

Mbnprg jebrj g lgdj