VSLULALJL NKDKAHKO℣ VBSB

VBAGKNUKQ ALN SKUSBQL B[UGQDL
W K EKQBSSLJJL

[NB M[ÄB VSÂAUGAB VBSB SKQUB[SBS JB @[NAGÑN

NK[SLJÑMGAB (3ª KEGAGÑN)
 

VBUSGAO D. NKDKAHKO, E.L.

IKBN S. NKDKAHKO, I.E.
 

B[ULNLDGA SKALPKSW, JJA

 

ALNUKNGEL

Skalnlagdgkntls
Kxajusgñn ek Sksplnsbcgjgebe
Sksplnsbcgjgebe Dçegab
Gntrleuaagñn
G. Añdl Gngagbr Kj
Kj Vrltlaljl
 Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®
2. Nukvb Ks
Kspkrbnzb
pkrbnzb ek Skaupkrbagñn
3. Eksargpa
Eksargpagñn
gñn mknkrbj ekj Vrltlaljl
Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®
Jlss @unebdkntls Câsgals
Jl Câsgals (Pkrsgñn Alrtb)
Vrgdkr Vbsl
Vbsl ‑ Skeuagr kj Qlcrkarkagdgk
Qlcrkarkagdgkntl
ntl Cbatkrgbnl kn kj Gntkstgnl Ekjmbel
Qkmunel Vbsl
Qkmunel  Vbsl ‑ Skkqugjgcrbr jb Gnmkstb ek jls
j ls Âagels Mrbsls Ldkmb-1 y Ldkmb-0
1. Gngagl Ekj
Ekj Vrltlaljl
 Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko
¼Ruç Ubn
Ubn Vrlntl Qk Vukek Gngagbr Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®<
Nkdkahko®<
Eäb b eäb kn kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®
Vrgdkr Vbsl
Vbsl - Egsdgnugr Kj Qlcrkarkagdgkntl Cbatkrgbnl
Qkmunel Vbsl
Qkmunel  Vbsl - Skkqugjgcrbr jls Âagels Mrbsls
Ruç kspkrbr
kspkrbr aln Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®
GG. Jls Vrgd
Vrgdkrls
krls Urks Dksks
5. Kv
Kvbjubagñn
bjubagñn ekj Vrlmrksl
Vbtrlnks ek Skspukstb Gngagbjks
Gngagbjks bj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®
Ksaknbrgls ek Dkilrb Qgmng`gabtgvls
Ksaknbrgls ek Vlab l Ngnmunb Dkilrb
;. Dbnkil ek unb Skaupkrbagñn Kxgtlsb

0. Dksktb
Dbnkilknek
jb unb
Skaupkrbagñn
Dksktb kn kj Vrlmrksl kn un Ngòl Vrkvgbdkntk Urbtbel aln
Sg`bxgdgnb
=. Skaupkrbagñn Gnaldpjktb
Jb Begagñn ek jb Kstgdujbagñn ekj Nkrvgl Pbml
8. Vlab l Ngnmunb Dkilrb
Kstrbtkmgbs pbrb kj Dbnkil ek jb Gntljkrbnagb b jb Gnujgnb, Busknagb ek Skspukstb b
jb Gnujgnb l Sg`bxgdgnb, y @rbabsl ek jls Agajls ek Sg`bxgdgnb
Dbnkil ek jb Gntljkrbnagb b jb Gnujgnb
Skspukstb Dängdb l Nujb, Vlstkrglr bj Urbtbdgkntl Gngagbj aln Gnujgnb
Skspukstb Dängdb l Nujb plstkrglr bj Urbtbdgkntl Gngagbj aln Sg`bxgdgnb
Dbnkil ekj @rbabsl ek jls Agajls ek Sg`bxgdgnb
7. Auânel y Qg ektknkr kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko
 

Jb Dgarlmjgb Akcbeb Abusb Skabäebs ek Jksgñn Akrkcrbj Arñngab

Jbs Skabäebs Vltknagbjks kn Ngòls Eg`gkrkn ek jls Beujtls
Eksb`äls b Jbrml Vjbzl ek Dbntknkr un Kqugjgcrgl Qbjuebcjk ek Cbatkrgbs
Gntkstgnbjks
Dltgjgebe Gntkstgnbj Jkntb
Bjtkrbagñn ekj Kqugjgcrgl Gntkstgnbj
Cbib Cglegvkrsgebe Gntkstgnbj
Gnujgnb B Jbrml Vjbzl pbrb Vrkvkngr jbs Skabäebs Cbatkrgbnbs
Dbnkil ekj Qlcrkarkagdgkntl Cbatkrgbnl aln Sg`bxgdgnb
GGG. Kstgdujbagñn ekj Nkrvgl Pbml
26. Kj [sl ek jb Kstgdujbagñn ekj Nkrvgl Pbml kn jls Urbstlrnls Gn`bntgjks
Jls Gngagls ek jb Kstgdujbagñn ekj Nkrvgl Pbml
Kstgdujbagñn ekj Nkrvgl Pbml sgn Nkaksgebe ek Agrumäb
Kstgdujbagñn Ekj Nkrvgl Pbml Dlekrnb
22. Auânel Bòbegr jb Kstgdujbagñn ekj Nkrvgl Pbml
Cknk`gagls ek jb Kstgdujbagñn ekj Nkrvgl Pbml kn Alnegaglnks Nl Skjbaglnbebs
aln kj Eksbrrljjl
[sl ek jb Kstgdujbagñn ekj Nkrvgl Pbml pbrb Ltrbs Alnegaglnks Gn`jbdbtlrgbs
Kxpbnsgñn ek Skeks Nkurlnbjks
Elsg`gabagñn Kjçatrgab y @bjjls Ekspuçs Ek jb Kstgdujbagñn ekj Nkrvgl Pbml
GP. Jls Bjtgcbils ek jb Skaupkrbagñn
23. Kj Vrlaksl ek Skaupkrbagñn
Kj Vkrälel ekj Ekspkrtbr
Kj Pkrebekrl Bjabnak ek jb Egs`unagñn Akrkcrbj
Kj Sgtdl ek jb Skaupkrbagñn
Dbjgntkrprktbr y Qlcrk Kn`labrsk
Aldplrtbdgkntl Nl Balrek b jb Kebe
Alnstgpbagñn, Butlkstgdujbagñn y Egs`unagñn Butlnñdgab
Qupjkdkntls y Dkegabdkntls Vrksargtls

Aldprknsgñn ek Jb Ukrdgnljlmäb
Jb Gekb Kqugvlabeb Cbatkrgbnb
ek quk jbs Cbatkrgbs "Dbjbs" y jbs Jkvbeurbs sk Bjgdkntbn ek
jb Gnujgnb
Qäntldbs Gntkstgnbjks y Bnâjgsgs ek Hkaks
Kj Sgksml ek Skbjgzbr Vrukcbs Gnnkaksbrgbs
Skstrgaagñn ek Bjgdkntls kn jb Egktb
Ukrbpgbs @äsgabs, Laupbaglnbjks y ekj Hbcjb
Alntrlj ek jls Ngvkjks ek Âagel Vrlpgñngal
Jb Skaupkrbagñn ekj Aldleän Mknçtgal
Jls Ltrls Ngòls kn jb @bdgjgb
21. Dbnkil ek jbs Sbcgktbs plr Bnsgkebe, ULA y jb Bmrksgvgebe
[nb Pgsgñn Dkaângab ek jb Bnsgkebe

Skspukstbs Bnsglsbs,
Skalnlagdgkntl ek jlsHbdcrgkntbs,
Vrlcjkdbs ekHgpkrbatgvbs y Bmrksgvbs
Vrksgñn Brtkrgbj Cbib kn Ngòls aln Butgsdl
 

l aln Urbstlrnls ekj Eksbrrljjl

Bjmunbs vkaks, kj Kikragagl, jb Qbj, kj Bzùabr y kj Bmub nl sln Qu`gagkntks
Budkntl ek jb Vrksgñn Brtkrgbj pbrb Egsdgnugr jb Bnsgkebe y jb Bmrksgvgebe
Juahb l Hugeb Pkrsus jb Grb bj Pljbntk Eurbntk jb Gn`bnagb
Grb bj Pljbntk kn Ngòls
Gekntg`gabagñn ek jb Grb bj Pljbntk b Sbäz ek jb Bnsgkebe plr Vrksgñn Brtkrgbj Cbib
Dbnkil ek jb Grb bj Pljbntk kn Ngòls
P. Jb Agknagb Ektrâs Ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®
25. Jbs Cbsks ekj Butgsdl - Jb Pkrsgñn Ektbjjbeb
Eksbrrljjl Nlrdbj ekj Akrkcrl
Kj Qlcrkarkagdgkntl Cbatkrgbnl Alneuak b Vrlcjkdbs Nkurljñmgals
Agkn Bòls ek Ebòl Cbatkrgbnl Gntkstgnbj
Jb Dgarlmjgb-D2 Akcbeb Dbmng`gab jbs Jksglnks Akrkcrbjks
2;. Abyknel kn kj butgsdl
Kj K`katl Qkebntk ekj Âagel Vrlpgñngal
Gn`jbdbagñn y Bnldbjäbs Mknçtgabs
20. Kj Kspkatrl Gn`jbdbtlrgl-Nku
Gn`jbdbtlrgl-Nkurltñxgal
rltñxgal

Kj Egbmnñstgal
Lcskrvbels ek jls Urbstlrnls ekj Eksbrrljjl sk Cbsb kn jls Aldplrtbdgkntls
[n Vrlaksl Vbtljñmgal Aldùn kn Duahls Urbstlrnls ekj Eksbrrljjl
Kj Kspkatrl Gn`jbdbtlrgl-Nkurltñxgal ek jls Urbstlrnls ekj Eksbrrljjl
Jb Kvljuagñn kn @unagñn ekj Ugkdpl Qlcrkarkagdgkntl Cbatkrgbnl Ektkrdgnb sg jb
Jksgñn Akrkcrbj Baudujbtgvb Laurrk Aln l Qgn Sktrbsl ekj Eksbrrljjl
Urbtbdgkntl Egrgmgel bj Butgsdl y jls Urbstlrnls ekj Eksbrrljjl
2=. Kntknegknel Añdl `unaglnb kj Vrltlaljl kn 1 Vbsls
Vbsl [nl9 Skkqugjgcrbr kj Urbatl Gntkstgnbj
Dçtlel Vrk`krgel pbrb Kqugjgcrbr jbs Cbatkrgbs Gntkstgnbjks kn jls Ngòls Dâs
Vkqukòls9
Ektkrdgnbr sg jb Gnujgnb ks K`gabz
Dçtlel Vrk`krgel pbrb Kqugjgcrbr jbs Cbatkrgbs Gntkstgnbjks kn Ngòls Dbylrks y
Beujtls9
Gngagl ek jb Skaupkrbagñn
Kvbjubagñn ek jb K`gabagb
Dlngtlrkl
Vbsl Els9 Skeuaagñn ek jb Gn`jbdbagñn Akrkcrbj
Abdcgl ek Dgarlmjgb D2 bj @knltgpl Bntggn`jbdbtlrgl D3
Kqugjgcrbnel jls Âagels Mrbsls Ldkmb-1 y Ldkmb-0
Kj Âagel Bj`b-Jgnljkgal Begaglnbj (BJB)
Skeuagr jb Gnmkstb Egktçtgab ek Âagels Mrbsls Ldkmb-0
Vrkvknagñn ek jb Gn`jbdbagñn Akrkcrbj y Qgstçdgab ek jls Âagels Jgnljkgal,
Brbqugeñngal y Vbjdätgal ek jb Egktb
Qupjkdkntbagñn Egbrgb aln Bakgtk ek Ljgvb
Dkilrbr Jb @unagñn Ekj Nkrvgl Pbml
 

28. Jb Hgstlrgb ekj Kqugjgcrgl ekj Urbatl Gntkstgnbj

Kj Qlcrkarkagdgkntl Cbatkrgbnl tgknk unb Jbrmb Hgstlrgb
Kntkrlaljgtgs plr Ajlstrgegud eg``gagjk
Qgdgjgtueks Kn kj Dbnkil ekj QGCL aln kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® y Kntkrlaljgtgs
Urbnspjbntk ek Dgarlcgltb @kabj y Kntkrlaljgtgs plr A. Eg``gagjk
Bpjgabnel Pgkib Agknagb kn Nukvls Ksaknbrgls

27. VBNQ,
Kj QGCLVBNEBQ
Bntks eky;Butgsdl
Bòls ek Kebe
Kj QGCL Ekspuçs ek jls ; Bòls ek Kebe
Jbs Vrukcbs pbrb Kstrkptlalals Vlsgtgvbs nl Qgkdprk Qln jl quk Arkk
Butlgndunk vkrsus Butlgn`jbdbtlrgl
Jb k`gabagb ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®
PG. Vknsbnel kn kj @uturl
36. Vlsgcjks Lplrtungebeks ek Vrkvknagñn
Alnsgekrbaglnkss Vrkvgbs bj Kdcbrbzl
Alnsgekrbaglnk
Alnsgekrbaglnkss Eurbntk Kj Kdcbrbzl
Alnsgekrbaglnk
Dkilrbr jb Urbns`krknagb ek Âagels Mrbsls Ldkmb-1 eurbntk kj Ukrakr Urgdkstrk
Dkilrbdgkntl ekj Kqugjgcrgl Cbatkrgbnl Gntkstgnbj Eurbntk Kj Kdcbrbzl
Alnsgekrbaglnkss Ekspuçs Ekj Vbrtl
Alnsgekrbaglnk
Alnsgekrbaglnkss Kspkaä`gabs ek jbs Pbaunbs
Alnsgekrbaglnk
32. B Pkaks Jls Dgjbmrls Laurrkn
Dgarlak`bjgb W Butgsdl
Jb Gdplrtbnagb ekj Bakgtk ek Vksabel y kj Bakgtk ek Ljgvb
Jls Skaukntls Dâs Bjtls ek @knlj pukekn skr ek [tgjgebe
Jb Ulxgagebe ekj @knlj ks Skbj
Bntkakekntks ek Knak`bjldgkjgtgs
Kstgdujbagñn Ekj Nkrvgl Pbml Els Pkaks Bj Eäb
Aldplrtbdgkntl Bmrksgvl
Dkilr sgn BCB
"Skmrksgñn" plr Dlrekeurb ek Qkrpgkntk Absabckj
Alndlagñn Akrkcrbj Abusb @bjjbs kn jb Elsgs Dknsubj Ek Sg`bxgdgnb
Kdpklrbdgkntl ekj Aldplrtbdgkntl b Abusb ekj Eljlr
VBNQ y Vrksgñn Brtkrgbj Cbib
Ugas, Vçregeb ekj Hbcjb y ek jb @unagñn Dltlrb
Jbs Alnvujsglnks Dkilrbn
Butgsdl, Qänerldk ek Elwn y Ulnl Dusaujbr Egsdgnuäel
Baagekntk Akrkcrlvbsaujbr bj nbakr
Qlpjbnel unb Pkjb ek Audpjkbòls
Qlrekrb Eksek Kj Nbagdgkntl
33. Jb kspkrbnzb kstâ kn kj Hlrgzlntk
Bpçnegak
Mjlsbrgl
 

Sk`krknagbs Agkntä`gabs
Nltbs
Bakrab ek jls Butlrks
 

Alpyrgmht © 3632 plr Butlnldga Skalvkry, JJA. Ulels jls Ekrkahls Skskrvbels.
Kj Er. Vbtrgao D. Nkdkahko, E.L., y Ikbn S. Nkdkahko prleuikrln kstk dbtkrgbj aldl trbcbil plr
knabrml.

Ngnmunb pbrtk
l dkaângal, ek kstk jgcrl
gnajuyknel pukekek
sgstkdbs skrbjdbaknbdgkntl
rkprleuageb ek ngnmunb `lrdb lekplr
y rkaupkrbagñn aubjqugkr dkegl
gn`lrdbagñn, sgn kj kjkatrñngal
pkrdgsl
ksargtl ek jls butlrks b trbvçs ek Butlnldga Skalvkry, JJA, kxakptl pbrb kj usl ek agtbs crkvks kn unb
rkskòb ek jgcrl.
Kj Vrltlaljl ek Nkdkahko® ks unb dbrab rkmgstrbeb ek Butlnldga Skalvkry, JJA y utgjgzb bspkatls
ek jls "Dçtlels pbtkntbels pbrb Skvkrtgr kj Ebòl ekj Qgstkdb Nkrvglsl Butñnldl" ([. Q. Vbt. N.¹
26,11;,170) aln pkrdgsl ekj tgtujbr ek jb pbtkntk, Vbtrgao D. Nkdkahko.
Vbrb lctknkr dâs gn`lrdbagñn slcrk vkntbs, pkrdgsls l ahbrjbs, alntbatk SkqukstF
ButlnldgaDke.ald..
ButlnldgaDke.ald
 

SKALNLAGDGKNULQ

Kj abdgnl ek dg keuabagñn prl`ksglnbj k gjudgnbagñn pkrslnbj hb sgel

rkalrrgel b trbvçs ek jbs ârkbs dçegabs bpbrkntkdkntk egvkrsbs ek vgnaujbebs
b jb kn`krdkebe ekj PGH, kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl y jb gn`jbdbagñn
arñngab, sljl pbrb eksaucrgr jb mrbn abpbagebe quk plskk kj lrmbngsdl ek
rkaupkrbrsk ek gniurgbs pbsbebs y prkvkngr `uturbs kn`krdkebeks.
B trbvçs ek unb aldcgnbagñn kntrk pkrskvkrbnagb y jb muäb ek ltrls quk hbn
mknkrbel un gdpbatl gdplrtbntk kn jls bvbnaks ek jb dkegagnb (Kgnstkgn,
@kgnmlje, Urbaky), alntgnuç trbcbibnel pbrb knalntrbr nukvls bclrebiks quk
rkbjdkntk dkilrkn jb sbjue, kn jumbr ek sgdpjkdkntk kndbsabrbr jbs
kn`krdkebeks.
Kn dg dkntk kstân duahbs ek jbs vkaks quk pleräb hbckr rknunagbel y
sgdpjkdkntk alnvkrtgrdk kn ltrl täpgal dçegal ek ajängab, sg nl `ukrb plr kj
bplyl ek tlels ksls pbagkntks egspukstls b prlcbr bjml nukvl. Jk hk pkegel b
duahls pbagkntks gntkntbr un nukvl bclrebik sljl pbrb quk kstk `bjjk, pkrl sgn
gndutbrsk, egahls pbagkntks vukjvkn b pkegrdk quk jl gntkntk ek nukvl.
Labsglnbjdkntk nukstrls ks`ukrzls aldcgnbels tkneräbn çxgtl, y jukml
skmugräbdls trbcbibnel pbrb dkilrbr bùn dâs su alnegagñn. Eksek bprknekr b
alntrljbr jls kstrbmls ekj sänerldk ek kdbagbagñn rkjbaglnbel b jb
kn`krdkebe ekj PGH hbstb rkvkrtgr jbs jksglnks akrkcrbjks arñngabs, y
`gnbjdkntk byuebr b jls ngòls b eksbrrljjbrsk b ngvkj nkurljñmgal, nl hbcräb
tkngel tbntl çxgtl sgn jb `k y kj bplyl ek dgs pbagkntks y sus pberks.
Dâs bjjâ ek trbcbibr aln pbagkntks, eksbrrljjbrsk alntgnubdkntk plr `ukrb ek
jb aldungebe dçegab trbegaglnbj pukek skr kdlaglnbjdkntk bmltbelr y
prl`ksglnbjdkntk bgsjbelr. Aldl egakn, jb ùjtgdb dgjjb ek aubjqugkr vgbik ks
jb dâs eg`äagj, y hb sgel kj bdlr y jb `k ek dg ksplsb Ikbn kn kj prlpñsgtl quk
aldpbrtgdls jl quk dk hb byuebel b skmugr bekjbntk.
 

Kjjb ks dg alnskikrb dâs aln`gbcjk y dg `ukntk gnqukcrbntbcjk ek bplyl y

bdlr. Qgn kjjb, nunab hbcräb plegel tkrdgnbr jb ùjtgdb dgjjb ek dg vgbik.

Mrbagbs b tlels plr su bplyl.

 

KXAJ[QGÑN EK SKQVLNQBCGJGEBE DÇEGAB

Jb gn`lrdbagñn y jbs gdâmknks alntkngebs kn kstb pucjgabagñn sln

prlplraglnbebs sljl aldl un rkaursl gn`lrdbtgvl, y nl ekckn usbrsk ng
cbsbrsk kn kjjbs pbrb `gnks egbmnñstgals, dçegals l ek trbtbdgkntl.
Kstb gn`lrdbagñn nl prktknek skr keuabagñn pbrb pbagkntks y nl arkb ngnmunb
rkjbagñn dçegal-pbagkntk.
Alnsujtk aln un prl`ksglnbj ek jb sbjue abjg`gabel pbrb ektkrdgnbr sg bjmunl
ek kstls bclrebiks tkrbpçutgals ks bprlpgbel pbrb ustke l su hgil.
 

GNUSLE[AAGÑN
 

[NB N[KPB KSB LVUGDGQUB VBSB JB SKA[VKSBAGÑN

AKSKCSBJ

Hbak qugnak bòls, aubnel gngagç dg gnvkstgmbagñn slcrk kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl

butñnldl (QNB), eksaucrä bjmunls hbjjbzmls gntkrksbntks rkjbaglnbels b jb
rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab plstkrglr b unb alndlagñn akrkcrbj aldùn. Pkäb b
duahls beujtls quk hbcäbn kxpkrgdkntbel alndlaglnks akrkcrbjks kntrk
jkvks b dlekrbebs, pkrl quk bùn kxpkrgdkntbcbn säntldbs nkurljñmgals
vgnaujbels b ksk bntgmul kvkntl iuntl aln bnldbjäbs kn jbs prukcbs rkbjgzbebs
b su QNB.
Knalntrç kstl eksalnakrtbntk yb quk kstuegls quk rkdlntbn b jb eçabeb ek jls
bòls 2706 quk gnegabcbn quk dgkntrbs bjmugkn nl tuvgkrb sbnmrbel akrkcrbj b
rbäz ek su jksgñn, ekckräb rkaupkrbrsk aldpjktbdkntk ekntrl ek unls trks
dksks. Kn ltrbs pbjbcrbs, sg tu alndlagñn akrkcrbj `uk tbn mrbvk quk qukebstk
gnalnsagkntk eurbntk vbrgls dgnutls, sk kspkrbcb quk tk rkaupkrbrbs

aldpjktbdkntk kn kj jbpsl ek unls plals dksks.

Kstbcb pkrpjkil bj sbckr quk kstbs pkrslnbs nl sk kstuvgkrbn rkaupkrbnel.
Kn kj dldkntl kn quk aldknaç b gnvkstgmbr jbs jksglnks akrkcrbjks, jb
lpgngñn agkntä`gab prkvbjkagkntk krb quk ekspuçs ek nbakr nukstrl aukrpl  yb
nl krb abpbz ek prleuagr nukvbs açjujbs dberk ng nukvbs nkurlnbs. Kstl
sgmng`gabcb quk kxgstäb duy plab abpbagebe plr pbrtk ekj akrkcrl pbrb
rkaupkrbrsk ek unb jksgñn. Egahl ek ltrb `lrdb, sg unb pkrslnb nl sk
rkaupkrbcb ksplntânkbdkntk ek unb jksgñn akrkcrbj, hbcäb plabs kspkrbnzbs
ek unb rkaupkrbagñn plstkrglr.
 

Kstl dk aln`unegñ plrquk trkgntb l aubrkntb bòls btrâs sk suplnäb quk kj

akrkcrl krb tltbjdkntk abpbz ek rkaupkrbrsk. Vkrl, kn jb batubjgebe kj akrkcrl
krb vgstl aldl kj ñrmbnl dknls abpbz kn jl quk rkspkatb b jb rkaupkrbagñn.
Qgn kdcbrml, alntgnuç ks`lrzâneldk pbrb trbtbr ek byuebr b kstls pbagkntks b
rkaupkrbrsk ek bjmunb dbnkrb ek su egs`unagñn butlnñdgab.
 

Kj Vrgdkr Bvbnak kn jb Skaupkrbagñn

Eurbntk jls prgdkrls bòls, tuvk dängdl çxgtl kn byuebr b jls pbagkntks b
dkilrbr tbntl sgntldâtgab aldl lciktgvbdkntk kn jls rksujtbels ek sus
prukcbs ek `unaglnbdgkntl butñnldl (alnlagel aldl bnâjgsgs kspkatrbj).
Kstbcb prlcbnel unb bdpjgb vbrgkebe ek tçangabs ek nkurlpjbstgagebe,
lctkngknel plals rksujtbels.
Jukml, unb suaksgñn ek brtäaujls agkntä`gals ek 3668-3623 aldknzbrln b
pgntbr un ksaknbrgl quk kstbcjkaäb, ek hkahl, quk jls hudbnls prleuakn
açjujbs dberk nl sljl ekspuçs ekj nbagdgkntl sgnl b jl jbrml ek tleb nukstrb
vgeb. Kj ùngal prlcjkdb krb quk kj kstrçs gn`jbdbtlrgl arñngal gdpkeäb quk
kstbs açjujbs dberk `unaglnbrbn.
Kstk `uk un hbjjbzml arätgabdkntk gdplrtbntk pbrb dä plrquk jbs açjujbs
dberk tbdcgçn kstbcbn sgknel vgstbs aldl pbrtk vgtbj pbrb jls dkabngsdls
nbturbjks ek rkpbrbagñn y rkiuvknkagdgkntl ekj aukrpl. Dk ekageä unb
kstrbtkmgb cbstbntk ¨sgdpjgstb¨. Vknsç quk sg pleäb rkeuagr b jb dkegeb
su`gagkntk jb gn`jbdbagñn kn dgs pbagkntks, jbs açjujbs dberk quk prleuaäbn
nbturbjdkntk pleräbn batgvbrsk pbrb bsä pkrdgtgr quk su akrkcrl rkpbrbrb ek
`lrdb nbturbj sus vgkibs jksglnks.
Vrlcç unb vbrgkebe ek supjkdkntls y abdcgls kn kj kstgjl ek vgeb quk skntäb
quk pleräbn egsdgnugr jb gn`jbdbagñn ekntrl ekj akrkcrl. Kn plals dksks, jls
pbagkntks aldknzbrln b rkplrtbr dkilrbs sgmng`gabtgvbs kn sus säntldbs. Kstls
dgsdls pbagkntks
rkaupkrbagñn tbdcgçn
nkurljñmgab kn suskstbcbn `gnbjdkntk dlstrbnel sgmnls ek
prukcbs butlnñdgabs.
Eurbntk jls bòls sgmugkntks, rkbjgaç gnnudkrbcjks kstuegls aldpbrbnel kntrk
sä, supjkdkntls y abdcgls kn kj kstgjl ek vgeb aln rkspkatl b su abpbagebe
pbrb dkilrbr jls säntldbs y jls rksujtbels ek jbs prukcbs. Kj rksujtbel ks jb
vkrsgñn batubj ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®. Qgn kdcbrml, bjmunbs ek jbs
bsldcrlsbs rkaupkrbaglnks quk kstbcb kvgeknagbnel bùn pbrkaäbn gdplsgcjks,
gnajusl aln açjujbs dberk `unaglnbjks sbjuebcjks.
 

Jb Qkmuneb Gnnlvbagñn kn jb Skaupkrbagñn

Bunquk tknäbdls ajbrbs kvgeknagbs ek quk kj aukrpl hudbnl prleuaäb
batgvbdkntk açjujbs dberk, kxgstäb plab l ngnmunb kvgeknagb ek quk jbs
nkurlnbs kstuvgkrbn sgknel rkkdpjbzbebs plr nkurlnbs nukvbs sbjuebcjks.
Vbrb dä krb eg`äagj arkkr quk ùngabdkntk jbs açjujbs dberk krbn jbs
rksplnsbcjks ek jbs gnarkäcjks rkaupkrbaglnks quk kstbcbn laurrgknel.
Dg ksakptgagsdl `gnbjdkntk sk babcñ kn kj bòl 3627, aln kj eksaucrgdgkntl
ek quk unb gdplrtbntk rkmgñn ekj akrkcrl beujtl jjbdbeb hgplabdpl
rkkdpjbzbcb kj 76% ek jb tltbjgebe ek sus nkurlnbs aln nukvbs nkurlnbs
sbnbs, abeb trks skdbnbs. Kj hgplabdpl ks unb rkmgñn gdplrtbntk ekj akrkcrl
kn jl quk rkspkatb b jb almngagñn, jb dkdlrgb y jb kdltgvgebe.
Ltrbs prukcbs ek jb abpbagebe rkmknkrbtgvb ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl prlvknäbn ek
kstuegls quk gnegabcbn quk kj 76% ek jls qugngkntls dgjjlnks ek nkurlnbs
quk sk knalntrbcbn b jl jbrml ekj trbatl gntkstgnbj tbdcgçn sk rkkdpjbzbcbn b
sä dgsdbs abeb els skdbnbs.
Vlr jl tbntl, pbrkak quk kj kn`lquk lctkngel kn 2706 slcrk jb abpbagebe ekj
akrkcrl pbrb rkaupkrbrsk plr aldpjktl ek jb dbylräb ek jbs jksglnks, krb
alrrkatl. Jb ùngab eg`krknagb kntrk jb eçabeb ek 2706 y bhlrb, ks quk jb
dbylräb ek jbs pkrslnbs hly kn eäb sk knaukntrbn kxpkrgdkntbnel un prlaksl
ek gn`jbdbagñn arñngab, y sus açjujbs dberk, su abpbagebe ek rkpbrbagñn y
dkabngsdls ek rkiuvknkagdgkntl sln gnabpbaks ek `unaglnbr ek `lrdb râpgeb.
Jb agknagb dçegab `gnbjdkntk kstâ rkeksaucrgknel quk kj akrkcrl hudbnl kstâ
egskòbel plr jb nbturbjkzb pbrb rkpbrbrsk râpgeb y aldpjktbdkntk ek tlebs jbs
jksglnks akrkcrbjks, b kxakpagñn ek jbs dâs skvkrbs. Aln kstk alnlagdgkntl,
aldknaç b sumkrgr kstrbtkmgbs sgdgjbrks b pbagkntks aln ngòls b`katbels plr
unb vbrgkebe ek alnegaglnks ek jb gn`bnagb, tbjks aldl butgsdl, rktrbsl kn kj
eksbrrljjl, egs`unagñn gntkstgnbj, rktrbsl kn kj arkagdgkntl, bnsgkebe,
trbstlrnls ekj prlaksbdgkntl sknslrgbj, cbil tlnl dltlr k gnajusl pbrâjgsgs
akrkcrbj.
Kn jls bòls sgmugkntks, egstgntls abdcgls gnarkdkntbjks hbn gel rk`gnbnel kj
prltlaljl
Nkdkahko®.bntggn`jbdbtlrgl
Kj prltlaljl lrgmgnbj y bhlrb
ks gnnlvbelr ks alnlagel
y lrgmgnbj, aldl Kj([.Vrltlaljl
unb pbtkntk Q. #26,
 

11;,170) `uk kdgtgeb kn iujgl ek 3627 pbrb jls  Dçtlels pbrb Skvkrtgr kj
 Ebòl ekj Qgstkdb Nkrvglsl Butñnldl.

Dg prltlaljl bntggn`jbdbtlrgl `uk dleg`gabel pbrb su usl kn ngòls ekspuçs

ek eksaucrgr quk tbdcgçn krb k`gabz pbrb byuebr b jb plcjbagñn gn`bntgj b
rkaupkrbrsk ekj butgsdl, ekj rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl, bsä aldl unb bdpjgb
vbrgkebe ek säntldbs prleuatl ek jksglnks akrkcrbjks aldunks, nl rkpbrbebs.
Kj gnkspkrbel çxgtl y kj bdpjgl kspkatrl ek dg eksaucrgdgkntl nls hb jjkvbel
hbstb kstk puntl, Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® bpjgabel b ngòls. Ruk kstk jgcrl
kxpjgquk jb rbäz ek duahls prlcjkdbs, y unb `lrdb ek jlmrbr jb rkaupkrbagñn
kn tlel kj dunel, pbrb sgkdprk.
 

VBSUK G
 

AÑDL GNGAGBS KJ VSLULALJL

NKDKAHKO®
 

N[KPB KQVKSBNYB EK SKA[VKSBAGÑN

D uahls pberks hbn kxpkrgdkntbel jb eg`äagj nltgagb ek quk su hgil

prkskntb abrbatkrästgabs ajängabs ek aldplrtbdgkntl aldpbtgcjks aln
kj kspkatrl butgstb, y quk kxgstkn plabs kspkrbnzbs ek rkaupkrbagñn.
Kn kstk kstk alntkxtl, sk jks bntgagpb b jls pberks quk nl kspkrkn ekdbsgbel
ekj `uturl ek sus hgils. Nl sk jks bngdb b skntgr kspkrbnzb kn un ngòl
nkurltäpgal, y egahb kspkrbnzb kn kstls absls sk knaukntrb jkils ek jbs
kxpkatbtgvbs rkbjgstbs. Kn kstk dbral, bòls ek tkrbpgb nkurlpjâstgab pleräb
byuebr b dkilrbr bjmunls aldplrtbdgkntls, pkrl b dknuel aln kstânebrks
duy dängdls pbrb alnsgekrbrjb aldl un çxgtl.
Jb rbzñn quk kxpjgab tbj pksgdgsdl ks quk jb dbylräb ek jls dçegals y
tkrbpkutbs tlebväb kstân pbrtgknel ekj vgkil pbrbegmdb quk kstbcjkak quk kj
akrkcrl nl pukek rkaupkrbrsk. Jl quk ks pklr bùn, duahls nl sk ebn aukntb
ek
kj quk jls ks`ukrzls
hkahl ek quk hbnquk kjjls
sgel egrgmkn b byuebr
kntrknbels pbrbb sus hgils
tknkr sk vkn
plabs `rknbels plr
kspkrbnzbs ek
rkaupkrbagñn.
Qg bjmugkn arkk quk kxgstkn plabs plsgcgjgebeks ek abdcgbr unb sgtubagñn, sus
ks`ukrzls pbrb abdcgbr egahb sgtubagñn b dknuel abrkakn ek kntusgbsdl l
sln gnkxgstkntks. Vlr jl tbntl, sg jls dçegals nunab gntkntbn byuebr b jls
pbagkntks b rkaupkrbrsk ek unb jksgñn akrkcrbj arñngab, ks prlcbcjk quk kstls
nunab sk rkaupkrkn.
Kj agajl ek cbibs kxpkatbtgvbs, dängdl ks`ukrzl y dängdl çxgtl rk`ukrzb jb
arkknagb
byuebr bjek jls dçegals,
akrkcrl b`grdâneljks quk nl sk kqugvlabcbn bj nl trbtbr ek
b rkaupkrbrsk.
 

Kstb kstruaturb ek arkknagbs sk alnlak aldl unb prl`kaäb ekstgnbeb b

audpjgrsk, un ksaknbrgl aln gdplrtbntks gdpjgabaglnks kn nukstrls ks`ukrzls
pbrb byuebr b ngòls aln butgsdl y prlcjkdbs ek eksbrrljjl.
Jb b`grdbagñn dlekrnb ks quk kn busknagb ek gn`jbdbagñn arñngab, quk
gdpgek kj eksbrrljjl bekaubel ekj akrkcrl y jb rkaupkrbagñn ek jbs jksglnks, jb
mrbn dbylräb ek jls ngòls aln butgsdl y prlcjkdbs ek eksbrrljjl ekckräbn
rkaupkrbrsk ksplntânkbdkntk ek aubjqugkr jksgñn nkurljñmgab quk
kxpkrgdkntkn. Jls dkabngsdls nkurlnbjks ek rkpbrbagñn y rkiuvknkagdgkntl
ekckn skmugr plr kj abdgnl ek jb rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab nlrdbj.
Arkl quk kstk lptgdgsdl tbdcgçn sk bpjgab b jls ngòls quk kn`rkntbn eksb`äls
nkurljñmgals prleuatl ek un egbmnñstgal mknçtgal. Bedgtl quk unb
egsdgnuagñn ek jb gn`jbdbagñn nl rkvkrtgrâ jbs bnlrdbjgebeks bnbtñdgabs quk
bjmunls ngòls dukstrbn b rbäz ek bjmùn trbstlrnl mknçtgal, pkrl hk sgel
tkstgml ek prl`unebs dkilrbs nkurljñmgabs kn ngòls auyb kspkrbnzb hbagb
aubjqugkr dkilrb l rkaupkrbagñn, `uk alnsgekrbeb gdplsgcjk.
Jls bvbnaks agkntä`gals rkagkntks nls knskòbn quk kj akrkcrl ks abpbz ek
rkpbrbr jbs jksglnks mrbvks plr aldpjktl bj prleuagr açjujbs dberk, y quk sk
knaukntrb rkkdpjbzbnel alntgnubdkntk jbs nkurlnbs b jl jbrml ek jb vgeb.
Kstls eksaucrgdgkntls kstân dlstrbnel un ksaknbrgl kn kj aubj kn jumbr ek
skr gnabpbz ek rkaupkrbrsk, kj akrkcrl hudbnl ks qugzâs kj ñrmbnl dâs abpbz
ek rkaupkrbrsk ekspuçs ek su`rgr unb jksgñn. W kn dg kxpkrgknagb, kj kstrçs
gn`jbdbtlrgl arñngal ks duy prlcbcjkdkntk kj aujpbcjk ek jb gnhgcgagñn ek
egahb rkaupkrbagñn.
Jb gn`jbdbagñn ks un prlaksl nlrdbj kn kj quk jls mjñcujls cjbnals kn kj
lrmbngsdl sk batgvbn pbrb aldcbtgr gn`kaaglnks y rkpbrbr jls tkigels. Jb
gn`jbdbagñn gngagb, rksukjvk kj prlcjkdb kn aukstgñn, y jukml sk bpbmb ek
`lrdb nbturbj. Qg ks ek alrtb eurbagñn y sk rkmujb ek `lrdb bekaubeb, jb
gn`jbdbagñn prldukvk jb sbjue b jl jbrml ek nukstrbs vgebs.
Vkrl, sg jb gn`jbdbagñn sk knaukntrb batgvb alntgnubdkntk, ek `lrdb nl
rkmujbeb, abusbrâ ebòl kn tlel kj lrmbngsdl plr un k`katl tñxgal egrkatl
kikragel slcrk jls tkigels, bsä aldl dkegbntk jb gnhgcgagñn ek bjmunls ltrls
dkabngsdls nbturbjks ek rkpbrbagñn.
 

Jbs `ukntks ek gn`jbdbagñn nl nbturbj sk pukekn knalntrbr kn duahls

bspkatls ek nukstrl dkegl bdcgkntk. Kj bgrk alntbdgnbel, jls abdcgls kn
nukstrl sudgngstrl ek bjgdkntls, kj kstrçs psgaljñmgal arñngal y jbs
bjtkrbaglnks kn nukstrbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks, tlebs alntrgcuykn b budkntbr
jls ngvkjks ek kstrçs gn`jbdbtlrgl ekntrl ek nukstrl lrmbngsdl.
Qbcgknel quk jb gn`jbdbagñn ks jb ajbvk ek duahls ek nukstrls prlcjkdbs ek
sbjue, dg prglrgebe aln dgs pbagkntks ks prgdkrl rkeuagr jb gn`jbdbagñn. Bj
rkaupkrbr kj kqugjgcrgl kn jls âagels mrbsls quk l`rkakdls b nukstrl akrkcrl y
sgstkdb nkrvglsl, bj kqugjgcrbr kj arkagdgkntl kxaksgvl ek cbatkrgbs kn nukstrl
trbatl gntkstgnbj, kvgtbr jls bakgtks prl gn`jbdbtlrgls prkskntks kn jls
bjgdkntls dlekrnls y bj kstgdujbr cglkjçatrgabdkntk kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl
butñnldl aubnel skb nkaksbrgl, sk prkpbrb un ksaknbrgl pbrb jb dkilrb y jb
rkaupkrbagñn ek unb bdpjgb mbdb ek eljknagbs kn ngòls y beujtls.
 

EKQASGVAGÑN MKNKSBJ EKJ VSLULALJL

NKDKAHKO®
 

Jls @unebdkntls Câsgals (Pkrsgñn Alrtb)

xgstk unb arkagkntk kvgeknagb agkntä`gab quk dukstrb quk un
ekskqugjgcrgl kn jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks, iuntl aln unb gn`jbdbagñn
kxaksgvb kn kj akrkcrl pukekn skr jbs rksplnsbcjks ek jbs abrbatkrästgabs
K
bslagbebs aln kj butgsdl, kj rktrbsl ekj eksbrrljjl y jls trbstlrnls ekj kstbel
ek ângdl.
Bekdâs, jbs jksglnks akrkcrbjks gnajusl bqukjjbs quk skbn prleuatl ek
trbudbs dknlrks kn jb abckzb kn ngòls quk nl pukebn rkpbrbrsk plr aldpjktl
pukek rksujtbr kn ltrls säntldbs aldunks, aldl kstrkògdgkntl,
hgpkrbatgvgebe, bnsgkebe, bmrksgvgebe, `bjtb ek alnakntrbagñn, `btgmb k
gnsldngl.
Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®, kn jl quk sk rk`gkrk bpjgabel b jls ngòls aldgknzb
aln un bclrebik sgdpjk ek els pgjbrks quk aln sgstk kn prgdkrb gnstbnagb
rkstburbr kj kqugjgcrgl bekaubel ek jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks bsä aldl kn unb
rkstburbagñn ek jb prlplragñn l cbjbnak nlrdbj ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 y
ldkmb-0.
Jb kjgdgnbagñn ek jb gn`jbdbagñn prlvkngkntk ek kstbs `ukntks vukjvk b
batgvbr jls dkabngsdls nbturbjks ek rkpbrbagñn y pleb nkurljñmgab, jl quk b
dknuel alneuak b unb rkaupkrbagñn sustbnagbj ekj rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl y
jbs jksglnks akrkcrbjks quk nl hbybn plegel skr rkpbrbebs prkvgbdkntk.
 

Kntlnaks, jb rkeuaagñn ek jb gn`jbdbagñn sk jlmrb prgnagpbjdkntk bjabnzbnel

kj kqugjgcrgl ek jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks y cbjbnakbnel jb gnmkstb ek jls
âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 y ldkmb-0.
Alntgnùk jkyknel kstk abpätujl pbrb aldprknekr jls puntls ajbvk ekj
prltlaljl. Qk crgnebrân gnstruaaglnks kspkaä`gabs rkspkatl b jb elsgs pbrb abeb
unl ek jls aldplnkntks ekj prltlaljl.
Kn jls sgmugkntks abpätujls, sk crgnebrân kxpjgabaglnks dâs ektbjjbebs
rkspkatl b kstls
aldprknsgñn dâs pbsls kspkagbjdkntk
prl`uneb ek jb agknagbpbrb bqukjjlskjquk
quk sustkntb ekskbn tknkr unb
prltlaljl.
 

Vrgdkr Vbsl ‑ Skeuagr kj Qlcrkarkagdgkntl Cbatkrgbnl kn kj Gntkstgnl

Ekjmbel
Kj lcstâaujl dâs gdplrtbntk b supkrbr aubnel hbcjbdls ek rkaupkrbr jb
gntkmrgebe ek jb `unagñn akrkcrbj, ks jb prksknagb kxaksgvb ek cbatkrgbs
aljñngabs ekntrl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel.
Alnlagel aldl slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel (QGCL, plr
sus sgmjbs kn gnmjçs), kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl eksknabeknb jb
jgckrbagñn ek unb mrbn ljb ek sustbnagbs gn`jbdbtlrgbs quk jgdgtbn kj
eksbrrljjl nlrdbj ekj akrkcrl. Qupkrbr kj QGCL ks kj pbsl dâs gdplrtbntk
pbrb byuebr b un ngòl b rkaupkrbrsk.
Vbrb hbakr çn`bsgs kn jb eg`krknagb kntrk
kn trk jbs cbatkrgbs kn kj judkn ekj gntkstgnl
ekjmbel kn aldpbrbagñn aln jbs cbatkrgbs kn ekj aljln (tbdcgçn alnlagel
aldl kj gntkstgnl mruksl), hby unb bnbjlmäb quk sukjl usbr9 pgknsk kn jbs
cbatkrgbs ekj aljln aldl sg `ukrbn " pkaks" y jbs cbatkrgbs ekj gntkstgnl
ekjmbel aldl "bvks".
Bntk jb prksknagb ek QGCL, jls pkaks alkxgstkn kn kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel aln jbs
bvks. Ulel kj dunel sbck quk jls pkaks y jbs bvks sln bngdbjks duy
eg`krkntks y quk nl kstân ekstgnbels b vgvgr iuntls.
Kj sgmugkntk egbmrbdb dukstrb kj kqugjgcrgl gekbj ek pkaks y bvks, aln abeb
unl ek kjjls vgvgknel ekntrl ek sus kntlrnls alrrksplnegkntks. Kj gntkstgnl
ekjmbel tgknk duy plabs cbatkrgbs kn aldpbrbagñn aln kj aljln.
Vlr abeb cbatkrgb "bvk" gnegvgeubj kn kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel supkrglr, kxgstkn
agkn dgjjlnks ek cbatkrgbs " pkaks" quk hbakn vgeb kn jb plragñn dâs cbib ekj
aljln? unb knlrdk eg`krknagb ek 29266.666.666 kn jbs alnakntrbaglnks
cbatkrgbnbs.
 

Cbatkrgbs Gntkstgnbjks Cbjbnakbebs Nlrdbjdkntk

Kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl laurrk aubnel unb sljb kspkagk ek cbatkrgb

"pkz", dgmrb eksek kj aljln y aldgknzb b dujtgpjgabrsk kn kj gntkstgnl
ekjmbel. Kj arkagdgkntl kxaksgvl ek jbs cbatkrgbs gnvbslrbs rksujtb kntrk dgj b
agkn dgj vkaks dâs kj nùdkrl ek cbatkrgbs nlrdbjks ekntrl ekj gntkstgnl
ekjmbel.
Jb dkegagnb hb sgel alnsagkntk ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl kn kj
gntkstgnl ekjmbel
eksaucrgdgkntl eurbntk
nukvl bprlxgdbebdkntk
y duahbs skskntb bòls.agkntä`gab
eçabebs ek gnvkstgmbagñn Kstk nl skks hbn
un
ekegabel bj eksbrrljjl ek dçtlels pbrb byuebr b rkkqugjgcrbr jbs cbatkrgbs
gntkstgnbjks.
 

Qlcrkarkagdgkntl Cbatkrgbnl ekj Gntkstgnl Ekjmbel (QGCL plr sus sgmjbs kn gnmjçs)

Jl quk suakekrâ bntk un nùdkrl kxaksgvl ek cbatkrgbs kn kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel

ks quk jb abpbagebe quk kstk plskk pbrb dbnkibr su alntkngel ek `lrdb
bekaubeb, pkqukòls `rbmdkntls ek cbatkrgbs y ektrgtus bjgdkntbrgls sk `gjtrkn
hbagb kj tkigel agraunebntk. Jb gnabpbagebe pbrb dbnkibr kj alntkngel, sk
alnlak agkntä`gabdkntk aldl trbnsjlabagñn cbatkrgbnb, pkrl b dknuel sk jk
rk`gkrk aldl "gntkstgnl pkrdkbcjk".
 

 Kj QGCL Alneuak

Alneuak b Gntkstgnl Vkrdkbcjk
Vkrdkbcjk (Urbnsjlabagñn
(Urbnsjlabagñn Cbatkrgbnb)
Cbatkrgbnb)

Kj tkigel quk rlekb kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel alntgknk bprlxgdbebdkntk kj lahkntb

plr agkntl ek tlels jls mjñcujls cjbnals ekj lrmbngsdl. Jb `umb ek
`rbmdkntls ek pbrke akjujbr cbatkrgbnb (Jgplpljgsbaârgels) y dljçaujbs ek
bjgdkntls, sln gekntg`gabebs aldl kxtrbòls plr jls mjñcujls cjbnals, y ebn
jumbr b unb mrbn rkbaagñn quk jgckrb sustbnagbs quädgabs gn`jbdbtlrgbs hbagb
kj tlrrkntk sbnmuänkl.

Alnlagebs
plr tlel kj aldl
aukrpl, y hbagb ,kjkstbs
agtlqugnbs sustbnagbs
akrkcrl, elnekquädgabs
gdpgekn gn`jbdbtlrgbs agraujbn
quk kstk sk eksbrrljjk
nlrdbjdkntk, bj gntkr`krgr aln jls dkabngsdls nlrdbjks ek pleb y rkpbrbagñn
nkurlnbj.
Ek jbs dâs ek dgj kspkagks egstgntbs ek cbatkrgbs " pkaks" quk nlrdbjdkntk
vgvkn kn kj aljln, kj slcrkarkagdgkntl aln dbylr `rkauknagb laurrk aubnel
unb ùngab kspkagk ek cbatkrgbs ¨ pkaks¨ dgmrb b alnvgvgr aln jbs ¨bvks.
Ek `lrdb labsglnbj, jbs cbatkrgbs ¨ pkaks¨ quk arkakn kxaksgvbdkntk kn
gntkstgnl ekjmbel, tbdcgçn sln abpbaks ek prleuagr mrbneks abntgebeks ek unb
sustbnagb quädgab jjbdbeb âagel prlpgñngal.
 

Aubnel mrbneks abntgebeks ek âagel prlpgñngal sk `gjtrbn kn kj tlrrkntk

sbnmuänkl b trbvçs ek kstk bhlrb gntkstgnl pkrdkbcjk, puegknel kstk tknkr un
k`katl skebntk kn jls ngòls, jl quk jls hbak aldplrtbrsk aldl sg kstuvgkrbn
erlmbels l `ukrtkdkntk dkegabels. Ks kj k`katl skebntk ekj âagel prlpgñngal
kj rksplnsbcjk ek quk jls ngòls pgkrebn kj alntbatl vgsubj, nl rksplnebn
`âagjdkntk b su
alnagknagb ek jbskntlrnl.
ekdbnebs y, kn mknkrbj, sk aldplrtkn aln duy plab

Vbrb rk kqugjgcrbr jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® utgjgzb

unb `gcrb prkcgñtgab ek vkntb jgcrk, jjbdbeb gnujgnb kn kj absl ek jls ngòls
dâs pkqukòls, y un bntgcgñtgal nl bcslrcgcjk jjbdbel rg`bxgdgnb pbrb
kqugjgcrbr jb abrmb cbatkrgbnb kn ngòls dâs mrbneks y kn beujtls. Jb rkvkrsgñn
ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl plr aubjqugkrb ek kstls dçtlels alneuak b
unb râpgeb egsdgnuagñn ek jb gn`jbdbagñn sgstçdgab y ektgknk jb prleuaagñn
kxaksgvb ek âagel prlpgñngal.

B jbs plabs
ekjmbel sk skdbnbs ek ek
rkaupkrbrâ rkvkrtgr
`lrdbkj slcrkarkagdgkntl
nbturbj, jl quk cbatkrgbnl, kj gntkstgnl
jjkvbrâ b unb râpgeb
egsdgnuagñn kn jb jgckrbagñn ek agtlqugnbs gn`jbdbtlrgbs y âagel prlpgñngal.
Jb rg`bxgdgnb k gnujgnb nl ekckn bedgngstrbrsk ek dbnkrb sgdujtânkb.
[nb vkz quk kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ks rkvkrtgel, y jls ngvkjks ek
âagel prlpgñngal egsdgnuykn, kstls ngòls sln jgckrbels ek jb prgsgñn tñxgab y
ek kstuplr kn jb quk hbn kstbel btrbpbels. Kn plals eäbs, b dknuel sk
vukjvkn dâs alnsagkntks, aln dkilrbs kn kj alntbatl vgsubj y rksplnekn dâs
`âagjdkntk b su nldcrk l b ñreknks sgdpjks. Eknldgnl kstb rkspukstb
tkdprbnb aldl " kj pkrälel ekj ekspkrtbr—. Kj pkrälel ek ekspkrtbr ks un
k`katl egrkatl ek jb abäeb kn jb prleuaagñn ek âagel prlpgñngal.
Jls ngòls dbylrks y jls beujtls aln butgsdl, bsä aldl jls ngòls aln rktrbsl
kn kj eksbrrljjl pkrl sgn kj egbmnñstgal ek butgsdl, tgknekn b tknkr un pkrälel
ek ekspkrtbr duahl dâs egsarktl l b nl tknkrjl. Arkl quk kstl sk ekck b quk
jbs cbatkrgbs quk arkakn kn kxaksl kn sus gntkstgnls prlcbcjkdkntk nl sln
abpbaks ek prleuagr âagel prlpgñngal l kj âagel prlpgñngal tgknk dknls
k`katl nkmbtgvl slcrk sus sgstkdbs nkrvglsls.
Qg un pbagkntk nl kxpkrgdkntb un ekspkrtbr, nl sgmng`gab quk kj prltlaljl nl
kstç `unaglnbnel. Qgdpjkdkntk sgmng`gab quk tgknkn slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl aln cbatkrgbs nl prleuatlrbs ek âagel prlpgñngal.
 

Qkmunel Vbsl ‑ Skkqugjgcrbr jb Gnmkstb ek jls Âagels Mrbsls Ldkmb-1 y

Ldkmb-0
Jls bjtls ngvkjks ek sustbnagbs gn`jbdbtlrgbs alnlagebs aldl agtlqugnbs,
gdpgekn quk jls dkabngsdls nlrdbjks ek rkpbrbagñn y pleb akrkcrbjks
`unaglnkn alrrkatbdkntk. Kqugjgcrbr jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks tgknk un k`katl
sustbnagbj kn jb rkeuaagñn ek jb gn`jbdbagñn, pkrl tbdcgçn ks nkaksbrgl
dkilrbr kj kqugjgcrgl ek jls âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 y ldkmb-0 pbrb bsä
pkrdgtgr quk kj akrkcrl sk rkaupkrk.
Jls âagels mrbsls Ldkmb-0, sln sustbnagbs nbturbjks hbjjbebs kn jbs pjbntbs y
sln nkaksbrgls pbrb batgvbr ngvkjks sbjuebcjks ek gn`jbdbagñn, pbrb rkpbrbr kj
tkigel, l gnajusl pbrb aldcbtgr jbs gn`kaaglnks. Jls âagels mrbsls Ldkmb-1
sln sustbnagbs nbturbjks quk sk knaukntrbn kn jbs pjbntbs y jb abrnk bngdbj,
quk
yb nlbatùbn aldl un alntrbpksl pbrb byuebr b ektknkr jb gn`jbdbagñn aubnel
ks nkaksbrgb.
Eksb`lrtunbebdkntk, nukstrl sudgngstrl ek bjgdkntls dlekrnls alntgknk unb
abntgebe kxaksgvb ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-0 quk prldukvkn jb gn`jbdbagñn y
abntgebeks ek`gagkntks ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 quk bpbmbn jb gn`jbdbagñn.
[nb abntgebe kxaksgvb ekj âagel mrbsl ldkmb-0 jjbdbel âagel jgnljkgal kstâ
prkskntk kn kj sudgngstrl ek bjgdkntls, kn `lrdb ek bakgtks vkmktbjks,
dbntkab y abrnk ek bngdbjks bjgdkntbebs aln mrbnls, aldl jl sln kj dbäz l
jb slib.
B`lrtunbebdkntk, ltrb hkrrbdgkntb kn jb juahb alntrb jls âagels mrbsls
gn`jbdbtlrgls ldkmb-0, ks kj âagel ljkgal, un âagel mrbsl quk sk knaukntrb kn
bjtbs alnakntrbaglnks kn kj bakgtk ek ljgvb kxtrb vgrmkn . Kj âagel ljkgal ks
abpbz ek nkutrbjgzbr jb tlxgagebe ekj kxaksl ek âagel jgnljkgal. Kj alnsudl ek
bakgtk ek ljgvb kxtrb vgrmkn (BLPK) altgegbnl prltkmkrâ bj lrmbngsdl ekj
kxaksl ek âagel jgnljkgal, y rkeuagrâ sus k`katls nkmbtgvls, gn`jbdbtlrgls kn
tlel kj aukrpl y kj akrkcrl.
Kj budkntl ek jb gnmkstb ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 sk jlmrb `âagjdkntk
dkegbntk kj alnsudl egbrgl ek supjkdkntls aln bakgtk ek pksabel. Bunquk
jls `rutls
âagels skals
mrbsls y kj jgnl
ldkmb-1 tbdcgçn
alnlagels alntgknkn
aldl KVB y âagels
EHB skmrbsls ldkmb-1,
knaukntrbn els
kn bjtbs
 

alnakntrbaglnks ùngabdkntk kn kj bakgtk ek pksabel y nl sk pukekn

aldpjkdkntbr `âagjdkntk ek ltrb `lrdb.
Ekcgel b jb bjtb aldkragbjgzbagñn ek bakgtk ek pksabel `rbueujkntl y bakgtk ek
ljgvb ek cbib abjgebe kn kj dkrabel, sk ekck prkstbr kspkagbj btknagñn bj usl
ek jbs dbrabs alrrkatbs ek bakgtk ek pksabel y ek bakgtk ek ljgvb kxtrb vgrmkn.
 

GNGAGL EKJ VSLULALJL NKDKAHKO

 

¼Ruç Ubn Vrlntl Qk Vukek Gngagbr Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®<

kaldgknel quk jbs pkrslnbs alnsujtkn b su pkegbtrb bntks ek aldknzbr
kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® kn absl ek quk su hgil tknmb dknls ek 23
dksks ek kebe, sg tgknk ltrls prlcjkdbs dçegals ek cbsk b aubjqugkr
S
kebe, l sg kj ngòl rkqugkrk dkegabdkntls prksargtls ek `lrdb rkmujbr, tbdcgçn
bntks ek gngagbr aubjqugkr ltrl trbtbdgkntl nukvl.
Qumgkrl quk dgs pbagkntks gngagkn jls supjkdkntls aln bakgtk ek pksabel,
bakgtk ek ljgvb k gnujgnb b jls prgdkrls gnegagls ek trbstlrnls kn kj eksbrrljjl.
Aldknzbr kj prltlaljl kn ngòls sbjuebcjks pukek dkilrbr kn mrbn dkegeb sus
plsgcgjgebeks ek dbntknkrsk bsä y nl eksbrrljjbr prlcjkdbs ek eksbrrljjl,
jksglnks akrkcrbjks baudujbtgvbs l rbsmls ekj kspkatrl butgstb.
 

Eäb b eäb kn kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®

Nl kxgstk un lrekn l dldkntl kn pbrtgaujbr kn kj eäb kn quk un pberk ekcb
bedgngstrbr jb gnujgnb, kj bakgtk ek pksabel l kj bakgtk ek ljgvb. Vukekn
tldbrsk iuntls l plr skpbrbel, aln l sgn bjgdkntls y plr jb dbòbnb l plr jb
nlahk. Dgkntrbs bjmunls pberks prk`gkrkn gngagbr sljl aln jls bakgtks eurbntk
jbs prgdkrbs skdbnbs y jukml sudbr jb gnujgnb, mknkrbjdkntk rkaldgknel b
dgs pbagkntks gngagbr tlel bj dgsdl tgkdpl.
Qg dg pbagkntk
pbagkntk ks dbylr sukjl aldknzbr aln rg`bxgdgnb kn jumbr ek gnujgnb, jb
rg`bxgdgnb sk ekck tldbr kn elsgs egvgegebs, abeb egkz b elak hlrbs.
Skaldgknel aldknzbr b tldbr kj pljvl ek gnujgnb lrmângab purb jjbdbeb
(NkdkahkoCjuk.ald)) l jb gnujgnb kn pljvl prleuageb plr
¨Nkdkahko Cjuk®¨ (NkdkahkoCjuk.ald
NL] @lles®. Vbrb kj bakgtk ek pksabel, rkaldgknel unb dbrab ek bakgtk ek
pksabel jjbdbeb ¨[jtgdbtk
¨[jtgdbtk Ldkmb¨ (kn 
(kn  prkskntbagñn jäqugeb l kn aâpsujbs)
prleuageb plr Nlrega Nbturbjs® l ¨EHB-;66¨ tbdcgçn prleuageb plr NL]
@lles®.
Ekcgel b quk jb abjgebe ekj bakgtk ek ljgvb vgrmkn kxtrb egsplngcjk kn kj
dkrabel ks gdprkekagcjk, rkaldgknel usbr Nkdkahko Mlje
(NkdkahkoMlje.ald
NkdkahkoMlje.ald)) u ltrl bakgtk ek ljgvb vgrmkn kxtrb quk skb akrtg`gabel
plr kj Alnskil ekj Bakgtk ek Ljgvb ek Abjg`lrngb (ALLA) (ALLA.ald
(ALLA.ald). ).
Skaldgknel kstbs yb quk sln jbs dbrabs kspkaä`gabs quk hk usbel
kxgtlsbdkntk kn dg alnsujtlrgl b jl jbrml ek jls bòls. Ekcgel b jb abntgebe ek
supjkdkntls ek dbjb abjgebe l `rbueujkntls y kj bakgtk ek ljgvb kn kj
dkrabel, eksvgbrsk ek kstbs lpaglnks pukek hbakr quk kj prltlaljl `bjjk y
prgvbr bj ngòl ek rkaupkrbrsk.
Ubdcgçn rkaldgknel kjgdgnbr tlebs jbs vgtbdgnbs, supjkdkntls y rkdkegls
begaglnbjks b dknls quk skbn kspkaä`gabdkntk prksargtls plr un dçegal pbrb
unb ek`gagknagb ek nutrgkntks egbmnlstgabeb (plr kikdpjl, ek`gagknagb ek
hgkrrl l vgtbdgnb E).
 

Vrgdkr Vbsl - Egsdgnugr Kj Qlcrkarkagdgkntl Cbatkrgbnl

Gnmrkegkntk # 2 - Gnujgnb l Sg`bxgdgnb

Jb `gcrb prkcgñtgab
(Xg`bxbn®) (Gnujgnb)
sln dgs els lpaglnksy pbrb
kj dkegabdkntl prksargtl gntkstgnbjks.
kqugjgcrbr jbs cbatkrgbs rg`bxgdgnb
Aldknzbr kj prltlaljl aln gnujgnb ks dg kn`lquk prk`krgel kn ngòls dâs
pkqukòls, dgkntrbs quk prk`gkrl aldknzbr aln rg`bxgdgnb kn ngòls dbylrks
yb quk kn kstls ùjtgdls jb gnujgnb ks dknls k`katgvb.

Kjkmgr Kntrk Gnujgnb vkrsus Sg`bxgdgnb

Qg kj ngòl ks dknlr b 8 bòls, usl gnujgnb pbrb kqugjgcrbr jbs cbatkrgbs

gntkstgnbjks
Qg kstâ kntrk jls 8-25 bòls ek kebe, pukel aldknzbr aln gnujgnb l
rg`bxgdgnb
Qg tgknk 2; bòls l dâs, rkaldgknel aldknzbr aln rg`bxgdgnb

Elsg`gabagñn ek jb Gnujgnb

Ebr un 2/8 ek auahbrbegtb ek gnujgnb kn pljvl

Qk pukek bòbegrsk b jls bjgdkntls l ckcgebs
Jb elsgs nl abdcgb aln jb kebe
Elsg`gabagñn ek jb Sg`bxgdgnb (Xg`bxbn®)

;;6 dm els vkaks bj eäb eurbntk 26 eäbs

Kj dkegabdkntl pukek trgturbrsk y bòbegrsk b jls bjgdkntls l ckcgebs
ek skr nkaksbrgl
Kstk nl ks un dkegabdkntl ek vkntb jgcrk y ekck skr prksargtl plr un
dçegal
 

Alnsujtk jls abpätujls 5-8 pbrb lctknkr dâs gn`lrdbagñn slcrk kj usl ek jb
gnujgnb l rg`bxgdgnb pbrb egsdgnugr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl ek cbatkrgbs kn kj
gntkstgnl ekjmbel.
 

Qkmunel Vbsl - Skkqugjgcrbr jls Âagels Mrbsls

Gnmrkegkntk # 3-Bakgtk ek Ljgvb Pgrmkn Kxtrb b Egbrgl

Qljl uslpbagkntks
quk dgs bakgtk ek alnsudbn
ljgvb kxtrbkjvgrmkn
bakgtkquk
ek kstâ
ljgvbakrtg`gabel
egbrgbdkntkplraruel
jb ALLA
y sgn yalakr,
hbml
yb skb tldbel egrkatbdkntk aldl un dkegabdkntl l bòbegel kn bjgdkntls l
ckcgebs. Jb abntgebe dängdb rkqukrgeb ek bakgtk ek ljgvb sk gnegab b
alntgnubagñn.

 Elsgs ek Bakgtk ek
ek Ljgvb

Jgstb ek bakgtks ek ljgvb akrtg`gabels plr jb ALLA sk pukek knalntrbr kn kj

bpbrtbel y kn jb wkc ALLA.ald. Hk eksaucgkrtl quk ks dâs `âagj pbrb jbs
`bdgjgbs aldprbr kj bakgtk ek ljgvb väb k alddkrak l egrkatbdkntk b trbvçs ek
pkqukòls prleuatlrks ek bakgtunbs rkmglnbjks, kn absl ek quk kj bakgtk ek
ljgvb akrtg`gabel plr jb ALLA nl kstç egsplngcjk jls dkrabels jlabjks.
Nkdkahko Mlje ks un bakgtk ek ljgvb vgrmkn kxtrb rgal kn `knljks aln
akrtg`gabagñn ALLA, `lrdujbel pbrb jb sbjue ek su hgil. Jkb dâs bj rkspkatl
 

kn NkdkahkoMlje.ald
NkdkahkoMlje.ald..

Gnmrkegkntk #1 - Bakgtk ek Vksabel Jäqugel b Egbrgl

B dknuel pbrb gngagbr rkaldgknel jb prkskntbagñn jäqugeb ek bakgtk ek

pksabel prleuagel plr Nlrega Nbturbjs jjbdbel [jtgdbtk Ldkmb (NN[L), l
¨EHB-;66¨ prleuageb plr NL] @lles®.

 Elsgs ek Bakgtk ek
ek Vksabel
 

Ruç kspkrbr aln Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®

Ekntrl ek jbs prgdkrbs skdbnbs, duahls ngòls pukekn dlstrbr dbylr
alntbatl vgsubj, un dkilr skntgel ek alnagknagb y ek alnkxgñn. Kstl sk ekck b
quk jls k`katls skebntks ekj âagel prlpgñngal sk hbn rkeuagel l kjgdgnbel
ekcgel b un rkkqugjgcrgl ek jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks. Skvgsk kj abpätujl
egkagsçgs pbrb unb kxpjgabagñn dâs prl`uneb ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl
y kj âagel prlpgñngal.
Kjgdgnbr kj k`katl skebntk tbdcgçn jk crgnebrâ b jls pberks unb dkilr
pkrspkatgvb slcrk auân nkurljñmgabdkntk ekscbjbnakbel kstâ rkbjdkntk su
hgil. Bjmunls aldplrtbdgkntls pukekn dlstrbrsk pklrks yb quk kj âagel
prlpgñngal kstbcb suprgdgknel su abpbagebe ek dbng`kstbr egahls
aldplrtbdgkntls, bj gmubj quk un dkegabdkntl jl hbräb. Ubjks
aldplrtbdgkntls pukekn skrJlsek pberks
hgpkrbatgvgebe l gnsldngl. butlkstgdujbagñn,
bhlrb kstân bnsgkebe,
vgknel b bmrksgvgebe,
su hgil plr
prgdkrb vkz sgn quk kj ngòl kstç skebel.
Kn ltrbs pbjbcrbs, kj aldplrtbdgkntl ek un ngòl pukek kdpklrbr ek `lrdb
gngagbj, pkrl ksl nl sgmng`gab quk kj prltlaljl nl kstç `unaglnbnel, sgmng`gab
quk hkdls eksaucgkrtl unb ajbvk pbrb jb rkaupkrbagñn pltknagbj y kj puntl ek
pbrtgeb eksek kj aubj aldknzbrkdls b trbcbibr.
Ekntrl ek jbs sgmugkntks skdbnbs l dksks, jls pberks b dknuel aldgknzbn b
nltbr dkilrbs kn duahls bspkatls rkjbaglnbels b aubjqugkr ektkrglrl
nkurljñmgal l rktrbsldâs
rgtdl pukek pbrkakr qukjkntl
su hgil
ek jlhbyb
quk kstbel kxpkrgdkntbnel.
unl pleräb Bunquk kj
kspkrbr, jb rkaupkrbagñn
bvbnzb ek `lrdb duy alnsgstkntk.
Jb pbagknagb plr pbrtk ek jls pberks ks ksknagbj plrquk nl kxgstk ngnmùn
dçtlel pbrb jlmrbr quk kj ngòl "dkilrk dâs râpgel" y jls ks`ukrzls pbrb
hbakr kstl b dknuel alneuakn b quk kj prlmrksl sk ektknmb plr aldpjktl.
Qg kj prlmrksl sk ektgknk l un pberk sgkntk quk su hgil nl kstâ rkbaaglnbnel
bekaubebdkntk bj prltlaljl, ekckrâ alnsujtbr jls ùjtgdls abpätujls ekj jgcrl.
Kstk abpätujl ks jb vkrsgñn alrtb ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® elnek jls
abpätujls b alntgnubagñn
gn`lrdbagñn slnb jls
pbrb rksplnekr jbs quk kntrbnquk
prkmuntbs b dbylr ektbjjk
surmgrân y kstân
ek `lrdb jjknls ekb
gnkvgtbcjk
 

dkegeb quk jls nkrvgls ekj ngòl sk rkpbrbn y sk plebn, y b dkegeb quk kstls
gngagbn un abdgnl ek vkrebekrb rkaupkrbagñn.
 

VBSUK GG
 

JLQ VSGDKSLQ USKQ DKQKQ

 

KPBJ[BAGÑN EKJ VSLMSKQL

K j çxgtl kn jb dkilrb y jb rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab kn kj Vrltlaljl

Nkdkahko® ekpknek kn dbylr pbrtk ek un kqugjgcrgl sbjuebcjk ek
cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks. Qgn kstk kqugjgcrgl, pukek laurrgr plab l ngnmunb
rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab. Jb `bjtb ek rkaupkrbagñn kn rbrbs lplrtungebeks ks
ekcgel b elsgs gnbekaubebs ek bakgtk ek pksabel l bakgtk ek ljgvb, plr jl quk
jks rkaldgknel b dgs pbagkntks quk nl sk bjkikn ek jbs elsgs rkaldknebebs ek
bakgtk ek ljgvb l bakgtk ek pksabel.
Kn kstb skaagñn kxpjgabrç añdl ektkrdgnl sg kxgstk prlmrksl, añdl rkbjgzl
abdcgls aubnel nl jl hby y añdl ekagel sg sk iustg`gab l nl un trbtbdgkntl
begaglnbj aln kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml.
Jb prgdkrb prkmuntb quk hbml bj kvbjubr kj çxgtl ekj prltlaljl aln dg
pbagkntk ks sg kj usl ek gnujgnb hb sgel k`katgvl pbrb rkkqugjgcrbr jbs cbatkrgbs
gntkstgnbjks. Qg nl, jb gnujgnb ekck abdcgbrsk b rg`bxgdgnb. Qg kj ngòl yb hb
kstbel usbnel rg`bxgdgnb, kntlnaks ekckrâ pbsbr ek usbrjb ek `lrdb labsglnbj
("skmùn skb nkaksbrgl") b un rçmgdkn dâs bmrksgvl ek rg`bxgdgnb, ek
elsg`gabagñn aäajgab l alntgnub.
Jb skmuneb prkmuntb quk hbml ks sg jb rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab kstâ
laurrgknel kn tlebs jbs ârkbs nkurljñmgabs quk pbrkakn kstbr jksglnbebs,
egs`unaglnbjks l aln rktrbsl. Qg kj ngòl kstâ kxpkrgdkntbnel sljl unb dkilräb
pbragbj (dkilrbs sgmng`gabtgvbs kn egvkrsbs ârkbs, pkrl plab l ngnmunb dkilrb
kn ltrbs), sk bòbegrân agnal dgnutls egbrgls ek kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml
pbrb
bdpjgbbcbrabr bùn rkjbaglnbeb
egsausgñn dâs jb rkaupkrbagñn
b jb agknagbnkurljñmgab.
y kj usl ekVlerâ knalntrbr unb
jb kstgdujbagñn ekj
 

nkrvgl vbml kn jls abpätujls 26 y 22 ekj jgcrl.

 Ektkrdgnbnel sg
sg kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko
Nkdkahko ks Kxgtlsl

Ubn sgdpjk aldl kstl suknb, rksplnekr kstbs els prkmuntbs b vkaks pukek skr
aldpjgabel, yb quk kxgstkn duahbs alsbs quk pukekn laurrgr unb vkz
gngagbel kj prltlaljl, quk pleräbn gdpkegr kj prlmrksl y kndbsabrbr jb
rkaupkrbagñn, ek gmubj `lrdb kstbs nl sln gnegabtgvl ek unb elsg`gabagñn
gnalrrkatb. Jls kikdpjls pleräbn skr, gngagbr aln kj prltlaljl, pkrl pbsbebs
skgs skdbnbs kj ngòl eksbrrljjb unb gn`kaagñn quk bdkrgtb els rlnebs ek
bntgcgñtgals, y jukml ltrbs aubtrl skdbnbs pbrb rkaupkrbrsk ek jls k`katls ek
jb kn`krdkebe y kj trbtbdgkntl bntgcgñtgal quk jk `uk gnegabel.
Ltrl kikdpjl pleräb skr quk eurbntk jls prgdkrls dksks ekj prltlaljl jb
`bdgjgb sk dueb y kj ngòl kxpkrgdkntb duahls `batlrks kstrksbntks, gnajugel
kj abdcgl ek ksaukjb aln eg`krkntks rutgnbs, nukvls dbkstrls y tkrbpkutbs.
Bdcls kikdpjls sln sgtubaglnks gnkvgtbcjks quk pukekn abusbr un k`katl kn
jb rkaupkrbagñn, kspkagbjdkntk bj gngagl.
Qg laurrkn kvkntls quk gntkr`gkrkn, jls pberks y yl ekckdls tknkr kn aukntb
egahls kvkntls bj dldkntl ek tldbr ekagsglnks, bntks ek ektkrdgnbr sg un
 

pbsl kn pbrtgaujbr kn kj prltlaljl kstâ `unaglnbnel l nl.

 

Vbtrlnks ek Skspukstb Gngagbjks bj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®

Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® pukek prlvlabr gngagbjdkntk els pbtrlnks ek
rkspukstb bj trbtbdgkntl eurbntk jls prgdkrls trks dksks9

2. Dkilrb sgmng`gabtgvb
sgmng`gabtgvb ekj rgtdl ek rkaupkrbagñn.
3. Vlab l ngnmunb dkilrb kn kj rgtdl ek rkaupkrbagñn.

 Vbtrlnks ek Skspukstb
Skspukstb Gngagbjks

Ektkrdgnbr ek `lrdb lciktgvb rkspkatl kj prlmrksl ekj ngòl ks ksknagbj pbrb

sbabr kj dâxgdl prlvkahl ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®.
Ulels jls bspkatls ekj eksbrrljjl ekj ngòl ekckn skr alnsgekrbels. Kvbjùl su
alnagknagb, kdltgvgebe, `unagñn gntkstgnbj, hgpkrbatgvgebe, gntkrbaaglnks
slagbjks y hbcgjgebeks dltlrbs. B vkaks ks ùtgj quk un pberk alnsujtk aln jls
dbkstrls y tkrbpkutbs ek su hgil slcrk jbs lcskrvbaglnks batubjks kn
aldpbrbagñn aln aubnel aldknzbrln, aln jb `gnbjgebe ek byuebr b
ektkrdgnbr kn quç abtkmlräb ek rkspukstb sk knaukntrbn.
Jls dbkstrls y tkrbpkutbs pukekn skr ek mrbn byueb plrquk su aurräaujl l
prlmrbdbs b dknuel plskkn unb nbturbjkzb dleujbr quk alnstbn ek abpätujls
y ngvkjks ek hbcgjgebe. Aldl prl`ksglnbjks quk gntkrbatùbn aln kj ngòl ek
 

`lrdb `rkaukntk, kstân kn unb plsgagñn ùngab pbrb lcskrvbr sg kj rgtdl ek

bprknegzbik l jb dkilrb ekj eksbrrljjl ekj ngòl hb budkntbel l sk hb
kstbnabel.
[nb alsb gdplrtbntk quk jks egml b jls pberks ks quk nl sk akntrkn

ùngabdkntk
su prlmrksl.knBjb dknuel
abpbagebeksekkjsulciktgvl
hgil pbrbprgnagpbj
hbcjbr bj ek
dldkntl ek ektkrdgnbr
jls pberks, pkrl jb
aldungabagñn rkakptgvb y kxprksgvb sln plsgcjkdkntk unl ek jls prlaksls
nkurljñmgals dâs aldpjkils y, aldl tbj, `rkaukntkdkntk sln jls prlaksls
quk tldbn kj dbylr tgkdpl pbrb rkaupkrbrsk ek dbnkrb lcskrvbcjk.
[nb vkz quk jls pberks hbn abtkmlrgzbel jl cgkn quk su hgil hb rksplnegel b
jb gnujgnb l rg`bxgdgnb ekntrl ek jls prgdkrls dksks, kj rkstl ek kstk abpätujl
jls byuebrâ b kntknekr jl quk hbml b alntgnubagñn pbrb dbxgdgzbr jb
rkaupkrbagñn ekpknegknel ek jb abtkmlräb b jb quk alrrksplnebn.

Jbs sgmugkntks
rkspukstb skaaglnks ek ek
bj trbtbdgkntl kstk dgs
abpätujl kstân lrmbngzbebs
pbagkntks. kn `unagñn
Jls pbagkntks ek jb
dkilrbrân
alnstbntkdkntk l dlstrbrân unb rkspukstb dängdb l nujb b jb gnujgnb l
rg`bxgdgnb.
 

Ksaknbrgls ek Dkilrb Qgmng`gabtgvls

Qgmng`gabtgvls
Qg jb gnujgnb l jb rg`bxgdgnb sln k`katgvbs pbrb kqugjgcrbr jbs cbatkrgbs
gntkstgnbjks y sg kj bakgtk ek pksabel y kj bakgtk ek ljgvb sk elsg`gabn
alrrkatbdkntk, jls pberks ekckn nltbr dkilrbs kn dùjtgpjks ârkbs ek
eksbrrljjl eurbntk jls prgdkrls trks b skgs dksks. Jls tgpls ek dkilrbs
gnajuykn almngagñn, aldungabagñn, iukml sgmng`gabtgvl, alntrlj kdlaglnbj,
slagbjgzbagñn, `unagñn dltlrb y `unagñn gntkstgnbj, kstls aldunks kn jb
dbylräb ek jls ngòls aln jls quk hk trbcbibel.
Qg un rgtdl sgmng`gabtgvl ek rkaupkrbagñn hb gngagbel y jb gnujgnb pbrkak skr
tljkrbeb cgkn, nl kxgstk nkaksgebe ek biustbr jb elsgs ek gnujgnb, ekj bakgtk ek
pksabel l bakgtk ek ljgvb. Jbs elsgs ek bakgtk ek pksabel y bakgtk ek ljgvb
ekckn biustbrsk sljl bprlxgdbebdkntk abeb unl l els bòls b dkegeb quk kj
ngòl arkak.
gnajusl Jb kxakpagñn
aln abdcgls ks jb gnujgnb,
sgmng`gabtgvls su elsgsl jb
kn kj tbdbòl nlkebe
budkntb aln kj tgkdpl,
ekj ngòl.
Ek gmubj `lrdb, kn bjmunls absls hk lcskrvbel dkilrbs quk nl sln ung`lrdks
pbrb tlebs jbs ârkbs, prkskntbnel unb l els ârkbs ek prklaupbagñn quk nl
dbng`gkstbn sgmnls ek dkilrb. B vkaks pukekn dlstrbr unb rkspukstb gngagbj
quk nl sk dbntgknk kn kj tgkdpl ekdlstrbnel quk jls rksujtbels sljl `ukrln
tkdplrbjks. Abeb unl ek kstls prlnñstgals sk dukstrbn b alntgnubagñn.
 

 Vbutbs ek Dkilrb
Dkilrb Gngagbj
 

Ksaknbrgls ek Vlab l Ngnmunb Dkilrb

Ek `lrdb labsglnbj ks eg`äagj nltbr jls cknk`gagls gngagbjks kn ngòls trbtbels
aln gnujgnb, ekcgel b jb supkrplsgagñn ek bnsgkebe, hgpkrbatgvgebe y bmrksgñn
quk sk rkvkjbn eurbntk kj ekspkrtbr. Kstls prlcjkdbs pukekn surmgr aubnel jb
gnujgnb hb kjgdgnbel k`katgvbdkntk kj kxaksl ek âagel prlpgñngal, quk rkvkjb
jb vkrebekrb dbmngtue ekj ekskqugjgcrgl nkurljñmgal sucybakntk quk su`rk kj
ngòl. Kn bjmunls ngòls, kj budkntl ek jb bnsgkebe, jb bmrksgvgebe y jb
hgpkrbatgvgebe ks tbn kxtrkdl quk ekck gntkrrudpgrsk jb gnujgnb.
Eknldgnl kstb sgtubagñn aldl "gntljkrbnagb b jb gnujgnb.— Qg kj budkntl ek
kstls aldplrtbdgkntls ks tljkrbcjk, jb gnujgnb pukek alntgnubrsk, y jls
aldplrtbdgkntls nkmbtgvls sk grân rksljvgknel b dkegeb quk kj sgstkdb
nkrvglsl alntgnùk rkaupkrânelsk.

 Vbtrlnks ek Vlab
Vlab l Ngnmunb Dkilrb
Dkilrb

Qg jb gnujgnb ks cgkn tljkrbeb, pkrl nl kxgstk unb dkilrb sgmng`gabtgvb kn kj

rgtdl ek rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgal ekspuçs ek vbrgls dksks, alnsgekrl jb
 

gnujgnb aldl gnk`gabz y eknldgnl kstl "`rbabsl ek jb gnujgnb.—

Ubdcgçn hk eksaucgkrtl quk b vkaks jb `bjtb ek prlmrksl ekj ngòl aln kj usl
ek gnujgnb sk ekck b jb dbjb abjgebe l b jb gnujgnb plsgcjkdkntk
`rbueujkntb/`bjsg`gabeb. Hk tkngel pbagkntks quk nl dlstrbrln rkspukstb bj
prltlaljl
kxpkrgdkntbnekspuçs ek un bbòl
un ekspkrtbr ek usl
jls plals ek gnujgnb,
l vbrgls pkrl rkpkntgnbdkntk
eäbs ekspuçs ek abdcgbrsk b
unb gnujgnb pkrtknkagkntk b bjmunb ek jbs dbrabs plr dg bprlcbebs, aubnel
prkvgbdkntk sk jk bedgngstrbcb unb dbrab nl rkaldknebeb l aldprbeb b
trbvçs ek sgtgls wkc ek tkrakrls. Jl dgsdl hb laurrgel aln jb rg`bxgdgnb. Jb
butkntgagebe ekj prleuatl ks unb vbrgbcjk quk sgkdprk ekcl tknkr kn aukntb.

W `gnbjdkntk, sg nl hby prlmrksl b jl jbrml ek vbrgls dksks ekspuçs ek tldbr

rg`bxgdgnb, jl dâs prlcbcjk ks quk kj ngòl kxpkrgdkntk unb "rkabäeb râpgeb
trbs kj usl ek rg`bxgdgnb", y rkqukrgrâ rg`bxgdgnb aäajgab l alntgnub pbrb
dbntknkr un rgtdl alnstbntk ek rkaupkrbagñn.
 

DBNKIL EK [NB SKA[VKSBAGÑN KXGULQB

J b rkspukstb dâs `rkaukntk bj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® ks un alnstbntk y

bdpjgl kstbel ek rkaupkrbagñn quk pukek alntgnubr eurbntk bòls. Jb
gnujgnb dbntgknk kj kqugjgcrgl cbatkrgbnl gntkstgnbj `âagjdkntk y prltkmk
ek jbs rkabäebs b pksbr ek jb kxplsgagñn b bntgcgñtgals, kn`krdkebeks
gntkstgnbjks, bnkstksgb, cbib dltgjgebe gntkstgnbj y ltrbs abusbs ek rkabäeb
cbatkrgbnb gntkstgnbj.
Vlr kstbs rbzlnks, jb gnujgnb ek `lrdb gngagbj ks dg dçtlel prk`krgel pbrb
kqugjgcrbr jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks. Kj hkahl ek quk jb gnujgnb tbdcgçn skb
cbrbtb y sk knaukntrk bdpjgbdkntk egsplngcjk kn tlel kj dunel tbdcgçn sln
`batlrks lcvgbdkntk plsgtgvls. Eksb`lrtunbebdkntk, bjmunls ngòls pukekn
kxpkrgdkntbr un `rbabsl ek jb gnujgnb, unb dksktb kn su prlmrksl aubnel jb
gnujgnb nl pbrkak skmugr `unaglnbnel.
[nb vkz quk un ngòl eksbrrljjb `rbabsl ek jb gnujgnb, rkqukrgrâ trbtbdgkntl
aln rg`bxgdgnb pbrb kqugjgcrbr sus cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks. [nb vkz bjabnzbeb jb
kebe ek qugnak bòls, vly b aldknzbr prk`krkntkdkntk b jls pbagkntks aln
rg`bxgdgnb yb quk jbs plsgcgjgebeks ek unb rkspukstb b jbrml pjbzl b jb gnujgnb
sln duy cbibs kn dg kxpkrgknagb.
Qg jb rg`bxgdgnb nl kstâ egsplngcjk `âagjdkntk, rkaldgknel gngagbr b un ngòl
ek aubjqugkr kebe aln gnujgnb iuntl aln bakgtk ek pksabel y bakgtk ek ljgvb
plrquk jb aldcgnbagñn pleräb skr su`gagkntk pbrb ebr jumbr b un abdcgl
plsgtgvl kn jb rkaupkrbagñn, gnajusl kn ngòls dbylrks. [nb vkz quk jb
rg`bxgdgnb kstç egsplngcjk, kntlnaks jb gnujgnb sk pukek suspknekr.
 

Aubnel sk trbtb gngagbjdkntk aln rg`bxgdgnb, jls pberks ekckn skr pbagkntks
plrquk ks plsgcjk quk nl nltkn ngnmunb dkilräb eurbntk un pkrälel ek aubtrl
b lahl skdbnbs. Ekcgel b quk jb rg`bxgdgnb ks ajbsg`gabeb aldl un
bntgcgñtgal, duahls pberks pbrkakn kspkrbr unb rkaupkrbagñn dâs râpgeb,
pkrl cgkn skb aln jb bedgngstrbagñn ek gnujgnb l rg`bxgdgnb, jb rkaupkrbagñn
kn kstls ngòls sk prleuak ek `lrdb jkntb y alntgnub. B eg`krknagb ek ltrls
bntgcgñtgals aln jls quk jls pberks kstân `bdgjgbrgzbels, jb rg`bxgdgnb
rkkqugjgcrb jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks, jl quk pkrdgtk quk kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl
aldgknak b rkaupkrbrsk, un prlaksl quk alntgnubrâ ekspuçs ek aldpjktbr kj
aursl ek jb rg`bxgdgnb.
Jls ngòls trbtbels gngagbjdkntk aln rg`bxgdgnb tgknekn b skr dbylrks, b
dknuel dbng`kstbrân un "ekspkrtbr" dknls rkalnlagcjk, tgknkn dbylr
rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl, un dbylr mrbel ek rktrbsl kn jb dbeurkz y dâs
jksglnks akrkcrbjks baudujbtgvbs. Vlr tlebs kstbs rbzlnks, jls ngòls dbylrks
pbrkakn rkaupkrbrsk "dâs jkntbdkntk" quk jls ngòls dâs pkqukòls. Jb
vkrebe ks quk kj rgtdl ek rkaupkrbagñn ks kj dgsdl, pkrl jls ngòls dbylrks
sljl tgknkn un dbylr eç`gagt nkurljñmgal ekj quk rkaupkrbrsk.
Qg kj ngòl hb sgel trbtbel aln rg`bxgdgnb, kxgstk jb plsgcgjgebe ek quk
aubjqugkr trbtbdgkntl begaglnbj aln bntgcgñtgals, kn`krdkebe gntkstgnbj,
bnkstksgb mknkrbj l plab dltgjgebe gntkstgnbj, ekcgel b jb egs`unagñn
butlnñdgab sucybakntk, pukeb eksknabeknbr unb rkabäeb kn kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl gntkstgnbj (QGCL) quk ektknerâ su rkaupkrbagñn.
Aln unb rkabäeb kn jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks, jls pberks pukekn nltbr
nukvbdkntk bjmunls ek jls säntldbs quk hbcäbn kstbel dkilrbnel ekspuçs ek
jb rg`bxgdgnb l sgdpjkdkntk un kstbnabdgkntl mknkrbj kn kj rgtdl ek su
rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab. Qg nl kxgstkn ltrbs agraunstbnagbs rbzlnbcjks pbrb
kxpjgabr kj abdcgl kn kj aldplrtbdgkntl, arkl quk kj ngòl tknerâ quk vljvkr b
skr trbtbel aln rg`bxgdgnb sg jls säntldbs ek rkabäeb pkrsgstkn eurbntk un
pkrälel dbylr b abtlrak eäbs.
 

 Dbnkil ek jb Skaupkrbagñn
Skaupkrbagñn Alntgnub
Alntgnub y Bdpjgb

Ks nkaksbrgl kspkrbr bprlxgdbebdkntk abtlrak eäbs bntks ek rkpktgr jb elsgs

ek rg`bxgdgnb yb quk kj kdpklrbdgkntl ek jls säntldbs pleräb ekckrsk b unb
bjtkrbagñn gntkstgnbj jkvk (plr vgrus, dkegabdkntls, bjgdkntls alntbdgnbels)
l un trbudb akrkcrbj kdlaglnbj, `äsgal l gn`jbdbtlrgl y kstls dlstrbrân
sgmnls ek dkilräb bntks ek quk sk aldpjktk kj pkrälel ek kspkrb ek els
skdbnbs.

Jbs gn`kaaglnks
aldunks sgnusbjks
quk pukekn l ekntbjks
abusbr arñngabs ektkdplrbj
un kdpklrbdgkntl cbil mrbel sln kvkntlsekduy
y prljlnmbel jls
säntldbs quk pleräbn dbjgntkrprktbrsk aldl unb rkabäeb, sgn skrjl kn
rkbjgebe. [nb jkvk skarkagñn nbsbj, tls l bjkrmgb pukekn abusbr su`gagkntk
kstrçs nkurljñmgal pbrb kdpklrbr jb bnsgkebe, jb hgpkrbatgvgebe, jb bmrksgñn y
jb butlkstgdujbagñn. [n aursl sgdpjk ek egkz eäbs ek bkrlslj nbsbj aln
alrtgalstkrlgeks (plr kikdpjl, `jutgabslnb ek vkntb jgcrk) pukek dkilrbr jls
säntldbs y alneuagr nukvbdkntk b unb trbykatlrgb ek dkilräb.
[nb vkz quk jb gn`jbdbagñn kxaksgvb sk rkeuak sustbnagbjdkntk, jb `unagñn
gndunk dkilrb y plerâ aldknzbr b rkaupkrbrsk kj ngòl ek `lrdb dâs k`katgvb
ek gn`kaagñnks ek cbil rgksml, kspkagbjdkntk jbs vgnaujbebs b egkntks y knaäbs.
 

Kj budkntl ekj eljlr ekntbj ekcgel b jb dkilrb ek jb `unagñn gndunk tbdcgçn

ks unb abusb `rkaukntk ek ektkrglrl ekj aldplrtbdgkntl, kspkagbjdkntk sg
laurrk un dks l els ekspuçs ek dkilrbr kj kqugjgcrgl ek jbs cbatkrgbs
gntkstgnbjks aln kj usl ek rg`bxgdgnb.

Jls trbudbs
ksaukjb nukvbkdlaglnbjks aldl
l un abdcgl duebrsk b kj
ek tkrbpkutb, unbudkntl
nukvl hlmbr, aldknzbr
ekj kstrçs kn kjknhlmbr
unb
(pbnekdgb, egvlragl l skpbrbagñn) y kj balsl ksaljbr sln sljl bjmunls
kikdpjls ek sgtubaglnks quk pukekn abusbr unb gntkrrupagñn tkdplrbj kn jb
rkaupkrbagñn. Ks plsgcjk quk jb rkaupkrbagñn nl vukjvb b skr nltlrgb hbstb
quk sk hbyb sljuaglnbel kj ksaknbrgl kstrksbntk l sk hbyb kstbcjkagel unb
nukvb rutgnb.
Jls pberks ekckn dlngtlrkbr tlels jls bspkatls ekj eksbrrljjl nkurljñmgal ek
sus hgils pbrb kstbr skmurls ek quk kstls sgmukn rkaupkrânelsk. B vkaks,
pbsbels aubtrl b skgs dksks, jls pberks nltbrân quk jb rkaupkrbagñn ek su hgil
nl `uk tbn aldpjktb aldl ekcgñ skr l quk kj prlmrksl sk hb rbjkntgzbel
duahl l gnajusl pukek pbrkakr hbckrsk ektkngel plr aldpjktl. Aldl `uk
dknaglnbel bntkrglrdkntk, jls dbkstrls y tkrbpkutbs pukekn skr ek mrbn
byueb pbrb ektkatbr sg kj prlmrksl ekj ngòl sk hb kstbnabel.
Aldl sk dukstrb kn kj sgmugkntk mrâ`gal, sg kj ngvkj ek rkaupkrbagñn
nkurljñmgab ks bdpjgl, sutgj y slstkngel, nl sk rkqugkrk rkbjgzbr ngnmùn
abdcgl bj trbtbdgkntl.
 

 Vbtrlnks ek Dkilräb

B vkaks kj ngòl alntgnubrâ rkaupkrânelsk, pkrl ekspuçs ek vbrgls dksks ks

kvgekntk quk jb rkaupkrbagñn ks gnaldpjktb l kstbnabeb. Qg laurrk unb
rkaupkrbagñn gnaldpjktb, sk rkqugkrk rkbjgzbr abdcgls bj prltlaljl.
 

DKQKUB KN JB SKA[VKSBAGÑN

L trl pbtrñn ek rkspukstb quk jls pberks pukekn lcskrvbr ks quk kj ngòl
kxpkrgdkntb unb dkilrb sgmng`gabtgvb, pkrl ekspuçs ek vbrgls dksks kj
rgtdl ek rkaupkrbagñn sk rbjkntgzb erâstgabdkntk k gnajusl pukek jjkmbr
b ektknkrsk plr aldpjktl. Ebr aln kstb dksktb y ks mknkrbjdkntk dâs `âagj ek
nltbr ek jl quk unl pleräb pknsbr. Jls pberks, tkrbpkutbs y dbkstrls b
dknuel aldpbrtkn jb dgsdb lcskrvbagñn ek quk kj rgtdl ek prlmrksl ekj
ngòl hb jjkmbel b un puntl dukrtl.

 Dksktb kn jb Skaupkrbagñn
Skaupkrbagñn

Jl prgdkrl quk hbml sg arkl quk kj pbagkntk sk hb kstbnabel ks cusabr nukvls

`batlrks quk pleräbn kstbr bjtkrbnel kj kqugjgcrgl gntkstgnbj l abusbnel un
 

nukvl trbudb akrkcrbj. Kstl pleräb skr un nukvl supjkdkntl l prlcgñtgal quk
sk hb l`rkagel, un nukvl trbudb sgmng`gabtgvl (`äsgal, kdlaglnbj l
gn`jbdbtlrgl), l unb nukvb gn`kaagñn arñngab aldl sgnusgtgs l unb gn`kaagñn
ekntbj.

Jls trbudbs kdlaglnbjks sln dâs aldunks ek jl quk jb dbylräb ek jls

pberks arkkn. Aln `rkauknagb dk knaukntrl aln ngòls auyl prlmrksl ks
gntkrrudpgel tkdplrbjdkntk ekcgel b un kvkntl kdlaglnbj quk un beujtl
alnsgekrb dknlr, pkrl quk ek hkahl ks cbstbntk sgmng`gabtgvl pbrb kj ngòl. Hk
vgstl jb bnmustgb bslagbeb bj abdcgl ek un tkrbpkutb `bdgjgbr l prl`kslr, b
bjmùn abdcgl kn jb ksaukjb, bj balsl l aln`jgatl alntgnul aln aldpbòkrls, b
un hkrdbnl quk sk dueb ek absb pbrb gr b jb ungvkrsgebe, ikt jbm ekspuçs ek
un vukjl jbrml y eg`äagj, l un pberk quk aldgknzb b vgbibr plr trbcbil pukek
skr su`gagkntk trbudb pbrb kstbnabr kj prlmrksl ek un ngòl, plr un tgkdpl
ektkrdgnbel.
Aubnel sk prleuak unb dksktb, dk akraglrl ek quk dgs pbagkntks ekikn ek
usbr l nl hbybn gnalrplrbel supjkdkntls, rkdkegls hkrcbjks, bmkntks
qukjbntks, prleuatlsaubjqugkr
Ubdcgçn trbtbdls hldklpâtgals, prlcgñtgals
gn`kaagñn l aubjqugkr
pltknagbj quk pukebltrl hbckr.
prleuatl.
Jb
 

rkaupkrbagñn ekck gngagbr nukvbdkntk pbsbebs un pbr ek skdbnbs ekspuçs ek

kjgdgnbr kj kvkntl jksgvl, l ekspuçs ekj trbudb `äsgal l kdlaglnbj.

 Kstly kn tltbj eksbaukrel aln jls duahls "kxpkrtls kn sbjue" quk

rkaldgknebn prlcgñtgals pbrb ngòls y beujtls aln kj `gn ek dkilrbr
su sbjue gntkstgnbj. Qg cgkn kj alnakptl ek sgdpjkdkntk bmrkmbr
bjmunbs "cbatkrgbs cuknbs" ks tkntbelr, jb agknagb dçegab `lrdbj nl
sustkntb ek `lrdb `grdk kj usl ek prlcgñtgals pbrb jb sbjue gntkstgnbj.
 Vkrslnbjdkntk, hk btknegel b pbagkntks quk hbn sgel mrbvkdkntk
 pkriuegabels plr kj usl ek prlcgñtgals. Kn un absl, un beljksakntk
nkurltäpgal pbsñ b kstbr kn unb sgjjb ek rukebs y pkregñ jb abpbagebe
ekj hbcjb ekspuçs ek quk sk jk hucgkskn prksargtl prlcgñtgals.

[nb abusb aldùn ek jb gntkr`krknagb kn jb rkaupkrbagñn ks jb gn`kaagñn sgnusbj

arñngab, quk pukek prkskntbrsk ek `lrdb sutgj, ùngabdkntk dbng`kstbnel
skarkagñn nbsbj arñngab l tls jkvk. Kj trbtbdgkntl b cbsk ekj alrtgalstkrlgek
nbsbj ek vkntb jgcrk `jutgabslnb bedgngstrbel unb l els vkaks bj eäb, ks unb
`lrdb skmurb y sgdpjk ek trbtbr jbs gn`kaaglnks sgnusbjks arñngabs, y nl
bjtkrbrâ kj kqugjgcrgl cbatkrgbnl gntkstgnbj aldl pleräbn hbakrjl jls
bntgcgñtgals aldunks.
Dgkntrbs kj pbagkntk kstç usbnel dbrabs bprlcbebs ek gnujgnb, bakgtk ek
pksabel y bakgtk ek ljgvb, abdcgbrsk ek dbrab l rkbjgzbr abdcgls sutgjks kn jb
elsgs prlcbcjkdkntk nl sljuaglnbrâ kj prlcjkdb y, b dknuel, sljl alneuagrâ
b unb aln`usgñn slcrk kj vkrebekrl lrgmkn ek jb rkabäeb. Jbs `juatubaglnks kn
kj aldplrtbdgkntl
gnkvgtbcjkdkntk gcbnquk b dknuel
b laurrgr, sk nltbcbn b pbrtgr
gnekpknegkntkdkntk ek qukekjlskstls abdcgls
abdcgls skbn
rkbjgzbels l nl.
Aln ekdbsgbeb `rkauknagb hk prksknagbel quk jls pberks budkntbn y
egsdgnuykn jbs elsgs ekspuçs ek bjmunls abdcgls dknlrks kn kj
aldplrtbdgkntl ek sus hgils. Abdcgbr râpgebdkntk jb elsg`gabagñn ek kstb
`lrdb, sljl aldpjgab kj prltlaljl. Jls pberks aln`unekn jbs `juatubaglnks
aldunks kn kj aldplrtbdgkntl quk kvkntubjdkntk sk alrrkmgräbn sgn hbakr
nbeb, aln alnstbnagb y kj slstçn ek jbs elsgs bekaubebs altgegbnbs.

"Kj `batlr dâs gn`juykntk kn jb nujb dkilräb l unb dksktb kn kj rgtdl

 

ek rkaupkrbagñn ks jb pçregeb ekj kqugjgcrgl ek jbs cbatkrgbs

gntkstgnbjks, y nl jb elsgs ekj bakgtk ek pksabel l ekj bakgtk ek ljgvb.—

Qg jls ks`ukrzls plr knalntrbr aubjqugkr abusb alntgnub ek gntkr`krknagb hbn

`bjjbel, ks duy prlcbcjk quk kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl
ekjmbel hbyb rkmrksbel b pksbr ekj usl alntgnul ek gnujgnb? unb vkz quk yl
hbyb alnajugel quk kj pbagkntk tgknk "`rbabsl ek jb gnujgnb" kstb ks
suspknegeb, y trbtl bj pbagkntk aln rg`bxgdgnb.

 Dbnkil ek jb Dksktb
Dksktb aln jb bedgngstrbagñn
bedgngstrbagñn ek Gn
Gnujgnb
ujgnb

Hk dknaglnbel bntks quk nl tknml akrtkzb ek plr quç laurrk `rbabsl ek jb

gnujgnb, pkrl kspkaujl quk ks plrquk unb kspkagk egstgntb ek cbatkrgbs quk nl
rksplnek b jls k`katls prkcgñtgals ek jb gnujgnb, quk sk hlspkeb kn kj gntkstgnl
ekjmbel.
Skaukrek, jb dgarlcgltb gntkstgnbj (jb ungñn ek
e k tlebs jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks)
sk aldplnk ek dgj l dâs kspkagks egstgntbs, abeb unb aln rkspukstbs
pltknagbjdkntk eg`krkntks b jls k`katls prkcgñtgals ek jb gnujgnb.
 

Jb aldcgnbagñn ek cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks kn un ngòl abdcgb nbturbjdkntk b

dkegeb quk bjabnzb jls egkz bòls ek kebe kn bekjbntk. Ks duy plsgcjk quk jls
ngòls pkqukòls aln slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel
tgknebn gngagbjdkntk b kstbr aljlngzbels plr unb kspkagk ek cbatkrgbs quk
rksplnekn ek `lrdb plsgtgvb b jls k`katls prkcgñtgals ek jb gnujgnb.
Ekcgel bj tgkdpl quk trbnsaurrk l bjmùn ltrl `batlr eksalnlagel, unb cbatkrgb
egstgntb, nl alntrljbeb plr jb gnujgnb pukek aldknzbr b arkakr kn kj gntkstgnl
ekjmbel. Kstb cbatkrgb tbdcgçn pukek eksknabeknbr jb `umb ek agtlqugnbs
prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs quk `juykn hbstb kj akrkcrl, abusbnel quk jb aurvb ek
rkaupkrbagñn ekj ngòl sk bpjbnk.
Kn jls beujtls, kj =;% ek jls absls ek slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl laurrk
aln sljl unb kspkagk ek cbatkrgb aljñngab quk prljg`krb kn kxaksl kn kj
gntkstgnl ekjmbel. Kn bprlxgdbebdkntk kj 35% ek jls absls, kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel laurrk aln jb prksknagb ek
sljl els kspkagks prlvkngkntks ekj gntkstgnl mruksl. Jbs kspkagks kn
slcrkarkagdgkntl pukekn vbrgbr ek pkrslnb b pkrslnb. Ulebväb nl sk hbn
rkbjgzbel kstuegls ek kstb äneljk kn plcjbagñn pkegâtrgab.
Vbrb jb kxpjgabagñn quk knunagbrç b alntgnubagñn, gdbmgnk quk jb ùngab
kspkagk cbatkrgbnb gnvljuarbeb kn kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ek un ngòl
pkqukòl ks gnhgcgeb plr jls k`katls prkcgñtgals ek jb gnujgnb. Nls rk`krgrkdls
b kstb kspkagk aldl cbatkrgb tgpl B.
 

Qlcrkarkagdgkntl aln Cbatkrgbs Ugpl B Qknsgcjks b jls K`katls ek jb Gnujgnb

Ekcgel b quk jb cbatkrgb B ks gnhgcgeb plr jb begagñn ek gnujgnb, kstb ùjtgdb

alntrljb bekaubebdkntk kj slcrkarkagdgkntl, jl quk eb pbsl b jb rkaupkrbagñn
nkurljñmgab. Qgn kdcbrml, qukebn dgj ltrbs kspkagks ekntrl ekj aljln,
duahbs ek jbs aubjks nl sln alntrljbebs plr bqukjjb.
 

Cbatkrgbs Gntkstgnbjks Skkqugjgcrbebs Ekcgel b jb Gnujgnb

B dkegeb quk jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks ekj ngòl kvljuaglnbn nbturbjdkntk,

unb kspkagk rksgstkntk b jb gnujgnb (kspkagk C) pukek kvkntubjdkntk dgmrbr
hbagb kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel y prljg`krbr ek `lrdb eksalntrljbeb y alnvkrtgrsk
kn jb nukvb `lrdb ek slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, jb aubj ks rksgstkntk b jb
gnujgnb.
 

Qlcrkarkagdgkntl aln Cbatkrgbs Ugpl B Sksgstkntks b jls K`katls ek jb Gnujgnb

Kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbrgnl btrgcugcjk b cbatkrgbs ekj tgpl rksgstkntk b jb

gnujgnb eksknabeknbrâ unb vkz dâs jb dgsdb skrgk ek kvkntls quk alneuakn b
jb gn`jbdbagñn kxaksgvb y b ektknkr jb rkaupkrbagñn quk yb `uk bjabnzbeb, jl
quk rksujtb kn dâs rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl y jksglnks akrkcrbjks baudujbtgvbs.
 

 Jb @umb ek Agtlqugnbs Gn`jbdbtlrgbs pukek dgmrbr hbagb kj Qgstkdb

 Nkrvglsl k Gnhgcgr jb Skaupkrbagñn

Qg slspkahl quk dg pbagkntk kstâ kxpkrgdkntbnel un `rbabsl ek jb gnujgnb y

hb bjabnzbel unb dksktb kn su prlmrksl, arkl quk kj dkilr aursl ek
trbtbdgkntl b kstk puntl ks gntkrrudpgr jb gnujgnb y trbtbrjl aln un aursl ek
egkz eäbs ek rg`bxgdgnb. Jb gnujgnb nl sk gngagb nukvbdkntk ekspuçs ekj
trbtbdgkntl aln rg`bxgdgnb, yb quk sus k`katls cknk`gaglsls hbn ekdlstrbel
skr gnsu`gagkntks pbrb alntrljbr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl.
 

 Dbnkil ek jb Dksktb
Dksktb aln jb bedgngstrbagñn
bedgngstrbagñn ek Gn
Gnujgnb
ujgnb

Aubnel un ngòl prkskntb säntldbs kvgekntks quk dkilrbn aln un aursl

bgsjbel ek rg`bxgdgnb pkrl quk lcvgbdkntk rkmrksbn bj `gnbjgzbr kj agajl ek
kstb erlmb, ebel quk sk kvgeknagb rkabäeb ekj slcrkeksbrrljjl cbatkrgbnl
(dbng`kstbel aldl alntbatl vgsubj ek`gagkntk, egsdgnuagñn ek jb abpbagebe ek
rkspukstb, kaakdb, bmrksgvgebe l egbrrkb), jb tkrbpgb aln rg`bxgdgnb ek `lrdb
gntkrdgtkntk, pbrkak `unaglnbr cgkn aldl unb kstrbtkmgb pbrb dgtgmbr egahl
ekskqugjgcrgl.

 Jb rg`bxgdgnb ks un bntgcgñtgal ùngal, bjmunls gnvkstgmbelrks hbn

sumkrgel quk sk aljlquk kn unb nukvb abtkmlräb jjbdbeb "kucgñtgal."
 Kstk tçrdgnl sk sumgkrk plrquk jb rg`bxgdgnb tgknk un k`katl nkutrl
slcrk kj dgarlcgltb gntkstgnbj, b eg`krknagb ek jb dbylräb ekj rkstl ek
jls bntgcgñtgals.

B eg`krknagb ek ltrls bntgcgñtgals aldunks, jb rg`bxgdgnb nl b`katb jb

cglegvkrsgebe cbatkrgbnb gntkstgnbj, y kj eksbrrljjl ek rksgstknagb cbatkrgbnb b
jb rg`bxgdgnb
pkrälels ek unb jbrml
bòl l pjbzl
dâs. Wks ekcgel
rbrb, gnajusl
b quk aln elsgs egbrgbs
jb rg`bxgdgnb alntgnubs
nl ks eurbntk
bcslrcgeb hbagb
 

kj tlrrkntk sbnmuänkl, ks eg`äagj quk jb rg`bxgdgnb gntkrbatùk ek `lrdb bnñdbjb

aln ltrls dkegabdkntls, quk grrgtk ltrls ñrmbnls aldl kj hämbel l quk abusk
k`katls skaunebrgls sgstçdgals.
Qg jjkmbsk b prleuagrsk rksgstknagb b jb rg`bxgdgnb, jk pgel b dg pbagkntk quk
sgdpjkdkntk suspkneb
kn jb eksbpbrgagñn ek jbsjbakpbs
rg`bxgdgnb eurbntkrksgstkntks.
ek cbatkrgbs bjmunbs skdbnbs, jl quk
Qg unb akpb rksujtb
rksgstkntk
b jb rg`bxgdgnb sk eksbrrljjb dgkntrbs sk kstâ kn un agajl ek 26 eäbs, sk pukek
b`grdbr quk jb akpb rksgstkntk eksbpbrkakrâ kn jls 36 eäbs trbnsaurrgels kntrk
abeb agajl.
 

Dbnkil ek unb Dksktb kn kj Vrlmrksl kn un Ngòl Vrkvgbdkntk Urbtbel

aln Sg`bxgdgnb

Kn un pbagkntk
rkaupkrbagñn sk prkvgbdkntk
hb ektkngel,trbtbel aln un sljl
kj trbtbdgkntl agajl kn`labrsk
bdkrgtb ek rg`bxgdgnb, auyb
kn cusabr
`batlrks quk pleräbn gntkrrudpgr l eksknabeknbr unb rkabäeb ekj
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl. Alnsgekrk quk jb jgstb ek `batlrks abpbaks ek
eksknabeknbr unb rkabäeb ekspuçs ekj usl ek rg`bxgdgnb ks dâs jbrmb quk jb
jgstb ek `batlrks abpbaks ek eksknabeknbr unb rkabäeb tkdplrbj dgkntrbs sk
bedgngstrb gnujgnb.

Qg jb rkaupkrbagñn ek un ngòl quk hb sgel prkvgbdkntk trbtbel aln un sljl

agajl ek rg`bxgdgnb pbrkak rbjkntgzbrsk l ektknkrsk, kstb dksktb kn jb
rkaupkrbagñn sk ekck b unb rkabäeb ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekntrl ekj
gntkstgnl ekjmbel, y sk rkqukrgrâ ek un ngkvl agajl ek rg`bxgdgnb. Kstb dksktb
ks sgdgjbr b jl quk pukek laurrgr aln kj `rbabsl ek jb gnujgnb.
 

 Jb Dksktb

Ekspuçs
ngòl ek aldknzbr
ekck rkpktgr jb bedgngstrbagñn
b dbng`kstbr unb skmuneb
dkilräb rlneb ek rg`bxgdgnb,
nkurljñmgab kj
rknlvbeb,
bprlxgdbebdkntk aubtrl skdbnbs ekspuçs ek aldpjktbr kj agajl ek
rg`bxgdgnb. Eksb`lrtunbebdkntk, duahls ngòls pbrkakn rkabkr unl l els
dksks ekspuçs ekj aursl gngagbj ek rg`bxgdgnb. Qus säntldbs ek rkabäeb nl sln
duy lcvgls y, b dknuel, sljl pukekn ekeuagrsk plr kj rktrbsl kn jb
rkaupkrbagñn.
Ekcgel b quk jb râpgeb rkabäeb ektknerâ jb rkaupkrbagñn, mknkrbjdkntk
rkaldgknel rkpktgr kj agajl ek egkz eäbs ek rg`bxgdgnb ek `lrdb dknsubj, kn
un hlrbrgl rkmujbr eurbntk un dängdl ek elak dksks. Eknldgnl kstl aldl
"agajls dknsubjks ek rg`bxgdgnb.— Vlr kikdpjl, sg eurbntk kj prgdkr dks kj
ngòl rkagck jb rg`bxgdgnb ekj eäb ;bj 25 ekj dks, sk jks bedgngstrbrâ jb
rg`bxgdgnb jls dgsdls eäbs ek abeb dks eurbntk jls sgmugkntks lnak dksks.
 

Agajls Dknsubjks ek Sg`bxgdgnb

Aln `rkauknagb, bj `gnbj ekj euleçagdl agajl, kj ngòl hbcrâ kxpkrgdkntbel

ngvkjks sgmng`gabtgvls ek dkilrb alnstbntks. Kn dg prâatgab batubj, tknml
vbrgls agkntls ek ngòls rkagcgknel trbtbdgkntl aln agajls dknsubjks ek
rg`bxgdgnb, y kstâ ekdlstrbnel skr un bclrebik skmurl y k`katgvl pbrb
dbntknkr un pbtrñn alnsgstkntk hbagb jb rkaupkrbagñn.
Duahls pberks kstân lptbnel plr alntgnubr aln agajls dknsubjks ek
rg`bxgdgnb gnajusl ekspuçs ek jls prgdkrls elak dksks pbrb kvgtbr kj rgksml
ek rkabäeb y alntgnubr aln jb rkaupkrbagñn ek sus hgils.
Ekspuçs ek elak dksks ek rg`bxgdgnb bedgngstrbeb kn agajls, bjmunls ngòls
bjabnzbrân un ngvkj ek rkaupkrbagñn ek jb dltgjgebe gntkstgnbj quk su rgksml
ek eksbrrljjbr slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl nukvbdkntk ekspuçs ek suspknekr
jb rg`bxgdgnb, sk rkeuak.
Kstls ngòls pukekn hbakr jb trbnsgagñn b rg`bxgdgnb gntkrdgtkntk elnek jls
agajls b rkpktgagñn ek rg`bxgdgnb sk cbsbn kn jbs lcskrvbaglnks ek jls pberks,
bedgngstrâneljb skmùn nkaksgebe aubnel nltkn quk sk hbyb kstbnabel jb
rkaupkrbagñn bj bevkrtgr säntldbs ek rkabäeb. Jb ùngab `lrdb ek ektkrdgnbr
quç tbn râpgel un ngòl pukek tknkr unb rkabäeb ks sgdpjkdkntk suspknegknel
 

jb rg`bxgdgnb y vgknel quç suakek aln kj prlmrksl ek su rkaupkrbagñn.

Aldpbrbagñn ekj Dbnkil ek jb Dksktb dgkntrbs sk bedgngstrb Gnujgnb l Sg`bxgdgnb

Skabäeb ekj Qlcrkarkagdgkntl Cbatkrgbnl ekj Gntkstgnl Ekjmbel

Jls trks prgnagpbjks `batlrks alnlagels plr alntrgcugr bj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel sln jb pçregeb ek cglegvkrsgebe ek jb
dgarlcgltb gntkstgnbj, cbib dltgjgebe gntkstgnbj y `batlrks kxtkrnls.
Jb pçregeb ek kspkagks cbatkrgbnbs pkrtknkagkntks b jb dgarlcgltb gntkstgnbj hb
kstbel laurrgknel jkntbdkntk eurbntk duahbs mknkrbaglnks, aldl un ebòl
begaglnbj b jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks, abusbel plr bntgcgñtgals, alnskrvbntks,
pkstgagebs, kta., sk trbnsdgtk ek dberks b hgils, y plstkrglrdkntk ek jbs ngòbs
b sus hgils.
Jb dltgjgebe gntkstgnbj cbib l jkntb, ks un `batlr ek rgksml prkegsplnkntk pbrb
kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, y pukek skr abusbel plr jb egs`unagñn ekj
sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl b rbäz kvkntls bmuels (jksgñn akrkcrbj bmueb l
alndlagñn akrkcrbj, jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb) y plr alnegaglnks dçegabs
(kstrçs gn`jbdbtlrgl arñngal, ksajkrlekrdgb, gnsu`gagknagb rknbj arñngab).
 

Jls `batlrks kxtkrnls tbdcgçn pukekn eksknabeknbr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl

cbatkrgbnl, kstls gnajuykn, dkegabdkntls y supjkdkntls (bntgâagels aldl jls
gnhgcgelrks ek jb cldcb ek prltlnks, bntgcgñtgals l prlcgñtgals), bnkstksgb
mknkrbj, prlakegdgkntls dçegals (agrumäbs cgjgbrks, bpknegakatldäb,
hgstkrkatldäb, rkskaagñn kstldbabj l gntkstgnbj) k gn`kaaglnks gntkstgnbjks
bmuebs.

Jb abusb dâs prlcbcjk ek jbs rkabäebs rkaurrkntks ks jb cbib dltgjgebe ekj

trbatl gntkstgnbj abusbeb plr unb egs`unagñn butlnñdgab sucybakntk, b
dknuel b rbäz ek jksglnks akrkcrbjks prkvgbs. Kj QNB alntrljb jb prlpujsgñn
ekj trbatl gntkstgnbj, sg kj QNB su`rk ebòls, jb prlpujsgñn sk rbjkntgzb. Jbs
jksglnks akrkcrbjks pukekn skr rkjbtgvbdkntk dknlrks, pkrl ekcgel bj
`knñdknl baudujbtgvl ek egahbs jksglnks, kstbs sk bòbegrân unbs b jbs ltrbs y
mknkrbrân un gdpbatl sgmng`gabtgvl kn kj ngòl. Skvgsk jls abpätujls abtlrak y
egkagsgktk pbrb lctknkr dâs gn`lrdbagñn slcrk jbs jksglnks akrkcrbjks
baudujbtgvbs.
Jb rkabäeb râpgeb ks `rkaukntk kn pbagkntks beujtls y b dknuel nkaksgtbn skr
trbtbels
trks b skgsaln agajls
agajls ek rkpktgels
rg`bxgdgnb,ekjbs
rg`bxgdgnb.
`unaglnks Hk
ekj eksaucgkrtl quk ekspuçs
sgstkdb nkrvglsl ek
butñnldl
 

y jb dltgjgebe gntkstgnbj dkilrbn jl su`gagkntk aldl pbrb quk egsdgnuybn l

`gnbjgakn jls rkqukrgdgkntls ek rg`bxgdgnb b rkpktgagñn.
Kj usl arñngal ek bntgâagels alnlagels aldl gnhgcgelrks ek jb cldcb ek
prltlnks (GCV) tbdcgçn sln unb abusb `rkaukntk ek rkabäeb kn kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl.
ekjmbel arkb unb cbrrkrb Kj `juilpbrb
gdplrtbntk ek kjâagel kstldbabj hbagb
slcrkarkagdgkntl kj gntkstgnl
ek cbatkrgbs. Kj
usl ek bntgâagels GCV sk trbeuak kn unb prl`uneb egsdgnuagñn ek jb
prleuaagñn ek âagel kstldbabj, quk pukek rksujtbr kn slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl kn kj judkn ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel.
Jls GCV b dknuel sk prksargckn kn ngòls pbrb trbtbr kj rk`juil
mbstrlksl`âmgal skvkrl y nl sk pukekn sgdpjkdkntk suspknekr, ekcgel bj
ebòl pltknagbj quk pleräb abusbr kn kj ksñ`bml ekj ngòl, bsä aldl kj eljlr
quk kstk pleräb kxpkrgdkntbr. Ebel quk kj rk`juil ksl`âmgal pukek abusbr
agabtrgaks pkrdbnkntks y kstrkahbdgkntl ekj judkn ekj ksñ`bml, rkaldgknel
`ukrtkdkntk nl gntkrrudpgr kj trbtbdgkntl aln GCV sgn bntks alnsujtbr bj
dçegal trbtbntk.
Ltrl `batlr quk alntrgcuyk bj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl rkaurrkntk ks jb
cbib cglegvkrsgebe ek jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks (cbil nùdkrl ek kspkagks
cbatkrgbnbs gntkstgnbjks). Kn kstuegls rkbjgzbels kn beujtls egbmnlstgabels
aln kntkrlaljgtgs plr Ajlstrgegud eg``gagjk (unb `lrdb ek slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl aldpukstl plr unb sljb kspkagk cbatkrgbnb tñxgab), jls gnegvgeuls
aln dknlr cglegvkrsgebe gntkstgnbj sln dâs prlpknsls b rkabkr ek `lrdb
ksplntânkb l sgdpjkdkntk nl rksplnekn b jb tkrbpgb bntgcgñtgab.
Bunquk jb jgstb ek `batlrks eksknabeknbntks ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl
rkaurrkntk ks alrtb, kspkrl quk jb jgstb arkzab b dkegeb quk sk gekntg`gqukn
dâs y dâs `batlrks bdcgkntbjks eknldgnbels aldl ektlnbntks ek jbs
rkabäebs.
 

SKA[VKSBAGÑN GNALDVJKUB

E k `lrdb labsglnbj, vkl ksaknbrgls elnek jb rkaupkrbagñn pbrkak skr

pbragbj l gnaldpjktb. [n kikdpjl ek kstl pleräb skr aubnel, b pksbr ek
jbs dkilrbs
slagbjgzbagñn, kj ngòlknkstâ
jb prkskntbnel
aldprknsgñn, jb laldungabagñn
plab kxprksgvb
ngnmunb dkilräb y jbb
rkjbaglnbeb
ltrls bspkatls nkurljñmgals, aldl jb dltgjgebe mruksb. L, pleräb skr un ngòl
aln dkilrbs kn kj hbcjb, jb slagbjgzbagñn y kj kstrkògdgkntl, pkrl su gntknsb
hgpkrbatgvgebe y rbcgktbs nl hbn dlstrbel ngnmùn sgmnl ek dkilräb.
Qg jb rkaupkrbagñn alntgnùb kn ektkrdgnbebs ârkbs pkrl nl kn ltrbs, sumgkrl
bòbegr agnal dgnutls ek kstgdujbagñn trbnsautânkb ekj nkrvgl vbml (KUNP)
plr eäb. Kstl egsdgnugrâ jls ngvkjks ek gn`jbdbagñn bj ngvkj akrkcrbj,
pkrdgtgknel quk jbs ârkbs rkstbntks aldgknakn b rkaupkrbrsk tbdcgçn.
 

 Dbnkil ek unb
unb Skaupkrbagñn Gnaldpjktb
Gnaldpjktb

Jb kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml nl bakjkrb jb rkaupkrbagñn, pkrl rkeuak bùn

dâs jb gn`jbdbagñn pbrb bsä byuebr b kstgdujbr jb rkaupkrbagñn kn tlebs jbs
ârkbs ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl.
B dknuel ekntrl ek jbs prgdkrbs 0-8 skdbnbs ek gngagbr jb kstgdujbagñn ekj
nkrvgl vbml, jls bspkatls nkurljñmgals quk prkskntbcbn rktrbsls tbdcgçn
aldgknzbn b dkilrbr.
Kn dg trbcbil aln jls pberks y sus hgils, hk vgstl vbrgbs tbcjbs y egbrgls quk
rkmgstrbn kj ekskdpkòl egbrgl ek jls ngòls y jbs elsgs bedgngstrbebs. Qg cgkn
dbntknkr un skmugdgkntl ek jls abdcgls kn jbs elsgs ks gdplrtbntk,
rkaldgknel tknkr un rkmgstrl ekj prlmrksl nkurljñmgal, pkrl sljl ek `lrdb
dknsubj. Ebel quk jb rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab ks un prlaksl jkntl, tlels jls
ngòls tgknkn "eäbs cuknls y eäbs dbjls.— Skbjgzbr rkmgstrls aln ekdbsgbeb
`rkauknagb pleräb alnjjkvbr b unb dbjb gntkrprktbagñn ek jls bjtgcbils ek
rutgnb, prkskntks kn kj aldplrtbdgkntl, kstls pleräbn alnsgekrbrsk aldl unb
rkabäeb y budkntbr jb bnsgkebe ek jls pberks.

Akntrbrsk ekdbsgbel kn jls abdcgls ek aldplrtbdgkntl quk laurrkn b alrtl

pjbzl ks un krrlr aldùn y b dknuel alneuak b rkbjgzbr abdcgls gnnkaksbrgls
 

kn jb tkrbpgb. Skaukrek, gnajusl kj aldplrtbdgkntl ek jls ngòls nkurltäpgals

pukek `juatubr ek `lrdb egbrgb. Uknkr un dbj eäb l unb dbjb skdbnb b
dknuel nl tgknk alnskauknagbs y jls ks`ukrzls pbrb ektkrdgnbr jbs abusbs ek
abeb kvkntl cuknl l dbjl mknkrbjdkntk alneuakn b alnajusglnks krrbebs,
`bjjbs kn kj trbtbdgkntl y bmltbdgkntl kdlaglnbj plr pbrtk ek jls pberks.
Ubdcgçn rkaukrek quk bunquk els ngòls aln butgsdl pukekn hbckr abäel kn
kj butgsdl b jb dgsdb kebe y aldknzbr kj prltlaljl b kebeks sgdgjbrks,
pukekn tknkr abdgnls duy eg`krkntks hbagb jb rkaupkrbagñn plrquk nl
nkaksbrgbdkntk aldgknzbn aln kj dgsdl ngvkj ek rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl l kj
dgsdl nùdkrl ek jksglnks. Kj slcrkarkagdgkntl abusbel plr egstgntbs
kspkagks ek cbatkrgbs pukek rksujtbr kn eg`krkntks ngvkjks ek gn`jbdbagñn y
prleuaagñn ek âagel prlpgñngal, jl quk sk trbeuak dbylr l dknlr mrbel ek
ek`gagknagb ekj alntbatl vgsubj l ek jb `bjtb ek alnagknagb.
Jls egstgntls bntkakekntks ek trbudb akrkcrbj (`äsgal, kdlaglnbj k
gn`jbdbtlrgl) rksujtbrân kn eg`krkntks ngvkjks ek jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb
quk abeb ngòl kxprksb ek `lrdb gnegvgeubj y quk b dknuel sk dbng`gkstb
aldl hgpkrbatgvgebe, bnsgkebe, bmrksgvgebe, rk`juil mbstrlksl`âmgal y
alnstgpbagñn. Jbs eg`krknagbs mknçtgabs kn bdcls ngòls pukekn dbng`kstbrsk
kn egstgntls ngvkjks ek sknsgcgjgebe akrkcrbj hbagb jb gn`jbdbagñn arñngab, quk
b su vkz alneuak b egvkrsls mrbels ek rktrbsl ekj eksbrrljjl (jkvk, dlekrbel
l skvkrl).
 

Jb Begagñn ek jb Kstgdujbagñn ekj Nkrvgl Pbml

Kxpjgabrç jb agknagb ek jb kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml (PNQ plr sus sgmjbs
kn gnmjçs) knks ektbjjk
aldprknsgñn kn jls
un kjkdkntl qukabpätujls egkzekjytrbtbdgkntl
`lrdb pbrtk lnak, pkrlekjpbrb `gnks ek
Vrltlaljl
Nkdkahko® quk tbdcgçn dknaglnl bquä.
Jb kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml (PNQ) dkilrb jb rkaupkrbagñn bj rkeuagr bùn
dâs jb gn`jbdbagñn akrkcrbj ekj ngòl, jl quk pkrdgtk quk jls dkabngsdls
nbturbjks ek rkpbrbagñn, pleb y rkiuvknkagdgkntl ekj akrkcrl `unaglnkn ek
`lrdb dâs k`katgvb kn tlel kj akrkcrl.
Jb kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml sk pukek rkbjgzbr gdpjbntbnel
qugrùrmgabdkntk un egsplsgtgvl kn kj pkahl l aljlabnel un kjkatrlel kn jb
pbrtk bntkrglr y plstkrglr
Jb kstgdujbagñn ek jb
b trbvçs ek agkrtbs ârkbs
pgkj sk ek jbaldl
alnlak lrkib,PNQ
jjbdbebs alnahb y(tPNQ)
trbnsautânkb trbml.
y utgjgzb alrrgkntks tbn cbibs quk kj ngòl nl pukek skntgr ngnmunb sknsbagñn
kjçatrgab y sljl sgkntk jb subvk prksgñn kikrageb plr kj ajgp.
Jb PNQ trbnsautânkb sljl ks nkaksbrgb plr agnal dgnutls bj eäb y sk pukek
rkbjgzbr dgkntrbs kj ngòl kstâ ekspgkrtl l elrdgel. PNQ tgknk un bntkakekntk
ek skmurgebe quk `uk prlcbel aln eçabebs ek usl, aldl trbtbdgkntl pbrb jb
kpgjkpsgb y jb ekprksgñn. Bunquk agnal dgnutls ek PNQ egbrgls pbrkakn
gnsgmng`gabntks, tgknk kj pltknagbj ek egsdgnugr jb gn`jbdbagñn sgstçdgab
eurbntk 35-10 hlrbs.
Skaukrek, kj lciktgvl `gnbj ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko ® ks rkeuagr jb
gn`jbdbagñn akrkcrbj jl su`gagkntk aldl pbrb pkrdgtgr quk kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl
sk rkpbrk b sä dgsdl.
Kn rksudkn, jb tPNQ nl ks rkqukrgeb kn tlels jls ngòls, yb quk kn dg
kxpkrgknagb duahls pukekn rkaupkrbrsk aldpjktbdkntk ekj butgsdl y ekj
rktrbsl ekj eksbrrljjl sgn kstb. Qg kj pbagkntk pbrkak kstbr rkaupkrânelsk plr
aldpjktl, jb kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml nl ks nkaksbrgb y su usl nl
bakjkrbrâ su rkaupkrbagñn. Qg kj pbagkntk kstâ dkilrbnel, pkrl agkrtls bspkatls
ek su ektkrglrl nkurljñmgal sk kstân qukebnel btrâs, rkaldgknel bòbegr
tPNQ. W `gnbjdkntk, kn dg kxpkrgknagb jls ngòls b pbrtgr ek jls trkak bòls kn
bekjbntk, b dknuel rkqukrgrân kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml.
 

VLAB L NGNM[NB DKILSB

 

Kstrbtkmgbs pbrb kj Dbnkil ek jb Gntljkrbnagb b jb Gnujgnb, Busknagb ek

Skspukstb b jb Gnujgnb l Sg`bxgdgnb, y @rbabsl ek jls Agajls ek
Sg`bxgdgnb

A ldl gjustrb kj sgmugkntk mrâ`gal, jls pbtrlnks ek `rbabsl gngagbj eurbntk

jb bpjgabagñn ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® pukekn skr9 gntljkrbnagb,
dängdb b gnkxgstkntk rkspukstb, ñ rkspukstb tkdplrbj. Ektkrdgnbr auâj
bpjgab b abeb gnegvgeul, dk byueb b mugbr b jls pberks kn kstk kvkntubj
ksaknbrgl.

 Vbtrlnks ek @rbabsl
@rbabsl ekj Urbtbdgkntl
Urbtbdgkntl Gngagbj
 

Dbnkil ek jb Gntljkrbnagb b jb Gnujgnb

Ek `lrdb labsglnbj, bjmunls ngòls prkskntbrân unb rkbaagñn skvkrb b jb
gnujgnb,
gntknsls bgnajusl b elsgs
jb gnujgnb, kxtrkdbebdkntk
dâs `rkaukntks, sln kj cbibs.
budkntlJls
ek k`katls skaunebrgls
jb hgpkrbatgvgebe, jb
bnsgkebe y tbj vkz gnajusl jb bmrksgvgebe, quk b vkaks pukekn skr alntrljbebs
rkeuagknel jb elsgs ek gnujgnb alnskrvbnel kj rgtdl ek rkaupkrbagñn. Bjmunls
ngòls tknerân kstbs rkbaaglnks gnajusl b elsgs tbn cbibs aldl 2/13
auahbrbegtb. l 2/05 auahbrbegtb ek gnujgnb bj eäb.
Kn ltrls absls, bjmunls pberks hbn budkntbel ek `lrdb kqugvlabeb jb
gnujgnb b elsgs ek unb b els auahbrbegtbs plr eäb aln jb kspkrbnzb ek
budkntbr kj rgtdl ek rkaupkrbagñn, l ek lcjgmbr b quk dkilrkn agkrtls
bspkatls, aldl kj hbcjb. Kstbs elsgs kxtrkdbebdkntk bjtbs ek gnujgnb tbdcgçn
pukekn eksknabeknbr jb dgsdb bnsgkebe, bmrksgvgebe k hgpkrbatgvgebe.
Jb bnsgkebe, jb bmrksgvgebe y jb hgpkrbatgvgebe quk kvgeknagbn jls pberks sln
krrñnkbdkntk jjbdbebs "skmunel ekspkrtbr", aubnel kn rkbjgebe ks
sgdpjkdkntk jl quk eknldgnñ aldl gntljkrbnagb b jb gnujgnb. Jb kxpjgabagñn
b jb rkbaagñn kxaksgvbdkntk skvkrb b jb gnujgnb bùn nl ks ajbrb, pkrl ks
ajängabdkntk alnsgstkntk aln unb prksgñn brtkrgbj akrkcrbj sucñptgdb,
rksujtbnel kn unb lxgmknbagñn, tbdcgçn sucñptgdb.
Jb hgpkrbatgvgebe, kj budkntl ekj hbdcrk y kj budkntl ek jb ske sln
rkspukstbs rk`jkibs b jbs quk kj akrkcrl rkaurrk aln kj prlpñsgtl ek dkilrbr jb
prksgñn brtkrgbj y kn jb lxgmknbagñn akrkcrbj.
Jb bnsgkebe y jb bmrksgvgebe sln säntldbs abusbels plr jb jgckrbagñn ek
nlrberknbjgnb, jb hlrdlnb nbturbj ek juahb (bmrksgñn) l hugeb (pângal,
bnsgkebe) ekj lrmbngsdl. Jb nlrberknbjgnb budkntbrâ jb prksgñn brtkrgbj
akrkcrbj y egsdgnugrâ kj kstrçs abusbel plr cbil lxämknl, pkrl
eksb`lrtunbebdkntk abusb jls säntldbs ek juahb l hugeb.
B kstk puntl, alnsgekrl quk jb dkilr lpagñn ks gntkrrudpgr plr aldpjktl jb
gnujgnb y trbtbr bj pbagkntk aln agajls ek egkz eäbs ek rg`bxgdgnb. Kj
rkkqugjgcrgl ek jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks aln rg`bxgdgnb nl mknkrb kj dgsdl
tgpl ek rkspukstb bevkrsb y ks gmubjdkntk k`gabz pbrb rkeuagr kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl.
 

 Dbnkil ek jb Gntljkrbnagb
Gntljkrbnagb b jb Gnujgnb
Gnujgnb

Kn dg kxpkrgknagb, duahls pbagkntks pukekn su`rgr unb rkabäeb plr

slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl kn kj pkrälel ek aubtrl b lahl skdbnbs ek hbckr
gngagbel jb prgdkrb rlneb ek rg`bxgdgnb. Vbrkak laurrgr tbn `rkaukntkdkntk
quk aubnel sk gngagb jb rg`bxgdgnb ekspuçs ekj `rbabsl ek jb gnujgnb, b dknuel
sumgkrl gngagbr aln agajls rkpktgels ek egkz eäbs ek rg`bxgdgnb aäajgab dknsubj,
eurbntk un dängdl ek elak dksks.

Vlr kikdpjl, sg eurbntk kj prgdkr dks kj ngòl rkagck jb rg`bxgdgnb ekj eäb 5 bj
21 ek Bcrgj, sk jks bedgngstrbrâ jb rg`bxgdgnb jls dgsdls eäbs ek abeb dks
eurbntk jls sgmugkntks dksks.
Jb elsg`gabagñn aäajgab ek rg`bxgdgnb hb rkprkskntbel un bvbnak kn kj
kstbcjkagdgkntl ek unb väb alnsgstkntk ek rkaupkrbagñn pbrb dgs pbagkntks
aln butgsdl y rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl.
Jbs dkilrbs lcskrvbebs bjabnzbels jls elak dksks ek trbtbdgkntl, sln b
dknuel tbn gdprksglnbntks quk duahls pberks lptbn plr alntgnubr kj agajl
ek rg`bxgdgnb hbstb quk su hgil prkskntb aldplrtbdgkntls nkurltäpgals.
 

Skspukstb Dängdb l Nujb, Vlstkrglr bj Urbtbdgkntl Gngagbj aln Gnujgnb

Jb rkspukstb dknls `rkaukntk bj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® kn dgs pbagkntks ks
quk nl sk ekspuçs
eksbrrljjl, lcskrvk ek
unbjlsdkilrb sgmng`gabtgvb
prgdkrls ek jlsaudpjgknel
trks b skgs dksks säntldbs butgstbs l ekj
kj prltlaljl.
 Jls ngòls quk gngagbjdkntk prkskntbrln `bjjbs aln kj prltlaljl pukekn skmugr
tkngknel pkqukòbs dkilrbs ekcgel b ltrls ks`ukrzls tkrbpçutgals (plr
kikdpjl, tkrbpgb ekj hbcjb u laupbaglnbj), pkrl nl hbcrâ un budkntl
sgmng`gabtgvl kn kj rgtdl ek rkaupkrbagñn.

 Vbtrlnks ek Vlab
Vlab l Ngnmunb Skspukstb bj Urbtbdgkntl
Urbtbdgkntl Gngagbj

[nb bevkrtknagb bntks ek ekagegr quk jb bedgngstrbagñn gngagbj ek gnujgnb nl

`unaglnñ. Duahls pberks tgknekn b akntrbrsk ekdbsgbel kn qukrkr nltbr
gngagbjdkntk dkilrbs kn kj hbcjb l jb slagbjgzbagñn, y pbsbrân plr bjtl jbs
dkilrbs quk sk kstân mknkrbnel kn jb aldungabagñn rkakptgvb, jbs hbcgjgebeks
dltrgaks
rkmujbagñn`gnbs l mruksbs, kj alntrlj ek jb grb l jls aldplrtbdgkntls ek
sknslrgbj.
 

Jb abpbagebe ek hbcjbr ks kxtrkdbebdkntk aldpjkib y nl kdpgkzb b

rkaupkrbrsk hbstb quk sk hbn eksbrrljjbel un ngvkj dâs bvbnzbel ek hbcgjgebe
kn jb aldungabagñn rkakptgvb. Ekj dgsdl dlel, bprknekr b slagbjgzbr aln
ngòls eksalnlagels b dknuel sljl laurrk ekspuçs ek hbckr bprknegel b
slagbjgzbr aln jls pberks, hkrdbnls y beujtls nl akrabnls.
Kj gntknsl ekskl ek vkr b su hgil aldungabrsk ek `lrdb nlrdbj y iumbr aln
ltrls ngòls ks cbstbntk nbturbj kn jls pberks, pkrl eksb`lrtunbebdkntk kstls
sln bjmunls ek jls aldplrtbdgkntls dâs aldpjgabels ek eldgnbr y b
dknuel sk eksbrrljjbn ek dbnkrb tbreäb kn kj prlaksl ek rkaupkrbagñn.
Qg nl hb hbcgel un budkntl sustbnagbj kn jb rkaupkrbagñn b pksbr ek jb
bedgngstrbagñn ek gnujgnb y nl hb hbcgel gntkr`krknagb ek prlcgñtgals,
bntgcgñtgals, supjkdkntls l ek bjmunb kn`krdkebe arñngab, kntlnaks kj ngòl
hb kxpkrgdkntbel `rbabsl ek jb gnujgnb. Skaldgknel kj trbtbdgkntl aln
rg`bxgdgnb. Jb gnujgnb nl sk rkgngagb ekspuçs ek trbtbrjls aln rg`bxgdgnb.

 Dbnkil ek jb Vlab
Vlab l Ngnmunb Skspukstb
Skspukstb b jb Gnujgnb
Gnujgnb
 

Skspukstb Dängdb l Nujb plstkrglr bj Urbtbdgkntl Gngagbj aln

Sg`bxgdgnb

B vkaks,l ekspuçs
dkilräb, ek qukrkabkr
kj ngòl pbrkak un pbagkntk
kn bpknbsksunls
trbtbel
plalsaln
eäbsrg`bxgdgnb
l skdbnbs.nlKstls
hby
ngòls kstân kxpkrgdkntbnel unb râpgeb rkabäeb ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel. Kstbs rkabäebs râpgebs sln prlcbcjkdkntk
ekcgel b jb dltgjgebe gntkstgnbj jkntb l cbib b rbäz ek unb egs`unagñn
butlnñdgab sucybakntk (vkr abpätujls egkz y abtlrak).
Dg bclrebik dâs k`katgvl kn kstk ksaknbrgl ks gngagbr kj agajl ek rg`bxgdgnb
aln aursls dknsubjks ek egkz eäbs ek rg`bxgdgnb abeb unl, eurbntk un dängdl
ek elak dksks. Kj lciktgvl ekj agajgsdl ks dbntknkr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl suprgdgel jl su`gagkntk pbrb pkrdgtgr quk kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl ekj
ngòl alntgnùk rkaupkrânelsk.

 Dbnkil ek jb Skspukstb
Skspukstb Ek`gagkntk plstkrglr
plstkrglr bj Gn
Gngagl
gagl ekj Urbtbdgkntl
Urbtbdgkntl aln Sg`bxgdgnb
 

Dbnkil ekj @rbabsl ek jls Agajls ek Sg`bxgdgnb

Bùn aln jb bedgngstrbagñn ek rg`bxgdgnb ek `lrdb dknsubj, bjmunls pbagkntks
nl dukstrbn
gnajusl sgmnls
bntks ek ekgngagk
quk sk rkaupkrbagñn y kstl
kj sgmugkntk aurslskekekck b quk su`rkn rkabäebs
rg`bxgdgnb.
Qg un pbagkntk nl dukstrb ngnmunb dkilräb ekspuçs ek trks dksks rkagcgknel
rg`bxgdgnb aäajgab, aldgknzl jb bedgngstrbagñn ek rg`bxgdgnb ek `lrdb
alntgnub, els vkaks bj eäb, sgn pbrbr, iuntl aln agnal dgnutls ek kstgdujbagñn
ekj nkrvgl vbml bj eäb.
Jb prgnagpbj rbzñn plr jb quk jls ngòls rkabkn râpgebdkntk ks ekcgel b jb
dltgjgebe gntkstgnbj jkntb, b dknuel ekcgel bj ebòl abusbel bj sgstkdb
nkrvglsl butñnldl. Aln`äl kn quk jb begagñn ek jb kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl
vbml,
pkrdgtbbyuebrâ
quk jbb bskmurbr
rg`bxgdgnbqukalntgnub,
jb dltgjgebe gntkstgnbj
pukeb dkilrk b un kn
skr eksalntgnubeb mrbel quk
ùjtgdb
gnstbnagb.
Dgs prgdkrls absls quk rkqugrgkrln rg`bxgdgnb alntgnub kstuvgkrln
rkjbaglnbels b pbagkntks aln butgsdl, dbylrks (ek egkagsçgs b vkgntk bòls ek
kebe) y kxtrkdbebdkntk vgljkntls. Kstls pbagkntks prkskntbcbn unb
egsdgnuagñn sgmng`gabtgvb ek sus tkneknagbs vgljkntbs dgkntrbs jb rg`bxgdgnb
krb bedgngstrbeb, pkrl jukml rkabäbn b jls plals eäbs ek tkrdgnbel kj aursl ek
egkz eäbs. Eksaucrä quk budkntbr kj aursl ek rg`bxgdgnb b abtlrak l vkgntgùn
eäbs nl krb dâs k`katgvl b jb hlrb ek prkvkngr jbs rkabäebs.
Ekspuçs ek gngagbr jb rg`bxgdgnb ek `lrdb alntgnub, els vkaks bj eäb, kj
aldplrtbdgkntl vgljkntl egsdgnuyñ y nl vljvgñ b gnarkdkntbrsk. Aln kj
tgkdpl, kj aldplrtbdgkntl dkilrñ tbntl quk jbs elsgs y jb abntgebe ek
dkegabdkntls psgqugâtrgals gnegabels `ukrln rkeuagels pbujbtgnbdkntk y, b
dknuel, `ukrln suspknegels. Kn duahls ek kstls absls, jls pberks hbn
lptbel plr alntgnubr bedgngstrbnel jb rg`bxgdgnb alntgnub, plr tkdlr b quk
jbs rkabäebs vgljkntbs laurrgkrbn nukvbdkntk.
Ekspuçs ek elak dksks ek tkrbpgb alntgnub, rkaldgknel rkeuagr jb tkrbpgb aln
rg`bxgdgnb bj agajl dknsubj aln aursls ek egkz eäbs. Qg jb rkaupkrbagñn sk
ektgknk nukvbdkntk ekcgel b jbs cbatkrgbs rkagegvbntks, ekagel rkgngagbr jb
tkrbpgb alntgnub eurbntk ltrls 0 dksks, y jukml gntkntl rkeuagr b agajls
 

dknsubjks ek nukvl. Vbsbel kj tgkdpl, aln`äl kn quk jls agajls dknsubjks

aln rg`bxgdgnb tbdcgçn pleräbn suspknekrsk, rkqugrgçneljb sljl ek `lrdb
labsglnbj (gntkrdgtkntk).

 Dbnkil ekj @rbabsl

@rbabsl ek jb Sg`bxgdgnb
Sg`bxgdgnb plr Agajls

Jb rg`bxgdgnb bedgngstrbeb egbrgbdkntk, hb sgel utgjgzbeb ek `lrdb skmurb

eurbntk absg trkgntb bòls kn pbagkntks aln agrrlsgs hkpâtgab bvbnzbeb quk
pbekakn ek knak`bjlpbtäb
rkagckn rg`bxgdgnb hkpâtgab.
els vkaks Jls`lrdb
bj eäb ek pbagkntks alnpbrb
alntgnub knak`bjlpbtäb hkpâtgab
kvgtbr jls pkjgmrls
ek jb prleuaagñn ek bdlnäbal. Jls kstuegls gnegabn quk kj usl alntgnul ek
rg`bxgdgnb nl egsdgnuyk jb cglegvkrsgebe cbatkrgbnb ekntrl ek jb dgarlcgltb
gntkstgnbj.
Bunquk jb rksgstknagb cbatkrgbnb b jb rg`bxgdgnb laurrk duy rbrbdkntk, jb
rksgstknagb eksbpbrkak râpgebdkntk ekspuçs ek suspknekr jb rg`bxgdgnb
eurbntk bpknbs unbs plabs skdbnbs. Jb rg`bxgdgnb pukek rktldbrsk aln kj
dgsdl k`katl plsgtgvl.

B `lrdb
bakgtk ek ekpksabel
rkpbsl,yunb vkz ek
bakgtk gngagbel
ljgvb kjy prltlaljl aln bjbkqugjgcrbr
bj aldknzbr elsgs bekaubeb ek
kj trbatl
 

gntkstgnbj aln gnujgnb l rg`bxgdgnb, lcskrvl y rkmgstrl kj mrbel ek

rkaupkrbagñn quk laurrk kn jls sgmugkntks trks dksks.
Qg laurrk unb suprksgñn sgmng`gabtgvb ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, kj ngòl
kxpkrgdkntbrâ dkilrbs nltbcjks. Qg jb dbylräb, pkrl nl tlels, jls bspkatls ek
sus
agnalprlcjkdbs nkurljñmgals
dgnutls egbrgls kstân dkilrbnel,
ek kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvglalnsgekrl
vbml pbrbnkaksbrgl
bjkntbr kj bòbegr
gngagl
ek jb rkaupkrbagñn ek tlels jls prlcjkdbs ekj nkurleksbrrljjl.
Qg sljl hby unb dkilräb tkdplrbj, unb dkilräb dängdb l kj trbtbdgkntl aln
gnujgnb abusb ekdbsgbels k`katls skaunebrgls, jls egbmrbdbs ek `juil
prkskntbels kn kstk abpätujl jl byuebrân b aldprknekr añdl ektkrdgnl jb
elsg`gabagñn ek rg`bxgdgnb kn bclrebiks ek elsgs ùngabs, plr agajls, l
alntgnubs aln jb `gnbjgebe ek hbakr bvbnzbr b dgs pbagkntks kn kj prlaksl ek
su rkaupkrbagñn.
 

A[ÂNEL W QG EKUKNKS KJ VSLULALJL

NKDKAHKO

E kspuçs ek unls bòls kn Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®, duahls ngòls sk

rkaupkrbrân jl su`gagkntk aldl pbrb bjabnzbr un kstbel nkurltäpgal. Jb

ektknkrsgmugkntk prkmuntb lcvgb

y quç aldplnkntks ks ¼quç
pleräbn aldplnkntks
nkaksgtbr ekj prltlaljl sk pukekn
skr alntgnubels<
Ekntrl ek dgs pbagkntks beujtls rkaupkrânelsk b trbvçs ekj prltlaljl, jb
dbylräb kxpkrgdkntbrâ unb rkabäeb pbragbj ek sus jksglnks akrkcrbjks
baudujbtgvbs prkvgbs sg suspknekn l egsdgnuykn aubjqugkrb ek jls
aldplnkntks (bakgtk ek pksabel, bakgtk ek ljgvb, kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml
y dbntkngdgkntl ek un trbatl gntkstgnbj kqugjgcrbel).
Arkl quk kj ksaknbrgl ek rkaurrknagb kn jb jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb sk
bpjgabräb ek dbnkrb sgdgjbr b jls ngòls trbtbels aln kj prltlaljl, aln unb
kxakpagñn
eknldgnbeb gdplrtbntk
dgarlmjäbquk gnvljuarb
akcbeb un mjñcujl
. Egsautgrç cjbnalakcbeb
jb dgarlmjgb kspkagbj
dâsknbekjbntk
kj akrkcrl
kn
kstk abpätujl.
Kj akrkcrl kvljuaglnb b `unaglnks aldpjkibs aldl9 bprknekr b hbcjbr,
slagbjgzbr y prlaksbr jb gn`lrdbagñn sknslrgbj kntrk tbntbs, dkegbntk un
prlaksl eknldgnbel ¨pleb nkurlnbj. Jb dkilrb kn jb `unagñn ekj eksbrrljjl
laurrk aubnel nkurlnbs kxaksgvbs ekntrl ekj akrkcrl sln ekskahbebs. Vlr jl
tbntl, unb rkabäeb rkqukrgräb un budkntl kn kj nùdkrl tltbj ek nkurlnbs y nl
hby kvgeknagb dçegab ek quk unb vkz plebebs, dâs nkurlnbs sk baudujkn
bntk un budkntl kn kj kstrçs gn`jbdbtlrgl.
 

Vkrl, ¼plr quç jbs jksglnks akrkcrbjks baudujbebs sk rkpgtkn ekspuçs ek

suspknekr kj prltlaljl< Aldprknsgcjkdkntk, duahbs pkrslnbs bsudkn
krrñnkbdkntk quk jb rkaupkrbagñn ek unb jksgñn akrkcrbj ks aldl aurbr un
huksl rltl. [nb vkz quk jb jksgñn sk aurb, yb nl nkaksgtbrâ kj trbtbdgkntl l kj
yksl ekj crbzl kn absl ek unb `rbaturb.
[nb eg`krknagb gdplrtbntk kntrk unb jksgñn akrkcrbj arñngab y unb `rbaturb ek
bntkcrbzl ks quk unb jksgñn akrkcrbj sk hb vukjtl arñngab ekcgel b jb
`lrdbagñn ek unb plcjbagñn pkrdbnkntk ek açjujbs ebògnbs jjbdbebs
dgarlmjäb akcbeb.

Jb dgarlmjgb ks unb plcjbagñn ek mjñcujls cjbnals kspkagbjgzbel quk sljl

vgvkn kn kj akrkcrl y quk kstâ gnvljuarbeb kn jb pleb nlrdbj ek jbs nkurlnbs
eurbntk kj prlaksl ek eksbrrljjl y jb rkpbrbagñn ek jbs nkurlnbs ekspuçs ek
unb jksgñn. Eksb`lrtunbebdkntk, kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl pukek bjtkrbr
kj aldplrtbdgkntl ek jb dgarlmjgb quk alneuagrâ b unb rkaurrknagb ek jksgñn
akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb sg sk ektgknk kj prltlaljl.
 

Jb Dgarlmjgb Akcbeb Abusb Skabäebs ek Jksgñn Akrkcrbj Arñngab

Jb dgarlmjgb akcbeb sk `lrdbn ekspuçs ek quk kj jgplpljgsbaârgel (JVQ)
mknkrbel plr kjknslcrkarkagdgkntl
plr sus sgmjbs gnmjçs) sk `gjtrb cbatkrgbnl kn kj gntkstgnl
hbagb kj tlrrkntk ekjmbel
sbnmuänkl, ( QGCL
y `gnbjdkntk
dgmrb bj akrkcrl y sk knaukntrb aln unb dgarlmjgb sbjuebcjk.
Kj JVQ trbns`lrdb jb dgarlmjgb sbjuebcjk kn dgarlmjgb gn`jbdbtlrgb ebògnb,
quk sk alnlak aldl dgarlmjgb akcbeb? tbdcgçn sk jb alnlak aldl D2
dgarlmjgb akcbeb.
B eg`krknagb ek jb dgarlmjgb sbjuebcjk quk sk rkkdpjbzb rkmujbrdkntk aln
unb nukvb dgarlmjgb ek `unaglnbdgkntl nlrdbj abeb plals dksks, jb
dgarlmjgb akcbeb nunab dukrk y alnstbntkdkntk `gjtrb agtlqugnbs
gn`jbdbtlrgbs kn su ârkb agraunebntk.
Kj kstrçs gn`jbdbtlrgl quk kstbs agtlqugnbs gn`jbdbtlrgbs arkbn, kvgtb quk jbs
nkurlnbs kn jb dgsdb ârkb skbn rkpbrbebs y budkntbrân kj ebòl bntk jksglnks
`uturbs.
Jb aldcgnbagñn ekj prltlaljl ek kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml, bakgtk ek
ljgvb y bjtbs alnakntrbaglnks ekj âagel mrbsl ldkmb-1 EHB byuebn b
alntrljbr kj aldplrtbdgkntl gn`jbdbtlrgl ebògnl ek jb dgarlmjäb akcbeb b
trbvçs ek un prlaksl jjbdbel abdcgl `knltäpgal.
Qgkdprk y aubnel kstls gnmrkegkntks sk ebn alnstbntkdkntk kn jbs elsgs
alrrkatbs, jb dgarlmjgb akcbeb abdcgb su aldplrtbdgkntl y aldgknzb b
byuebr aln kj prlaksl ek rkpbrbagñn. Dbntknkr jb dgarlmjgb akcbeb kn un
dlel ùtgj y rkpbrbelr (b dknuel rk`krgel b D3-dgarlmjgb) tbdcgçn rkeuak su
prleuaagñn ek agtlqugnbs gn`jbdbtlrgbs ebògnbs y dkilrb jb abpbagebe ek jbs
nkurlnbs akrabnbs pbrb rkaupkrbrsk.
Batubjdkntk, nl kxgstk un trbtbdgkntl alnlagel pbrb krrbegabr jb dgarlmjgb
akcbeb y, plr jl tbntl, ekckn alntrljbrsk b jbrml pjbzl pbrb dbntknkr jb
rkaupkrbagñn ek unb jksgñn akrkcrbj nl rksukjtb prkvgbdkntk. Hby abeb vkz
dâs prukcbs kn kstuegls aln bngdbjks ek quk jb kjgdgnbagñn ek jb dgarlmjgb
akcbeb pukek skr
kn aldpukstls plsgcjkalnlagels
quädgals bjmùn eäb.aldl
Jb dbylr pbrtk ek
gnhgcgelrks ek kstk trbcbil sk akntrb
AQ@2S.
 

 Jb kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml, kj bakgtk ek pksabel y kj bakgtk ek

ljgvb tknerân quk alntgnubr b jbrml pjbzl hbstb quk sk knaukntrkn
ltrls dçtlels pbrb kjgdgnbr jb dgarlmjäb akcbeb.

Hby ltrb rbzñn plr jb quk bjmunls ek jls gnmrkegkntks ekj Vrltlaljl
Nkdkahko® nl ekckn ektknkrsk. Ebel quk nl hby ngnmùn ks`ukrzl plr pbrtk
ek jb gneustrgb bjgdkntbrgb pbrb kjgdgnbr jbs abntgebeks kxaksgvbs ek âagel
jgnljkgal gn`jbdbtlrgl ekj sudgngstrl ek bjgdkntls jb nkaksgebe ek bakgtk ek
ljgvb kn nukstrb egktb, pbrb prltkmkrnls ek kstls âagels mrbsls ldkmb-0,
pkrdbnkakrâ.
Ekj dgsdl dlel, jb `bjtb ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 bntggn`jbdbtlrgls kn kj
sudgngstrl ek bjgdkntls rkqugkrk unb supjkdkntbagñn b jbrml pjbzl aln
âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 prlakekntks ek pksabel y ltrbs `ukntks dbrgnbs pbrb
byuebr b nukstrbs açjujbs b rkmujbr jb gn`jbdbagñn.
B dkegeb quk jbs rkskrvbs ek pkaks kn jls laçbnls sk bmltbn abeb vkz dâs, ks
plsgcjk quk skb nkaksbrgl prleuagr ltrbs `lrdbs ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 b
pbrtgr ek bjmbs u ltrbs tkanljlmäbs rkaldcgnbntks.
Kn kj hlrgzlntk egstbntk kstâ jb kspkrbnzb ek tkrbpgbs `brdbaçutgabs quk
pukekn jgcrbr bj sgstkdb nkrvglsl ek kstb dgarlmjgb akcbeb pkrdbnkntkdkntk
ebògnb. [nb ajbsk ek bmkntks alnlagels aldl gnhgcgelrks ek AQ@2S kstân
dlstrbnel rksujtbels prldktkelrks, yb quk kstbräbn ektkngknel
pkrdbnkntkdkntk kj ebòl gn`jbdbtlrgl arñngal ek jb dgarlmjgb akcbeb kn
knsbyls prkajängals aln bngdbjks.
 

Jbs Skabäebs Vltknagbjks kn Ngòls Eg`gkrkn ek jls Beujtls

Jb sgtubagñn nl ks tbn sknagjjb kn jls ngòls plrquk kjjls sk hbn rkaupkrbel ek
jksglnks akrkcrbjks
bdcls rkqugkrkn unbbaudujbtgvbs y ek rktrbsls
`unagñn dgarlmjgbj nlrdbj kn
pbrbkjrkaupkrbrsk,
eksbrrljjl. hby
Bunquk
unb
eg`krknagb ùngab kn jb rkaupkrbagñn ek jls ngòls quk prkvgknk jbs rkabäebs kn
kj rktrbsl ekj eksbrrljjl.
Jls ngòls quk sk hbn rkaupkrbel ek jksglnks akrkcrbjks baudujbebs b dknuel
rkabkn ek dbnkrb sgdgjbr aldl beujtls. Jls säntldbs dâs aldunks
bslagbels aln jksglnks akrkcrbjks baudujbtgvbs quk pleräbn rkmrksbr kn jls
ngòls gnajuykn9 hgpkrbatgvgebe, abdgnbr aln jbs puntbs ek jls pgks, bnsgkebe,
ULA, tkdlr, bmrksgvgebe, kvkntls ek rbcgb, kvkntls ek tgpl juahb y huäeb,
budkntl ekj hbdcrk y jb ske, cbib btknagñn y alnakntrbagñn, gnajugels kj
UEB y kj UEBH, kstrkògdgkntl, abjbdcrks bceldgnbjks y bagekz kstldbabj l
rk`juil, k gnsldngl.
Jb rkabäeb plr rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl ks un bsuntl eg`krkntk. Vbrb quk un
ngòl bjabnak sus hgtls ekj eksbrrljjl, un ngòl nkaksgtb plebr kj agnaukntb plr
agkntl ek jbs nkurlnbs ekntrl ek su akrkcrl. Jb pleb sgnâptgab ks jb `lrdb kn
quk kj akrkcrl kjgdgnb jbs alnkxglnks gnnkaksbrgbs, jl quk `lrtbjkak jbs quk sk
rkqugkrkn pbrb dbeurbr y eksknabeknbr unb nukvb hbcgjgebe ek eksbrrljjl.
[nb vkz plebebs, kstbs nkurlnbs sk vbn pbrb sgkdprk, pbrb nunab vljvkr. Jls
rktrbsls kn kj eksbrrljjl laurrkn aubnel hby pleb gnaldpjktb l jkntb ek jbs
nkurlnbs ekj akrkcrl.
Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® rksukjvk rktrbsls kn kj eksbrrljjl bj pkrdgtgr quk jb
dgarlmjäb aldgknak `gnbjdkntk b plebr jbs nkurlnbs kxaksgvbs quk sk trbeuak
kn jb bequgsgagñn ek hgtls kn kj eksbrrljjl. Vbrbeñigabdkntk hby dknls
nkurlnbs aubnel su hgil sk hb rkaupkrbel ek un trbstlrnl ekj eksbrrljjl quk
aubnel bùn pbekaäb un rktrbsl.
Vlr kstb rbzñn, nl arkl quk jbs rkmrksglnks vkrebekrbs ekspuçs ek jb
rkaupkrbagñn ek un rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl skbn plsgcjks. Kstls ngòls nl
"eksbprknekn" l pgkrekn jls hgtls quk hbn bjabnzbel. Ebel quk jb
rkaupkrbagñn ekj rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl gdpjgab jb kjgdgnbagñn pkrdbnkntk
ek nkurlnbs, jb rkmrksgñn ekj rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl nl pukek laurrgr plrquk
 

jbs nkurlnbs tkneräbn quk skr bmrkmbebs ek nukvl, y kstl nl sk arkk quk skb
plsgcjk.
Hk ksauahbel duahbs vkaks quk un ngòl hb "pkregel" kstb l bqukjjb `unagñn
ekj eksbrrljjl, y kntgknel kj aldkntbrgl eksek jb pkrspkatgvb ek jls pberks.
Kn vkrebe, jbs mbnbnagbs bntkrglrks tlebväb kstân prkskntks, pkrl sgdpjkdkntk
nl sln vgsgcjks pbrb kj pberk y nl sln baaksgcjks pbrb kj ngòl b dknuel
ekcgel bj budkntl ek jb bnsgkebe ekj ngòl, kj kdpklrbdgkntl ek jb
alnakntrbagñn y jls k`katls nkurltñxgals ekj âagel prlpgñngal.
Kstk `knñdknl nl ks eg`krkntk ek un beujtl quk nl pukek pknsbr l hbcjbr aln
ajbrgebe aubnel kstâ `rkntk b unb buegknagb (jl quk ks sgdgjbr bj dgkel
ksaçngal). Aln dâs prâatgab kn hbcjbr kn pùcjgal, kj beujtl `gnbjdkntk ks
abpbz ek hbcjbr cgkn gnajusl aubnel sk sgkntk bnsglsl l cbil kstrçs. Ekj
dgsdl dlel, un ngòl aln rkaupkrbagñn alntgnub tbdcgçn plerâ usbr un hbcjb
dâs aldpjkib gnajusl aubnel sk sgkntb bnsglsl.
 

Eksb`äls b Jbrml Vjbzl ek Dbntknkr un Kqugjgcrgl Qbjuebcjk

Qbjuebcjk ek
Cbatkrgbs Gntkstgnbjks

Jb rkvkrsgñn
ekjmbel (QGCL)y prkvknagñn
ks nkaksbrgbekj
pbrbslcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl
jb rkaupkrbagñn ekj kn eksbrrljjl
rktrbsl ekj kj gntkstgnl
y
jbs jksglnks akrkcrbjks kn jls ngòls. Qg kj QGCL rkmrksb, kj kstrçs gn`jbdbtlrgl
ks tbn mrbnek quk tleb jb rkaupkrbagñn sk ektgknk. [nb vkz quk sk hb jlmrbel
jb rkaupkrbagñn, dbntknkr un kqugjgcrgl sbjuebcjk ek cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks kn
ngòls (y beujtls) pukek skr un eksb`äl.
Jls trks `batlrks alnlagels gnvljuarbels kn jbs rkabäebs ek slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel sln jb eksbakjkrbagñn ek jb dltgjgebe
gntkstgnbj, jb gntkrrupagñn gntkrdgtkntk ek jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks plr
gn`kaaglnks l dkegabdkntls, y jb cbib cglegvkrsgebe gntkstgnbj.
 

Dltgjgebe Gntkstgnbj Jkntb

Jbs rkabäebs ksplntânkbs ek jb dltgjgebe gntkstgnbj rktbrebeb sk ekckn b jb
egs`unagñn
tgkdpl kn kjbutlnñdgab
prltlaljl, sucybakntk ekbutlnñdgab
jb egs`unagñn jb jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbeb.
quk alneuak Aln ek
b rkabäebs kj
kstb dbnkrb dkilrbrâ sustbnagbjdkntk eurbntk kj aursl ek jb rkaupkrbagñn ekj
ngòl. Jb dltgjgebe gntkstgnbj jkntb ks jb abusb dâs `rkaukntk ek
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl rkagegvbntk kn ngòls y beujtls.
 

Bjtkrbagñn ekj Kqugjgcrgl Gntkstgnbj

Jb gntkrrupagñn gntkrdgtkntk ekj kqugjgcrgl cbatkrgbnl b dknuel nl sk pukek
kvgtbr plrquk vgrbj
(mbstrlkntkrgtgs pukek skr eksknabeknbeb
y/l cbatkrgbnb) plrdkegabdkntls
l kj usl ek gn`kaaglnks nkaksbrgls
aldunks
(bntgcgñtgals, qugdgltkrbpgb, gnhgcgelrks ek jb cldcb ek prltlnks).
Jbdkntbcjkdkntk, kstb `ukntk ek rkabäeb alntgnubrâ hbstb quk jb agknagb
dçegab eksaucrb añdl trbtbr gn`kaaglnks sgn bntgcgñtgals quk pukebn tknkr
dknlr gdpbatl kj gntkstgnl l plr kikdpjl dbnkibr kj rk`juil âagel skvkrl sgn
gnhgcgelrks ek jb cldcb ek prltlnks.
 

Cbib Cglegvkrsgebe Gntkstgnbj

Qk sbck quk jb cbib cglegvkrsgebe prkegsplnk b jbs pkrslnbs bj
slcrkarkagdgkntl
cglegvkrsgebe cbatkrgbnl
sk bmltb ksplntânkl
mrbvkdkntk. sljl aubnel
Kn kstuegls kj ngvkj plr
ek kntkrlaljgtgs ek
Ajlstrgegud eg``gagjk, jbs rkabäebs `rkaukntks ek slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl
laurrkn aubnel kj dgarlcgldb gntkstgnbj ekj gnegvgeul sk hb rkeuagel b
bprlxgdbebdkntk kj =6% ek jbs kspkagks cbatkrgbnbs nlrdbjks.
Kj trbtbdgkntl rkqugkrk un trbspjbntk ek dgarlcgltb `kabj (@DU plr sus sgmjbs
kn gnmjçs), aldùndkntk alnlagel aldl un trbspjbntk ek hkaks hudbnbs. Jb
dbylräb ek jls kstuegls ek @DU kn pbagkntks aln ngvkjks dâs kjkvbels ek
cglegvkrsgebe (>86%) pbrkakn tknkr plal l ngnmùn cknk`gagl. Jb dbylräb ek
jb cglegvkrsgebe ek jls kstuegls kn ngòls aln butgsdl l prlcjkdbs ek
eksbrrljjl nl gnegabn un bmltbdgkntl mrbvk ek jb cglegvkrsgebe. Ekcgel b
kstl, nl rkaldgknel @DU. Bekdâs, hk kstbel gnvljuarbel kn kj augebel ek
duahls ngòls quk hbn rkagcgel @DU pkrl tlebväb su`räbn rkabäebs ek
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl aln `rkauknagb, plr jl quk kj prlaksl ek @DU nl
rkprkskntñ ngnmùn cknk`gagl pbrb kjjls kn su rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab.
 

Gnujgnb B Jbrml Vjbzl pbrb Vrkvkngr jbs Skabäebs Cbatkrgbnbs

B dkegeb quk un ngòl knvkikak, hby unb tkneknagb arkagkntk ek quk jb gnujgnb
yb
bòlsnl ek
skbkebe,
abpbzjbekgnujgnb
alntrljbr
ks kjgnk`gabz
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl
pbrb alntrljbr y b jls vkgntk
kj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl jl su`gagkntk aldl pbrb lctknkr un mrbel sustbnagbj ek
rkaupkrbagñn akrkcrbj.
Jb rbzñn ek kstl nl sk kntgknek aln prkagsgñn bùn, pkrl jl dâs prlcbcjk ks
quk tknmb quk vkr aln jb tkneknagb ek arkagdgkntl kxaksgvl kn beujtls quk
prlvgknkn ek unb kspkagk cbatkrgbnb auyl arkagdgkntl nl ks suprgdgel plr jb
gnujgnb.
Kj usl b jbrml pjbzl ek gnujgnb egbrgb kn jls ngòls ks duy skmurl, cbrbtl y
alntrljb quk
dkegeb kj QGCL sgkdprk
kj ngòl y aubnel
knvkikak, jb sgmb sgknel
gnujgnb k`gabz. Aln `bjjbrâ
prlcbcjkdkntk kj tgkdpl,
y kjb
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl vljvkrâ.
Kn kstk puntl, kj ngòl tknerâ quk hbakr jb trbnsgagñn b agajls gntkrdgtkntks ek
rg`bxgdgnb pbrb alntrljbr aubjqugkr säntldb quk sk prleuzab plr kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl.
 

Dbnkil ekj Qlcrkarkagdgkntl Cbatkrgbnl aln Sg`bxgdgnb

Duahls ngòls cbil dg augebel hly rkagckn aursls dknsubjks ek rg`bxgdgnb
(¨rg`bxgdgnb aäajgab¨)
cbatkrgbnl. [nb aln kj dknlr
prlplragñn `gn ek prkvkngr
ek ngòls jbkstâ
rkabäeb ek slcrkarkagdgkntl
rkagcgknel rg`bxgdgnb ek
dbnkrb alntgnub sgn gntkrrupaglnks kn kj trbtbdgkntl ("rg`bxgdgnb alntgnub")
y unb prlplragñn bùn dknlr kstâ rkagcgknel ¨rg`bxgdgnb gntkrdgtkntk¨ sljl
skmùn skb nkaksbrgl pbrb rkabäebs rkalnlagcjks.
Aln kj tgkdpl, b pbrtgr ekj trbtbdgkntl ek pbagkntks beujtls nkurltäpgals, hk
bprknegel quk su dltgjgebe gntkstgnbj dkilrbrâ, y jbs rkabäebs ek
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl sk vukjvkn abeb vkz dknls `rkaukntks, plr jl
quk plekdls rkeuagr jb rg`bxgdgnb. Kstl pbrkak skr vâjgel tbdcgçn pbrb jls
ngòls.
Dg kn`lquk mknkrbj ks rkeuagr jb `rkauknagb ek rg`bxgdgnb kn jls ngòls b
dkegeb quk sk rkaupkrbn. Qg un ngòl sljl `uk abpbz ek kxpkrgdkntbr jb
rkaupkrbagñn aln jb tkrbpgb alntgnub y sgn gntkrrupagñn ek rg`bxgdgnb plrquk
kstbcbn rkagegvbnel duy râpgebdkntk, tldbrâ un dängdl ek elak dksks ek
rg`bxgdgnb bntks ek quk jb dltgjgebe gntkstgnbj sk rkaupkrk jl su`gagkntk aldl
pbrb quk jb rg`bxgdgnb sk pukeb abdcgbr ek alntgnul bj prlmrbdb dknls
gntknsl ek agajls dknsubjks ek rg`bxgdgnb.
Ekspuçs ek ltrls skgs b elak dksks aln rg`bxgdgnb aäajgab, hby unb cuknb
prlcbcgjgebe ek quk kj ngòl pukeb egsdgnugr kj trbtbdgkntl b sljl rg`bxgdgnb
gntkrdgtkntk.
W ekj dgsdl dlel, sg jb rkaupkrbagñn ek un ngòl dkilrñ aln rg`bxgdgnb
aäajgab, rkaldgknel un dängdl ek elak agajls dknsubjks bntks ek gntkntbr
abdcgbr b rg`bxgdgnb gntkrdgtkntk.
 

Alnsgekrbaglnks
Alnsgekrbaglnks slcrk jb Skeuaagñn ek jb Elsgs ek Sg`bxgdgnb

Duahls pberks kstân lptbnel plr usbr rg`bxgdgnb plr dâs ek elak dksks
pbrb prkvkngr aubjqugkr rktrbsl kn jb rkaupkrbagñn ek jbs rkabäebs gnkvgtbcjks,
y bj dldkntl ek ksargcgr kstk brtäaujl, tknml cbil dg supkrvgsgñn ngòls
dbylrks aln butgsdl quk hbn sgel trbtbels aln rg`bxgdgnb aäajgab y alntgnub
eksek hbak trks bòls sgn aldpjgabaglnks.
 

VBSUK GGG
 

KQUGD[JBAGÑN
KQUGD[JBAGÑN EKJ NKSPGL PBML
 

26
 

KJ [QL EK JB KQUGD[JBAGÑN EKJ NKSPGL

PBML KN JLQ USBQULSNLQ GN@BNUGJKQ

K stk abpätujl kxpjgabrâ b dbylr ektbjjk jb kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml

(PNQ) y kj pbpkj quk kstk ekskdpkòb ekntrl ekj Vrltlaljl
Nkdkahko®.
Kj nkrvgl vbml ks unl ek jls nkrvgls dâs gdplrtbntks ekj lrmbngsdl.
Aldùndkntk alnlagel aldl kj eçagdl pbr arbnkbj, sk knaukntrb b bdcls
jbels ekj aukjjl, `usglnânelsk ekcbil ekj kstkrnñn pbrb `lrdbr un sljl trlnal
y rbdg`gaânelsk hbagb jls egstgntls ñrmbnls y vbsls sbnmuänkls.
Mknkrbjdkntk, jls nkrvgls b dknuel sln vgsubjgzbels aldl unb hkcrb ek
bjbdcrk cgljñmgal quk trbnsplrtb gdpujsls kjçatrgals eksek kj akrkcrl hbagb
jbs eg`krkntks ârkbs ekj lrmbngsdl. Qgn kdcbrml, kj nkrvgl vbml ks duahl,
duahl dâs aldpjkil.
Kj nkrvgl vbml kstâ aldpukstl plr bprlxgdbebdkntk 06,666 `gcrbs nkrvglsbs
eg`krkntks, tlebs bmrupbebs sgdgjbr b un abcjk ek `gcrb ñptgab. Kstls nkrvgls
trbnsdgtkn gn`lrdbagñn k gnstruaaglnks kn `lrdb ek gdpujsls kjçatrgals, kstbs
skòbjks vgbibn eksek kj aukrpl hbagb kj akrkcrl y eksek kj akrkcrl hbagb kj
rkstl ekj aukrpl.
Bjrkekelr ekj 86% ek jb gn`lrdbagñn y jbs gnstruaaglnks trbnsdgtgebs plr kj
nkrvgl vbml vgbibn eksek kj aukrpl hbagb kj akrkcrl b trbvçs ek jbs `gcrbs
b`krkntks. Kj 36% rkstbntk ek jb gn`lrdbagñn trbnsdgtgeb plr kj nkrvgl vbml,
vgbib bj alntrbrgl eksek kj akrkcrl hbagb kj aukrpl pbrb byuebr b rkmujbr jb
gn`jbdbagñn y ltrbs `unaglnks lrmângabs. Jbs `gcrbs quk vbn egrgmgebs eksek kj
akrkcrl bj rkstl ekj aukrpl sln jjbdbebs `gcrbs k`krkntks.
 

Kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl (QNB) tgknk els rbdbs l crbzls alntrljbelrks9

kj sgstkdb pbrbsgdpâtgal y kj sgdpâtgal. Kstbs rbdbs pkrdgtkn quk kj akrkcrl
rkmujk abeb bspkatl ek jb `unagñn ekj lrmbngsdl.
Kj nkrvgl vbml ks kj prgnagpbj alneuatlr ek jbs skòbjks ek jb rbdb
pbrbsgdpâtgab. Jb rbdb sgdpâtgab vgbib b trbvçs ek jb dçeujb kspgnbj y ekrgvb
rbdbs dâs pkqukòbs kntrk abeb pbr ek vçrtkcrbs. Jbs skòbjks trbnsdgtgebs plr
jb rbdb sgdpâtgab vgbibn kn egrkaagñn bsaknekntk y eksaknekntk.

 Jbs Sbdbs Vbrbsgdpâtgabs

Vbrbsgdpâtgabs y Qgdpâtgabs ekj QNB
QNB

B trbvçs ek jbs väbs pbrbsgdpâtgabs ekj nkrvgl vbml, kj akrkcrl "pkragck"

añdl `unaglnbn jls ñrmbnls y dlngtlrkb kj ngvkj ek kstrçs kn kj lrmbngsdl
 

(gn`kaaglnks, jksglnks l tlxgnbs), b dkegeb quk sk knväbn unb vbrgkebe ek

skòbjks ek `lrdb bsaknekntk.
Jbs skòbjks ekj nkrvgl vbml sln gntkrprktbebs plr unb vbrgkebe ek rkmglnks
akrkcrbjks. Kj akrkcrl gntkrprktb jbs skòbjks y rksplnek knvgbnel skòbjks
eksaknekntks, b trbvçs ek jbs `gcrbs k`krkntks ekj nkrvgl vbml, jbs `gcrbs
sgdpâtgabs kn jb dçeujb kspgnbj y jgckrbnel hlrdlnbs kxarktbebs kn jbs
mjâneujbs pgtugtbrgbs.

 @juil ek Qkòbjks Hbagb y Eksek kj Akrkcrl

Akrkcrl

Kstk pbtrñn agraujbr ek "ksauahbr" b trbvçs ekj nkrvgl vbml y jukml

"rksplnekr" b trbvçs
`lrdb kn jb quk ekj nkrvgl
kj akrkcrl vbml
rkmujb jls jbñrmbnls
dçeujbaubnel
kspgnbjjbs
y jbs hlrdlnbs,
alsbs ks ek
`unaglnbn jb
dbnkrb nlrdbj, aubnel kxgstk unb bdknbzb kn kj ârkb, l sg kj aukrpl su`rk
unb gn`kaagñn l unb jksgñn.
 

Jls Gngagls ek jb Kstgdujbagñn ekj Nkrvgl Pbml

Eurbntk jls bòls 2776, jb gnvkstgmbagñn sumgrgñ quk jb kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl
vbml pleräb eksbrrljjbrln
gnvkstgmbelrks skr un bclrebik ùtgj pbrbgdpjbntbcjk
un egsplsgtgvl alntrljbr pbrb
alnvujsglnks. Jls
jb kstgdujbagñn
ekj nkrvgl vbml, sgdgjbr b un dbrabpbsls quk ks utgjgzbel pbrb budkntbr jb
`rkauknagb abreäbab ek un alrbzñn kn`krdl.
Bj usbrsk pbrb jb kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml, jls abcjks sk knvukjvkn
bjrkekelr ekj nkrvgl y jls gdpujsls kjçatrgals mknkrbels kstgdujbn kj nkrvgl
vbml kn jumbr ekj alrbzñn. Kstls egsplsgtgvls knväbn kjkatrgagebe b trbvçs ek
pujsbaglnks y kstgdujbn kj nkrvgl vbml jbs 35 hlrbs ekj eäb. Jls
kstgdujbelrks ekj nkrvgl vbml tgknkn bsldcrlsbs tbsbs ek rkdgsgñn, ek kntrk
;6-=;% bj bòl pbrb pbagkntks aln kpgjkpsgb y aln ekprksgñn rksgstkntks b
trbtbdgkntl.
 

Kstgdujbagñn ekj Nkrvgl Pbml sgn Nkaksgebe ek Agrumäb

[n bvbnak kn jb cùsqukeb ekj dbnkil ek jb gn`jbdbagñn arñngab, b trbvçs ek
jb kstgdujbagñn
gn`jbdbagñn, sgn ekj nkrvgl
rkqukrgr unvbml ks jb abpbagebe
egsplsgtgvl ekqugrùrmgabdkntk.
gdpjbntbel bjabnzbr kj alntrlj ek jb

B dkegeb quk kj nkrvgl vbml sk kxtgknek eksek kj akrkcrl hbstb kj aukjjl, unb
rbdb ekj nkrvgl vbml jjbdbeb rbdb burgaujbr trbnsaurrk hbagb kj akntrl ek jb
lrkib, bjabnzbnel jbs ârkbs alnlagebs aldl jb alnahb y kj trbml.
Kj nkrvgl vbml pukek skr kstgdujbel kxtkrnbdkntk aljlabnel ek `lrdb
egrkatb unb alrrgkntk kjçatrgab duy jkvk k gdpkrakptgcjk slcrk jb pgkj ek kstbs
ârkbs.

 Sbdb Burgaujbr ekj Nkrvgl Pbml

Pbml

Kstk dçtlel sk alnlak aldl kstgdujbagñn trbnsautânkb ekj nkrvgl vbml (ks
ekagr, b trbvçs ek jb pgkj) l tPNQ, plr sus sgmjbs kn gnmjçs. Qk hb ekdlstrbel
quk agnal dgnutls ek tPNQ sln bjtbdkntk k`katgvls pbrb rkeuagr jb
gn`jbdbagñn sgstçdgab kn kj lrmbngsdl plr un pkrälel dbylr b vkgntgaubtrl
hlrbs.

Bj skr utgjgzbel y aldl nl rkqugkrk skr gdpjbntbel ek ek `lrdb qugrùrmgab, sk

kjgdgnb kj rgksml ek gn`kaaglnks vgnaujbebs b jb agrumäb, aldpjgabaglnks
 

prlpgbs ek jb bnkstksgb, y rkeuak erâstgabdkntk kj alstl ekj trbtbdgkntl PNQ.

Jb tPNQ plnk jls cknk`gagls pbrb jb sbjue l`rkagels plr kj trbtbdgkntl, bj
bjabnak ek bqukjjls gnegvgeuls b`katbels plr trbstlrnls rkjbaglnbels b jb
gn`jbdbagñn arñngab.
 

Kstgdujbagñn Ekj Nkrvgl Pbml Dlekrnb

Kn jls ùjtgdls vkgntk bòls, dâs ek 236,666 kstgdujbelrks ekj nkrvgl vbml
pbrb trbtbr
Kstbels jb kpgjkpsgb
[ngels. y jb ekprksgñn
Begaglnbj hbn sgeldkilrb
b jb gdplrtbntk gdpjbntbels aln çxgtl
kn kj alntrlj ekknkstls
jls
trbstlrnls, sk hb eksaucgkrtl quk jb kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml ks un
plekrlsl dçtlel pbrb egsdgnugr jls ngvkjks pkriuegagbjks ek gn`jbdbagñn
arñngab.
B jb `kahb, sbckdls quk jb gn`jbdbagñn arñngab ks jb prgnagpbj abusb ek unb
bdpjgb vbrgkebe ek b`kaaglnks dçegabs aldunks. Jb gn`jbdbagñn abusb
kn`krdkebeks bj batgvbr l eksbatgvbr mknks bslagbels b kn`krdkebeks aldl jb
egbcktks dkjjgtus, kj aânakr y jls trbstlrnls butlgndunks.

Jb gn`jbdbagñn abusb ebòl egrkatl b jls tkigels y ks un `batlr gdplrtbntk kn kj

eksbrrljjl ek baagekntks akrkcrlvbsaujbrks, gn`brtls abreäbals, ebòl nkrvglsl
(nkurlpbtäb) y eljlr arñngal plr `gcrldgbjmgb, brtrgtgs, `bsagtgs, tknegngtgs y
cursgtgs.
Vlr ùjtgdl, jb gn`jbdbagñn arñngab ekntrl ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl akntrbj jgdgtb
jls dkabngsdls nbturbjks ek rkpbrbagñn ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl, y ks kj prgnagpbj
rksplnsbcjk ekj eksbrrljjl ek jb ekdknagb plr Bjzhkgdkr, jb btbxgb plr
Vbrognsln, jb ekprksgñn arñngab, jb ksqugzl`rkngb, kj UKVU y kj trbstlrnl
cgpljbr.
 

Kn jls ngòls, jb gn`jbdbagñn arñngab b`katb jb abpbagebe ekj akrkcrl ek plebr

alrrkatbdkntk jbs nkurlnbs, prlaksl nkaksbrgl pbrb kj eksbrrljjl nlrdbj,
bekdâs alneuak b prlcjkdbs ek eksbrrljjl aldl ektkrglrl sknslrgbj, bprbxgb
y prlcjkdbs ekj jknmubik.
Jb gn`jbdbagñn tbdcgçn kvgtb quk kj akrkcrl ek un ngòl sk rkpbrk ek `lrdb
nbturbj ekspuçs ek unb jksgñn, kn un prlaksl quk eknldgnl jksgñn akrkcrbj
baudujbtgvb.

B dkegeb quk alntgnùbn kn eksbrrljjl jbs gnvkstgmbaglnks slcrk kj dlekjl ek

gn`jbdbagñn arñngab ek jb kn`krdkebe, nukstrb aldprknsgñn ek jbs egstgntbs
`lrdbs kn jb quk jb gn`jbdbagñn arñngab pukek b`katbr nkmbtgvbdkntk jb sbjue
ek un ngòl alntgnùb kxpbnegçnelsk.
 

Ekcgel jb bdpjgb vbrgkebe ek k`katls pkriuegagbjks quk jb gn`jbdbagñn arñngab

tgknk slcrk kj aukrpl hudbnl, jb abpbagebe quk plskk jb kstgdujbagñn ekj
nkrvgl vbml pbrb suprgdgr jb gn`jbdbagñn kstâ sgknel prlcbeb kn unb vbrgkebe
ek alnegaglnks egstgntbs b jb kpgjkpsgb y jb ekprksgñn arñngab, aln rksujtbels
mknkrbjdkntk plsgtgvls.
Kn dg kxpkrgknagb aln ngòls, jb tPNQ dkilrb ek `lrdb sgmng`gabtgvb jb
abpbagebe quk plskkn tlebs jbs ârkbs ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl akntrbj pbrb
eksbrrljjbrsk
rkaupkrbrsk ekalrrkatbdkntk, y bekdâs
jb jksgñn akrkcrbj dkilrb jb abpbagebe ekj akrkcrl pbrb
baudujbtgvb.
 

22
 

A[ÂNEL BÒBEGS JB KQUGD[JBAGÑN EKJ

NKSPGL PBML

E kspuçs ek kqugjgcrbr jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks aln gnujgnb l rg`bxgdgnb k

gngagbr jbs elsgs bekaubebs ek bakgtk ek pksabel y bakgtk ek ljgvb aldl
sk eksargck
dlngtlrkbr kn kj ekj
jb rkaupkrbagñn Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®,
ngòl eurbntk kj sgmugkntk
jls sgmugkntks trks b skgspbsl ks
dksks.
Wl, jjkvbrç b abcl un dlngtlrkl ekj pbagkntk pbrb ektkrdgnbr sg tlels jls
bspkatls ek jbs ek`gagknagbs nkurljñmgabs ekj ngòl vbn egrgmgebs hbagb jb
rkaupkrbagñn.
Ekntrl ek kstk pkrälel ek trks b skgs dksks, duahls ek jls ngòls cbil dg
augebel kxpkrgdkntbrân dkilrks rgtdls ek rkaupkrbagñn ekj rktrbsl kn kj
eksbrrljjl y ek jls k`katls ek jbs jksglnks akrkcrbjks baudujbtgvbs.
Ulels jls plsgcjks bspkatls ek jb rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab ekckn skr
dlngtlrgzbels pbrb bsä kvbjubr kj k`katl ekj prltlaljl. Jls kjkdkntls b
rkmgstrbr gnajuykn kj hbcjb, kj ârkb sknslrgbj, jb btknagñn/alnakntrbagñn, kj
ukml sgmng`gabtgvl, jb slagbjgzbagñn, jb bmrksgvgebe, jls aldplrtbdgkntls
butljksgvls (QGCQ plr sus sgmjbs kn gnmjçs), jbs hbcgjgebeks dltlrbs/tlnl, jb
`unagñn gntkstgnbj y jls säntldbs ek hgpltknsgñn brtkrgbj akrkcrbj.
 

Vlr jl mknkrbj, tlels jls bspkatls ekj eksbrrljjl, jb `unagñn y kj

aldplrtbdgkntl dkilrbrân ek dbnkrb alnstbntk, pkrl labsglnbjdkntk, un
ngòl pukek prkskntbr unb l els ârkbs quk nl pbrkakn tknkr ngnmùn prlmrksl.
Vlr kikdpjl, un ngòl pukek dlstrbr mrbneks dkilrbs kn kj alntrlj kdlaglnbj,
jb `unagñn dltlrb, jb abjgebe ekj sukòl y jb `unagñn gntkstgnbj, pkrl kj
jknmubik kxprksgvl y jb slagbjgzbagñn pbrkagkrbn nl kstbr dkilrbnel, gnajusl
trbs vbrgls dksks.
Qg gnajusl ekspuçs ek jb bedgngstrbagñn ek jbs elsgs bekaubebs ek bakgtk ek
pksabel, bakgtk ek ljgvb k gnujgnb (l rg`bxgdgnb), pkrl kj pbagkntk pbrkagkrb nl
kstbr dkilrbnel kn bjmunbs ârkbs kntlnaks arkl quk kj ngòl pleräb
cknk`gagbrsk ek jb tPNQ.
 

 Jb Begagñn ek jb Kstgdujbagñn ekj

ekj Nkrvgl Pbml

Jb PNQ trbnsautânkb byueb b quk tlebs jbs ârkbs ekj eksbrrljjl sk rkaupkrkn,
b trbvçs ek su k`katl aldcgnbel quk gnvljuarb jb suprksgñn ek jls k`katls
nkmbtgvls quk jb gn`jbdbagñn kikrak kn jb pleb y rkpbrbagñn nkurlnbj, y jls
quk kikrak slcrk jb abpbagebe pbrb kxpbnegr jbs rkeks nkurlnbjks.
Aldùndkntk rkaldgknel kj usl ek jb tPNQ kn pbagkntks iñvknks b pbrtgr ek
jls aubtrl bòls quk hbn dlstrbel aubjqugkr tgpl ek rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab
gnaldpjktb. Jls ngòls plr ekcbil ek jls aubtrl bòls pbrkakn tknkr unb
prlcbcgjgebe duahl dbylr ek rkaupkrbagñn sgn kj usl ek tPNQ, pkrl tbdcgçn
pukekn skr abnegebtls pbrb tPNQ sg jjkmbskn b dlstrbr sgmnls ek rkaupkrbagñn
gnaldpjktb.
 

Cknk`gagls ek jb Kstgdujbagñn ekj Nkrvgl Pbml kn Alnegaglnks Nl

Skjbaglnbebs aln kj Eksbrrljjl

Kxgstkn egstgntbs ârkbs kn jbs quk jb tPNQ pukek byuebr quk nl kstân
egrkatbdkntk rkjbaglnbebs aln kj rktrbsl ekj eksbrrljjl trbegaglnbj. Vlr
kikdpjl, jb kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml pukek dkilrbr bjmunbs
kn`krdkebeks eksknabeknbebs mknçtgabdkntk, tgnngtus, sänerldk plst
alndlagñn akrkcrbj, jksgñn ek jb dçeujb kspgnbj, ksqugzl`rkngb y pbrâjgsgs
akrkcrbj.

[nb gdplrtbntk abntgebe ek kstuegls rkbjgzbels kn beujtls, kstân gnajusl

kvbjubnel jb PNQ aldl un dçtlel pbrb dkilrbr jb rkaupkrbagñn ekspuçs ek
baagekntks akrkcrlvbsaujbrks gsquçdgals y trldcñtgals, bsä aldl jksglnks
trbudâtgabs ek jb dçeujb kspgnbj.
Ebel quk jb pbrâjgsgs akrkcrbj kstâ rkjbaglnbeb aln kj ebòl b jbs açjujbs
akrkcrbjks plr jb `bjtb ek lxämknl, jls dgsdls cknk`gagls lcskrvbels kn jb
rkaupkrbagñn ek baagekntks akrkcrlvbsaujbrks y jksglnks ek jb dçeujb kspgnbj,
 pukekn kstbr prkskntks kn jb pbrâjgsgs akrkcrbj. Kn dg prâatgab prgvbeb, hk

vgstl bjmunbs dkilrbs cbstbntk slrprknekntks kn ngòls aln pbrâjgsgs akrkcrbj.

Vlr ùjtgdl, kj k`katl dâs gntrgmbntk pkrl dknls kstuegbel ek jb PNQ kstâ kn
jb rkdgsgñn mknçtgab ek trbstlrnls gn`jbdbtlrgls arñngals. Bjmunls mknks sk
batgvbn l eksbatgvbn bj budkntbr jls ngvkjks ek kstrçs gn`jbdbtlrgl,
alneuagknel b unb `unagñn akjujbr bjtkrbeb y eksknabeknbnel jl quk jukml sk
egbmnlstgab aldl unb kn`krdkebe kn pbrtgaujbr.
Jb egbcktks dkjjgtus tgpl 3, jb brtrgtgs rkudbtlgek y duahls aânakrks aldunks
(aljln, dbdb, prñstbtb, akrkcrl) sln bjmunls ek jls kikdpjls quk sk arkk sln
batgvbels plr jb gn`jbdbagñn arñngab.
Kn bprlxgdbebdkntk 26% ek jls ngòls quk sk knaukntrbn ekntrl ekj kspkatrl
butgstb, sk ektkatb jb prksknagb ek un mkn bnlrdbj. Bj pberk sk jk egak quk su
hgil kstâ "kn rgksml" ek eksbrrljjbr unb kn`krdkebe kn pbrtgaujbr, gnajugel kj
butgsdl, bslagbel aln kj mkn. Ks gdplrtbntk kn`btgzbr quk kj ngòl sljl
eksbrrljjbrâ jb kn`krdkebe sg kj mkn gekntg`gabel ks ektlnbel l batgvbel, jl
quk aln `rkauknagb ks abusbel plr jb gn`jbdbagñn.
Begaglnbjdkntk, kstuegls rkbjgzbels kn bngdbjks sumgkrkn quk, sg jb
gn`jbdbagñn sk rkeuak jl su`gagkntk, jls mknks abusbntks ek jb kn`krdkebe
prkvgbdkntk batgvbels pukekn bpbmbrsk rksujtbnel kn unb rkdgsgñn mknçtgab.
Hk sgel tkstgml ek kstl vbrgbs vkaks, kn beujtls aln tgrlgegtgs ek Hbshgdltl y
kn pbagkntks aln kn`krdkebe ek Arlhn, y arkl quk jb rkdgsgñn mknçtgab
pleräb skr rksplnsbcjk ek jbs rkaupkrbaglnks quk hk prksknagbel kn bjmunls
ngòls aln unb vbrgkebe ek bnldbjäbs mknçtgabs quk sln alnlagebs plr kstbr
bslagbebs bj butgsdl.
 

[sl ek jb Kstgdujbagñn ekj Nkrvgl Pbml pbrb Ltrbs Alnegaglnks

Gn`jbdbtlrgbs

Aldl hk kstbel dknaglnbnel, jb sbjue ek ngòls y beujtls sk vk b`katbeb

nkmbtgvbdkntk plr jb prksknagb arñngab ek quädgals gn`jbdbtlrgls,
eknldgnbels agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs. Kn tlel kj dunel, kstls quädgals
kstân budkntbnel b dkegeb quk jbs pkrslnbs knvkikakn, kn un prlaksl b
dknuel alnlagel aldl gn`jbdd-bmgnm l knvkikagdgkntl-gn`jbdbtlrgl.
Jgckrbebs plr jls mjñcujls cjbnals, jbs agtlagnbs gn`jbdbtlrgbs agraujbn kn kj
tlrrkntk sbnmuänkl y bjabnzbn tlebs jbs açjujbs ekj aukrpl. Jbs agtlagnbs
eksknabeknbn jb batgvbagñn ek dljçaujbs aldl HDMC-2 y N@-oC quk sln
kn ùjtgdb gnstbnagb rksplnsbcjks ek jb batgvbagñn ek jls mknks rkjbaglnbels b
kn`krdkebeks aldunks, aldl jb rksgstknagb b jb gnsujgnb (egbcktks), jb
dbylräb ek jls aânakrks y trbstlrnls butlgndunks aldl jb brtrgtgs rkudbtlgek
y jb Kn`krdkebe ek Arlhn.
Jb kjkvbagñn arñngab ek jbs agtlagnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs tbdcgçn abusbn ebòl
egrkatl b jls tkigels jl quk rksujtb kn sänerldks ek eljlr arñngal, ebòl
nkrvglsl (nkurlpbtäb), baagekntks akrkcrlvbsaujbrks y btbquks abreäbals. Jb
prleuaagñn arñngab ek kstbs agtlagnbs jgdgtb kj `unaglnbdgkntl ek jbs açjujbs
dberk y ek ltrls dkabngsdls nbturbjks ek rkpbrbagñn.
Kn jls ngòls, jb gn`jbdbagñn arñngab ks rksplnsbcjk ek jb kn`krdkebe
gn`jbdbtlrgb gntkstgnbj (Arlhn y aljgtgs ujakrlsb), eksknabeknbnel jls mknks
rksplnsbcjks ek ltrls trbstlrnls butlgndunks aldl jb brtrgtgs iuvkngj l jb
egbcktks dkjjgtus tgpl 2. Jb gn`jbdbagñn tbdcgçn abusb eljlr arñngal kn jbs
brtgaujbaglnks y jls dùsaujls (brtrgtgs), kdpklrb jls trbstlrnls gn`jbdbtlrgls
ek jb pgkj aldl kj kaakdb y jb pslrgbsgs, budkntb jb `rkauknagb ek jbs
alnvujsglnks kpgjçptgabs y pukek abusbr ebòl b jls nkrvgls pkrg`çrgals
alneuagknel b jb nkurlpbtäb.
Jb utgjgzbagñn ek jb kstgdujbagñn trbnsautânkb ekj nkrvgl vbml (tPNQ) pukek
rkeuagr sgmng`gabtgvbdkntk jb gn`jbdbagñn y, plr jl tbntl, dkilrbr kstls
trbstlrnls ektkrdgnbels mknçtgabdkntk. Ukngknel kn aukntb auân skmurl y
cgkn tljkrbell`rkak
Nkdkahko® ks jb jbtPNQ kn jls ek
lplrtungebe ngòls, kstky aldplnkntk
dkilrbr ekj rkvkrtgr
pltknagbjdkntk Vrltlaljl
jbs
 

kn`krdkebeks gn`bntgjks ektkrdgnbebs plr jb mknçtgab.

Ekcgel b jb abpbagebe quk plskk pbrb rkeuagr bùn dâs jb gn`jbdbagñn, ek

`lrdb rutgnbrgb sumgkrl jb begagñn ek jb tPNQ b aubjqugkr ngòl aln butgsdl l
aln rktrbsl ekj eksbrrljjl quk kstç kxpkrgdkntbnel unb rkaupkrbagñn
gnaldpjktb cbil dg prltlaljl, quk rkqugkrb rg`bxgdgnb alntgnub pbrb alntrljbr
kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, l bqukj quk rkqugkrb kj usl ek dkegabdkntls
prksargtls
btknagñn. pbrb alntrljbr kj aldplrtbdgkntl l dkilrbr jb alnakntrbagñn y jb
Ltrbs gnegabaglnks ek jb tPNQ kn ngòls pukekn gnajugr un trbstlrnl
gn`jbdbtlrgl l butlgndunk nl alntrljbel, y tbdcgçn jb kpgjkpsgb ek eg`äagj
dbnkil.
 

Kxpbnsgñn ek Skeks Nkurlnbjks

Ltrl cknk`gagl ek jb tPNQ ks prleuatl ek jb abpbagebe quk plskk pbrb byuebr
bj akrkcrl b rkstbcjkakr y kxpbnegr jbs väbs nkurlnbjks, alnlagebs aldl rkeks
nkurlnbjks.
Kj akrkcrl `unaglnb knvgbnel skòbjks ek un ârkb akrkcrbj b ltrb. Jb baagñn ek
un sljl pknsbdgkntl l `unagñn kntrk els ârkbs akrkcrbjks nl laurrk b trbvçs
ek unb väb jgnkbj. Jbs väbs ek aldungabagñn kn kj akrkcrl laurrkn ek `lrdb
sgdujtânkb b trbvçs ek un alniuntl ek nkurlnbs quk aln`lrdbn jb rke
nkurlnbj.
Bekdâs, aubntbs dâs nkurlnbs kstçn gdpjgabebs pbrb jlmrbr jb `unagñn
ekskbeb ekntrl ek unb rke nkurlnbj kn pbrtgaujbr, jb abpbagebe ekj akrkcrl
pbrb jjkvbr b abcl egahl aldbnel l gnstruaagñn sk vukjvk dâs k`katgvb.
Aubnel unb pkrslnb prbatgab tlabr kn kj pgbnl unb pbrtgturb unb y ltrb vkz,
jbs rkeks nkurlnbjks nkaksbrgbs pbrb jkkr jb dùsgab y dlvkr jls ekels plr kj
tkajbel ek `lrdb bprlpgbeb, sk kxpbnekn. Kstb kxpbnsgñn sk prleuak b
dkegeb quk dâs y dâs nkurlnbs pbrtgagpkn ek `lrdb aljkatgvb pbrb rkbjgzbr
unb vbrgkebe ek tbrkbs, pkrdgtgknel bsä dkilrbr jb hbcgjgebe ekj gnegvgeul
pbrb tlabr kj pgbnl.
Ekj dgsdl dlel, sg ekibn ek prbatgabr ksb pgkzb dusgabj kn pbrtgaujbr, su rke
nkurlnbj pbrb ksb pgkzb dusgabj y pbrb tlabr kj pgbnl kn mknkrbj sk rkeuagrâ, y
su rknegdgkntl kdpklrbrâ kn prlplraglnbj b jb rkeuaagñn ek egahb rke.
Jb tPNQ trbnsautânkb pukek budkntbr jb abpbagebe ekj akrkcrl pbrb alnstrugr
y kxpbnegr kstbs rkeks nkurlnbjks kn un prlaksl eknldgnbel  pjbstgagebe
alrtgabj.
 

Elsg`gabagñn Kjçatrgab y @bjjls Ekspuçs Ek jb Kstgdujbagñn ekj Nkrvgl

Pbml

Kj gngagl ek jb tPNQ kn Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® eb pgk b un nukvl pbtrñn ek

rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab kn ngòls y tbdcgçn ks un aldplnkntk gdplrtbntk
ek jb rkaupkrbagñn butlnñdgab bpjgabeb b beujtls nkurltäpgals. Jb `gnbjgebe
ek jb kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml ks aldknzbr unb rkaupkrbagñn sustbnagbj
ek ksbs plabs ârkbs quk bùn nl prkskntbn dkilräb sljl aln bakgtk ek pksabel,
bakgtk ek ljgvb y kj kqugjgcrgl ek jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks (yb skb aln gnujgnb
l rg`bxgdgnb).
Hk alnajuäel aln dgs pbagkntks quk, jb tPNQ b dknuel ks rkqukrgel kn
pbagkntks dbylrks ek abtlrak bòls, aln kj `gn ek jlmrbr unb rkaupkrbagñn
nkurljñmgab dâs bdpjgb, dâs aldpjktb.
Jb elsgs ek kstgdujbagñn kjçatrgab pukek vbrgbr duahl ekpknegknel ek jb
kebe ekj gnegvgeul, y jb alnegagñn dçegab quk kstbdls trbtbnel ek dkilrbr.
Jls pbrâdktrls ek kstgdujbagñn kjçatrgab vbräbn skmùn jb gntknsgebe, jb
`rkauknagb, kj tgkdpl ekj agajl gntkrdgtkntk aln jb kjkatrgagebe, y kj tgkdpl
tltbj ek usl ekj egsplsgtgvl kn un pkrälel ek vkgntgaubtrl hlrbs. Jbs vbrgbcjks
pbrb kj trbtbdgkntl aln PNQ gnajuykn bdpkrbik, bnahl ek cbneb, `rkauknagb
(Hz), kj pbtrñn ek agajl (l``/ln) y jb plsgagñn ekj ajgp kn jb lrkib.
Jb mrbn dbylräb ek jls ngòls y beujtls iñvknks dknlrks ek trkgntb bòls ek
kebe sljl rkqukrgrân agnal dgnutls egbrgls ek kstgdujbagñn trbnsautânkb
alntgnub ekj nkrvgl vbml. Aln jls biustks bekaubels, agnal dgnutls ek tPNQ
ks su`gagkntk pbrb rkeuagr sgmng`gabtgvbdkntk jb gn`jbdbagñn kn tlel kj aukrpl,
eurbntk bj dknls vkgntgaubtrl hlrbs.
Ubdcgçn sk hb ekdlstrbel quk agnal dgnutls ek tPNQ abusbn quk jb
dgarlmjgb pkriuegagbj ekj `knltgpl D2 abdcgk su aldplrtbdgkntl y aldgknak
b batubr aldl dgarlmjgb D3 sbjuebcjk, jb aubj plskk jb abpbagebe ek plebr y
rkpbrbr nkurlnbs. Kn ngòls aln butgsdl y trbstlrnls ekj eksbrrljjl, aldl kj
UEB l kj UEBH bgsjbels, kj abdcgl `knltäpgal ek D2 b D3 ks ksknagbj pbrb
jlmrbr unb rkaupkrbagñn aldpjktb. Kn kj abpätujl abtlrak sk bdpjäb jb
gn`lrdbagñn slcrk kj abdcgl kntrk jls `knltgpls D2 y D3.
 

 Eg`krknagbs kn kj Ugkdpl
Ugkdpl Skqukrgel Ek Kstgdujbagñn Ekj Nkrvgl
Nkrvgl Pbml

Kntrk jbs kebeks ek vkgntk y trkgntb bòls, mknkrbjdkntk rkaldgknel b dgs

pbagkntks gngagbr aln agnal dgnutls ek tPNQ bj eäb. Aubnel sk aldcgnb aln
jls prgnagpbjks bspkatls ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®, jb dbylräb ek jls beujtls
kn kj rbnml ek kebe aldknzbrâ b kxpkrgdkntbr unb rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab
sgmng`gabtgvb ekntrl ek jls sgmugkntks trks dksks, pkrl labsglnbjdkntk pukek
hbckr kxakpaglnks kn kj absl ek bjmunls iñvknks beujtls.
Aln `rkauknagb jls abdcgls plsgtgvls kn jls eç`gagts nkurljñmgals aldgknzbn
b laurrgr ekntrl ek un pkrälel ek skgs skdbnbs. Bunquk kj gdpbatl ek jb
tPNQ slcrk jb gn`jbdbagñn y kj aldplrtbdgkntl ek jb dgarlmjgb laurrk
gndkegbtbdkntk, b dknuel tldb bjmunbs skdbnbs pbrb quk jbs dkilrbs sk
baudujkn jl su`gagkntk pbrb plekr skr gekntg`gabebs plr kj pberk l augebelr.
Aubntl dbylr skb kj pbagkntk (ngòl -> beujtl ilvkn -> beujtl dbylr), dâs
jkntl pukek pbrkakr su rgtdl ek rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab. Vkrl aldl rkmjb
mknkrbj, jb dkilräb ekck skr gekntg`gabcjk kn tlels jls pbagkntks ekspuçs ek
unl b trks dksks, sgkdprk y aubnel nl hbyb hbcgel gntkrrupaglnks l trbudbs
ek gdplrtbnagb eurbntk kstk tgkdpl.
 

Kn beujtls kntrk vkgntk y trkgntb bòls ek kebe, sg nl hby dkilräb gekntg`gabcjk

l rkalnlagcjk ekspuçs ek trks dksks ek sksglnks ek agnal dgnutls aln tPNQ
bj eäb, alnsgekrl jb plsgcgjgebe ek unb rkabäeb ekj ekskqugjgcrgl cbatkrgbnl
gntkstgnbj y trbtl nukvbdkntk aln rg`bxgdgnb. Bekdâs, cusal supjkdkntls

quk gntkr`gkrbn y hbml quk kj pbagkntk jls suspkneb sg bùn sk kstân

bedgngstrbnel.
Qg nl kxgstkn ngnmunl ek kstls kjkdkntls y un nukvl aursl aln rg`bxgdgnb nl
jlmrb rkgngagbr jb rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab, kntlnaks rkaldgknel budkntbr kj
tgkdpl ek jb tPNQ b unb l els hlrbs plr eäb.

 Biustk ek jb Ukrbpgb
Ukrbpgb kn Vbagkntks
Vbagkntks ek 36 b 16 Bòls
Bòls ek Kebe

Jb nkaksgebe ek budkntbr jb tPNQ b dâs ek agnal dgnutls egbrgls ks rbrb kn

pbagkntks dknlrks ek vkgntk bòls. Ekntrl ek kstk mrupl ktbrgl, sg nl hby unb
dkilräb sgmng`gabtgvb, ks duy prlcbcjk quk jb abusb ek jb nujb dkilräb
nkurljñmgab sk ekcb b unb rkabäeb ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl ek cbatkrgbs
gntkstgnbjks, dâs quk b jb gnk`katgvgebe ek jb tPNQ.
 

 Nl sk Skaldgkneb
Skaldgkneb Skbjgzbr Biustks
Biustks b jb PNQ kn Vbagkntks Dâs Iñvknks

Kn kstk absl, tkneräb quk skr bclrebel aln ltrb rlneb ek rg`bxgdgnb, gngagbnel
rg`bxgdgnb plr agajls l alntgnub, l sg kj pbagkntk kstâ sgknel trbtbel aln
gnujgnb alnsgekrl aldl un `rbabsl ek jb gnujgnb y sustgtuyl jb gnujgnb plr
rg`bxgdgnb. [nb vkz dâs, sgkdprk cusal un `batlr kxtkrnl aldl unb sgtubagñn
gntknsbdkntk kstrksbntk, supjkdkntls, rkdkegls hldklpâtgals l un
prlcgñtgal quk pleräb kstbr prgvbnel l kndbsabrbnel jb rkaupkrbagñn.
Kxgstk unb kxakpagñn b jb rkmjb ek jls agnal dgnutls ek tPNQ bj eäb kn
pbagkntks dknlrks ek vkgntgagnal bòls. Ek `lrdb labsglnbj, jls pberks
nltbrân quk ekspuçs ek sljl agnal dgnutls ek tPNQ, su hgil pukek
kxpkrgdkntbr un k`katl abjdbntk prljlnmbel quk pukek eurbr bjmunbs hlrbs.
Kn kstls absls, sumgkrl quk jb tPNQ sk usk bj dknls unb vkz bj eäb pbrb
alntrljbr jb gn`jbdbagñn y bòbegr ek els b trks sksglnks begaglnbjks ek agnal
dgnutls skmùn skb nkaksbrgl pbrb alntrljbr jb bnsgkebe.
Aubnel jb tPNQ sk gnarkdkntb dâs bjjâ ek agnal dgnutls plr eäb kn beujtls,
jb alrrgkntk kjçatrgab ekck bpjgabrsk b gntkrvbjls ek `lrdb ektkrdgnbeb pbrb
kvgtbr un prlcjkdb jjbdbel hbcgtubagñn. Jb hbcgtubagñn sgmng`gab quk kj
 sgstkdb nkrvglsl aldgknzb b gmnlrbr kj kstädujl ek jbs skòbjks kjçatrgabs,

aldl jl hbräbdls aldùndkntk aln kj "rugel cjbnal" l rugels ek `lnel kn

unb hbcgtbagñn.
Ekspuçs ek kvbjubr ek akrab jls pbtrlnks ek rkaupkrbagñn ek jls pbagkntks
beujtls quk rkagckn tPNQ eurbntk bjmunls bòls, eksbrrljjç un pbtrñn
pbtkntbel bjtbdkntk k`katgvl quk kvgtb jb hbcgtubagñn alnskrvbnel su pltkntk
abpbagebe pbrb rkvkrtgr jb jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb.
Hk eksaucgkrtl quk jls pbagkntks dbylrks ek trkgntb bòls, kn su mrbn dbylräb
nkaksgtbn els hlrbs ek kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml bpjgabeb kn agajls pbrb
rkaupkrbrsk ek unb jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb l pbrb bvbnzbr kn su
rkaupkrbagñn ekj butgsdl y/l kj rktrbsl ekj eksbrrljjl. Bj gmubj quk kn jls
ngòls, sg hby plab l ngnmunb dkilrb kn jls dksks sgmugkntks ek hbckr gngagbel
jb tPNQ aäajgab, sk kvbjùb jb prksknagb ek bjmùn `batlr quk kstç gntkr`grgknel,
aldl unb rkabäeb ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl l bjmùn supjkdkntl, l un
rkdkegl
arñngab lhldklpâtgal,
bjtbs elsgs ekprlcgñtgals,
vgtbdgnbs l hkrpks sgdpjk rkaurrkntk, gn`kaagñn ekntbj
dgnkrbjks.

 Biustk ek jb Ukrbpgb
Ukrbpgb kn Vbagkntks
Vbagkntks Dbylrks ek
ek 16 Bòls
 

Budkntbr jb tPNQ plr knagdb ek jbs els hlrbs egbrgbs nl rksljvkrâ kstls
prlcjkdbs y nl ekck gntkntbrsk. Jb tkrbpgb aln tPNQ nunab ekck skr
prlmrbdbeb l alneuageb plr ustke dgsdl sgn jb lrgkntbagñn kspkaä`gab ek su
dçegal. Kj nkrvgl vbml pukek skr ebòbel pkrdbnkntkdkntk sg ks kstgdujbel
ek `lrdb gnalrrkatb.
 Vrkabuagñn9 Ekcgel bj pkjgmrl pltknagbj quk kxgstk plr kj dbj usl e
ekk
jb kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml, kstb nl sk ekck gntkntbr sgn jb
lrgkntbagñn kspkaä`gab ek un dçegal aln kxpkrgknagb y alnlagdgkntl
kn kj trbtbdgkntl.

Vkrälel ek Ugkdpl pbrb jb Ukrbpgb aln PNQ

Bj dldkntl ek jb pucjgabagñn ek kstk jgcrl, sk eksalnlak jb abntgebe
kspkaä`gab ek bòls ek tkrbpgb aln tPNQ rkqukrgeb kn ngòls aln butgsdl l
aubjqugkr tgpl ek prlcjkdb ekj eksbrrljjl, dgkntrbs, sk rkalpgjbn jls ebtls ek
jls ngòls cbil dg augebel quk hbn rkagcgel jb tkrbpgb kj tgkdpl su`gagkntk
pbrb ektkrdgnbr sg laurrk, l quç tgpl, ek rkabäeb pleräb laurrgr sg jb tPNQ sk
gntkrrudpk ekspuçs ek jb rkaupkrbagñn.
Kn dg lpgngñn, jls els prgnagpbjks k`katls ek jb tPNQ sln, kn prgdkr jumbr,
rkstburbr jb pleb nkurljñmgab, quk byueb bj ngòl b eksbrrljjbrsk y dbeurbr, y,
kn skmunel jumbr, byuebr b rkpbrbr kj ebòl bj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl y b
jbs rkeks nkurlnbjks quk sk prleuakn plr unb jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb.
Qk arkk quk kj prlaksl ek pleb ekj eksbrrljjl eurbntk jb gn`bnagb ks
ungegrkaaglnbj, jl quk sgmng`gab quk unb vkz quk kj ngòl hb plebel unb rbdb
ek unb nkurlnb bj gmubj quk unb rbdb ek un ârclj, nl pukek rkkdpjbzbrjb aln
unb nukvb y budkntbr nukvbdkntk kj nùdkrl ek nkurlnbs nl lrmbngzbebs.
Nl arkl quk un ngòl rktrlakekräb unb vkz quk hbyb bjabnzbel un hgtl ekj
eksbrrljjl sg sk suspknegkrb jb tkrbpgb aln tPNQ (ks ekagr, un ngòl quk hb
rkaupkrbel jbs hbcgjgebeks ekj hbcjb l ek slagbjgzbagñn, nl pkrekräb kstbs
hbcgjgebeks unb vkz quk kj akrkcrl sk hbyb plebel ek jb `lrdb bekaubeb). Bj
ksargcgr kstl, nl tknml alnlagdgkntl ek quk bjmunl ek dgs pbagkntks hbyb
rktrlakegel kn kj eksbrrljjl ekspuçs ek hbckr suspknegel jb tkrbpgb aln
tPNQ.
 

Dg gnvkstgmbagñn usbnel tPNQ aldl pbrtk ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® kn

beujtls, pbrb jb rkaupkrbagñn ek jb egs`unagñn butlnñdgab b pbrtgr ek unb
jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb, dukstrb quk ekspuçs ek suspknekr jb tkrbpgb aln
tPNQ, duahls beujtls prkskntbrân bjmunls säntldbs butlnñdgals
(alnstgpbagñn,
hbybn nkrvglsgsdl,
kxpkrgdkntbel eljlrks Qgn
prkvgbdkntk. ek abckzb,
kdcbrml,`bjtb ek alnakntrbagñn)
bj dgsdl quk
tgkdpl duahls
tbdcgçn sk vukjvkn dknls alnsgstkntks aln jls ltrls aldplnkntks ekj
prltlaljl, plr jl quk sk eksalnlak sg jls säntldbs rktlrnbn ekcgel b jb
busknagb ek bjmùn aldplnkntk kn pbrtgaujbr l ekcgel b jb ek`gagknagb ek
vbrgls.
Kstk rktlrnl ek jls säntldbs laurrk jkntbdkntk y b dknuel ks kvgekntk kntrk
jbs sgmugkntks aubtrl b lahl skdbnbs. Begaglnbj bj rktlrnl ek sus säntldbs, jb
kvgeknagb ekj ebòl butlnñdgal prkvgl lctkngel b trbvçs ek un bnâjgsgs
kspkatrbj butlnñdgal, tbdcgçn skrâ nukvbdkntk kvgekntk kn prukcbs
rkpktgebs.
Ek kstb dbnkrb, unb vkz quk kj pbagkntk pkegâtrgal hbyb bjabnzbel jb
dbeurkz ekj eksbrrljjl y sk kstâ aldplrtbnel ek `lrdb nkurltäpgab,
alnsgekrbräb jb gntkrrupagñn ek jb tPNQ dgkntrbs alntgnùb aln kj bakgtk ek
pksabel, kj bakgtk ek ljgvb y kj dbntkngdgkntl ekj kqugjgcrgl ek jbs cbatkrgbs
gntkstgnbjks aln gnujgnb l rg`bxgdgnb.
L cgkn jb rkaupkrbagñn ek jb jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb (rksljuagñn ekj
UEB, hgpkrbatgvgebe, bnsgkebe, bmrksgvgebe, alnstgpbagñn, bagekz) sk
dbntknerâ, l pleräbn nltbr un rktlrnl ek bjmunls ek kstls säntldbs ekntrl ek
jbs lahl skdbnbs sgmugkntks b jb gntkrrupagñn.
Qg jls säntldbs nl rkbpbrkakn, jb tPNQ yb nl ks nkaksbrgb. Qg un ngòl pbrkak
kstbr rkabyknel, kntlnaks sk iustg`gab kj rkgngagl ek jb tPNQ.
Qg kj ngòl tbdcgçn pbekak ltrb alnegagñn ek sbjue nl rkjbaglnbeb aln kj
eksbrrljjl (kn`krdkebe gn`jbdbtlrgb gntkstgnbj, kpgjkpsgb l pbrâjgsgs akrkcrbj)
quk tbdcgçn hbyb dkilrbel b rbäz ek jb tkrbpgb aln tPNQ, kntlnaks nl dk
bprksurbräb b suspknekr jb tPNQ, yb quk kstbs ltrbs alnegaglnks b dknuel
sln dâs prlpknsbs b rktlrnbr unb vkz suspknegeb jb tPNQ.
 

VBSUK GP
 

JLQ BJUGCBILQ EK JB SKA[VKSBAGÑN

 

23
 

KJ VSLAKQL EK SKA[VKSBAGÑN

 Jls pberks b dknuel prkmuntbn9 "¼Auântl tbreb kj akrkcrl kn

rkaupkrbrsk<— Kj akrkcrl sk rkaupkrb b jb vkjlagebe aln jb quk arkak
kj abckjjl. Ulels jls eäbs tu abckjjl sk vk ek jb dgsdb jlnmgtue hbstb
quk, ekspuçs ek unls dksks, ek rkpkntk nltbs quk nkaksgtbs gr b jb
 pkjuqukräb.

K j prlaksl ek rkvkrsgñn y rkaupkrbagñn ek jbs abrbatkrästgabs ajbvk ekj

butgsdl y ek jls trbstlrnls ekj eksbrrljjl ks un abdgnl jjknl ek
bjtgcbils. Jls prlmrksls kn un bspkatl pbrtgaujbr pukekn kstbr skmugels
ekj eksbrrljjl ek nukvls aldplrtbdgkntls gnusubjks, kstl pukek skr duy
`rustrbntk pbrb jls pberks.

Dgkntrbs vkl b jls

y prl`unegebeks kn pbagkntks
jls aubjksrkaupkrbrsk, rkpbsl y pukek
su sgstkdb nkrvglsl rkvkl jls egstgntls
vkrsk ngvkjks
rktrbsbel. [n
ngòl pltknagbjdkntk pleräb prkskntbr sljl un bòl ek rktrbsl kn jb
slagbjgzbagñn, els bòls kn jb `unagñn dltlrb, pkrl aubtrl bòls kn kj hbcjb.
Kstl nl gnajuyk kj rktrbsl begaglnbj quk prkskntb kn jb `lrdbagñn ek jbs rkeks
nkurlnbjks nkaksbrgbs pbrb bjabnzbr jb dbeurkz.
[nb vkz quk gngagb jb rkaupkrbagñn, unb bdpjgb mbdb ek ekskqugjgcrgls
pukekn prkskntbrsk y dbng`kstbrsk aldl un nukvl aldplrtbdgkntl bnlrdbj y
kstls pleräbn skr dbjgntkrprktbels aldl unb rkmrksgñn. Gnajusl hk vgstl b
beujtls iñvknks kn sus 36 quk pbrkakn kstbr btrbvksbnel jb ktbpb ek "jls
tkrrgcjks els" b dkegeb quk sk rkaupkrbn.
 

Kj Vkrälel ekj Ekspkrtbr

Aldl dknaglnç kn kj abpätujl 2, kj prgdkr abdcgl quk nltl eurbntk jbs
prgdkrbs skdbnbs kn dgs pbagkntks iñvknks ks jl quk hk eksargtl aldl " kj
krälel ek ekspkrtbr", un dbylr ngvkj ek alnagknagb y `unaglnbdgkntl
ekcgel b jb egsdgnuagñn gngagbj ek jls k`katls tñxgals ekj âagel prlpgñngal. Kj
ekspkrtbr pukek dkilrbr y kdpklrbr agkrtls aldplrtbdgkntls. Vkrl b pbrtgr ek
kstk puntl kn bekjbntk, jb pleb nkurlnbj nlrdbj gngagb kj prlaksl ek
eksbrrljjl y dbeurbagñn nkurljñmgab mrbeubj y kj ngòl aldknzbrâ b dkilrbr
dks b dks, bòl b bòl.
Byueb vkr b jls ngòls aln butgsdl aldl ngòls quk sk knaukntrbn cbil jls
k`katls ek un skebntk, aldl kj Pbjgud (egbzkpbd), l gnajusl kj bjalhlj. Qu
aldplrtbdgkntl ks kdcltbel l btknubel, pukekn dlstrbrsk dâs trbnqugjls y
elrdgr tleb jb nlahk, pkrl b jb vkz nl rksplnekn aubnel sk jks hbcjb, rbrb vkz
hbcjbn y nl kstân alnsagkntks ek su kntlrnl.
Kn kj absl ekj butgsdl, kj skebntk quk b`katb b jls ngòls ks jls bjtls ngvkjks
ek âagel prlpgñngal kn jb sbnmrk y jls tkigels prleuagels plr kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl ek cbatkrgbs kn kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel, quk plstkrglrdkntk sk
`gjtrb hbstb bjabnzbr kj tlrrkntk sbnmuänkl. Skvkrtgr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl ksknagbjdkntk rkeuak jls ngvkjks ek âagel prlpgñngal skebntk ek
su lrmbngsdl, y l`rkagknel un kstbel ek dbylr bjkrtb y ngvkj almngtgvl.

Jls ngòlssln
dknuel kn dâs
kj pkrälel ek ekspkrtbr
tljkrbntks sk vukjvkn
ek skr tlabels alnsagkntks
l abrmbels, ek su kntlrnl.
b dknuel B
kstân dâs
egspukstls b bakrabrsk b bjmugkn y kstbr `äsgabdkntk dâs akrab ek kjjls.
Ubdcgçn pukekn skr dâs batgvls y aldungabrsk dâs, pkrl b vkaks pukekn
dlstrbrsk dâs bnsglsls l elrdgr dknls.
Dgkntrbs dbylr skb kj ngòl, dknls kvgekntk skrâ kj pkrälel ek ekspkrtbr, y
jls ngòls quk sljl pbekakn prlcjkdbs ek eksbrrljjl y sgn egbmnñstgal ek
butgsdl nl tknerân un ekspkrtbr, yb quk nl prleuakn âagel prlpgñngal.
Ekspuçs ek jbs prgdkrbs skdbnbs ekj pkrälel ek ekspkrtbr, jbs tbsbs ek
rkaupkrbagñn
mknkrbel plr sln duy vbrgbcjks
kj kstbel ekcgel tñxgab
ek knak`bjlpbtäb bj mrbel ek rktrbslekknabeb
sucybakntk kj eksbrrljjl
pbagkntk.
 Qg kj prlaksl gn`jbdbtlrgl ek agtlqugnbs hb kstbel batgvl eksek kj nbagdgkntl,

kj ngòl lcvgbdkntk kxpkrgdkntbrâ dâs eg`gaujtbeks, b eg`krknagb ek un ngòl

quk sk hbcäb kstbel eksbrrljjbnel nlrdbjdkntk hbstb un kvkntl rkmrksgvl b
jls egkaglahl dksks, plr kikdpjl.
Bqukjjls quk aldgknzbn kj prltlaljl kn su beljksaknagb tknerân quk
rkaupkrbrsk ek unb jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb ek un mrbel duahl dbylr,
quk un ngòl quk aldgknzb kj prltlaljl b jb kebe ek agnal bòls.
Qg jb gn`jbdbagñn ks jkvk, kj rktrbsl ekj eksbrrljjl b dknuel ks rkjbtgvbdkntk
jkvk, y jls ngòls `rkaukntkdkntk rkaupkrbn jb `unagñn aln cbstbntk rbpgekz.
Aln un prlaksl gn`jbdbtlrgl tkdprbnl k gntknsl, pukek hbckr tbntl rktrbsl
ekj eksbrrljjl l gnajusl ektknagñn ekj eksbrrljjl, quk kj ngòl ks egbmnlstgabel
aln rktrbsl mjlcbj l rktrbsl dkntbj.
B pksbr ek kstl, tknml ngòls cbil dg augebel quk knabibn kn kstb eksargpagñn
y sk kstân rkaupkrbnel ek jb `lrdb quk `uk bntgagpbel. Qg cgkn jjkvbrâ dâs
tgkdpl pbrb kstls absls dâs bvbnzbels, nl arkl quk jls eksb`äls kn su
eksbrrljjl skbn gnsupkrbcjks.
 

Kj Pkrebekrl Bjabnak ek jb Egs`unagñn Akrkcrbj

Qg kj ngòl tbdcgçn pbekak ek jksglnks akrkcrbjks sucybakntks ekcgel b
trbudbs `äsgals, kdlaglnbjks l gn`jbdbtlrgls, jls pberks pukekn nltbr dâs
rbcgktbs, hgpkrbatgvgebe, bnsgkebe y butlkstgdujbagñn ekspuçs ekj pkrälel ek
ekspkrtbr.
Kstl sk ekck b quk kj k`katl skebntk ekj âagel prlpgñngal hb suprgdgel kstls
aldplrtbdgkntls y b dkegeb quk jls ngvkjks ek âagel prlpgñngal egsdgnuykn
aln jb rkvkrsgñn ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, jls aldplrtbdgkntls sk
vukjvkn dâs kvgekntks. Jls pberks pukekn lcskrvbr b su hgil aln kj tbdbòl
ek un ngòl ek abtlrak bòls aln unb abpbagebe kdlaglnbj kqugvbjkntk b jb ek
un ngòl ek trks bòls, l b un ngòl quk pukeb ksargcgr pkrl nl hbcjbr.

Jl prgnagpbj ks quk kj abdcgl ek aldplrtbdgkntl ekspuçs ekj pkrälel ek

ekspkrtbr b dknuel nl ks kj kdpklrbdgkntl ek jls prlcjkdbs nkurljñmgals
sucybakntks, ks unb dgrbeb bj vkrebekrl mrbel ek ebòl sucybakntk y rktrbsl
kn kj eksbrrljjl, yb quk jls k`katls skebntks ekj âagel prlpgñngal quk
jgdgtbcbn su aldplrtbdgkntl `gnbjdkntk sk hbn gel. Jls ngòls nl kstân pklr,
`gnbjdkntk kstân ekspgkrtls.
Vbrb bjmunls pberks, kstb ktbpb pukek skr dâs eg`äagj quk jbs ekdâs, plrquk
jls aldplrtbdgkntls sucybakntks sln dâs pkriuegagbjks pbrb kj hlmbr.
Ekspuçs ek egsdgnugr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, kj nukvl eksbrrljjl y jb

rkpbrbagñn ekpkneknbakgtk
bakgtk ek pksabel, ek jbekegsdgnuagñn alnsgstkntk
ljgvb ek Abjg`lrngb ek jb gn`jbdbagñn
akrtg`gabel aln
plr jb ALLA,
egsdgnuyknel jls bakgtks vkmktbjks ldkmb-0 ek jb egktb k gnalrplrbnel jb
kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml aubnel skb nkaksbrgl.
Aln kj tgkdpl kstls aldplrtbdgkntls aldknzbrân b dkilrbr plrquk kj
akrkcrl ek un ngòl tgknk unb knlrdk abpbagebe pbrb rkaupkrbrsk. [nb
pbagkntk beujtb ilvkn ek vkgntgtrçs bòls ek kebe, nl vkrcbj, aln egbmnñstgal
ek trbstlrnl ek kspkatrl butgstb cbil dg augebel, `gnbjdkntk puel aldknzbr b
hbcjbr kn kspbòlj k gnmjçs ekspuçs ek lahl dksks, pkrl sljl ekspuçs ek pbsbr
plr un pkrälel ek btbquks ek grb kn kj butlcùs ksaljbr, kxpkrgdkntbr dbylr
bnsgkebe bj pkrdbnkakr skntbeb y ekspuçs ek pbsbr plr pkrälels ek rbcgktbs
 kn kj supkrdkrabel.

[nb vkz quk sus ngvkjks prlpgñngals egsdgnuykrln, kstbcb kn unb ktbpb ek
eksbrrljjl elnek su`räb rbcgktbs tgrânelsk bj sukjl, jjlrbnel aldl aubjqugkr
ngòb ek trks bòls aubnel sus pberks jk pkeäbn quk ekvljvgkrb un brtäaujl bj
kstbntk ekj supkrdkrabel. Qus btbquks ek grb y bnsgkebe kn kj butlcùs ksaljbr
krbn pbrtk ek jbsus
eksknabeknbcb egs`unagñn pkrsgstkntk
skntgdgkntls ekj sgstkdb
ek "juahb nkrvglsl
l hugeb" butñnldl,
sg sk qukebcb quk
qugktb
eurbntk ekdbsgbel tgkdpl.
 

Kj Sgtdl ek jb Skaupkrbagñn
Kj puntl gdplrtbntk b tknkr kn aukntb ks quk kj akrkcrl ek un ngòl tgknk unb
knlrdk abpbagebe pbrb alntgnubr kj eksbrrljjl unb vkz quk jb gn`jbdbagñn ks
alntrljbeb ek dbnkrb alnstbntk. Jb pleb nkurlnbj y sgnâptgab sk rkgngagbrâ,
sgknel bjmunls ngòls abpbaks ek bjabnzbr bprlxgdbebdkntk els l trks dksks
ek eksbrrljjl plr dks. Jb dbylräb ek jls ngòls rkqukrgrân un tgkdpl dbylr y
eksb`lrtunbebdkntk nl pukel prkekagr egahl gntkrvbjl ek tgkdpl.
Aln `rkauknagb dk prkmuntbn quç dâs pleräb hbakr bjmugkn pbrb bakjkrbr kj
prlaksl ek sbnbagñn. Jks egml b jls pberks quk aldpbrkn qukrkr bakjkrbr kj
prlaksl ek rkpbrbagñn akrkcrbj aln qukrkr bakjkrbr jb rkaupkrbagñn ek un
crbzl rltl. [n crbzl rltl nl sbnbrâ dâs râpgel plr hbakr bjml ‚kxtrb.—

Quakek jl dgsdl aln jb rkaupkrbagñn akrkcrbj.

Kj tkigel ñskl, aldl kj tkigel akrkcrbj, tgknk su prlpgl rgtdl ek rkaupkrbagñn,
ektkrdgnbel nbturbjdkntk y nl sk alnlak ngnmunb `lrdb ek bakjkrbrjl.
Ubdcgçn jks egml b jls pberks quk nl aldpbrkn kj aldplrtbdgkntl ek sus
hgils hly aln kj aldplrtbdgkntl ek bykr, sgnl quk aldpbrkn hly aln añdl
kstbcbn hbak unl l els dksks, l aubnel aldknzbrln kj prltlaljl plr prgdkrb
vkz.
Kstbcjkakr un pjbzl dâs jbrml pbrb kvbjubr jb rkaupkrbagñn ks gdplrtbntk
plrquk kvgtb quk jls pberks sk egstrbgmbn b abusb ek jls bjtgcbils `rkaukntks kn
kj prlaksl ek rkaupkrbagñn.
 

Dbjgntkrprktbr y Qlcrk Kn`labrsk

Bjmunls ek jls prgdkrls abdcgls quk laurrkn unb vkz gngagbel kj prltlaljl
pukekn dbng`kstbrsk kn jb b`kaagñn ek jb pgkj l kn jb vkjlagebe ekj trbatl
egmkstgvl ekj ngòl. Vlr jl mknkrbj, sg un ngòl pbekak kaakdb l pslrgbsgs, jb
pgkj dkilrbrâ ek `lrdb nltbcjk. Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® rkvkrtgrâ kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl y kstl pukek jjkvbr b unb dkilrb ek jb egbrrkb l,
b vkaks, b pkragcgr un kdpklrbdgkntl ek jb alnstgpbagñn.
Kn jls pbagkntks butgstbs, jls prgdkrls sgmnls plsgtgvls ekspuçs ek bjabnzbr kj
rkkqugjgcrgl ekj trbatl gntkstgnbj, b dknuel sln jb egsdgnuagñn ek jb bnsgkebe
(dkilr sukòl, dknls bnsgkebe, dknls butlkstgdujbagñn), dbylr alnagknagb
slcrk su kntlrnl (dkilr alntbatl vgsubj, rkalnlagdgkntl b jb jjkmbeb ek

bjmugkn
dâs `bdgjgbr)dbylr
tkdprbnl, l kstbels dâs ekspgkrtls
batgvgebe l bjkrtbs (dknls
dkntbj k gntkrbaagñn). sgkstbs,
Kstls ekspkrtbr
sln sgmnls ek
quk jls ngvkjks ek âagel prlpgñngal kstân egsdgnuyknel.
Bjmunls pberks sk kn`labrân ekdbsgbel kn jls pkqukòls prlcjkdbs
(alnstgpbagñn, abrbatkrästgabs ek jbs kvbaubaglnks, dâs rgsbs, ekspkrtbrsk
bntks, aucrgrsk jbs lrkibs aln jbs dbnls, dbj hudlr, kta.) k gntkrprktbr egahls
kvkntls aldl dbjls l nkmbtgvls kn jumbr ek alnsgekrbrjls unb `bsk ek jb
rkaupkrbagñn. Jls pberks qugkrkn quk sus hgils hbcjkn, pkrl jb busknagb ek
unb râpgeb dkilrb kn kj hbcjb nl ks unb gnegabagñn ek quk kj kqugjgcrgl ekj
trbatl gntkstgnbj nl hbyb `unaglnbel. Qlcrk kn`labrsk ek kstb dbnkrb pukek
abusbr quk un pberk pgkreb jb pkrspkatgvb ekj tlel, sgn aldprknekr quk kstl
ks tbn sljl unb ktbpb kn jb dkilrb mrbeubj ek un ngòl.
 

Aldplrtbdgkntl
Aldplrtbdgkntl Nl Balrek b jb Kebe
Jls pberks ekckn sbckr aln bntgagpbagñn quk jb dbeurkz kdlaglnbj ek sus
hgils mknkrbjdkntk nl algnagegrâ aln su kebe `äsgab eurbntk jb rkaupkrbagñn.
Vukekn tknkr un ngòl butgstb ek skgs, elak l vkgntgaubtrl bòls, quk sk
aldplrtb aldl tuvgkrb sljl els bòls.
Ekckn hbakr tlel b su bjabnak pbrb skr pbagkntks eurbntk kstb eg`äagj ktbpb, yb
quk kn skgs dksks un ngòl quk sk aldplrtb aldl un ngòl ek els bòls, pukek
aldknzbr b aldplrtbrsk aldl sg tuvgkrb trks l aubtrl bòls. Kn ltrls skgs b
elak dksks, pukekn prlmrksbr bj aldplrtbdgkntl ek un ngòl ek agnal l skgs
bòls. Kstk prlaksl ek dbeurbagñn sk dbntknerâ kn kj tgkdpl ek `lrdb
vbrgbcjk.
 

Alnstgpbagñn, Butlkstgdujbagñn
Butlkstgdujbagñn y Egs`unagñn Butlnñdgab
Kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl (QNB) ks unb mrbn pbrtk ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl
quk alntrljb y allregnb tlebs jbs `unaglnks lrmângabs, jb rkmujbagñn
kdlaglnbj, kj dktbcljgsdl, jb prleuaagñn hlrdlnbj y jb dbylr pbrtk ekj
sgstkdb gndungtbrgl.

 Kj Qgstkdb Nkrvglsl

Nkrvglsl Butñnldl

Kn un ngòl, kj dgsdl prlaksl gn`jbdbtlrgl quk gdpgek quk kj akrkcrl sk

 eksbrrljjk bekaubebdkntk, tbdcgçn kvgtbrâ quk kj akrkcrl rkpbrk kj ebòl

mknkrbel bj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl plr mljpks kn jb abckzb, abäebs

baagekntbjks, trbudbs kdlaglnbjks gntknsls l trbudb gn`jbdbtlrgl plr agrumäb,
prukcbs bjçrmgabs l rkbaaglnks bevkrsbs b unb vbaunb.
Kj ebòl rksgeubj ek jksglnks prkvgbs sk sudbrâ bj ebòl ek jksglnks nukvbs kn
un prlaksl alnlagel aldl jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb (ACG plr sus sgmjbs kn
gnmjçs). Jbs jksglnks akrkcrbjks baudujbtgvbs tkrdgnbrân abusbnel su`gagkntk
ebòl bj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl, quk kj ngòl kxpkrgdkntbrâ säntldbs. Jb
dgsdb gn`jbdbagñn b`katb tbdcgçn kj eksbrrljjl ek jbs rkeks nkurlnbjks
rkqukrgebs pbrb alnvkrtgrsk kn un beujtl ek egkaglahl bòls.

 Jksgñn Akrkcrbj
Akrkcrbj Baudujbtgvb plr
plr Jksglnks Akrkcrbjks

[n prlcjkdb `rkaukntk quk sgmuk b jb rkvkrsgñn ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl

cbatkrgbnl, ks jb bpbrgagñn ek alnstgpbagñn kn jls ngòls. Kj akrkcrl alntrljb jb
dltgjgebe ekj trbatl egmkstgvl, aldl unb agntb trbnsplrtbelrb, b trbvçs ekj
sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl.
Eksek un puntl ek vgstb butlnñdgal, jb alnstgpbagñn ks jb gnabpbagebe quk
tgknk kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl pbrb hbakr bvbnzbr kj alntkngel `kabj kn ksb agntb
trbnsplrtbelrb, y ks un säntldb aldùn quk sk prkskntb ekspuçs ek unb jksgñn
akrkcrbj `äsgab. Ks gdplrtbntk kntknekr quk jb gnujgnb l jb rg`bxgdgnb nl
"abusbn" alnstgpbagñn. Ekskndbsabrb un prlcjkdb prkkxgstkntk ekj sgstkdb
nkrvglsl butñnldl, quk aln `rkauknagb ks jb vkrebekrb abusb ek jb
 alnstgpbagñn.

Kstuegls kn beujtls dukstrbn quk kj ;6-=6% ek jls beujtls prkskntbrân

alnstgpbagñn ekntrl ek jb prgdkrb skdbnb ekspuçs ek unb alndlagñn akrkcrbj
ek jkvk b dlekrbeb. Kj lrgmkn ek jb alnstgpbagñn b dknuel kstâ vgnaujbel bj
akrkcrl y bj sgstkdb nkrvglsl, y nl kj aljln kn sä.
Aldprknekr jb dkaângab quk dukvk kj trbatl egmkstgvl byueb b jls pberks b
aldprknekr jls abdcgls quk nltbn kn su hgil dgkntrbs kstls rkagckn
trbtbdgkntl pbrb kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl. Kj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl pukek labsglnbr alnstgpbagñn, egbrrkb (budkntl ek jb prleuaagñn
ek hkaks), urmknagb pbrb kvbaubr, bagekz kstldbabj ekspuçs ek agkrtls
bjgdkntls, kvbaubaglnks `rkaukntks l tlel jl bntkrglr.
Qg un ngòl tgknk unb dbylr tbsb ek prleuaagñn ek hkaks ekcgel bj
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl (ks ekagr, egbrrkb), aubnel b jb vkz tgknk un
bvbnak gnbekaubel ek jbs hkaks ekcgel bj ebòl ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl
butñnldl
kvbaubtlrgl(ks ekagr,Jbs
nlrdbj. alnstgpbagñn),
kvbaubaglnkspukek pbrkakr
jäqugebs kn jb quk tgknk
egbrrkb un pbtrñn
ksknagbjdkntk
dkilrbn kj dlvgdgkntl jkntl ek jbs hkaks aubnel hby alnstgpbagñn.
Nl kntknekr quk kstk pbtrñn kvbaubtlrgl "nlrdbj" pukek ekckrsk b els
ekskqugjgcrgls lpukstls quk iuntls gdgtbn un `bjsl pbtrñn nlrdbj y pukekn
alneuagr b ekagsglnks gnalrrkatbs. Vlr jl tbntl, unb vkz quk kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl sk rkkqugjgcrb y sk alrrgmk aln gnujgnb l
rg`bxgdgnb, jb alnstgpbagñn ek rkpkntk pbrkak "skr abusbeb" plr kstbs tkrbpgbs.
Kn rkbjgebe, jl quk suakek ks quk jb egbrrkb (un prlcjkdb abusbel plr kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl
alnstgpbagñn cbatkrgbnl)
sucybakntk (un sgdpjkdkntk dkilrñ, plr
prlcjkdb abusbel hbagknel dâs nltlrgb
kj sgstkdb jb
nkrvglsl
butñnldl). Kvkntubjdkntk, jb alnstgpbagñn sucybakntk dkilrbrâ jkntbdkntk,
b dkegeb quk kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl ekj pbagkntk sk rkaupkrk.
Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® abdcgb alnstbntkdkntk jb dgarlmjgb ekj pbagkntk b
dlel ek rkpbrbagñn, rkeuagknel jb gn`jbdbagñn akrkcrbj y kstgdujbnel jb
prleuaagñn ek açjujbs dberk akrkcrbjks. Aubnel jb dgarlmjgb aldgknzb b
`unaglnbr y jb gn`jbdbagñn egsdgnuyk, jb rkpbrbagñn ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl
butñnldl aldgknzb vkrebekrbdkntk. Ks jb dkilrb ekj `unaglnbdgkntl ekj
sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl jl quk pkrdgtk quk jb agntb trbnsplrtbelrb
egmkstgvb sk dukvb ek nukvl ek dbnkrb dâs nbturbj.
 

Qupjkdkntls y Dkegabdkntls Vrksargtls

Alnsgekrl quk un ngòl aln butgsdl l aln trbstlrnls ekj eksbrrljjl ekck kstbr
cbil jb supkrvgsgñn prgdbrgb ek un dçegal barkegtbel, quk sgkdprk ekck skr
alnsujtbel rkspkatl b aubjqugkr dkegabdkntl l supjkdkntl rkaldknebel bj
ngòl plr pbrtk ek ltrl prlvkkelr ek btknagñn dçegab (dçegal, nbturgstb,
dçegal EBN, hkrcljbrgls, kta.). Ngnmùn dkegabdkntl l supjkdkntl prksargtl
ekck egsdgnugrsk l suspknekrsk sgn pkrdgsl y sgn jb gnegabagñn ekj dçegal
quk jl prksargck.
Ubdcgçn alnsgekrl quk jls ngòls kstân sgknel slcrk trbtbels aln unb mrbn
abntgebe ek supjkdkntls pbrb kj kstrçs lxgebtgvl, ek`katls dgtlalnergbjks,
pbrb jb egmkstgñn, cgl`gjd, prlcjkdbs ek `ljbtl, slcrkarkagdgkntl ek
jkvbeurbs, pbrâsgtls y ltrls trbstlrnls dktbcñjgals.
Bunquk duahls ek kstls supjkdkntls puegkrln dkilrbr bjml gngagbjdkntk, nl
tgknkn un gdpbatl sgmng`gabtgvl slcrk kj pbtrñn mknkrbj ek slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl, slcrk jls säntldbs ek jksgñn akrkcrbj y ng slcrk jb egs`unagñn ekj
sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl, quk sln abrbatkrästgabs ajbvk kn kj butgsdl y kj
rktrbsl ekj eksbrrljjl. Kn dg kxpkrgknagb, duahls sln abpbaks ek gdpkegr l
gnajusl rkvkrtgr jb rkaupkrbagñn. Hk vgstl aldl jb kjgdgnbagñn ek sljl un
supjkdkntl `gnbjdkntk gngagb kj prlaksl ek rkaupkrbagñn kn un pbagkntk.
Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® nl gnajuyk kstls prleuatls, yb quk ngnmunl ek kjjls
tgknk ngnmùn
batgvbagñn gdpbatll kn jls
dgarlmjgbj jb bjtls
rkvkrsgñn ekjekslcrkarkagdgkntl
ngvkjks cbatkrgbnl, jb
gn`jbdbagñn akrkcrbj.
Kn dg kxpkrgknagb, kj usl kxaksgvl ek supjkdkntls quk sk prksargckn
aldùndkntk b jls ngòls aln butgsdl y aln prlcjkdbs ek eksbrrljjl, nl
dkilrbn kstls prlcjkdbs ajbvk. Qg rkvkrtgkrbn kstls prlcjkdbs, jls ngòls
kstbräbn kxpkrgdkntbnel unb rkaupkrbagñn sgmng`gabtgvb aldl aldùndkntk ks
rk`krgel ekspuçs ek gngagbr dg prltlaljl.
Jb rbzñn plr jb quk duahls ek kstls prleuatls sln gnk`gabaks, ks quk mrbn
abntgebe ek kstls aln `rkauknagb sljl bclrebn jls k`katls abusbels plr un
prlcjkdb dâs mrbnek y bcrudbelr9 jb gn`jbdbagñn dktbcñjgab.
 

Jb gn`jbdbagñn dktbcñjgab ks kj tçrdgnl utgjgzbel pbrb eksargcgr jls egvkrsls

k`katls bevkrsls quk jb kjkvbagñn arñngab ek agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs,
abusb slcrk jb `unagñn akjujbr. Jb gn`jbdbagñn dktbcñjgab ekck rkeuagrsk ek
dbnkrb pkrsgstkntk pbrb quk jbs açjujbs aldgknakn b `unaglnbr ek `lrdb dâs
nbturbj.
B dknuel dk rk`gkrl b jb gn`jbdbagñn dktbcñjgab aldl sg sk trbtbrb ek jb
gnunebagñn ek un vbjjk, abusbeb plr unb prksb quk sk knaukntrb alrrgkntk
brrgcb, gnabpbz ek alntknkr kj bmub. Aubnel jb prksb sk rldpk, jbs absbs y jls
abdpls alrrgkntk bcbil, sk gnunebn.
Kj bmub, kn dg kikdpjl, rkprkskntb jb jgckrbagñn dbsgvb ek agtlqugnbs
prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs bslagbebs bj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, b jb ek`gagknagb ek
âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 kn jb egktb, jb gnmkstb kxaksgvb ek bakgtks y bjgdkntls
rgals kn âagels mrbsls ldkmb-0 y b dknuel, bj ebòl bj nkrvgl vbml knabrmbel
ek alntrljbr jb gn`jbdbagñn.
Agkrtls ks`ukrzls, aldl aljlabr sbals ek brknb bjrkekelr ek jb absb l
cldckbr kj bmub ekj sñtbnl, pukekn prlplraglnbr bjmùn bjgvgl bj ârkb
gnunebeb, pkrl nl bclrebn kj prlcjkdb prgnagpbj, quk ks jb prksb rltb. Jls
sbals ek brknb y jbs cldcbs kn kj sñtbnl sln aldl duahls ek jls
supjkdkntls utgjgzbels pbrb bclrebr jb egs`unagñn dgtlalnergbj l kj eç`gagt ek
bntglxgebntks. Kj vkrebekrl prlcjkdb alntgnùb. Jb prksb nkaksgtb skr rkpbrbeb
y unb vkz quk ksl laurrk, jls sbals ek brknb y jbs cldcbs yb nl sln
nkaksbrgls.

[nb vkz quk

Vrltlaljl laurrk jbknrkeuaagñn
Nkdkahko® ek jb vkl
dgs pbagkntks, gn`jbdbagñn dktbcñjgab
eksbpbrkakr aln ek
jb nkaksgebe kj
bedgngstrbr supjkdkntls quk bclrekn jb egs`unagñn dgtlalnergbj y kj eç`gagt
ek bntglxgebntks.

Aln rkspkatl b tlels jls dkegabdkntls l supjkdkntls prksargtls (plr

kikdpjl, hgkrrl, vgtbdgnb E1, Pgtbdgnb C23 gnykatbcjk l
jkualvlrgnb), jls pberks nunab ekckn, cbil ngnmunb agraunstbnagb,
rkeuagr l suspknekr ksls dkegabdkntls sgn alnsujtbr prgdkrl bj
dçegal b abrml ek su hgil.
 

Aldprknsgñn ek Jb Ukrdgnljlmäb Cbatkrgbnb

Nukstrb aldprknsgñn ek jb egvkrsgebe ek dgarllrmbngsdls quk vgvkn ekntrl
ekj trbatl gntkstgnbj hudbnl sk kxpbnek râpgebdkntk, y bjmunbs `rbsks
(egscglsgs, cbib cglegvkrsgebe, QGCL y slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl) pukekn
pbrkakr sgdgjbrks, pkrl sln jgmkrbdkntk eg`krkntks kntrk sä.
Jb egscglsgs ks un tçrdgnl mknkrbj quk sk rk`gkrk b aubjqugkr abdcgl kn jb
aldcgnbagñn ek dgarllrmbngsdls ekj trbatl gntkstgnbj. Nl bpjgab sljl b
cbatkrgbs kspkaä`gabdkntk, pukek rk`krgrsk b vgrus, prltlzlls l
brquklcbatkrgbs.
Bekdâs ek un ekskqugjgcrgl ek un tgpl l kspkagk ek dgarllrmbngsdl, jb
egscglsgs tbdcgçn pukek rk`krgrsk b jb busknagb ek agkrtbs kspkagks quk sk arkk
quk aljlngzbn nlrdbjdkntk kj trbatl gntkstgnbj hudbnl. Jb kxtgnagñn l
pçregeb ek kspkagks sk alnlak aldl cbib cglegvkrsgebe.
Kj tçrdgnl QGCL (slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel plr sus
sgmjbs kn gnmjçs) gdpjgab quk kj pbagkntk tgknk un slcrkarkagdgkntl ek jbs
cbatkrgbs ekntrl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel. Vlr jl mknkrbj, sln cbatkrgbs aldunks,
quk nlrdbjdkntk vgvkn kn kj aljln (kj trbatl gntkstgnbj cbil)? tbn sljl quk sk
knaukntrbn vgvgknel kn kj jumbr kqugvlabel.
Kj "pbtrñn lrl" pbrb ektkrdgnbr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ks un
prlakegdgkntl quk rkqugkrk quk jb gntrleuaagñn ek un knelsalpgl jbrml bj
gntkstgnl ekjmbel pbrb tldbr dukstrbs cbatkrgbnbs ek jb plragñn ykyunbj ekj
gntkstgnl ekjmbel. Jukml, jb dukstrb ekck skr jjkvbeb b un aujtgvl
aubntgtbtgvl, gekntg`gabagñn ek BEN y prukcbs ek batgvbagñn dktbcñjgab ek jb
kspkagk lctkngeb kn jb dukstrb.
Nl rkaldgknel quk ngnmunl ek dgs pbagkntks sk sldktb b kstb prukcb
kstânebr ek lrl, yb quk ks alstlsb, plal prâatgab, nl kstâ egsplngcjk `ukrb ek
jls kstuegls ek gnvkstgmbagñn y ks gnnkaksbrgb pbrb jlmrbr unb dkilrb cbil kj
Vrltlaljl ek Nkdkahko®.
Bjmunbs pkrslnbs sk sldktkn b jb jjbdbeb " prukcb ek bjgkntl pbrb QGCL" kn
cusab ek un egbmnñstgal ek kstk, pkrl egahl kxbdkn aldpjkdkntbrgl ks
 prlpknsl b egstgntls dârmknks ek krrlr. Kn dg prâatgab ajängab, ekiç ek

kdpjkbr jb prukcb ek bjgkntl pbrb QGCL kn dgs pbagkntks pbrb ektkrdgnbr sg

pbekaäbn ek slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, yb quk jls `bjsls plsgtgvls y
nkmbtgvls gnbakptbcjkdkntk `rkaukntks jb hgagkrln ajängabdkntk gnùtgj.
Bekdâs, sbckdls quk tlels jls ngòls aln butgsdl ekckn tknkr
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl absl alntrbrgl nl pruegagräbn âagel prlpgñngal ng
su dgarlmjgb sk knalntrbräb akcbeb y kn `unagñn gn`jbdbtlrgb? kntlnaks9 auâj
skrgb kj prlpñsgtl ek rkbjgzbr unb prukcb aubnel yb sbckdls jb rkspukstb.
Vbrb rkvkrtgr kj k`katl ebògnl ekj butgsdl, kj kqugjgcrgl cbatkrgbnl ekck skr
rkstburbel, l jls ngòls sgdpjkdkntk nl dkilrbn.
 

Jb Gekb Kqugvlabeb ek quk jbs Cbatkrgbs "Dbjbs" y jbs Jkvbeurbs sk

Bjgdkntbn ek jb Gnujgnb
Ks eg`äagj gdbmgnbr jls agkntls ek dgjks ek cbatkrgbs ekntrl ek nukstrl trbatl
egmkstgvl pukebn abusbr tbntls prlcjkdbs b nukstrls akrkcrls y aukrpls. [nb
ek jbs prkmuntbs `rkaukntks ek jls pberks ek dgs pbagkntks, ks sg jb gnujgnb
bjgdkntb b jbs "cbatkrgbs dbjbs" y b jbs jkvbeurbs.
Jb gnujgnb ks unb `gcrb prkcgñtgab, skmurb, quk abusb su`gagkntk rkkqugjgcrgl
cbatkrgbnl, rkeuaagñn ekj âagel prlpgñngal y rkeuaagñn ek jb gn`jbdbagñn
aldl pbrb pkrdgtgr quk un ngòl kstç dâs bjkrtb y rkgngagk kj prlaksl ek pleb
y eksbrrljjl nkurlnbj.
Jb gnujgnb kstâ prkskntk kn mrbneks abntgebeks kn kj bil y jb akcljjb, kstls
bjgdkntls hbn sgel skmurls pbrb jls ngòls b trbvçs ek jb hgstlrgb, eurbntk
duahls dgjkngls. Jb aldcgnbagñn ek gnujgnb aln bakgtk ek pksabel y bakgtk
ek ljgvb nl ks dâs quk jls dgsdls gnmrkegkntks quk un ngòl pleräb hbckr
alnsudgel kn jb bntgmub Sldb.
Mknkrbjdkntk rkaldgknel aldknzbr aln gnujgnb kn jls ngòls, yb quk aln
`rkauknagb ks k`katgvb, skmurb, kalnñdgab y pukek skr bequgrgeb sgn
prksargpagñn dçegab. Jb gnujgnb kstâ bdpjgbdkntk egsplngcjk b trbvçs ek
vbrgls `bcrgabntks. Jb gnujgnb tbdcgçn ks btrbatgvb aldl unb `lrdb ek `gcrb
nbturbj, jb aubj duahls pberks prk`gkrkn bj skntgr dgkel, quk ks kntknegcjk, ek
usbr dâs bntgcgñtgals.
Qg jls pberks ek un ngòl kstân prklaupbels plr kj usl ek gnujgnb ekcgel bj
tkdlr ek bjgdkntbr b jbs "cbatkrgbs dbjbs", rkaldgknel quk uskn rg`bxgdgnb
pbrb kjgdgnbr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl. Kstl jls bpbrtb ekj tkdb ek jbs
cbatkrgbs "cuknbs" y "dbjbs" quk pbrkakn kstbr gdpgegknel quk bjmunbs
pkrslnbs gngagkn dg rçmgdkn. Jb rg`bxgdgnb pbrkak `unaglnbr tbn cgkn aldl jb
gnujgnb kn jls ngòls.
Jbs tkrmgvkrsbaglnks ek quk kj budkntl ek jb butlkstgdujbagñn, dknls hlrbs
ek sukòl l budkntl ek jb bnsgkebe sk ekcb b quk jb gnujgnb bjgdkntb jbs
cbatkrgbs "dbjbs", hbn `lrdbel pbrtk ek jbs prklaupbaglnks ek jls pberks kn
 kj pbsbel. Kstly ek baukrel kn quk jls säntldbs pukekn kdpklrbr plr
abdcgls rkbjgzbels b jb egktb, pkrl nl arkl suakeb jl dgsdl aln jb gnujgnb.

Nl hk vgstl ngnmun gnegabtgvl ek quk jb gnujgnb budkntk kj slcrkarkagdgkntl

cbatkrgbnl kn ngnmunl ek dgs pbagkntks.
Alnsgekrl quk kxgstkn vbrgbs rbzlnks quk jl kxpjgabn. Jb prgdkrb rbzñn  ks
quk kj prgnagpbj k`katl ek jb gnujgnb laurrk kn jb juz ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel,
elnek jbs cbatkrgbs egmgkrkn jb gnujgnb b trbvçs ek un prlaksl jjbdbel
`krdkntbagñn. Kj prgnagpbj k`katl ek jb `krdkntbagñn ks jb prleuaagñn ek un
âagel mrbsl sbjuebcjk, ek abeknb alrtb alnlagel aldl âagel cutärgal. Qljl
pkqukòbs abntgebeks ek gnujgnb pbsbn b trbvçs ekj aljln y kn absl ek hbakrjl,
kstb sk egmgkrk pbrb `lrdbr un mbs gnl`knsgvl.
Jb skmuneb rbzñn  plr jb quk nl alnsgekrl quk jb gnujgnb bjgdkntk b jbs
cbatkrgbs dbjbs l b jbs jkvbeurbs, ks quk un budkntl sgmng`gabtgvl kn jbs
cbatkrgbs pbtñmknbs, l arkagdgkntl kxaksgvl ek cbatkrgbs, absg aln akrtkzb
abusbräb un kdpklrbdgkntl ek jb egbrrkb, jb `rkauknagb ek jbs kvbaubaglnks,
ek jls añjgals
rkbaaglnks kn dgsbceldgnbjks,
pbagkntks, ekkjhkahl,
rk`juil
vklyunb
kj egsdgnuagñn
kaakdb. Nlmknkrbj
lcskrvl ksbs
ek ksls
säntldbs aln kj usl ek gnujgnb.
Qg jls säntldbs gntkstgnbjks (nl nkurljñmgals l alneuatubjks) jjkmbskn b
kdpklrbr cbil kj trbtbdgkntl aln gnujgnb, kvbjubräb sg jls säntldbs quk
kdpklrbn sln abusbels plr bjmunb ltrb alnegagñn sucybakntk, aldl unb
gn`kaagñn vgrbj l plsgcjkdkntk unb kn`krdkebe gn`jbdbtlrgb gntkstgnbj. Kn
absl ek nl kstbr skmurls, mknkrbjdkntk sumkrgrç suspknekr jb gnujgnb hbstb
kstbr 266% skmurl.

Qg jb egbrrkb nlpkegâtrgal
mbstrlkntkrñjlml dkilrb, kntlnaks rkaldknebräb
pbrb cusabr ltrb abusb, unb alnsujtb
aldl aln un
jb kn`krdkebe
gn`jbdbtlrgb gntkstgnbj. Qg jb egbrrkb dkilrb y rkbpbrkak aln jb gntkrrupagñn y
rkbnuebagñn ek jb gnujgnb, kntlnaks gnegabrç rg`bxgdgnb y suspknekrç jb
gnujgnb ek`gngtgvbdkntk.
Uknmb kn dkntk quk jb alnstgpbagñn rkjbaglnbeb bj usl ek gnujgnb ks un sgmnl
ek egs`unagñn sucybakntk ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl, abusbeb plr
jksglnks akrkcrbjks baudujbtgvbs y ekj eksbrrljjl, quk mknkrbjdkntk rkvgkrtkn
ekspuçs ek unls dksks ek trbtbdgkntl aln bakgtk ek pksabel, bakgtk ek ljgvb
kxtrb vgrmkn y unb egsdgnuagñn kn jb gnmkstb ek bakgtks ldkmb-0.
 

Jb tkrakrb rbzñn  plr jb quç nl alnsgekrl quk jb gnujgnb bjgdkntk b jbs

cbatkrgbs dbjbs l jbs jkvbeurbs ks quk kj âagel prlpgñngal tgknk un k`katl
skebntk kn jls ngòls, absg aldl sg jls ngòls kstuvgkrbn cbil jls k`katls ek
Pbjgud l Xbnbx, plr jl tbntl, unb vkz quk jb gnujgnb rkvgkrtk kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl
vkl b jls ngòls sbjgr y jls ngvkjks ek âagel prlpgñngal egsdgnuykn
ek su kstuplr.
Kstk aldplrtbdgkntl egstgntl, eurbntk l ekspuçs ekj pkrälel ek ekspkrtbr ks
kj rksujtbel ek bnldbjäbs ek eksbrrljjl prkkxgstkntks y sucybakntks, jksglnks
akrkcrbjks baudujbtgvbs y egs`unagñn butlnñdgab. Nl alnsgekrl quk su
aldplrtbdgkntl sk ekcb b ngnmùn k`katl tñxgal abusbel plr jb gnujgnb, yb quk
hk lcskrvbel aldl kstls aldplrtbdgkntls dkilrbn l sk ektgknkn aln kj
tgkdpl, dgkntrbs kj pbagkntk alntgnùb jb gnujgnb.
[nb aubrtb rbzñn  plr jb quk nl alnsgekrl quk jb gnujgnb bjgdkntk jbs
cbatkrgbs
pbtñmknbsdbjbs
aldlljbjbs jkvbeurbs,
Ojkcsgkjjb ks quk
(unb jb ektkaagñn
dukstrb kn jbs hkaks
ek jbs cbatkrgbs ek cbatkrgbs
ekj aljln, nl ekj
gntkstgnl ekjmbel) nl ks sumkstgvl ek quk kstbs cbatkrgbs kstçn prkskntks kn kj
gntkstgnl ekjmbel, elnek jb gnujgnb abusb su prgnagpbj k`katl.
Kj hbjjbzml ek cbatkrgbs pbtñmknbs aldl  Ojkcsgkjjb pnkudlngbk  l
Ajlstrgegud eg``gagjk ks aldùn kn pbagkntks bsgntldâtgals y ks ksknagbjdkntk
gnl`knsgvl. Qu arkagdgkntl sk dbntgknk cbil alntrlj kn un kqugjgcrgl
sbjuebcjk aln ltrbs cbatkrgbs, quk ks rk`lrzbel bùn dâs plr jb gnujgnb.
Begaglnbjdkntk, bjmunls pberks kstân prklaupbels plr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl
ek jb aânegeb.
Kstly ek baukrel kn quk jb aânegeb y ltrbs jkvbeurbs (tbdcgçn alnlagebs
aldl hlnmls) hbcgtbn kj trbatl gntkstgnbj, pkrl duahls kstuegls kxhbustgvls
ekdukstrbn quk kj slcrkarkagdgkntl ek jkvbeurbs (hlnmls) nl laurrk kn kj
butgsdl, ng ks unb abusb ek "gntkstgnl pkrdkbcjk.— Jls säntldbs quk sk hbn jk
btrgcugel krrñnkbdkntk b jb aânegeb l b jbs jkvbeurbs, sln kn abdcgl
abusbels plr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl.
@gnbjdkntk, sg cgkn jbs lcskrvbaglnks ek dkilrb ajängab ekspuçs ek jb
rkeuaagñn ek bzùabrks y abrclhgerbtls (pgknsk kn M@/A@, @LEDBVQ,
MBVQ) sln agkrtbs, kstls tbdcgçn sk jks btrgcuykn krrñnkbdkntk b jbs
jkvbeurbs. Jb dkilrb ajängab sk ekck kn abdcgl b un "k`katl ek gnbngagñn",
 jkvbeurbs. Jb dkilrb ajängab sk ekck kn abdcgl b un k`katl ek gnbngagñn ,
prleuatl ek jb rkeuaagñn ek abrclhgerbtls kn kstk tgpl ek egktbs. Dknlr

gnmkstb ek bzùabrks y abrclhgerbtls alneuak b unb egsdgnuagñn ekj

arkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, quk b su vkz alneuak b unb egsdgnuagñn ek jb
prleuaagñn ek âagel prlpgñngal y, plr ùjtgdl, jb dkilrb ajängab kn jls ngòls.
 

Qäntldbs Gntkstgnbjks y Bnâjgsgs ek Hkaks

Aubnel jls ngòls kxpkrgdkntbn prlcjkdbs gntkstgnbjks labsglnbjks, sgkdprk
alnsgekrl sg bjmùn ltrl `batlr aldùn kstâ abusbnel sus säntldbs gntkstgnbjks.
Jls `batlrks b alnsgekrbr gnajuykn gn`kaaglnks vgrbjks, jksglnks kn kj sgstkdb
nkrvglsl butñnldl, rkbaagñn b ltrls dkegabdkntls l supjkdkntls, l
bjgdkntls alntbdgnbels. Jbs rkbaaglnks bevkrsbs b kstls balntkagdgkntls
ekckn rksljvkrsk kn unb l els skdbnbs sgn nkaksgebe ek abdcgls kn jb elsgs
l jb gntkrrupagñn ekj trbtbdgkntl aln gnujgnb.
Labsglnbjdkntk, jls pbagkntks pbekakn egbrrkb arñngab, hkaks cjbnebs l un
`gjd bakgtlsl kn jbs hkaks. Kstl mknkrbjdkntk laurrk plr els rbzlnks. Jb
prgdkrb ks quk kj trbatl gntkstgnbj kstâ jksglnbel l cbil kstrçs plr kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl. Kj trbatl gntkstgnbj aldknzbrâ b rkpbrbrsk b sä
dgsdl ekntrl ek els b trks skdbnbs ekspuçs ek gngagbr kj trbtbdgkntl aln
gnujgnb l aln un aursl ek rg`bxgdgnb. Ekcgel b jb râpgeb rkaupkrbagñn, jls
pbagkntks nl nkaksgtbn ngnmùn supjkdkntl kspkagbj ek "sbnbagñn gntkstgnbj" l
egktbs kspkagbjks.
Jb skmuneb rbzñn ks quk su gntkstgnl pukekn nl kstbr balstudcrbels b
bcslrckr kj vljudkn ek bakgtk kdpjkbel kn kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®. Kj
trbatl gntkstgnbj bjtkrb su abpbagebe ek bcslrckr mrbsbs ekpknegknel ek jb
abntgebe ek bakgtk kn jb egktb ekj gnegvgeul.
Vbrb dkilrbr jb bcslragñn ek jbs mrbsbs kn dgs pbagkntks, prgdkrl egsdgnuyl
jbs abntgebeks ek bakgtk ek pksabel y BLKP b elsgs dâs cbibs, quk pkrdgtbn
quk sus hkaks sk nlrdbjgakn un plal. Jukml, hbml quk budkntkn jkntbdkntk
jbs elsgs ek bakgtk ek pksabel, skmugel ekj bakgtk ek ljgvb, un plal abeb
skdbnb hbstb bjabnzbr jb elsgs aldpjktb kn bprlxgdbebdkntk trks b aubtrl
skdbnbs.
Bunquk jb prukcb ek hkaks pbrb cbatkrgbs y jkvbeurbs, ks rkbjgzbeb
aldùndkntk plr ltrls prl`ksglnbjks, gnstl unb pbjbcrb ek prkabuagñn b dgs
pbagkntks kn jl quk rkspkatb b su gntkrprktbagñn. Kj prgdkr prlcjkdb ks quk
 bprlxgdbebdkntk
gntkstgnl nl pukeknkjaujtgvbrsk
76% ek dkegbntk
jbs kspkagks cbatkrgbnbs
tçangabs aldunksquk
ek vgvkn ekntrl ekj
jbclrbtlrgl.

Jls rksujtbels ekj aujtgvl ek unb dukstrb ek hkaks, plsgcjkdkntk dlstrbrâ

bpknbs un 26% ek tlebs jbs kspkagks prkskntks. Lctknkr unb alnajusgñn slcrk
jb sbjue ek jb aldcgnbagñn cbatkrgbnb gntkstgnbj, b pbrtgr ek sljl kj 26% ek jb
plcjbagñn kstâ ekstgnbel b skr gnkxbatl. Jb gekntg`gabagñn kxbatb ek jbs
kspkagks cbatkrgbnbs
skauknagbagñn sljl pukek hbakrsk dkegbntk tçangabs aubntgtbtgvbs ek
ekj BEN.
Kj skmunel prlcjkdb ks quk unb dukstrb ek hkaks quk prlvgknk ek jb ùjtgdb
pbrtk ekj aljln alntgknk unb aldcgnbagñn duy egstgntb ek cbatkrgbs, y nl sk
pukek aldpbrbr aln unb dukstrb tldbeb plr bspgrbagñn ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel.
Jls k`katls pkriuegagbjks pbrb jb sbjue ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl sk
ekckn bj arkagdgkntl kxaksgvl ek cbatkrgbs kn kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel, nl kn kj
aljln.
Kj bnâjgsgs ek slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel (QGCL)
rkqugkrk
sljl unb dukstrb
pukek ek jäqugel tldbel
lctknkrsk ekj gntkstgnl
dkegbntk unb ekjmbel, y kstb dukstrb
knelsalpgb (KME?
ksl`bmlmbstrleuleknlsalpgb) y mknkrbjdkntk sljl sk rkbjgzb aln `gnks
vgnaujbels b jb gnvkstgmbagñn. Ekcgel b jb aldpjkigebe, alstl y rgksml quk
rkprkskntb pbrb kj pbagkntk, nl rkaldgknel lctknkr dukstrbs plr knelsalpgb.
Kn rbrbs labsglnks, unb sgdpjk prukcb ek hkaks pukek ektkatbr lrmbngsdls
pbrbsgtbrgls eknldgnbels prltlzlls (aldl Mgbregb) l hkjdgntls (jldcrgaks).
Jb ektkaagñn ek unl ek kstls lrmbngsdls pukek rkqukrgr trbtbdgkntl
ekpknegknel ekj lrmbngsdl hbjjbel, ek jb nbturbjkzb ek jls säntldbs ekj
pbagkntk y jls plsgcjks k`katls bevkrsls ekj trbtbdgkntl. Jb gn`kaagñn abusbeb
plr kstk tgpl ek lrmbngsdls tgknek b laurrgr trbs kj alnsudl ek bmub l
bjgdkntls alntbdgnbels, l bj abdgnbr eksabjzl kn ârkbs alntbdgnbebs.
 

Kj Sgksml ek Skbjgzbr Vrukcbs Gnnkaksbrgbs

Bj dldkntl kn quk jb dbylräb ek jbs pkrslnbs alnsujtbn, duahbs hbn sgel
knmbòbebs, slcrkabrmbebs k gnajusl ebòbebs `äsgab y kdlaglnbjdkntk plr
prukcbs ek jbclrbtlrgl kxaksgvbs k gnnkaksbrgbs (knzgdbs, gntljkrbnagb b jls
bjgdkntls, ngvkjks ek bntgaukrpls pbrb kn`krdkebeks gn`kaaglsbs, pbnkjks
dktbcñjgals, pbnkjks mknçtgals) l prukcbs `äsgabs (tldlmrb`äbs
aldputbrgzbebs/rkslnbnagbs dbmnçtgabs, KKM, kta.).
Jb krb dlekrnb ek jb dkegagnb btrbvgksb unb ekpkneknagb kxaksgvb ek jb
sljgagtue ek unb bdpjgb vbrgkebe ek prukcbs pbrb byuebr b ektkrdgnbr jb abusb
ek jls säntldbs ek jls pbagkntks. Jbs gntkrbaaglnks aln jls prlvkkelrks ek
sbjue pukekn alnvkrtgrsk `âagjdkntk kn un iukml ek jbs begvgnbnzbs lplrtunl
yksalstlsl.
b trbvçs Kj
ek dçtlel trbegaglnbj
jb hgstlrgb dçegab yy jbdâs k`katgvl ekkxhbustgvb,
kxbdgnbagñn egbmnñstgalpbrb
kn jbektkrdgnbr
dkegagnb
jb abusb dâs prlcbcjk ek jls säntldbs ek unb pkrslnb.
Aldl dçegal gntkrngstb, dk knskòbrln quk un dçegal nl ekck sljgagtbr
ngnmunb prukcb hbstb hbckr ektkrdgnbel unb l els alnegaglnks prlcbcjks,
abusbntks ek jls säntldbs ekj pbagkntk. Aubjqugkr prukcb quk sk jjkvk b abcl
ekck skr kspkaä`gab pbrb tldbr kn aukntb l eksabrtbr egahbs alnegaglnks. [n
kikdpjl `rkaukntk quk vkl ks aubnel un dçegal sljgagtb vbrgls pbnkjks ek
bntgaukrpls eg`krkntks, cusabnel unb vbrgkebe ek lrmbngsdls egstgntls, jls
aubjks abusbräbn säntldbs duy vbrgbels kntrk sä. Aubnel nltl kstl kn jls
rkmgstrls dçegals ek un pbagkntk, sç quk kj ltrl dçegal sk knaukntrb pkregel
kn jl quk bj egbmnñstgal rkspkatb.
Jbs prukcbs sljgagtbebs ekckn cbsbrsk kn jls säntldbs kspkaä`gals ekj
pbagkntk. Qg kj pbagkntk nl prkskntb säntldbs sumkstgvls ek PKC l
Cbcksglsgs, nunab sk ekckn sljgagtbr jls ngvkjks ek egahls bntgaukrpls. [nb
prukcb gnnkaksbrgb pukek brrlibr un `bjsl plsgtgvl y bhlrb tleb jb kstrbtkmgb
ek trbtbdgkntl ajängal bvbnzb plr kj abdgnl kqugvlabel.
Qgkdprk ekckn kvgtbrsk bdpjgls pbnkjks ek prukcbs pbrb ektkatbr
kn`krdkebeks ek `lrdb bjkbtlrgb, quk nl gn`juybn kn kj aursl ek btknagñn ekj
 pbagkntk. Jb prkmuntb quk dk hbml bj sljgagtbr prukcbs, ks sg kj rksujtbel ek
egahb prukcb abdcgbrâ jb kstrbtkmgb ek trbtbdgkntl quk tknml pjbnkbeb pbrb kj

pbagkntk.
Jls prlakegdgkntls tbjks aldl aljlnlsalpgbs, rkslnbnagbs dbmnçtgabs, l
KKM sk ekckn sljgagtbr ùngabdkntk sg jls rksujtbels bjtkrbrân kj aursl ekj
trbtbdgkntl. Kstbs prukcbs nunab ekckn rkbjgzbrsk sgdpjkdkntk pbrb "ebr un
vgstbzl", yb quk tlebs tgknkn kj pltknagbj ek abusbr ebòl bj ngòl, `äsgab y
kdlaglnbjdkntk.
 

Skstrgaagñn ek Bjgdkntls kn jb Egktb

Nl rkstrgnil ngnmùn bjgdkntl kn jb egktb aubnel trbtl b dgs pbagkntks aln kj
Vrltlaljl ek Nkdkahko® bpbrtk ek bqukjjls bjgdkntls quk kn kj pbagkntk
pukebn abusbr rkbaaglnks bjçrmgabs mrbvks (ababhuktks, nukaks, kta.) l
gntljkrbnagbs lcvgbs (jkahk quk abusb egbrrkb, kta.).
Jls cknk`gagls kn jls pbagkntks butgstbs trbs gngagbr aubjqugkr egktb quk
rkstrgnib jls abrclhgerbtls (MBVQ, @LEDBVQ, mjutkn, abskänb, kta.) sln b
dknuel mknkrbels plr jb egsdgnuagñn gnkspkaä`gab y rkjbtgvb ek jb abrmb
cbatkrgbnb mknkrbj ekntrl ekj trbatl gntkstgnbj. Jb dbylr pbrtk ek jbs cbatkrgbs
gntkstgnbjks sk eksbrrljjbn kn jls abrclhgerbtls, unb egsdgnuagñn kn jls
abrclhgerbtls gnmkrgels sk trbeuak kn unb egsdgnuagñn ekj rkaukntl
cbatkrgbnl.
Qg un ngòl hb kstbel hbagknel bjmùn tgpl unb egktb rkstrgatgvb, bntks ek gngagbr
kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®, Skaldgknel rkgntrleuagr jls bjgdkntls rkstrgnmgels
unbs skdbnbs ekspuçs ekj gngagl ek jb gnujgnb l ekspuçs ek aldpjktbr kj aursl
ek rg`bxgdgnb.
Kxakpaglnks lcvgbs b kstb dkegeb, ks jb rkgntrleuaagñn ek bjgdkntls quk
pukebn hbckr abusbel unb rkbaagñn bjçrmgab skvkrb prkvgbdkntk, aldl jls
ababhuktks. Kstls nunab ekckn skr rkgntrleuagels. Qg kxgstk bjmunb eueb slcrk
jb mrbvkebe ek jbs rkbaaglnks b jls bjgdkntls, laurrgebs kn kj pbsbel, sumgkrl
quk kj pberk egsautb kstl aln su dçegal ek btknagñn prgdbrgb.
Eksb`lrtunbebdkntk, duahls ngòls hbn eksbrrljjbel un pbtrñn jgdgtbel ek
prk`krknagbs bjgdkntbrgbs (ngòls jjbdbels qugsqugjjlsls/skjkatgvls aln jls
bjgdkntls). Qg cgkn kstl pukek skr `rustrbntk y prklaupbntk pbrb jls pberks, sk
rksukjvk plr sä sljl aln kj tgkdpl.
Skaldgknel nl bòbegr vgtbdgnbs pbrb " bskmurbrsk ek quk rkagcbn tlel jl quk
nkaksgtbn.— Jb gdplrtbnagb ek unb bdpjgb vbrgkebe ek bjgdkntls ks dknls
arätgab ek jl quk jb dbylräb ek jbs pkrslnbs pgknsb, y jb bjtb tbsb ek knmbòls
kn jb gneustrgb ek jls supjkdkntls ks pltknagbjdkntk pkriuegagbj. Kstb ks unb
 ek jbs prgnagpbjks rbzlnks plr jbs quk eksbalnskil supjkdkntbr aln vgtbdgnbs.

Bjmunls kstuegls sumgkrkn quk jls säntldbs ek gntljkrbnagb bj mjutkn, pbrkakn

laurrgr ekcgel b unb rkbaagñn gn`jbdbtlrgb bnlrdbj hbagb kj mjutkn. Kstb
rkbaagñn gn`jbdbtlrgb pukek skr kj rksujtbel ek jb ekcgjgebe pbrbsgdpâtgab ekj
sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl y nl kstâ egrkatbdkntk rkjbaglnbeb aln jb
trbnsjlabagñn cbatkrgbnb (gntkstgnl pkrdkbcjk).
B dkegeb quk kj ngòl aldgknzb b rkaupkrbrsk bj ngvkj nkurljñmgal, kj sgstkdb
nkrvglsl butñnldl aldgknzb b rkaupkrbrsk, y jb gntljkrbnagb bj mjutkn b
dknuel sk rksukjvk jkntbdkntk sgn nkaksgebe ek jjkvbr unb egktb jgcrk ek
mjutkn.
 

Ukrbpgbs @äsgabs, Laupbaglnbjks y ekj Hbcjb

Kstly ek baukrel aln alntgnubr aubjqugkr `lrdb ek tkrbpgb laupbaglnbj l
`äsgab dgkntrbs un pbagkntk audpjk kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® pkrl, b dkegeb
quk kj ngòl dkilrb, arkl quk duahbs ek kstbs tkrbpgbs sk vukjvkn gnnkaksbrgbs
y pukekn eksknabeknbr aldplrtbdgkntls nkmbtgvls kn jls ngòls.
Jls skrks hudbnls sln unb kspkagk quk kvljuaglnñ pbrb abdgnbr, hbcjbr y
slagbjgzbr, nukstrb abpbagebe pbrb plebr nukstrl akrkcrl kstâ prkektkrdgnbeb
nbturbjdkntk, nl duy eg`krkntk b aldl sk eksbrrljjb kj akrkcrl ek un pâibrl y
kntgknek añdl alnstrugr un ngel.
Dg kxpkrgknagb dk hb knskòbel quk unb vkz quk kj ngòl dukstrb sgmnls
mknkrbjks ek rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab kstbnel kn kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® y
hbn supkrbel su lcstâaujl prgnagpbj aln tkrbpgb, jb tkrbpgb ekck ektknkrsk y kj
ngòl ekck tknkr jb lplrtungebe ek rkaupkrbrsk plr su aukntb. Jbs
gntkrbaaglnks slagbjks aldunks aln jls pberks, hkrdbnls y ltrbs pkrslnbs sln
unb mrbn `ukntk ek kstgdujbagñn pbrb pkrdgtgr un eksbrrljjl nlrdbj alntgnul.
Eurbntk jb pbnekdgb, dgkntrbs jbs ksaukjbs kstbcbn akrrbebs y jls ngòls yb nl
rkagcäbn unb vbrgkebe ek tkrbpgbs, duahls ngòls cbil dg augebel
kxpkrgdkntbrln dkilrbs alntgnubs y b vkaks mbnbnagbs duahl dbylrks kn
aldpbrbagñn b aubnel rkagcäbn tkrbpgb ek `lrdb batgvb.
 

Alntrlj ek jls Ngvkjks ek Âagel Vrlpgñngal

Bunquk kxgstkn prukcbs egsplngcjks quk pukekn dkegr jls ngvkjks ek âagel
prlpgñngal kn sbnmrk y lrgnb, nl hby kstânebrks kstbcjkagels quk plebdls
usbr pbrb ektkrdgnbr sg un ngvkj ks ekdbsgbel bjtl l cbil ek unb dbnkrb
sgdgjbr b nukstrb gntkrprktbagñn ek jls ngvkjks ek bzùabr (mjualsb) kn sbnmrk.
Vlr jl tbntl, nl sljgagtl b dgs pbagkntks ngnmunb prukcb ek âagel prlpgñngal.
Bekdâs, kxgstk unb vbrgkebe ek vbrgbntks dktbcñjgabs ekj âagel prlpgñngal
(1HHB, 1HVB, HVHVB) y nbegk sbck rkbjdkntk sg ekckn usbrsk aldl
dbrabelr pbrb kj butgsdl.
Nl hby rbzñn pbrb hbakr prukcbs ek âagel prlpgñngal aln jb `gnbjgebe ek
mugbr jb tkrbpgb. Wb sbckdls quk jls ngòls nl-butgstbs nl prkskntbrân jls
k`katls ekj âagel prlpgñngal, dgkntrbs quk kj ngòl butgstb sä. Dg trbtbdgkntl
pbrb bdcls ngòls ks kj dgsdl, aln l sgn jb prksknagb ek âagel prlpgñngal.
Bekdâs, slspkahl quk kn egkz bòls l dâs hbcrkdls eksaucgkrtl quk ltrbs
sustbnagbs quädgabs, egstgntbs bj âagel prlpgñngal, pukekn pltknagbjdkntk skr
jgckrbebs plr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl y aldl kstbs tbdcgçn pukekn
alneuagr b abdcgls ek aldplrtbdgkntl. Skaukrek, un `knñdknl ajbvk ekj
Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® ks rkvkrtgr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl kn kj
gntkstgnl ekjmbel, y kstl kjgdgnbräb ek dbnkrb prkekagcjk, jb prleuaagñn ek
aubjqugkr prleuatl quädgal ekrgvbel ek jbs cbatkrgbs.
Kj rkkqugjgcrgl kxgtlsl ek jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks ebrâ jumbr b jb rkeuaagñn
ekj kstrçs gn`jbdbtlrgl, bsä aldl b jb rkeuaagñn ek jb prleuaagñn bnlrdbj ek
quädgals, yb skb âagel prlpgñngal u ltrb sustbnagb.
Qg un ngòl cbil dg augebel tgknk bjmunb abrbatkrästgab quk sk pbrkzab bj
butgsdl, aubjqugkr trbstlrnl kspkatrbj, BEE/BEHE, un trbstlrnl ekj kstbel
ek ângdl l aubjqugkr `lrdb ek rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl, jls gngagbrç kn kj
Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® plrquk aln aubjqugkrb ek kstls egbmnñstgals, kj
pbagkntk tgknk unb cuknb prlcbcgjgebe ek dkilräb l rkaupkrbagñn,
gnekpknegkntkdkntk ekj rksujtbel ek unb prukcb rkjbaglnbeb bj âagel
 prlpgñngal.

Dg prltlaljl sk akntrb kn rkstburbr jb `unagñn nkurljñmgab b trbvçs ek jb

rkeuaagñn ek jb gn`jbdbagñn ekntrl ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl. Ulebs kstbs
alnegaglnks dkilrbrân ek dbnkrb sgdgjbr plrquk tlebs laurrkn aldl
rksujtbel ek jb `bjtb ek dkabngsdls bekaubels ek pleb, rkpbrbagñn y
rkiuvknkagdgkntl nkurlnbj.
 

Jb Skaupkrbagñn ekj Aldleän Mknçtgal

Bntkrglrdkntk sk arkäb quk kj butgsdl krb un trbstlrnl prkeldgnbntkdkntk
mknçtgal. Kstb arkknagb sk kstâ eksbpbrkagknel b dkegeb quk dâs y dâs
kvgeknagb rksbjtb jb gdplrtbnagb ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl aldl un
`knñdknl eksknabeknbntk pbrb jb dbylräb ek jls absls ek butgsdl y ek
rktrbsl ekj eksbrrljjl.
Ekcgel b quk jb aldcgnbagñn ek cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks ek un ngòl prlvgknk ek
su dberk, ks `âagj kntknekr añdl jls gnvkstgmbelrks bntkrglrdkntk pukekn
hbckr nltbel unb tkneknagb b quk kj butgsdl laurrb dâs kn agkrtbs `bdgjgbs
quk kn ltrbs. Bhlrb kstbdls kdpkzbnel b kntknekr quk nl ks kj pbsl ek
dbtkrgbj mknçtgal ek un prlmkngtlr jl quk ektkrdgnb kj butgsdl, b dknuel ks
kj pbsl ek dberk b hgil ek unb dgarlcgltb gntkstgnbj ebòbeb.
B pksbr ek kstl, duahls ngòls aln butgsdl b dknuel sln sldktgels b
prukcbs mknçtgabs pbrb byuebr b egrgmgr kj egbmnñstgal ek su trbstlrnl ekj
eksbrrljjl. Kj prlcjkdb aln kstbs prukcbs mknçtgabs bjkbtlrgbs, ks elcjk.
Kn prgdkr jumbr, kj kspkatrl ek un "trbstlrnl mknçtgal" gdpjgab quk kstk ks
grrkvkrsgcjk, y ekib b duahls pberks sgntgknel quk jb rkaupkrbagñn ks
gdplsgcjk ek bjabnzbr. Kn rkbjgebe, b duahls pberks sk jks gn`lrdb quk
ekcgel b jls rksujtbels ek kstbs prukcbs mknçtgabs, kxgstkn plabs kspkrbnzbs
ek quk su hgil dkilrk.
Kn skmunel jumbr, ekdlstrbr quk kxgstk unb bnlrdbjgebe mknçtgab nl
sgmng`gab quk jb bnlrdbjgebe skb unb abusb  ek butgsdl. Bjmunbs bnldbjäbs
mknçtgabs kn ngòls butgstbs, pukekn hbjjbrsk kn agkrtl plrakntbik ek tlels jls
ngòls aln butgsdl. Ek gmubj `lrdb kstl nl sgmng`gab quk jls mknks
gekntg`gabels "abuskn" butgsdl.
Kxgstk unb plsgcgjgebe duy rkbj ek quk bjmunls ek kstls mknks, aln unb bjtb
bslagbagñn aln kj butgsdl pukebn sgdpjkdkntk eksknabeknbr kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, l alneuagr b unb prkegsplsgagñn bj
slcrkarkagdgkntl aln unb cbatkrgb prleuatlrb ek âagel prlpgñngal. Alnsgekrl
 quk kstl ksb pksbr
prltlaljl, duy `rkaukntk y kxpjgabmknçtgab.
ek su bnlrdbjgebe plr quç tbntls ngòls dkilrbn cbil dg

Ltrl hkahl ks quk knalntrbr un mkn pbrb bjmunb alnegagñn dçegab, nl

sgmng`gab quk kj mkn nkaksbrgbdkntk kstç batgvl. [n kikdpjl aldùn ks quk
duahbs pkrslnbs aln lils dbrrlnks pukekn plrtbr un mkn pbrb jls lils
bzujks. Ugknkn kj mkn ek jls lils bzujks, pkrl nl kstâ batgvbel. Hk vgstl unb
mrbn vbrgkebequk
jbs prukcbs ek ekdukstrbn
ngòls rkaupkrbrsk aln kj Vrltlaljl
jb prksknagb ek mknks Nkdkahko®, b pksbr ek
bnlrdbjks l ekjkaglnks
mknçtgabs.
Dgkntrbs quk jls prlcjkdbs bnbtñdgals (arânkl rkeuagel, prlcjkdbs
dusaujlksqukjçtgals kn kxtrkdgebeks, kta.) bslagbels b bjmunbs ek kstbs
bnldbjäbs mknçtgabs nl dkilrbn, hk vgstl quk jb dbylräb ek kstls ngòls
kxpkrgdkntbn dkilrbs nkurljñmgabs sgmng`gabtgvbs aln kj Vrltlaljl
Nkdkahko®.
 

Jls Ltrls Ngòls kn jb @bdgjgb

Bj rkvgsbr jb hgstlrgb ajängab ek un pbagkntk, duahls prlplraglnbn unb
hgstlrgb `bdgjgbr quk sumgkrk säntldbs ek egscglsgs gntkstgnbj, quk ebtbn ek
bjmunbs mknkrbaglnks bntkrglrks bj ngòl aln butgsdl.
Jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks ek abeb mknkrbagñn dbtkrnb sln ebòbebs plr
bntgcgñtgals, alnskrvbntks, pkstgagebs, dgarlpjâstgals, y jukml pbsbn b jb
sgmugkntk mknkrbagñn. Kstls agajls ek ebòl cbatkrgbnl gntkstgnbj baudujbel
alntgnùbn plr mknkrbaglnks.
Kstl rksujtb kn unb egsdgnuagñn prlmrksgvb ek jb cglegvkrsgebe y b dkegeb
quk jb cglegvkrsgebe egsdgnuyk, jb abpbagebe ekj lrmbngsdl pbrb dbntknkr jb
skpbrbagñn ek jbs cbatkrgbs pkrtknkagkntks bj gntkstgnl ekjmbel ("bvks"), y bj
aljln ("pkaks"), sk ekcgjgtb bùn dâs. Ks gdplrtbntk rkalrebr quk jb cbib
cglegvkrsgebe alntrgcuyk b jb ekskstbcgjgzbagñn ek jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks,
ek pkrekrsk kj kqugjgcrgl, sk eksknabeknb jb absabeb quk rksujtb kn butgsdl,
egstgntls trbstlrnls ekj eksbrrljjl, bsä aldl jksglnks akrkcrbjks baudujbtgvbs.
Vlr jl tbntl, ebel quk kj ngòl quk tgknk butgsdl l prlcjkdbs ek eksbrrljjl
rkagcgñ jb aldcgnbagñn ek cbib cglegvkrsgebe plr pbrtk ek su dberk, jls
hkrdbnls nl belptbels, tbdcgçn alrrkn un rgksml sgdgjbr ek eksbrrljjbr
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl. Arkl quk tlels jls ngòls ek jb dgsdb `bdgjgb
pukekn cknk`gagbrsk ekj prltlaljl.
Kj prltlaljl ks kxtrkdbebdkntk skmurl y arkl quk tgknk unb cuknb
prlcbcgjgebe ek kvgtbr quk jls ltrls ngòls ek jb `bdgjgb (aln unb cbib
cglegvkrsgebe sgdgjbr) eksbrrljjkn butgsdl, rktrbsl ekj eksbrrljjl l UEB,
eljlrks ek abckzb l ekprksgñn dâs bekjbntk.
 

21
 

DBNKIL EK JBQ SBCGKUBQ VLS BNQGKEBE,

ULA W JB BMSKQGPGEBE

ln jb `gnbjgebe ek byuebr b rkvkrtgr jls prlcjkdbs ek sbjue kn jls

pbagkntks, trbtl ek gekntg`gabr jls dkabngsdls sucybakntks quk
eksknabeknbn kstls pbekagdgkntls, kn jumbr ek prksargcgr
A
dkegabdkntls quk b dknuel sljl jls kndbsabrbn. Kndbsabrbr l alntrljbr jls
säntldbs aln dkegabdkntls nl ks nkaksbrgbdkntk gnbprlpgbel ng ekck
alnsgekrbrsk "dbjl"? b dknuel ks jl dkilr quk plekdls hbakr aln kj
alnlagdgkntl agkntä`gal egsplngcjk.
Qgn kdcbrml, duahbs alnegaglnks arñngabs sln rksujtbel ek jb gn`jbdbagñn
kxaksgvb, y kj ekskqugjgcrgl cbatkrgbnl aln `rkauknagb alntrgcuyk b egahb
gn`jbdbagñn. Jls dkegabdkntls täpgals utgjgzbels pbrb trbtbr kstbs
alnegaglnks, sljl trbtbn jls k`katls abusbels plr ebòl gn`jbdbtlrgl, dbs nl jb
`ukntk sucybakntk ek jb gn`jbdbagñn.
[nb mrbn eg`krknagb kntrk trbtbr ngòls (kspkagbjdkntk ngòls aln unb
egsabpbagebe aldungabtgvb) y beujtls, ks quk jls ngòls b dknuel nl hbcjbn
slcrk jls säntldbs quk kxpkrgdkntbn l ks plsgcjk quk nl pukebn aldungabr
sus säntldbs ek jb dgsdb dbnkrb quk jb dbylräb ek jls beujtls.
Vlr kikdpjl, un ngòl pukek prkskntbr unb sgdpjk skarkagñn nbsbj y tls
labsglnbj eurbntk bjmunbs skdbnbs, pkrl ekcgel b quk nl hby `gkcrk bjtb, sus
säntldbs b dknuel sk gntkrprktbn aldl bjkrmgbs l gn`kaaglnks vgrbjks jkvks y
nl sk crgneb ngnmunb kvbjubagñn begaglnbj.
 [n beujtl pukek tknkr jls dgsdls säntldbs, pkrl tbdcgçn pukek dbng`kstbr
skntgr eljlr ek abckzb, eljlrks dusaujbrks, ksabjl`räls labsglnbjks y eljlr ek

mbrmbntb. Kj beujtl ks egbmnlstgabel aln unb gn`kaagñn sgnusbj, y ks plsgcjk

quk sk jk l`rkzab trbtbdgkntl bntgcgñtgal l un bkrlslj nbsbj aln kstkrlgeks. Kj
ngòl pleräb hbckr tkngel jls dgsdls säntldbs begaglnbjks, pkrl sgdpjkdkntk
nl prlplraglnñ kstb gn`lrdbagñn ajängab quk abdcgñ tlel kj kn`lquk ekj
trbtbdgkntl.
Kj dgsdl prlcjkdb laurrk bj trbtbr, egbmnlstgabr y dbnkibr b`kaaglnks aldl
jb bnsgkebe, jbs rbcgktbs (btbquks kdlaglnbjks), jls aldplrtbdgkntls
sgdgjbrks bj ULA y jbs rkbaaglnks bmrksgvbs. Ekcgel b quk nl plekdls
gntkrrlmbr bj ngòl slcrk jl quk sgkntk, b dknuel ks gdplsgcjk kstbr skmurl ek
jl quk kstâ sgntgknel (plr kikdpjl, bnsgkebe vkrsus dgkel, `rustrbagñn vkrsus
grb).
Ekcgel b quk jb hgstlrgb ajängab ks cbstbntk jgdgtbeb, bclrel kstls prlcjkdbs
eksek unb pkrspkatgvb rkjbaglnbeb b jb jksgñn dkaângab. Kn ltrbs pbjbcrbs,
¼quç väbs nkurljñmgabs pukekn kstbr b`katbebs pbrb ebr jumbr b kstls
aldplrtbdgkntls< Jb bnsgkebe y jb bmrksgñn pukekn skr duy bprlpgbebs l
gnbprlpgbebs ekpknegknel ek jb kxgstknagb ek agraunstbnagbs vkrebekrbdkntk
bdknbzbntks (plr kikdpjl, skr pkrskmugel plr un tgmrk) l nl (plr kikdpjl,
kstbr skntbel eurbntk un jbrml pkrälel kn jb ksaukjb l eurbntk un vgbik kn
butldñvgj). Jbs rkbaaglnks bprlpgbebs aln `rkauknagb sln kvgekntks, y
mknkrbjdkntk nl sln dltgvl ek prklaupbagñn. Jbs rkbaaglnks gnbprlpgbebs
tgknekn b skr gdprkekagcjks y `rustrbntks pbrb jls pberks.
Kxgstk unb vbrgkebe ek sgtubaglnks y alnegaglnks `äsgabs quk pukekn
eksknabeknbr jb jgckrbagñn ek jb hlrdlnb nlrberknbjgnb (tbdcgçn alnlageb
aldl nlrkpgnk`rgnb) rksplnsbcjk jb rkspukstb ek tgpl "juahb l hugeb". Jb
jgckrbagñn ek kstb ks jb quk hbak quk jls beujtls y jls ngòls sk sgkntbn
bnsglsls, bmrksgvls l tkdkrlsls, y jl quk hbak quk qugkrbn hugr ek jb
sgtubagñn quk jl hbyb eksknabeknbel.
 

Skkqugjgcrbr jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks aln gnujgnb l rg`bxgdgnb b vkaks pukek

rksujtbr kn unb egsdgnuagñn sgmng`gabtgvb ek jb bnsgkebe y jb bmrksgñn. Qg jls
säntldbs sln pkrsgstkntks ekspuçs ek rkkqugjgcrbr jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks, jbs
rkspukstbs kdlaglnbjks kxbmkrbebs aln `rkauknagb sk ekckn bj ebòl mknkrbel
bj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl (jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb).
Jbs rkbaaglnks kdlaglnbjks kxaksgvbs l kxbmkrbebs, pukekn laurrgr ekspuçs
ek unb jksgñn mrbvk abusbeb kj sgstkdb jädcgal ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl akntrbj.
Vlr kikdpjl, kn kj nkurl trbudb gneuagel plr kxpjlsglnks quk kxpkrgdkntbn
jls sljebels, y b`katbn täpgabdkntk bj sgstkdb jädcgal sk arkk quk sln ekcgebs
b jb aldcgnbagñn ek jb alndlagñn akrkcrbj y jb tlrsgñn ek jb abckzb bj
dldkntl ek jb kxpjlsgñn. B`lrtunbebdkntk, jbs jksglnks kn kj sgstkdb
jädcgal sln duy plal `rkaukntks kn jbs alndlaglnks akrkcrbjks aldunks.
Bjmunls dkegabdkntls pukekn eksknabeknbr jb jgckrbagñn ek hlrdlnbs ek
juahb l hugeb, sg kstls egsdgnuykn jb prksgñn brtkrgbj y kj bplrtk ek lxämknl bj
akrkcrl. Jls dkegabdkntls abpbaks ek abusbr kstl gnajuykn jls
dkegabdkntls pbrb cbibr jb prksgñn brtkrgbj utgjgzbels pbrb kj alntrlj ek jb
 bnsgkebe (ajlngegnb,
dkegabdkntls mubn`bagnb,
psgaltrñpgals prlprbnljlj),
(rgspkrgelnb). bsä aldl bjmunls

Kstk abpätujl kstâ egrgmgel b jls aldplrtbdgkntls quk hbn sgel abtbjlmbels
aldl bnsgkebe, btbquks ek pângal, ULA l bmrksgvgebe, quk sln rksujtbel ek
jb egs`unagñn butlnñdgab.
 

[nb Pgsgñn Dkaângab ek jb Bnsgkebe

Aldl sk egsautgñ kn ltrb skaagñn ekj jgcrl, kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl kn
kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel rksujtb kn trks prlaksls pbtljñmgals egstgntls? jb
jgckrbagñn ek abntgebeks bnlrdbjks ek âagel prlpgñngal, jb jgckrbagñn ek
agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs y jb batgvbagñn ek unb plcjbagñn bnlrdbj ek
açjujbs kn kj akrkcrl alnlageb aldl dgarlmjgb akcbeb l batgvbeb.
Dgkntrbs quk jb jgckrbagñn ek âagel prlpgñngal ks rksplnsbcjk ek unb
abntgebe ek abrbatkrästgabs quk sln kxajusgvbs ekj butgsdl (pçregeb ek
alntbatl vgsubj y alnagknagb), jbs agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs y jb dgarlmjgb
akcbeb b`katbn egrkatbdkntk jb abpbagebe nbturbj ekj akrkcrl pbrb plebr y
rkpbrbr kj akrkcrl.
Skaukrek, jb jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb (JAB) ks jb gnabpbagebe ek rkpbrbr
aldpjktbdkntk kj akrkcrl ekspuçs ek jksglnks akrkcrbjks jkvks b mrbvks, quk
alneuakn bj ebòl rksgeubj prleuatl ek unb jksgñn rkagkntk, quk sk bmrkmb bj
ebòl rksgeubj ek jksglnks pbsbebs. Bunquk aubjqugkr pbrtk ekj akrkcrl pukek
ebòbrsk ekspuçs ek un trbudbtgsdl arbnkbj, kj ebòl bj sgstkdb nkrvglsl
butñnldl b dknuel rksujtb kn säntldbs nltbcjks.
 

 Kj Qlcrkarkagdgkntl
Qlcrkarkagdgkntl Cbatkrgbnl Eksknabeknb
Eksknabeknb Ur
Urks
ks Päbs quk Alntrgcuykn
Alntrgcuykn b jls
 Vrlcjkdbs Kdlaglnbjks
Kdlaglnbjks

Kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl (QNB) alntrljb tlels jls bspkatls

gnvljuntbrgls ekj `unaglnbdgkntl `gsgljñmgal kn kj lrmbngsdl. Alntrljb kj
sgstkdb gndunljñmgal, rkmujb jb prleuaagñn ek hlrdlnbs, alntrljb kj
dktbcljgsdl, jb dltgjgebe ekj trbatl gntkstgnbj, jb prksgñn brtkrgbj, jb
`rkauknagb abreäbab, bsä aldl jb gntknsgebe bekaubeb ek jbs rkspukstbs
kdlaglnbjks.
Bekdâs, kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl pukek vkrsk jksglnbel prleuatl ek
unb vbrgkebe ek trbudbs, sgn quk kstbs skbn unb jksgñn `äsgab. Abeb vkz kxgstk
dâs kvgeknagb ek quk kj akrkcrl tbdcgçn pukek su`rgr ebòl akjujbr ekspuçs ek
trbudbs kdlaglnbjks sgmng`gabtgvls, l ekspuçs ek jb jgckrbagñn ek agtlqugnbs
gn`jbdbtlrgbs plstkrglr b agrumäbs, `rbaturbs, vbaunbs k gnajusl ekspuçs ek un
baagekntk akrkcrlvbsaujbr. Aubjqugkrb ek kstls trbudbs tgknk kj pltknagbj ek
budkntbr kj ebòl bj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl.
 

Jls säntldbs dâs aldunks b pbrtgr ek unb jksgñn akrkcrbj rksujtbn ek quk kj
sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl nl ks abpbz ek rkmujbr jb prksgñn brtkrgbj akrkcrbj
alrrkatbdkntk, abusbnel unb prksgñn y bplrtk ek lxämknl akrkcrbj
sucñptgdls. Kj tçrdgnl tçangal quk ek`gnk kstl ks hgplpkr`usgñn akrkcrbj.
Jb prksgñn akrkcrbj cbib y kj bplrtk gnbekaubel ek lxämknl, aln `rkauknagb
rksujtbn kn säntldbs aldl eljlrks ek abckzb (dgmrbòb, kn rbagdls l b
tknsgñn), `btgmb arñngab k gnkxpjgabcjk, eg`gaujtbe pbrb alnakntrbrsk (b dknuel
egbmnlstgabel aldl BEE l BEHE), hgpkrbatgvgebe, gnsldngl y budkntl ek
jb ske y/l kj hbdcrk aln bntlils kspkaä`gals ek bjgdkntls sbjbels l eujaks.
Jl dâs gdplrtbntk ks quk jb prksgñn akrkcrbj cbib pukek rksujtbr kn jb
jgckrbagñn pkrgñegab ek nlrberknbjgnb, jb hlrdlnb ek juahb l hugeb. Jb
nlrberknbjgnb sk jgckrb kn jls nkrvgls ek jb rbdb sgdpâtgab ekj sgstkdb
nkrvglsl butñnldl, nl ek jb mjâneujb suprbrrknbj aldl su nldcrk pleräb
sumkrgr.
Aldl sumgkrk jb kxprksgñn "juahb l hugeb", jb nlrberknbjgnb pukek abusbr
aldplrtbdgkntls bmrksgvls, bnsglsls y tkdkrlsls, quk b vkaks sk dbng`gkstbn
 aldl unb nkaksgebe ek ksabpbr l hugr. Kstb nkaksgebe ek ksabpbr b dknuel
sk alnlak aldl `umbs kn jls ngòls. Abeb vkz kxgstk dâs kvgeknagb agkntä`gab

quk gnegab quk jls ngòls aln butgsdl, aln trbstlrnls ekj eksbrrljjl y eç`gagts
ek btknagñn y bprknegzbik su`rkn ek egs`unagñn butlnñdgab y prksgñn brtkrgbj
akrkcrbj cbib.
 

Skspukstbs Bnsglsbs, Hbdcrgkntbs, Hgpkrbatgvbs y Bmrksgvbs

Kj QNB hb kvljuaglnbel kn tlels jls bngdbjks, gnajugels jls hudbnls, pbrb
byuebr b dbntknkrjls vgvls kn jb nbturbjkzb. Jls sgdgls prgdgtgvls y jls
hudbnls ek jb kebe ek pgkerb nl tknäbn un alnakptl dlekrnl ek auântl
nkaksgtbcbn aldkr l ckckr, pkrl slcrkvgvgkrln plrquk su QNB jls hbaäb
skntgr hbdcrgkntls l skegkntls.
Kj QNB nls gnegab aubnel ekckdls elrdgr y aubnel ekspkrtbr. Kj QNB
¨ksabnkb¨ kj kntlrnl kn cusab ek skòbjks ek pkjgmrl y alnstbntkdkntk l`rkak
rkspukstbs ek rktrlbjgdkntbagñn aln rkspkatl b jb skmurgebe l kj pkjgmrl. Kstbs
skòbjks sln b dknuel abtbjlmbebs aldl nukstrl "skxtl skntgel" l nukstrb
"vlz gntkrglr", plr kikdpjl aubnel unb sgtubagñn nls hbak skntgr gnañdlels.
Qg kj QNB sk jksglnb, jb pçregeb ek jb prksgñn brtkrgbj bekaubeb y kj bplrtk ek
lxämknl bj akrkcrl ks un prlcjkdb mrbvk, yb quk kj akrkcrl sljl tgknk un
skmunel ek rkskrvb ek lxämknl, plr jl aubj râpgebdkntk hkahb dbnl b sus
rkaursls, aln kj prlpñsgtl ek nl aljbpsbr y ajbuegabr plr `bjtb ek lxämknl. Jb
rkbaagñn `äsgab y ek urmknagb bj sudgngstrl sucñptgdl ek lxämknl b vkaks
pukekn skr tbn gntknsb quk bskdkib jb sknsbagñn ek kstbrsk bhlmbnel. Vbrb
slcrkvgvgr, kj akrkcrl cusabrâ `lrdbs ek dkilrbr jb prksgñn brtkrgbj y kj
sudgngstrl ek lxämknl.
Kj akrkcrl bprknek/gntkrprktb quk jls jäqugels l bjgdkntls quk alntgknkn sbj l
bzùabr budkntbrân
sudgngstrl jb prksgñn
ek lxämknl brtkrgbj knKstl
b jbs nkurlnbs. jb abckzb y byuebrân
ks jl quk b dkilrbr
gdpujsb jb kj
nkaksgebe
gnaksbntk kn bjmunls ngòls ek aldkr l ckckr y sg nl lctgknkn su`gagkntk,
aldgknzbn b batubr grrgtbcjks y knlibels. Bjmunls pberks sk rk`gkrkn kn
crldb b kstb aldcgnbagñn ek hbdcrk y knlil aldl " hbnmry" (tçrdgnl kn
gnmjçs aldcgnbel quk ek`gnk kstbr hbdcrgkntl y knlibel).
Ekj dgsdl dlel, kj dlvgdgkntl ek jls dùsaujls ek jbs pgkrnbs budkntbrâ jb
prksgñn brtkrgbj y kj sudgngstrl ek lxämknl bj akrkcrl. Ulels hkdls sgel
tkstgml plr kikdpjl, bjmunb vkz jb ksaknb ek un gnegvgeul kn un ab`ç l kn un
ksargtlrgl kn kj trbcbil auyls pgks l pgkrnbs kstân mljpkbnel l rkcltbnel
 gnaksbntkdkntk. Kn jls ngòls aln butgsdl, jb prksgñn brtkrgbj cbib ks jb
rksplnsbcjk ek su hgpkrbatgvgebe y ek jls aldplrtbdgkntls rkjbaglnbels b

abdgnbr aln jb puntb ek pgks, quk b trbvçs ek jb alntrbaagñn dusaujbr, jjkvb jb

sbnmrk hbagb kj akrkcrl.
Jb alntrbaagñn ek jls dùsaujls ek jbs pgkrnbs dgkntrbs çstbs sk dukvkn l bj

abdgnbr
hbagb kj slcrk jb puntb
akrkcrl, dkilrbekkjjlssudgngstrl
pgks, tbdcgçn byueb bbegrgmgr
ek lxämknl kj `juil ysbnmuänkl
jbs nkurlnbs byueb b
bdlrtgmubr sus gdpujsls gnalntrljbcjks ek juahb l hugeb.
Kj dlvgdgkntl ek jls dùsaujls ks gdpujsbel sucalnsagkntkdkntk plr kj
akrkcrl pbrb kvgtbr eksdbybrsk y plsgcjkdkntk, dlrgr. Bjmunls ngòls
dkilrbrân kj `juil sbnmuänkl akrkcrbj balstânelsk, l gnajusl aljmbnel jb
abckzb bj clrek ekj sl`â l ek jb abdb.

 Jb Vrksgñn Akrkcrbj Cbib Abusb Egstgntls Qäntldbs

Qg un ngòl nkurltäpgal kn sçptgdl mrbel, su`rk jksglnks quk rksujtbn kn unb

prksgñn brtkrgbj akrkcrbj cbib, pukek batubr un plal gnqugktl kn ajbsk y b
vkaks sk jk pukek vkr mljpkbnel aln jls pgks. Qg jb prksgñn akrkcrbj ks jl
su`gagkntkdkntk cbib, pleräb b`katbr su alnakntrbagñn y sk jk skrâ
 prlcbcjkdkntk egbmnlstgabel un trbstlrnl plr eç`gagt ek btknagñn (UEB).

Vukek quk aldb bjmunls bjgdkntls sbjbels l eujaks quk jjkvb kn su dlahgjb.
Bunquk sk sgkntk gnqugktl, nl sk jkvbntb ek su sgjjb. B su kebe y ngvkj ek
dbeurkz, tgknk su`gagkntk alntrlj slcrk sus gdpujsls aldl pbrb pkrdbnkakr
skntbel, plrquk sbck quk tknerâ prlcjkdbs aln su dbkstrl sg sk jkvbntb y
kdpgkzb b ekbdcujbr.
Qg ksk ahgal kstuvgkrb kn prgdkr mrbel kn jumbr ek sçptgdl mrbel, nl skräb tbn
abpbz ek alntrljbr sus gdpujsls ekcgel b su gndbeurkz. Qbjtbrâ ek su sgjjb
abeb vkz quk su akrkcrl nkaksgtk dlvkr sus dùsaujls pbrb gdpujsbr jb
prksgñn brtkrgbj y kj sudgngstrl ek lxämknl. Qkrâ aljlabel kn jb abtkmlräb ek
hgpkrbatgvl, b dknls quk tbdcgçn kstç tkngknel prlcjkdbs pbrb dbntknkrsk
alnakntrbel y pbrb prkstbr btknagñn, kn ksk absl skrâ egbmnlstgabel aln
eç`gagt ek btknagñn k hgpkrbatgvgebe.
[n ngòl ek prgdbrgb dk egil unb vkz quk aubnel sk skntbcbn kn su sgjjb
eurbntk ekdbsgbel tgkdpl, su vgstb aldknzbcb b plnkrsk clrrlsb y
tkdplrbjdkntk sk vljväb aldpjktbdkntk nkmrb. Jl quk eksargckn ks jb jkntb
egsdgnuagñn ekj sudgngstrl ek lxämknl bj akrkcrl, b dkegeb quk su prksgñn
brtkrgbj akrkcrbj egsdgnuyk pbujbtgnbdkntk, dgkntrbs pkrdbnkakn qugktls kn
sus bsgkntls.
Kj ngòl, aldprknsgcjkdkntk, sk skntäb bnsglsl l bsustbel, y sk jkvbntbcb ek
su bsgkntl y ekbdcujbcb plr kj bujb pbrb kvgtbr quk kstl vljvgkrb b suakekr.
Bqukjjls quk sk knaukntrkn lcskrvbnel bj ngòl pukek quk pgknskn quk kstk sk
kstâ plrtbnel dbj y quk ks gnabpbz ek skmugr gnstruaaglnks. Vkrl eksek jb
pkrspkatgvb `gsglpbtljñmgab ekj kvkntl y ekj ngòl, sgdpjkdkntk kstâ
lckekagknel jb lrekn ekj akrkcrl ek usbr kj dlvgdgkntl alrplrbj pbrb
dkilrbr kj sudgngstrl ek sbnmrk y lxämknl bj akrkcrl.
Kj gdpujsl ek dlvkr jls dùsaujls ks mknkrbel plr jb jgckrbagñn ek jbs
hlrdlnbs ek juahb l hugeb. Aldl su nldcrk jl gnegab, kj gdpujsl prgdgtgvl
quk kj ngòl kxpkrgdkntb plr k`katl ek jbs hlrdlnbs ek juahb l hugeb ks
kxtrkdbebdkntk plekrlsl, y bekdâs ek hbakr quk kj ngòl sk dukstrk gnqugktl
k hgpkrbatgvl, pukek hbakr quk tbdcgçn sk sgkntb gnusubjdkntk bnsglsl,
tkdkrlsl, knlibel y bmrksgvl.
 

Skalnlagdgkntl ek jls Vrlcjkdbs ek Vrksgñn Brtkrgbj Cbib kn Ngòls aln

Butgsdl l aln Urbstlrnls ekj Eksbrrljjl
Jb hgpkrbatgvgebe y jb bnsgkebe, jb grb l jb bmrksgvgebe quk babcl ek eksargcgr
ks jb dgsdb rbzñn plr jb quk jls ngòls pkqukòls aln butgsdl l trbstlrnls ekj
eksbrrljjl tgknkn eg`gaujtbe pbrb qukebrsk qugktls l alnakntrbrsk. Aln
`rkauknagb kstb ks jb kxpjgabagñn b plr quç ek rkpkntk bjmunls tgrbn ekj
abckjjl, rbsmuòbn l dukrekn aubnel sk sgkntkn `rustrbels, sudbel b jb `bjtb
ek bequgsgagñn bun ekj jknmubik.
Kj dgsdl prlaksl quk eksknabeknb kj butgsdl y jls prlcjkdbs ek eksbrrljjl,
ks kj rksplnsbcjk ek jb rkpbrbagñn gnbekaubeb ekj trbudb akrkcrbj, jb jksgñn
akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb y jb prksgñn brtkrgbj akrkcrbj cbib. Kstls ngòls b dknuel
nl
`bjtbpukekn qukebrsk
ek lxämknl sg jl qugktls,
hbakn. plrquk su akrkcrl tkdk quk pukebn dlrgr plr
Abdgnbn, abdgnbn kn jb puntb ek sus pgks, alrrkn, trkpbn y sbjtbn pbrb
budkntbr jb prksgñn brtkrgbj kn sus akrkcrls. Bjmunls ek jls dlvgdgkntls
rkpktgtgvls ek jls crbzls tbdcgçn pukek budkntbr jb prksgñn brtkrgbj kn jb
abckzb, b trbvçs ek jls mrbneks vbsls sbnmuänkls ek jb plragñn supkrglr ekj
dgkdcrl. Bjmunls ngòls kstân alnstbntkdkntk hbdcrgkntls l skegkntls, jl
quk eksb`gbrâ jb `ukrzb ek vljuntbe l gnajusl jb gnstruaagñn ek sus pberks ek
ekibr ek aldkr l ckckr.

Kn dg kxpkrgknagb,
`rkaukntk, y jl vkl kj `knñdknl
absg b egbrgl ek jb prksgñn
kntrk brtkrgbj
jbs `bdgjgbs qukcbib ks kxtrkdbebdkntk
vgsgtbn dg alnsujtlrgl.
Eurbntk jb alnsujtb ek unb hlrb, kj ngòl hb aldgel l ckcgel plal, y sus
dlvgdgkntls kstân ek bjmunb `lrdb rkstrgnmgels ekcgel bj tbdbòl ekj
alnsujtlrgl.
@rkaukntkdkntk, kj aldplrtbdgkntl bnsglsl, pkrturcbelr y bmrksgvl ekj ngòl
aldgknzb b gntknsg`gabrsk aubntl dâs eurb jb vgsgtb. Qukjl pkegrjk b jls pberks
quk jks ekn ek aldkr bjml eujak l sbjbel ek kstbr egsplngcjk, y bngdl bj ngòl
b ckckr bjrkekelr ek ;6-266 dj ek bmub kn agnal dgnutls. Kstls sknagjjls
pbsls budkntbn jb prksgñn brtkrgbj y kj sudgngstrl ek lxämknl bj akrkcrl,
 bjgvgbnel ksk dgkel b bhlmbrsk quk kj akrkcrl kstbcb aldknzbnel b
kxpkrgdkntbr.

 Jb Qbj, kj Bzùabr

Bzùabr y kj Bmub Vukekn
Vukekn Skeuagr jb Bnsgkebe
Bnsgkebe

Kxgstkn ltrbs agraunstbnagbs quk pukekn kdpklrbr tkdplrbjdkntk jls

prlcjkdbs sucybakntks rkjbaglnbels b jb prksgñn brtkrgbj akrkcrbj ek un ngòl,
aldl9 jb `bjtb ek sukòl, sgnusgtgs jkvk l gn`kaaglnks mbstrlgntkstgnbjks, `gkcrk,
sgtubaglnks kdlaglnbjdkntk kstrksbntks y eljlr (ekntbj l bceldgnbj) sln
tlels abpbaks ek kdpklrbr tkdplrbjdkntk jls prlcjkdbs ek prksgñn brtkrgbj
ek un ngòl y eksknabeknbr jls säntldbs yb eksargtls.
 

Bjmunbs vkaks, kj Kikragagl, jb Qbj, kj Bzùabr y kj Bmub nl sln Qu`gagkntks

B trbvçs ek jb kxpkrgknagb prâatgab, jb dbylräb ek jls pberks bprknekn quk kj
kikragagl, jls bjgdkntls l jls jäqugels byuebrân b quk sus hgils pukebn
alnakntrbrsk dkilr y b quk sk sgkntbn dknls grrgtbcjks l bnsglsls. Vkrl b
vkaks jls prlcjkdbs ek prksgñn brtkrgbj akrkcrbj cbib bjabnzbn tbj puntl, quk
kstls sgdpjks pbsls tgknkn plal l ngnmùn k`katl. Kn agkrtbs agraunstbnagbs, jls
dkegabdkntls prksargtls pukekn usbrsk pbrb alntrljbr jb bnsgkebe, jb
hgpkrbatgvgebe l jls aldplrtbdgkntls bmrksgvls.
Jb pkrslnb dâs bptb pbrb ekagegr quç dkegabdkntl y auânel usbrjl, ks kj
dçegal trbtbntk ekj pbagkntk. Dg egsausgñn slcrk kstls dkegabdkntls
prktknek skr unb muäb pbrb quk jls dçegals y jls pberks kntgknebn dâs slcrk
jls dkegabdkntls
pbrtgaujbr aldùndkntk
pbrb ngnmunl utgjgzbels,
ek dgs pbagkntks kstl
ekntrl ekjnl ks unb rkaldknebagñn
prltlaljl.
 Vlr jl mknkrbj, kstls dkegabdkntls sln gnegabels pbrb suprgdgr
aldplrtbdgkntls bnsglsls, gnekpknegkntkdkntk ek jb abusb. Jb bnsgkebe
pukek suprgdgrsk usbnel unb ajbsk ek dkegabdkntls alnlagels aldl

gnhgcgelrks ek jb rkabptbagñn ek skrltlngnb, aldl jl sln jb `julxktgnb

(Vrlzba®) l jb skrtrbjgnb (Yljl`t®). Jb Hgerlxgzgnb (Bntgvkrt®) ks un
bntghgstbdängal, prksargtl pbrb byuebr aln jb bnsgkebe jkvk.

Bekdâs
bjprbzljbddkegabdkntls dâs skr
(Xbnbx®), pleräbn pltkntks, jls pbrb
utgjgzbels cknzlegbzkpängals,
kdkrmknagbs plr aldl kj
bnsgkebe
skvkrb y bmrksgvgebe. Kstls dkegabdkntls pukekn skr bjtbdkntk k`katgvls,
pkrl ekckn usbrsk aln prkabuagñn ekcgel bj rgksml ek begaagñn.
Bjmunls ngòls rkagckn dkegabdkntls bmlngstbs-bj`b-3-berknçrmgals,
trbegaglnbjdkntk utgjgzbels pbrb rkeuagr jb bnsgkebe mknkrbeb plr sgtubaglnks
aldunks, aldl jb bnsgkebe mknkrbjgzbeb y kj dgkel ksaçngal. Bjmunls
kikdpjls aldunks gnajuykn kj prlprbnljlj (Gnekrbj®), jb mubn`bagnb
(Uknkx®, Gntungv®), y jb ajlngegnb (Abtbprks®).

Grñngabdkntk, kstls dkegabdkntls `ukrln lrgmgnbjdkntk eksbrrljjbels pbrb

egsdgnugr jb prksgñn brtkrgbj, bj cjlqukbr jls k`katls ek jb nlrberknbjgnb
(nlrkpgnk`rgnb). Kstls dkegabdkntls sk usbn aln jb gntknagñn ek rkeuagr jb
 bnsgkebe kn jls ngòls bj cjlqukbr jls k`katls ek jb nlrberknbjgnb, pkrl bj
hbakrjl, kstls dkegabdkntls b vkaks pukekn kdpklrbr jb bnsgkebe y jb

bmrksgvgebe, bj egsdgnugr bùn dâs jb prksgñn brtkrgbj akrkcrbj. Kstl pukek

tknkr kj k`katl bevkrsl ek sldktkr bj ngòl b unb dlntbòb rusb kdlaglnbj ek
bnsgkebe y bmrksgvgebe `juatubntks.

 Vlsgcjk Kdpklrbdgkntl
Kdpklrbdgkntl ek jb Bnsgkebe
Bnsgkebe aln kj [sl ek Dkegabdkntls

Aubnel jb bnsgkebe ks dâs gntknsb k gnvljuarb un aldplrtbdgkntl bmrksgvl,

b vkaks sk utgjgzbn dkegabdkntls bntgpsgañtgals pltkntks. Kstls
dkegabdkntls `unaglnbn b trbvçs ek dkabngsdls gnagkrtls y sk kdpjkbn
sgdpjkdkntk pbrb alntrljbr jls aldplrtbdgkntls. Kstls dkegabdkntls
tbdcgçn pukekn abusbr k`katls bevkrsls mrbvks, aldl jb egsagnksgb tbreäb,
psgalsgs k gnajusl kj sugagegl. Alnsgekrl quk ekckn skr prksargtbs plr jls
dçegals aldl ùjtgdl rkaursl. Bjmunls kikdpjls aldunks sln kj brgpgprbzlj
(Bcgjg`y®), kj `udbrbtl ek quktgbpgnb (Qkrlqukj®), hbjlpkrgelj (Hbjelj®), y
rgspkrgelnb (Sgspkrgelj®).
Bqukjjls ngòls quk rksplnekn bj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®, ekckn skr
dlngtlrkbels augebelsbdkntk plr sus dçegals, aln kj `gn ek quk kstls
 dkegabdkntls pukebn skr biustbels bekaubebdkntk y egsdgnugrjls b dkegeb
quk kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl sk rkaupkrb.

Budkntl ek jb Vrksgñn Brtkrgbj pbrb Egsdgnugr jb Bnsgkebe y jb

Bmrksgvgebe
Alntrbrgl b jls dkegabdkntls trbegaglnbjdkntk kdpjkbels pbrb trbtbr jb
bnsgkebe, hk eksaucgkrtl quk kj usl ek dkegabdkntls pbrb kjkvbr jb prksgñn
brtkrgbj akrkcrbj ks duy k`katgvl pbrb rkeuagr jb bnsgkebe y jb bmrksgvgebe kn
duahls ngòls.
Wb ks alnlagel quk jls dkegabdkntls quk kjkvbn jb prksgñn brtkrgbj byuebn b
abjdbr b jls ngòls bnsglsls k hgpkrbatgvls. Jls dkegabdkntls utgjgzbels pbrb
kjkvbr jb prksgñn brtkrgbj `unaglnbn kstgdujbnel jb rbdb sgdpâtgab ekj sgstkdb
nkrvglsl butñnldl (sgdpbtgaldgdçtgals), l budkntbnel jb rktknagñn ek bmub
sbjbeb kn kj lrmbngsdl (`juerlalrtgslnb).
Egstgntls dkegabdkntls (Sgtbjgn®, Beekrbjj® y Alnakrtb®) aldùndkntk
utgjgzbels pbrb trbtbr kj trbstlrnl plr eç`gagt ek btknagñn (UEB) l kj trbstlrnl
plr eç`gagt ek btknagñn aln hgpkrbatgvgebe (UEBH), dkilrbn kj
aldplrtbdgkntl kn jls ngòls, bj kjkvbr jb prksgñn brtkrgbj akrkcrbj y bj
kstgdujbr egrkatbdkntk kj akrkcrl (ek `lrdb sgdgjbr b jb ab`känb).
 

Bjmunls ngòls nl tljkrbn kstls dkegabdkntls, pkrl kxgstkn ltrls

dkegabdkntls quk budkntbn jb prksgñn brtkrgbj kn kj akrkcrl. Ekcgel b quk
nl pknktrbn kn kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl akntrbj, nl slcrkkstgdujbn b jls ngòls aln
butgsdl l trbstlrnls ekj eksbrrljjl. Vrk`gkrl, pbrtgaujbrdkntk kdpjkbr un
aursl jgdgtbel ek dgelergnb (Vrlbdbntgnb®) kn bqukjjls pbagkntks quk
pbekakn säntldbs bslagbels b jb prksgñn brtkrgbj akrkcrbj cbib.

Jb Dgelergnb `uk bprlcbeb kn jls KK.[[. pbrb trbtbr jb prksgñn brtkrgbj cbib
(hgpltknsgñn lrtlstâtgab), abusbeb plr jb egs`unagñn butlnñdgab kn beujtls kn
kj bòl 2770. Jb erlmb kstgdujb jls rkakptlrks sgdpâtgals kn kj aukrpl y eb
jumbr b un budkntl ek jb prksgñn brtkrgbj akrkcrbj.
Jls pbagkntks beujtls aln prksgñn brtkrgbj cbib y aln egs`unagñn butlnñdgab,
aln `rkauknagb sk sgkntkn bnsglsls, tgknkn eg`gaujtbe pbrb alnakntrbrsk,
kxpkrgdkntbn dâs hbdcrk y ske, y tgknkn eg`gaujtbe pbrb pkrdbnkakr qugktls
duahl tgkdpl. Kstls säntldbs sln nltbcjkdkntk sgdgjbrks b jls ek jls ngòls
aln butgsdl y trbstlrnls ekj eksbrrljjl.
 Kj usl ek dgelergnb pbrb kj trbtbdgkntl ek beujtls aln kstls säntldbs
butlnñdgals, b dknuel dkilrb kn mrbn dkegeb sus säntldbs sgn abusbr unb

kstgdujbagñn dkntbj kxaksgvb l kxbakrcbr su bnsgkebe.

Jb dgelergnb `unaglnb gmubjdkntk cgkn kn ngòls. Jb dgelergnb sk bedgngstrb
täpgabdkntk b prgdkrb hlrb, iustl ekspuçs ek ekspkrtbr, aln unb skmuneb elsgs
eurbntk kj rkstl eäb. Kstb skmuneb elsgs ks b dknuel bjrkekelr ek jb 2-1 VD.
Kj dkegabdkntl `unaglnb ekntrl ek jls sgmugkntks 3;-16 dgnutls ek jb
prgdkrb elsgs, plr jl quk jls k`katls plsgtgvls pukekn lcskrvbrsk ek
gndkegbtl. Ekcgel b jb vbrgbagñn täpgab kn kj aldplrtbdgkntl ek un ngòl
eurbntk jb skdbnb, jls pberks pukekn tbrebr unls eäbs kn nltbr su gdpbatl
plsgtgvl. Aldl tlels jls bspkatls ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®, jb pbagknagb ek
jls pberks ks ajbvk.

B dknuel hbcjl ek jb dgelergnb aldl unb tkrbpgb tkdplrbj, quk sk ekck

utgjgzbr plr un pkrälel jgdgtbel ek tgkdpl kntrk jb nkaksgebe ek alntrljbr
dkilr jlsjlaldplrtbdgkntls
rkaupkrb su`gagkntk aldl kxbmkrbels
pbrb plekr ekj ngòl ysu
alntrljbr kj prlpgb
dldkntl kn quk
prksgñn kstk sky
brtkrgbj
kdlaglnks sgn kj usl ek dgelergnb.
Jb dgelergnb `unaglnb eurbntk bprlxgdbebdkntk skgs hlrbs, plr jl quk un
pberk sljl ekck suspknekr kj dkegabdkntl un eäb ektkrdgnbel pbrb lcskrvbr
kj aldplrtbdgkntl ekj ngòl sgn jls k`katls ekj dkegabdkntl bj eäb sgmugkntk.
Jb elsgs y kj usl ek dgelergnb sk egsdgnuyk b dkegeb quk kj sgstkdb
nkrvglsl butñnldl sk rkaupkrb. Bntks ek eksaucrgr añdl alnskmugr ek `lrdb
k`katgvb quk kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl sk rkaupkrk, usç dgelergnb aln
`rkauknagb kn pbagkntks
prksgñn brtkrgbj beujtls
akrkcrbj cbib. alnrbrb
Bhlrb säntldbs
vkz jl dljkstls
prksargcl rkjbaglnbels b jb
y sljl plr alrtls
pkrälels, yb quk dgs pbagkntks b dknuel sk rkaupkrbn jl su`gagkntk kn tbn
sljl unls plals dksks, plr jl quk yb nl ks nkaksbrgl.
 

Juahb l Hugeb Pkrsus jb Grb bj Pljbntk Eurbntk jb Gn`bnagb

Bekdâs ek rkmujbr bekaubebdkntk jb prksgñn brtkrgbj, kj QNB tbdcgçn
gn`juyk kn añdl rkmujbdls jb gntknsgebe ek nukstrbs rkspukstbs kdlaglnbjks
pbrb dbntknkrnls skmurls, bntk agkrtbs sgtubaglnks. Kj QNB alnstbntkdkntk
ksabnkb kj kntlrnl kn cusab ek skòbjks ek skmurgebe, pkjgmrl y sgtubaglnks
quk bdknbakn jb vgeb. Kstk sgstkdb ek kvbjubagñn y rkspukstb b bdknbzbs `uk
nldcrbel aldl "nkurlakpagñn" plr kj Er. Qtkphkn Vlrmks, sgknel kstk unl
ek jls prgnagpbjks puntls kn su Uklräb Vljgvbmbj.
Aubnel nukstrl QNB ektkrdgnb quk nukstrl kntlrnl ks skmurl, nukstrbs
rkspukstbs ek`knsgvbs sk suprgdkn y nls skntgdls trbnqugjls. Aubnel sk
pkragck unb pltknagbj bdknbzb l pkjgmrl, jb rbdb sgdpâtgab ekj QNB budkntb
nukstrl skntgel
hbakn quk ek vgmgjbnagb
kj gnegvgeul y eksknabeknbrâ
batùk dâs bmrksgvl y kstç rkspukstbs
egspukstl b prltkatlrbs,
juahbr l hugrquk
ek
jb bdknbzb quk `uk pkragcgeb.
Kj sgstkdb ek kvbjubagñn y rkspukstb b bdknbzbs `unaglnb plr ekcbil ek tu
udcrbj ek alnagknagb, pkrl pukeks skntgr su prksknagb `äsgabdkntk. Jbs
pkrslnbs b dknuel sk rk`gkrkn b kstk sgstkdb bj eksargcgr unb vlz gntkrglr, l
su gntugagñn slcrk bjmunb sgtubagñn quk jks hbyb hkahl skntgr dgkel. Jbs
jksglnks kn kj QNB pukekn hbakr quk kj sgstkdb ek kvbjubagñn y rkspukstb b
bdknbzbs `unaglnk ek dbnkrb gnalrrkatb.

Qg kj akrkcrl nl pukek rkaupkrbrsk aldpjktbdkntk y sk prleuak unb jksgñn

akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb, jbs grrkmujbrgebeks kn jb abpbagebe ek unb pkrslnb, pbrb
pkragcgr bekaubebdkntk jl quk rkprkskntb unb bdknbzb y jl quk nl, rksujtbrân
kn un akrkcrl quk nl sbck añdl rksplnekr bekaubebdkntk b ektkrdgnbebs
sgtubaglnks.
Kj tçrdgnl "grb bj vljbntk" sk utgjgzb b dknuel aubnel sk hbcjb ek jb rkbaagñn
kxaksgvb/kxbmkrbeb ek jls alneuatlrks kn sgtubaglnks ek trâ`gal kstrksbntks.
Jb grb bj vljbntk laurrk aubnel kj sgstkdb ek kvbjubagñn y rkspukstb b
bdknbzbs sk knaukntrb ebòbel b rbäz ek unb jksgñn akrkcrbj, y hbak quk jbs
pkrslnbs rkbaaglnkn ek `lrdb kxbmkrbeb b jbs bdknbzbs pkragcgebs.
 Aubnel `unaglnb alrrkatbdkntk, kj sgstkdb ek kvbjubagñn y rkspukstb b
bdknbzbs rkmujb kj ngvkj ek vgmgjbnagb quk unb pkrslnb rkqugkrk bj alneuagr.

Wb skb quk kstçn alneuagknel kn unb abrrktkrb rurbj bgsjbeb l kn unb

abrrktkrb alnaurrgeb aln trâ`gal b bjtb vkjlagebe, kj sgstkdb ek kvbjubagñn y
rkspukstb b bdknbzbs sk knabrmb ek dlngtlrkbr alnstbntkdkntk kj pkjgmrl
pltknagbj ek jb sgtubagñn batubj, y lcjgmb bj alneuatlr b bpjgabr jb abntgebe
bekaubeb ek vgmgjbnagb pbrb pkrdgtgrjks alneuagr ek `lrdb skmurb.
Vlr kikdpjl, kn unb abrrktkrb rurbj, unb pkrslnb pukek alneuagr ek `lrdb
rkjbibeb plrquk vgbib b vkjlagebeks dâs cbibs aln plal trâ`gal y, b dknuel,
duahb vgsgcgjgebe ekcgel b jls kspbagls bcgkrtls. Vkrl aubnel sk alneuak b
vkjlagebeks dâs bjtbs kn unb abrrktkrb, hby dâs pkjgmrl y kj sgstkdb ek
kvbjubagñn y rkspukstb b bdknbzbs ekj alneuatlr budkntbrâ su ngvkj ek
bjkrtb. Qkr dâs augebelsl kn unb abrrktkrb trbnsgtbeb pukek pbrkakr skntgel
aldùn, pkrl mrbn pbrtk kj budkntl ek jb vgmgjbnagb quk unl kxpkrgdkntb bj
alneuagr ks sucalnsagkntkdkntk prleuageb plr kj sgstkdb ek kvbjubagñn y
rkspukstb b bdknbzbs ekj QNB.

Qgstkdb ek Kvbjubagñn y Skspukstb b Bdknbzbs ekj QNB

 [n QNB sbjuebcjk nl pkrdgtgräb quk unb pkrslnb alneuzab ek `lrdb absubj k
gnskmurb kn unb abrrktkrb trbnsgtbeb, aldl jl hbräb kn unb abrrktkrb rurbj.
Alneuagr ek `lrdb absubj kn unb butlpgstb duy trbnsgtbeb ks ekdbsgbel

pkjgmrlsl, y kj QNB kstâ egskòbel pbrb prltkmkrjls y dbntknkrjls vgvls. Kj

sgstkdb ek kvbjubagñn y rkspukstb b bdknbzbs lcjgmb bj alneuatlr b dbntknkr
su kn`lquk y vgmgjbnagb, ksabnkbnel kj trâ`gal, dbntkngknel unb vkjlagebe
rbzlnbcjkdkntk skmurb y dbntkngknel kj alntrlj ekj vljbntk. Qu vgmgjbnagb
budkntb b dkegeb quk budkntb jb gntknsgebe ekj trâ`gal. Aubnel bjmugkn sk
bekjbntb ek unb `lrdb pltknagbjdkntk pkjgmrlsb, su sgstkdb ek kvbjubagñn y
rkspukstb b bdknbzbs jks byueb b rkbaaglnbr râpgebdkntk pbrb kvgtbr un
ahlquk. Ks gdplrtbntk ekstbabr quk, b dkegeb quk budkntb jb bdknbzb
kxtkrnb, kj ngvkj ek vgmgjbnagb y jb gntknsg`gabagñn ek jb rkbaagñn tbdcgçn
budkntbn ek dbnkrb bprlpgbeb y prlplraglnbj.

[nb Skbaagñn Kdlaglnbj Kqugjgcrbeb W Bprlpgbeb

Kj ebòl bj sgstkdb ek kvbjubagñn y rkspukstb b bdknbzbs, pukek gdpkegr quk

bjmugkn pukeb budkntbr su vgmgjbnagb, bj puntl elnek yb nl pukeb alneuagr
kn unb abrrktkrb. Bunquk pukekn jgegbr kj trâ`gal ek cbil kstrçs ek unb
abrrktkrb rurbj l abjjk ekntrl ek jb aguebe, su jksgñn jks gdpgek budkntbr su
vgmgjbnagb jl su`gagkntk aldl pbrb alneuagr kn unb abrrktkrb. Hk vgstl kstl
 vbrgbs vkaks kn beujtls, kstls rk`gkrkn quk plal ekspuçs ek un trbudb, ek
dbnkrb gnkxpjgabcjk yb nl pleäbn alneuagr kn unb abrrktkrb.

Qgkntkn aldl sg bjmunb `ukrzb gntkrnb jks gdpgegkrb hbakrjl plrquk sus
ngvkjks ek bnsgkebe sk kjkvbräbn b ngvkjks gntljkrbcjks. Jl quk kstân
rkplrtbnel ks quk kj ebòl quk su`rgkrln plr su jksgñn akrkcrbj hb b`katbel
nkmbtgvbdkntk su sgstkdb ek kvbjubagñn y rkspukstb b bdknbzbs. B rbäz ek
kstb jksgñn, bhlrb sln gnabpbaks ek budkntbr su rkspukstb b jbs bdknbzbs pbrb
jgegbr aln kj pkjgmrl pltknagbj quk gdpjgab alneuagr su butldñvgj b bjtb
vkjlagebe.

 Kvbsgñn Kxaksgvb ek jbs Bdknbz

Bdknbzbs
bs

B vkaks jbs jksglnks pukekn tknkr kj k`katl alntrbrgl. Kn jumbr ek skr gnabpbz
budkntbr kj ngvkj ek vgmgjbnagb pbrb quk algnageb aln kj kvkntl kstrksbntk, kj
sgstkdb ek kvbjubagñn y rkspukstb b bdknbzbs slcrk-rksplnek y kj alneuatlr
ekdukstrb unb rkspukstb kxaksgvbdkntk bmrksgvb, aldùndkntk alnlageb
aldl "grb bj vljbntk".
Jls aldplrtbdgkntls bmrksgvls ek grb bj vljbntk laurrkn aubnel kj
aldplrtbdgkntl ek ltrl alneuatlr prlvlab bj gnegvgeul aln un sgstkdb ek
 kvbjubagñn y rkspukstb b bdknbzbs ebòbel, y kstk jl pkragck aldl grrgtbntk l
gnajusl pkjgmrlsl. Qu rkspukstb bj kvkntl ks kxaksgvb. Kn jumbr ek
sgdpjkdkntk skntgrsk dljkstl l bsustbel y trbtbr ek egsdgnugr kj pkjgmrl ekj

dldkntl, kj alneuatlr aln grb bj vljbntk tknerâ unb rkspukstb kxaksgvb quk
pleräb gdpjgabr mrgtls, mkstls bmrksgvls k gnajusl pleräb pkrskmugr bj ltrl
alneuatlr.

 Kxaksl Alntrb Jb Bdknbzb

B dknuel jbs pkrslnbs sk slrprknekn aubnel hbcjl ek jb grb bj vljbntk eksek

jb pkrspkatgvb
gn`rkaukntk alnekjdgs
ebòl bj QNB,beujtls,
pbagkntks yb quk yjbjbgrbdbylräb
bj vljbntk nl ks un duy
sk rkaupkrb prlcjkdb
cgkn
cbil kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®. B dkegeb quk kj ebòl arñngal b su sgstkdb
nkrvglsl sk rkpbrb, jb bnsgkebe l bmrksgvgebe bj alneuagr, b dknuel sk egsgpb.
 

Grb bj Pljbntk kn Ngòls

Eksek jb pkrspkatgvb ek un ngòl, unb sgtubagñn bdknbzbntk pukek ebrsk
aubnel ltrl ngòl gntkntb tldbr su iumuktk (rksljuagñn ek aln`jgatls), aubnel
hby un abdcgl gdprkvgstl kn jb pjbng`gabagñn (prlcjkdbs ek trbnsgagñn), l sk
jk eb unb lrekn ek hbakr bjml quk nl qugkrk hbakr (hlrb ek mubrebr kj gVbe).
Qg su sgstkdb butñnldl ek kvbjubagñn y rkspukstb b bdknbzbs `unaglnb
alrrkatbdkntk, su rkbaagñn b kstls plsgcjks ksaknbrgls skrâ prlplraglnbj y
bprlpgbeb. Qgmukn jb lrekn, pkrl pukekn hbakr puahkrls l dlstrbr
jgmkrbdkntk su egsmustl, pkrl lckekakn jb lrekn.

[nb Skbaagñn Kdlaglnbj Kqugjgcrbeb W Bprlpgbeb

Vkrl aubnel kj QNB nl `unaglnb alrrkatbdkntk ekcgel b unb jksgñn akrkcrbj,

jb rkspukstb b kstbs sgtubaglnks pukek rksujtbr kn unb rkspukstb ek kvgtbagñn
 kxaksgvb l unb rkspukstb kxaksgvbdkntk bmrksgvb crgnebeb plr kj sgstkdb ek
kvbjubagñn y rkspukstb b bdknbzbs.

Kn jls ngòls, un plcrk dbnkil ek jbs rkspukstbs b plsgcjks bdknbzbs pleräb

hbakr quk kj ngòl sk rktgrk b ltrb hbcgtbagñn aubnel kxtrbòls l gnajusl sus
prlpgls hkrdbnls kntrbn b jb hbcgtbagñn kn jb quk kjjls sk knaukntrbn.

Kj ngòl ek
sgstkdb sk kvbjubagñn
rktgrb b ltrb hbcgtbagñnb bdknbzbs,
y rkspukstb laurrk plrquk
kstk ekcgel b jksgñn
ks gnabpbz prkvgb kj
ek budkntbr bj
ngvkj ek vgmgjbnagb pbrb dbnkibr jb aldpjkigebe ek jb sgtubagñn. Kstb ks unb
rkspukstb aldùn kn ngòls aln butgsdl y trbstlrnls ekj eksbrrljjl.

 Kvbsgñn Kxaksgvb ek jbs Bdknbz

Bdknbzbs
bs

Ek dbnkrb labsglnbj, kj sgstkdb ek kvbjubagñn y rkspukstb b bdknbzbs

ebòbel, eksknabeknbrâ unb rkspukstb kxaksgvb, sgdgjbr b jb grb bj vljbntk. Qg
unb pkrslnb gntkntb qugtbrjk un brtäaujl kn kj quk kj ngòl sk knaukntrb
gntkrksbel (iumuktk, gVbe, kta.) l sg laurrk un abdcgl rkpkntgnl kn kj hlrbrgl,
l sg unl ek jls pberks, tkrbpkutbs l dbkstrls jk hbak unb sljgagtue bj ngòl y
kstk nl jb tldb cgkn, kj ngòl rkbaaglnb aln unb bmrksgñn kxaksgvb sgdgjbr b jb
grb bj vljbntk. Ugrlnks ek abckjjl, dlregebs, rbsmuòls, pbtbebs y puòktbzls
 sln kj rksujtbel ek unb rkspukstb prgdgtgvb, y kxaksgvb plr pbrtk ekj sgstkdb
ek kvbjubagñn y rkspukstb b bdknbzbs.

Kstb rkbaagñn b dknuel sk eknldgnb aldl un prlcjkdb aln jbs trbnsgaglnks.

Kn rkbjgebe, jl alnsgekrl aldl jb grb bj vljbntk, quk surmk ek unb sgtubagñn
grrgtbntk, yb quk jb bmrksgñn nl sk eksknabeknb sg un ngòl hbak jb trbnsgagñn b
unb batgvgebe prk`krgeb, aldl rkagcgr un hkjbel l unb mbjjktb.
Kstb nl ks unb sgtubagñn gnusubj kn bjmunls ngòls aln butgsdl y/l prlcjkdbs
ek eksbrrljjl. B`lrtunbebdkntk, kj ebòl nkurljñmgal quk abusb kstbs
rkspukstbs pukek dkilrbr aln kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®, jl dgsdl suakek kn
beujtls.

 Kxaksl Alntrb Jb Bdknbzb

Jls aldplrtbdgkntls bmrksgvls tbdcgçn pukekn skr dbj abtbjlmbels aldl

"eksb`gbr", aldl sg kj ngòl tuvgkrb un rlj gntknaglnbj y alntrljbcjk kn jb
rkbaagñn. Jbs tçangabs ek dleg`gabagñn ekj aldplrtbdgkntl nl tgknkn çxgtl kn
kj alntrlj ek kstk tgpl ek rkbaaglnks. Eurbntk kstls dldkntls kj ngòl nl kjgmk
plrtbrsk ek `lrdb bmrksgvb.
 Jbs rkbaaglnks
prgdgtgvb sln unb
y plekrlsb, qukrkspukstb cgljñmgab
jb dbylräb kxaksgvb,
ek jls ngòls nl abjgcrbeb,
sln gnabpbaks bmrksgvb,
ek alntrljbr.
Kj ngòl qugkrk aldpjbakr b sus pberks l tkrbpkutbs y agkrtbdkntk nl ekskb

hbakrjks ebòl. Jls ngòls ek `lrdb absg ungvkrsbj dukstrbn rkdlregdgkntl plr
kj ebòl quk puegkrln hbckr abusbel b bjmugkn.
Kstls dldkntls bmrksgvls, ek grb bj vljbntk kstân egskòbels ek `lrdb duy
prgdgtgvb
jgdgtbel yslcrk
sk eksknabeknbn kn kj sucalnsagkntk.
kstls dldkntls, Kj ngòl tgknk un dukstrb
y duy `rkaukntkdkntk alntrlj
rkdlregdgkntl ekspuçs ek quk su rkbaagñn abusbrb ebòl b ltrls.
 

Gekntg`gabagñn ek jb Grb bj Pljbntk b Sbäz ek jb Bnsgkebe plr Vrksgñn

Brtkrgbj Cbib
Aln kj `gn ek dbnkibr ek dbnkrb k`gabz jls bjtgcbils kdlaglnbjks ekj ngòl, ks
nkaksbrgl alnlakr jbs eg`krknagbs kntrk jb rkbaagñn ek juahb l hugeb abusbeb
plr prksgñn brtkrgbj cbib, y jbs rkspukstbs bmrksgvbs ek tgpl "grb bj vljbntk".
Bdcbs gdpjgabn un kstbel kdlaglnbj kxbmkrbel aln jl quk pukek pbrkakr
bnsgkebe, bmrksgvgebe l grb y pukekn aln`unegrsk `âagjdkntk kntrk sä.
Kj prltlaljl byuebrâ bj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl b rkaupkrbrsk jl
su`gagkntk aldl pbrb pkrdgtgr quk bdcls prlcjkdbs dkilrkn sustbnagbjdkntk.
Hbstb quk kstl suakeb, kj dbnkil ek jbs rkspukstbs plr pbrtk ek jls pberks ks
cbstbntk eg`krkntk.
Jbs rkspukstbs plr prksgñn brtkrgbj cbib sk pukekn kvgtbr l dbnkibr aln un
budkntl kn jb gnmkstb ek jäqugels l sbj, aljlabnel bj ngòl kn plsgagñn
hlrgzlntbj (balstbel kn kj sl`â l kj sukjl pbrb jkkr l iumbr) l aln kj usl ek
dgelergnb pbrb budkntbr jb prksgñn brtkrgbj. Qg kj kvkntl ek bnsgkebe y
bmrksgñn pbrkak eksknabeknbrsk sgn ngnmùn grrgtbntk, kstl ks prlcbcjkdkntk
quk skb unb rkbaagñn ek juahb l hugeb plr prksgñn brtkrgbj akrkcrbj
kxaksgvbdkntk cbib. Kstls kvkntls pukekn laurrgr sg kj ngòl kstâ skntbel kn
unb sgjjb l kn kj butldñvgj plr ekdbsgbel tgkdpl, sg tgknk unb gn`kaagñn jkvk,
tgknk ekdbsgbel abjlr l nl hb gnmkrgel su`gagkntk aldgeb l ckcgeb
rkagkntkdkntk. Jls ngòls aln dbjb rkmujbagñn ek jb prksgñn brtkrgbj b dknuel
kstân cbstbntk gnqugktls l hgpkrbatgvls y pbrkakn tknkr ske l hbdcrk aln
`rkauknagb.
Aubnel unb rkspukstb kxaksgvbdkntk bmrksgvb ks eksknabeknbeb plr `rbsks
aldl "ks hlrb ek mubrebr ksl", "nl plekdls (hbakr jl quk kj ngòl qugkrk)" l
"vbs b (kj kvkntl kspkrbel)", prlcbcjkdkntk skb unb rkspukstb ek grb bj
vljbntk, prleuatl ekj ebòl bj sgstkdb ek kvbjubagñn y rkspukstb b bdknbzbs.
Jls kvkntls ek grb bj vljbntk pukekn dbnkibrsk tkngknel unb dkilr
pjbng`gabagñn ek jbs trbnsgaglnks, mknkrbnel egstrbaaglnks ek jls grrgtbntks l,
kn jls absls dâs mrbvks, aln dkegabdkntls pbrb dleg`gabr kj
 aldplrtbdgkntl.

 Vrksgñn Brtkrgbj
Brtkrgbj Cbib vs. Grb bj Pljbntk

Kn dg kxpkrgknagb, nl ks gnusubj quk jls ngòls tknmbn abrbatkrästgabs ek

bdcls, pkrl jls pbagkntks quk prkskntbn jls kvkntls ek grb bj vljbntk dâs
mrbvks k gnajusl pkjgmrlsls, tgknekn b hbakrjl akrab l eurbntk jb beljksaknagb.
B dknuel, un ngòl aln butgsdl y/l prlcjkdbs ek eksbrrljjl tknerâ
bntkakekntks ek skr hgpkrbatgvl y ek skntgrsk hbdcrgkntl l skegkntl aln
`rkauknagb. Jls pberks sk hbn pukstl kn sgntlnäb pbrb jgegbr aln kstl, tkngknel
b dbnl duahls jäqugels l rk`rgmkrgls, kspkagbjdkntk dgkntrbs vgbibn pbrb
dbntknkr cbil alntrlj jbs bnsglsbs rbcgktbs ek sus hgils. [n tçrdgnl plpujbr
pbrb kstb lcskrvbagñn ks "hbnmry", unb aldcgnbagñn ek jbs pbjbcrbs
hbdcrgkntl y knlibel ("hunmry" y "bnmry" kn gnmjçs). Jukml, b dkegeb quk
bjmunls ngòls arkakn, aldgknzb un pbtrñn eg`krkntk ek bmrksgñn, gekntg`gabcjk
aldl grb bj vljbntk, b dknuel sgn ngnmunb abusb bpbrkntk quk jls pberks
pukebn gekntg`gabr.
Jls pberks, tkrbpkutbs y dbkstrls aln `rkauknagb cusabn abusbs quk
eksknabeknkn unb grb kxaksgvb kn un gnegvgeul täpgabdkntk rbaglnbj, aln un
sgstkdb ek kvbjubagñn y rkspukstb b bdknbzbs sbjuebcjk, y `unaglnbj. Aubnel
nl knaukntrbn unb rbzñn, b dknuel aldgknzbn b rkjbaglnbrjl b prlcjkdbs ek
eksb`äl, aln ktgquktbs aldl kj Urbstlrnl Nkmbtgvgstb Eksb`gbntk.
 Kn su jumbr, ekckräbn kstbr cusabnel un kvkntl pltknagbjdkntk trbudâtgal
quk ebòbrb kj sgstkdb butñnldl ek kvbjubagñn y rkspukstb ek bdknbzbs.

Bj kntrkvgstbr b jls pberks slcrk kj pkrälel ek tgkdpl prkvgl bj gngagl ek jb

bmrksgñn ek tgpl grb bj vljbntk, aln `rkauknagb pukel gekntg`gabr trbudbs
kdlaglnbjks l `äsgals, quk pltknagbjdkntk pleräbn hbckr jksglnbel bùn dâs
kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl.
Jb dbylräb ek jbs vkaks, ks kj trbudb kdlaglnbj gnkvgtbcjk kj quk ekstbab
aldl jb abusb dâs prlcbcjk. Bjmunbs rbcgktbs pukekn skr bprlpgbebs pbrb kj

ngvkj bprlxgdbel
butljgdgtbebs, nunabekbmrksgvbs
dbeurkz ekj ngòl,
y tgknkn pkrllcvgb.
unb abusb tgknekn b skr dâs cgkn
Gnekpknegkntkdkntk ek jb `ukntk ekj trbudb, kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® pukek
byuebr bj ngòl b rkpbrbr kj ebòl abusbel bj sgstkdb butñnldl ek kvbjubagñn y
rkspukstb b bdknbzbs, y aln kj tgkdpl jls kvkntls egsdgnugrân y, b dknuel,
aksbrân plr aldpjktl.
 

Dbnkil ek jb Grb bj Pljbntk kn Ngòls

Ekspuçs
bmrksgvlsek ektkrdgnbr grb
eknldgnbels qukbjkjvljbntk,
pbagkntk rkbjdkntk
tknerç tgknkunkjpjbn
quk gekbr tgplekektrbtbdgkntl
kpgslegls
pbrb byuebr b dgngdgzbr jls kvkntls, y byuebrjls b rkaupkrbrsk b prlntgtue,
bntks ek quk sk abuskn jksglnks mrbvks b sä dgsdls l b ltrbs pkrslnbs.
Kj prgdkr pbsl ks gngagbr kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® kn jls ngòls aln
prlcjkdbs ek bmrksgvgebe kxaksgvb. Gnajuyknel jb kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl
vbml, yb quk budkntb jbs plsgcgjgebeks ek quk kj ngòl kxpkrgdkntk unb
dkilräb dâs bdpjgb ek kstls kstbjjgels pltknagbjdkntk pkjgmrlsls.
B dkegeb quk kj QNB sk rkaupkrb, jls kpgslegls ek grb bj vljbntk pukekn
egsdgnugr
pbsl pbrb kn gntknsgebe
kvgtbr y kn
l jgdgtbr `rkauknagb,ek
jb `rkauknagb hbstb
jls jjkmbr
crltksbbmrksgvls
ektknkrsk.ksKjrkalnlakr
skmunel
quk nl sln prleuatl ek ekskls vljuntbrgls, butlegrgmgels, sgnl dâs cgkn ek
un gdpujsl gnvljuntbrgl egskòbel plr jb kvljuagñn pbrb byuebrnls b
slcrkvgvgr.
Jbs rkspukstbs kdlaglnbjks ekj ngòl sgdpjkdkntk `bjjbn ekcgel bj ebòl
butlnñdgal sucybakntk. Ks gdplrtbntk rkalrebr quk kstl nl ks plr `bjtb ek
bdlr l vljuntbe. Qgdpjkdkntk nl plskkn kj alntrlj su`gagkntk slcrk sus
gdpujsls pbrb jlmrbr suprgdgr kstls aldplrtbdgkntls. Urbtbr ek rbzlnbr aln
un ngòl aln egsabpbagebe ek eksbrrljjl, dgkntrbs su`rk un kpgslegl ek grb bj
vljbntk ek lrgmkn butlnñdgal mknkrbjdkntk rksujtbrâ gnùtgj y `rustrbntk pbrb
tlels. Qg bjmunb vkz hbs kstbel kn un butldñvgj aln bjmugkn quk kxpkrgdkntb
grb bj vljbntk, kntknekrâ quk rbaglnbjgzbr aln kjjls rbrb vkz tgknk bjmùn
gdpbatl kn su aldplrtbdgkntl gdpujsgvl.
Jl quk sk nkaksgtb ks unb prlmrbdbagñn ek kvkntls alnsgstkntk y prkekagcjk,
aln hlrbrgls `jkxgcjks, rkalnlagknel quk kj ngòl nkaksgtb kstbr kn un kstbel
dkntbj plsgtgvl pbrb rkbjgzbr aubjqugkr abdcgl nkaksbrgl kn kj prlmrbdb. Kn
ltrbs pbjbcrbs, dgngdgzbr jls dldkntls grrgtbntks tbntl aldl skb plsgcjk. Jls
pberks pukekn arkbr un hlrbrgl aln jbs batgvgebeks egbrgbs ekj ngòl, quk skb
 aldprknsgcjk y aljlabrjl kn un jumbr elnek kj ngòl pukeb vkrjl. Qg tgknk
plabs hbcgjgebeks ek jkaturb, alnsgekrk usbr gdâmknks l sädcljls pbrb
rkprkskntbr jb batgvgebe kn jumbr ek pbjbcrbs, y usbr gdâmknks ek jb ksaukjb l

jbs aldgebs (eksbyunl, bjdukrzl y aknb) aldl rk`krknagb ekj tgkdpl, kn

jumbr ek usbr jbs hlrbs. Qç quk kstl nl sgkdprk ks prâatgal, pkrl hk bprknegel
ek jls pberks quk kstk kikdpjl ks bpknbs unb kstrbtkmgb pbrb dbnkibr kj
kntlrnl ekj ngòl. Hbstb kj dldkntl kn quk kj prltlaljl rkpbrk
su`gagkntkdkntk kj sgstkdb ek kvbjubagñn y rkspukstb b bdknbzbs, y sk
ektknmbn jls kpgslegls ek grb bj vljbntk.
Vlr ùjtgdl, sg jls kpgslegls ek bmrksgvgebe rkprkskntbn un pkjgmrl pbrb kj ngòl
l pbrb jbs pkrslnbs quk jl augebn, kj usl ek dkegabdkntls prksargtls pbrb
alntrljbr jbs alneuatbs pkjgmrlsbs kstâ iustg`gabel. Kstls dkegabdkntls ekckn
gnegabrsk cbil jb supkrvgsgñn ek un dçegal, y prk`krgcjkdkntk unl quk
kntgkneb jbs rkspukstbs akrkcrbjks bj bplrtk gnbekaubel ek lxämknl, prleuatl
ek jb egs`unagñn butlnñdgab. Qg kj dçegal nl kstâ `bdgjgbrgzbel, cusquk b
bjmugkn quk jl kstç u l`rkzab bj dçegal unb alpgb ek kstk jgcrl.

 Dbnkil ekj Kxaksl

Kxaksl ek Bmrksgvgebe
Bmrksgvgebe

Hk trbtbel b ngòls y beujtls iñvknks quk lrgmgnbjdkntk tldbcbn unl l els

 pltkntks bntgpsgañtgals pbrb alntrljbr su aldplrtbdgkntl bmrksgvl, qugknks
kvkntubjdkntk `ukrln abpbaks ek suspknekr egahls dkegabdkntls ekspuçs ek
skgs b elak dksks ek gngagbel kj prltlaljl, sgn prkskntbr un budkntl ekj

aldplrtbdgkntl bmrksgvl. Kj rktgrl mrbeubj ek aubjqugkrb ek kstls

dkegabdkntls ekck hbakrsk cbil jb lrgkntbagñn ekj dçegal quk jls hbyb
prksargtl.

Kn labsglnks, kstls
butlalnagknagb ngòls yaubnel
kn budkntl, beujtlsjlsiñvknks kxpkrgdkntbrân
kpgslegls un skntgel
ek "juahb l hugeb" ek
y ek "grb
bj vljbntk" egsdgnuykn. Bjmunls hbn prkmuntbel b sus pberks, "¼Ruç dk
pbsñ<", "¼Añdl ks plsgcjk quk nl rkaukrek jb skaunebrgb<— Ltrls nkmbrân
quk egahls aldplrtbdgkntls laurrgkrln, b pksbr ek vkr kvgeknagb quk gnegquk
jl alntrbrgl.
Uknmb kn aukntb quk kj akrkcrl jksglnbel pukek nl hbckr sgel abpbz ek arkbr
rkaukrels b pbrtgr ek kstls dldkntls. Kstk `knñdknl ks sgdgjbr bj quk
prksknagbdls kn bjmunls ek nukstrls pbagkntks aln Bjzhkgdkr, qugknks
rkaupkrbn su skntgel ek prksknagb y butlalnagknagb.
 

VBSUK P
 

JB AGKNAGB EKUSÂQ EKJ VSLULALJL

NKDKAHKO®
 

25
 

JBQ CBQKQ EKJ B[UGQDL - JB PKSQGÑN

EKUBJJBEB

stk abpätujl kxpjgabrâ kn dbylr ektbjjk bjmunls alnakptls ajbvk pbrb

quk
quç aldprkneb añdl jjkmbdls b kstb argsgs sbngtbrgb sln
dlekrnb, y plr
K jls aldplnkntks
utgjgzbrsk iuntls.
ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® k`gabaks bj
 

Eksbrrljjl Nlrdbj ekj Akrkcrl

Kj
ek Vrltlaljl
jb gn`bnagbNkdkahko® pukek byuebr
aldl kj butgsdl, b dkilrbr
trbstlrnls duahls prlcjkdbs
ekj eksbrrljjl, prlpgls
BEE/BEHE y
trbstlrnls ekj kstbel ek ângdl yb quk kstls aldpbrtkn un lrgmkn sgdgjbr
rkjbaglnbel bj slcrkarkagdgkntl ek cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks, y b dùjtgpjks
dkabngsdls quk prldukvkn jb gn`jbdbagñn.
Qk rkqugkrk ek un kntlrnl sbjuebcjk pbrb quk kj akrkcrl sk eksbrrljjk
aldpjktb y râpgebdkntk, y pbrb quk un ngòl bjabnak kj eksbrrljjl
nkurljñmgal, nkaksgtb plekr plebr nkurlnbs, rkpbrbr jksglnks akrkcrbjks y
`lrdbr rkeks nkurlnbjks.

Aldl
dgjjlnksybek`uk kxpjgabel,
nkurlnbs, un ngòl
quk ekckn skr nbak aln bbprlxgdbebdkntk
rkeuagebs agkn dgj
agnaukntb dgj dgjjlnks ek
nkurlnbs. Kj kxaksl ek nkurlnbs crgneb pjbstgagebe ek eksbrrljjl, pbrb quk kj
akrkcrl bequgkrb unb nukvbs hbcgjgebeks l abpbagebeks. Jb dbylräb ekj
kxaksl ek nkurlnbs ks plebeb ekntrl ek jls prgdkrls agnal b skgs bòls ek
vgeb. Jb gnabpbagebe ek plebr jbs nkurlnbs jl su`gagkntkdkntk râpgel ks unb
abusb gdplrtbntk ek prlcjkdbs ekj eksbrrljjl.
Qg jb `bjtb ek pleb ks jkvk y jbs nkurlnbs sgdpjkdkntk nl kstân sgknel
plebebs jl su`gagkntkdkntk râpgel, b dknuel nls rk`krgdls b kstl aldl
rktrbsl ekj eksbrrljjl. Qg kj prlaksl ek pleb nkurlnbj sk hb btrbsbel
mrbvkdkntk l gnajusl sk hb ektkngel plr aldpjktl, kj ngòl pukek skr
egbmnlstgabel aln un pbrl ekj eksbrrljjl.
[nb abusb aldùn ek jb bjtkrbagñn ek jb pleb nkurlnbj ks kj ektkrglrl ekj
`unaglnbdgkntl ek un mjñcujl cjbnal kspkagbjgzbel ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl
akntrbj, alnlagel aldl dgarlmjäb.
Jb dgarlmjgb ks alnlageb aldl kj "dbkstrl ibregnkrl", yb quk unl ek sus
pbpkjks prgnagpbjks ks btknekr b jbs nkurlnbs quk sk rbdg`gabn kn tlel kj
akrkcrl, aldl jbs rbdbs ek jbs pjbntbs kn un ibreän. Jb dgarlmjgb tgknk
 b`gngebe plr jbs rbdbs nkurlnbjks, yb skb pleâneljbs aldl rbdbs ek un ârclj
l prltkmgçneljbs y rkpbrâneljbs.

Jb egstrgcuagñn gngagbj ek jbs nkurlnbs ks bjkbtlrgb, yb quk kj akrkcrl ekj ngòl

tgknk quk eksaucrgr jb alnkxgñn kntrk jls dlvgdgkntls alrplrbjks y jb `unagñn
akrkcrbj. Kj prlaksl ek eksbrrljjl gdpjgab `lrdbr jbs väbs quk jk pkrdgtgrân b
su hgil skmugr su abrb aln jb dgrbeb l ebrsk jb vukjtb kn su aunb. Kstls
aldplrtbdgkntls laurrkn sljl aubnel kj akrkcrl ekj ngòl knaukntrb jbs
nkurlnbs quk alnkatbn kj pknsbdgkntl (skmugr jb abrb ek jb dberk) aln jb
baagñn (dlvkr jls lils y jb abckzb). Jb dgarlmjgb gekntg`gab quk kstbs väbs
nkurlnbjks sln gdplrtbntks y aldgknzb b nutrgrjbs y prltkmkrjbs. Qg ltrbs
nkurlnbs nl sk utgjgzbn ek `lrdb sgmng`gabtgvb, kvkntubjdkntk skrân
kjgdgnbebs.
Kj prlaksl ek plebr jbs nkurlnbs kxakekntks ks nkaksbrgl pbrb quk kj akrkcrl
slcrkvgvb y kvljuaglnk. Jbs nkurlnbs alnsudkn mrbneks abntgebeks ek
knkrmäb. Ks gnk`gagkntk pbrb kj aukrpl hudbnl mbstbr knkrmäb kn väbs quk nl
sln gdplrtbntks
akrkcrl alnsudk pbrb
absg jb
kj supkrvgvknagb.
8;% ek tlel kjKnlxämknl
kj dldkntl ekj nbagdgkntl,
y jbs abjlräbs, kj
pkrl pbrb
aubnel unb pkrslnb bjabnzb jls egkaglahl bòls ek kebe, hb sgel "plebel" b
un ñrmbnl quk sljl alnsudk kj 36% ek tlel kj lxämknl y jbs abjlräbs
egsplngcjks. Eksek un puntl ek vgstb kvljutgvl, kstk ks un plrakntbik ek
alnsudl knkrmçtgal duahl dâs dbnkibcjk.
Kj prlaksl ek pleb nkurlnbj alntgnùb eurbntk tleb jb vgeb ekj ngòl b dkegeb
quk bprknek b mbtkbr, plnkrsk ek pgk, hbcjbr, abdgnbr, alrrkr, jkkr, abjaujbr y
dbeurbr hbstb alnvkrtgrsk kn un beujtl ilvkn. Aubnel jls ngòls alrrkn,
ukmbn y pbrtgagpbn dkntbjdkntk kn batgvgebeks eksb`gbntks, kj prlaksl ek
pleb kstâ trbtbnel ek rk`gnbr jbs väbs nkurljñmgabs quk hbakn plsgcjk kstbs
batgvgebeks. Jb dgarlmjgb nl sljl rkalrtb y dbntgknk jb skauknagb nlrdbj ek
dbeurbagñn, sgnl quk tbdcgçn byuebn b rkpbrbr jbs jksglnks akrkcrbjks quk
pukekn laurrgr b pbrtgr ek jksglnks `äsgabs aldunks (alndlagñn akrkcrbj y
jksglnks dknlrks b alndlaglnks), kdlaglnbjks (gntgdgebagñn, busknagb ek un
pberk, dgkel gntknsl, kta.), y trbudbs gn`jbdbtlrgls (agrumäb, `rbaturbs,
vbaunbs).
Qg kj akrkcrl sk kstâ plebnel y rkpbrbnel alrrkatbdkntk, kntlnaks jbs
alnkaaglnks ek nkurlnbs aldknzbrân b `lrdbrsk b dkegeb quk kj ngòl
 eksbrrljjk nukvbs hbcgjgebeks, aldplrtbdgkntls slagbjks y abpbagebeks pbrb
jb vgeb. Kstbs alnkaaglnks ek nkurlnbs sk alnlakn aldl rkeks nkurlnbjks. Jb
`lrdbagñn ek rkeks nkurlnbjks ks jl quk laurrk aubnel unl bprknek b tlabr kj

pgbnl (l aubjqugkr ltrb hbcgjgebe aldpjkib quk bpjgquk). Jb aldprknsgñn

dusgabj y jb ekstrkzb pbrb tlabr aldgknzbn jkntbdkntk, y jl hbak b pbrtgr ek jb
dkjleäb dâs sgdpjk. Kstl suakek plrquk unb pkqukòb bmrupbagñn ek
nkurlnbs kstâ alnkatbeb kn jb rke nkurlnbj. Jb rke nkurlnbj sk kxpbnegrâ plr
pbrtgagpbagñn aljkatgvb ("arlwe sluragnm" kn gnmjçs) aln abeb vkz dâs y dâs
nkurlnbs, b dkegeb quk bprknebs b tlabr pbrtgturbs dusgabjks dâs y dâs
aldpjkibs. Ks kj arkagkntk nùdkrl ek nkurlnbs ekntrl ek jb rke nkurlnbj jl
quk pkrdgtk b bjmugkn tlabr unb pbrtgturb dusgabj duy aldpjkib aldl
Ahlpgn, kn kj pgbnl.
Kj bprknegzbik ek jbs hbcgjgebeks slagbjks nkaksbrgbs pbrb alnvkrtgrsk kn un
beujtl dbeurl laurrk ek dbnkrb sgdgjbr. Vlal b plal, aln kj tgkdpl, jls
ngòls bprknekn b aldpbrtgr, skr pbagkntks, skmugr jbs rkmjbs slagbjks quk sk
kspkrbn b ngvkj `bdgjgbr y aldungtbrgl. Bsä aldl jbs hbcgjgebeks rkqukrgebs
pbrb tlabr pbrb
nkurlnbjks Ahlpgn rkqugkrkn tbdcgçn
jb slagbjgzbagñn duahls rkqukrgrâ
bòls, kjduahls
eksbrrljjl
bòls.ek jbs rkeks
Bsä quk aljkatgvbdkntk, jls ngòls ekckn skr abpbaks ek plebr nkurlnbs,
rkpbrbr nkurlnbs y alnstrugr rkeks nkurlnbjks aln kj `gn ek eksbrrljjbrsk aln
nlrdbjgebe bj ngvkj nkurljñmgal, y `lrdbr jbs aldpjkibs rkeks nkurlnbjks
nkaksbrgbs pbrb `unaglnbr kn jb slagkebe. Jl quk kstâ suakegknel b ngvkj
dunegbj bhlrb ks quk kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekntrl ekj gntkstgnl
ekjmbel pukek gntkrrudpgr aldpjktbdkntk kj prlaksl ek dbeurbagñn
nkurljñmgab.

Kstk nl kspkrdbnkntk
ek `lrdb un prlcjkdb tkdplrbj.
y bevkrsb plrJbagnal
`unagñn ek jbeg`krkntks
kvkntls dgarlmjäb quk
pukek bjtkrbrskb
alneuakn
unb `lrdb ek dgarlmjgb gnabpbz ek plebr y rkpbrbr jbs nkurlnbs.
 

Kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, tbdcgçn alnlagel aldl QGCL

(slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel), y jb alnakntrbagñn
kxaksgvb ek cbatkrgbs supkrb jb gntkmrgebe ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel, y alneuak b
jb `umb ek jgplpljgsbaârgels (JVQ), un aldplnkntk dljkaujbr ek jb supkr`gagk
kxtkrnb cbatkrgbnb, ek bqukjjbs cbatkrgbs quk vgvkn kn kj aljln. Jb `bdgjgb b jb
quk pkrknkakn kstbs cbatkrgbs jgckrbelrbs ek JVQ sln jbs pkrtknkagkntks b jls
cbagjls mrbdnkmbtgvls.

[n kstuegl kn ngòls aln slcrkpksl y lcksls, knalntrñ quk dâs ekj =6% tknäb
kvgeknagb ek QGCL. Kstl ks gdplrtbntk kn jl quk rkspkatb bj butgsdl, bsä
aldl jls trbstlrnls ekj eksbrrljjl plrquk kj slcrkarkagdgkntl ek cbatkrgbs
ekntrl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel ks kj ùngal prlaksl alnlagel quk pukek prleuagr
âagel prlpgñngal, bsä aldl gntkrrudpgr kj prlaksl nlrdbj ek pleb y
rkpbrbagñn.
 

Kj Qlcrkarkagdgkntl Cbatkrgbnl Alneuak b Vrlcjkdbs Nkurljñmgals

Kj slcrkarkagdgkntl
gntkstgnbjks nlrdbjkscbatkrgbnl ks unb tkrdgnbn
ekj gnegvgeul b`kaagñn knaljlngzbnel
jb quk jbs kjcbatkrgbs
jumbr
kqugvlabel. Nl sln cbatkrgbs kxtrbòbs l "dbjbs", kstbs sln cbatkrgbs quk
nlrdbjdkntk ekckräbn vgvgr kn kj aljln, pkrl bhlrb kstân kn jb pbrtk supkrglr,
l kn kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel. Nlrdbjdkntk, jbs kspkagks ek cbatkrgbs quk vgvkn
kn kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel sln eg`krkntks ek jbs quk vgvkn kn kj gntkstgnl mruksl
(tbdcgçn alnlagel aldl aljln).
Aldl sk kxpjgab crkvkdkntk kn kj abpätujl 3, jls els tgpls ek cbatkrgbs
ekntrl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel y mruksl sln tbn eg`krkntks kntrk sä, quk ks dâs
`âagj pknsbr quk un tgpl sln aldl bvks (jbs quk sk knaukntrbn nlrdbjdkntk
kn kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel) y kj ltrl tgpl sln aldl pkaks (jbs quk sk knaukntrbn
nlrdbjdkntk kn kj aljln).
Uknkr unb vbrgkebe nlrdbj ek kspkagks cbatkrgbnbs ekntrl ek tlel kj trbatl
gntkstgnbj supkrglr k gn`krglr ks plsgcjkdkntk kj `batlr dâs gdplrtbntk pbrb
prkvkngr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl. Jbs prlpgbs cbatkrgbs pbrtgagpbn
batgvbdkntk kn kj dbntkngdgkntl ek su skpbrbagñn ekntrl ekj gntkstgnl.
Kstuegls rkbjgzbels kn pbagkntks aln slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl rkaurrkntk
plr ajlstrgegud eg``gagjk ekdlstrbrln quk jls gnegvgeuls aln jls rkaukntls ek
kspkagks dâs cbils, sln jls quk tgknkn dâs prlcbcgjgebeks ek su`rgr
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl rkaurrkntk. Kstl ks alnlagel aldl cbib
cglegvkrsgebe ek jb dgarlcgltb gntkstgnbj.
Ltrls els `batlrks gdplrtbntks quk alntrgcuykn bj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl gnajuykn jb bagekz gnbekaubeb ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel, bsä aldl kj
dbntkngdgkntl ek un ngvkj nlrdbj ek trânsgtl gntkstgnbj, l dltgjgebe ekj trbatl
gntkstgnbj. Jb bjtkrbagñn ek jb bagekz gntkstgnbj plr kj usl ek bntgâagels
pltkntks, y kj knjkntkagdgkntl ekj trânsgtl gntkstgnbj pukek laurrgr ekspuçs ek
un trbudb akrkcrbj, dkegabdkntls (bnkstçsgals, dkegabdkntls pbrb kj eljlr),
plstkrglr b unb agrumäb gntkstgnbj l bceldgnbj, l plr agkrtbs alnegaglnks
 dçegabs (gnsu`gagknagb rknbj, ksajkrlekrdgb), kstls tlels sln eksknabeknbntks
ek slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl gntkstgnbj, cgkn elaudkntbels.

Cbatkrgbs Gntkstgnbjks Nlrdbjdkntk Kqugjgcrbebs

Kxgstk unb eg`krknagb kxakpaglnbjdkntk mrbnek kn kj nùdkrl ek cbatkrgbs quk

vgvkn ekntrl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel kn aldpbrbagñn aln kj gntkstgnl mruksl.
Vlr abeb cbatkrgb gnegvgeubj "bvk", kn jb plragñn supkrglr ekj gntkstgnl
ekjmbel, nlrdbjdkntk hby agkn dgjjlnks ek cbatkrgbs "pkaks" quk vgvkn kn jb
plragñn dâs cbib ekj aljln? unb knlrdk eg`krknagb kn jbs alnakntrbaglnks
cbatkrgbnbs ek 29266,666,666.
Kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl gntkstgnbj laurrk aubnel unb sljb kspkagk ek
cbatkrgbs tgpl " pkaks" quk nlrdbjdkntk vgvkn kn kj gntkstgnl mruksl, dgmrb ek
`lrdb bsaknekntk hbstb kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel, y unb vkz bjjä aldgknzb b
rkpjgabrsk sgn alntrlj kntrk jbs cbatkrgbs tgpl " bvks". Bsä aldl tlels
kntgknekn quk jls pkaks nl ekckn vgvgr elnek vgvkn jbs bvks, jbs cbatkrgbs ekj
gntkstgnl mruksl nl ekckn rkpjgabrsk kn kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel elnek vgvkn jbs
cbatkrgbs tgpl "bvks".
 

Qlcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekj Gntkstgnl Ekjmbel (QGCL)

Jukml ek quk jbs cbatkrgbs " pkaks" hbybn dgmrbel bj gntkstgnl ekjmbel, nl

hbcrâ ltrbs cbatkrgbs su`gagkntks pbrb kvgtbr quk arkzabn `ukrb ek alntrlj. Kn
nùdkrl bcrudbelr kstbs cbatkrgbs plnerân kn ibquk bj egskòl ekj gntkstgnl
ekjmbel y kstb sgtubagñn pkrdgtgrâ jb `umb ek dljçaujbs kn kj tkigel
agraunebntk kn un prlaksl alnlagel aldl "trbnsjlabagñn cbatkrgbnb" l
"gntkstgnl pkrdkbcjk" pbrb unb eknldgnbagñn dâs gn`lrdbj. Ks gdplrtbntk
b`grdbr quk b pksbr ek jbs arkknagbs aldunks, y plr kj alntrbrgl, nl hby
kvgeknagb agkntä`gab ek quk jbs jkvbeurbs, hlnmls (kspkagks ekj mçnkrl
Aânegeb), ng pbrâsgtls abuskn "gntkstgnl pkrdkbcjk". Jb `umb ek dljçaujbs ek
jls bjgdkntls egmkrgels y jbs pbrkeks akjujbrks cbatkrgbnbs pukek
eksknabeknbr jb jgckrbagñn ek unb abntgebe duy mrbnek ek agtlqugnbs
prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs. Kj kstrçs ek kstbs agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs bjtkrbn jb
`unagñn nlrdbj ek jbs açjujbs kn nukstrl lrmbngsdl.
Jb trbnsjlabagñn cbatkrgbnb tbdcgçn pukek eksknabeknbr jb jgckrbagñn
 bnlrdbj ek unb bdpjgb vbrgkebe ek hlrdlnbs, hgstbdgnb, âagels mrbsls ek
abeknb alrtb
rkbaaglnks y tlxgnbsb bjgdkntls
bnlrdbjks pltknagbjks. Ubdcgçn
aldunks pukeknpjâtbnls,
(tldbtks, eksknabeknbr, bekdâs
jkahk, aätrgals,
kta.), abusbr rkbaaglnks kn jb pgkj (pslrgbsgs, rlsâakb, kazkdb, urtgabrgb,

krupaglnks autânkbs), y knväb skòbjks bj akrkcrl quk bjtkrbn pltknagbjdkntk

absg tlels jls bspkatls ek su `unagñn, kj aukrpl y kj ekskdpkòl akjujbr.

 Kj Qlcrkarkagdgkntl
Qlcrkarkagdgkntl Cbatkrgbnl Alneuak
Alneuak bj Gntkstgnl
Gntkstgnl Vkrdkbcjk (Urbnsjlabagñn
(Urbnsjlabagñn
Cbatkrgbnb)

Aubnel jb trbnsjlabagñn cbatkrgbnb prleuatl ek kj slcrkeksbrrljjl laurrk,

`rbmdkntls ek jb dkdcrbnb akjujbr ek jb cbatkrgb jjbdbeb jgplpljgsbaârgel
(JVQ) sk `gjtrb kn kj tlrrkntk sbnmuänkl abusbnel unb jgckrbagñn
kxakpaglnbjdkntk mrbnek ek agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs y pukek bjtkrbr
pkrdbnkntkdkntk jb `unagñn ek un mjñcujl cjbnal kspkagbj ekntrl ekj akrkcrl
alnlagel aldl dgarlmjgb.
 

 Gn`jbdbagñn ekj Gntkstgnl

Gntkstgnl Vkrdkbcjk

Jb dgarlmjgb bjtkrbeb sk jb eknldgnb " dgarlmjgb - D2 akcbeb" y su `unagñn

abdcgb ek unb açjujb ùtgj, quk pleb jbs nkurlnbs sbnbs y quk rkpbrb jbs
nkurlnbs ebòbebs, kn unb açjujb gn`jbdbtlrgb pkrdbnkntk quk gdpgek kj
eksbrrljjl nlrdbj, bsä aldl budkntb kj ebòl ek jls trbudbs akrkcrbjks
aldunks.
Qg kj akcbel ek JVQ y jb jgckrbagñn ek agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs laurrk
bntks ek jls agnal l skgs bòls, jls ngòls kxpkrgdkntbrân tbntl prlcjkdbs ek
eksbrrljjl (rktrbsl ek hgtls, prlcjkdbs sknslrgbjks, rktrbsl dltlr, rktrbsl
gntkjkatubj), aldl prlcjkdbs dbng`gkstls bslagbels aln unb dbjb rkpbrbagñn
 ek jksglnks (alnstgpbagñn, hgpkrbatgvgebe, `bjtb ek alnakntrbagñn, bnsgkebe y
bmrksgñn).

Qg jb `umb ek JVQ y jb jgckrbagñn ek agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs laurrk

ekspuçs ek jls 0 bòls, jb pleb ekj akrkcrl sk hbcrâ aldpjktbel y, plr jl
tbntl, nl hbcrâ kvgeknagb ek prlcjkdbs ek eksbrrljjl. Kj akrkcrl tlebväb
tknerâ eg`gaujtbeks pbrb rkpbrbr jbs jksglnks y jls ngòls pukekn kxpkrgdkntbr
prlcjkdbs ek btknagñn (UEB), eljlrks ek abckzb rkaurrkntks, dbrkls y
eksdbyls (sänalpk), alnstgpbagñn, abjbdcrks bceldgnbjks, rk`juil (KSMK),
sänerldk prkdknstrubj (QVD) kntrk tbntls kikdpjls plr agtbr.
Ltrls `batlrks dknls aldunks abpbaks ek eksknabeknbr jb dgarlmjäb-D2
akcbeb gnajuykn unb gn`kaagñn akrkcrbj mrbvk alnlageb aldl knak`bjgtgs (plr
mçrdknks aldl Çcljb, Eknmuk), unb bjtb `rkauknagb ek alndlaglnks
akrkcrbjks (plr kikdpjl, jbs quk suakekn kn iumbelrks ek `ùtclj bdkrgabnl l
hlaoky), kxplsgagñn arñngab b jls mbsks ekj tucl ek ksabpk plr egkskj (plr
kikdpjl,jbs quk pbekakn qugknks vgvkn kn jls cbrrgls dbrmgnbjks ek aguebeks
bjtbdkntk
gn`jbdbagñnalntbdgnbebs aldl Ckgignm
eurbntk kj kdcbrbzl l Aguebe
kn un ek Dçxgal)
dknlr (plr y bjtls
kikdpjl, sg sungvkjks
dberk ek
ks
hlspgtbjgzbeb aln shlao sçptgal).
Jksglnks aldunks kn jb gn`bnagb aldl abäebs gnsgmng`gabntks y mljpks kn jb
abckzb quk tlels jls ngòls kxpkrgdkntbn dgkntrbs mbtkbn, abdgnbn, iukmbn,
gntkrbatùbn aln sus hkrdbnls y kxpjlrbn su kntlrnl, tbdcgkn pukekn skr
rksplnsbcjks ek gniurgb. Ulels hkdls sgel tkstgml ek unb kxpkrgknagb hbcgtubj
ek un ngòl jjlrbnel kn jb rkungñn `bdgjgbr l kn kj pbrquk plrquk sk mljpkbrln
jb abckzb dgkntrbs iumbcbn. Kstk ks un tgpl nlrdbj ek jksgñn ek jb quk jls
ngòls ekckräbn rkaupkrbrsk aldpjktbdkntk ek dbnkrb butldâtgab. Jls ngòls
jjlrbcbn plr un rbtl, sk alnsljbcbn, sk abjdbcbn, y kntlnaks kstbcbn cgkn.
Bhlrb kntknekdls plrquç kstbs sgdpjks jksglnks kn jb abckzb abusbn ebòl
akrkcrbj dknlr quk sk rkpbrbrâ aldpjktbdkntk sg sk aukntb aln unb dgarlmjgb
sbjuebcjk.
Kn jb batubjgebe, jb dgsdb jksgñn dknlr nl sk rkpbrb aldpjktbdkntk ekcgel b
jb prksknagb ek jbs agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs kxaksgvbs y unb dgarlmjgb D2
akcbeb kn kj alntkxtl ek un ngòl b`katbel b jls k`katls ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl. Kn jumbr ek rkaupkrbrsk aldpjktbdkntk, kj ngòl qukeb aln ebòl
rksgeubj quk arkak aln kj tgkdpl kvljuaglnb b un prlaksl alnlagel aldl
 "jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb".

Agkn Bòls ek Ebòl Cbatkrgbnl Gntkstgnbj

Kn kj ùtkrl,
Ks sljl kj trbatl
ekspuçs gntkstgnbj ek
ekj nbagdgkntl unkjngòl
quk alntgknk
trbatl plabeklun
gntkstgnbj ngnmunb
ngòl skcbatkrgb.
vukjvk
aldpjktbdkntk aljlngzbel plr jbs cbatkrgbs quk hbcgtbn kj trbatl gntkstgnbj ek
jb dberk. Jls els `batlrks quk sln dâs gdplrtbntks kn jb trbnsdgsgñn
aldpjktb ek jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks ek jb dberk b su hgil sln kj pbrtl
vbmgnbj y jb jbatbnagb dbtkrnb.
Jls kstuegls sumgkrkn quk jls skrks hudbnls kstbcbn pbsbnel aln çxgtl jb
dgsdb dkzajb ek cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks ek dberk b hgil eurbntk bj dknls trks
dgjjlnks ek bòls. Jls ùngals gnegvgeuls batubjks aln dkzajbs rkjbtgvbdkntk
nlrdbjks ek cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks alnsgstkn kn unbs plabs trgcus duy
prgdgtgvbs (Wbnldbdg, bdkrgnegls Mubhgcl, dbjbuäks y abzbelrks-
rkaljkatlrks b`rgabnls) y sk arkk quk jb pçregeb ek cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks
aldknzñ bjrkekelr ekj abdcgl ekj sgmjl pbsbel.
Eksek kj abdcgl ekj sgmjl pbsbel, abeb mknkrbagñn dbtkrnb skauknagbj tuvl
su dkzajb cbatkrgbnb gntkstgnbj ebòbeb ek dbnkrbs ùngabs, bmrbvbnel jb
dkzajb ek cbatkrgbs prkvgbdkntk ebòbebs quk rkagcgkrln ek su dberk bj nbakr.
Bj kxbdgnbr jbs cbatkrgbs alntkngebs kn jls trbatls gntkstgnbjks ek jb rkbjkzb
kntkrrbeb ek Mçnlvb, Gtbjgb, dukstrbs ek hkaks ek tudcbs bntgmubs, bsä aldl
hudbnls alnmkjbels ek 2.666 bòls eksaucgkrtls kn mjbagbrks, jls agkntä`gals

hbn ektkrdgnbel
kspkagks qukhbstb
cbatkrgbnbs kj cgldb hudbnl
bjrkekelr hb Eksek
ek 2766. tkngelkstk
jb dgsdb
puntl kndkzajb ek
bekjbntk,
pbrkak quk abeb mknkrbagñn dbtkrnb hb pkregel pltknagbjdkntk sus kspkagks
cbatkrgbnbs ekcgel b jb kxplsgagñn b pkstgagebs, bntgcgñtgals y ltrls prleuatls
quädgals. Kj ebòl b nukstrl dgarlcgldb gntkstgnbj prlcbcjkdkntk sk hb
bakjkrbel kn jls ùjtgdls ;6 bòls b dkegeb quk sk hbn eksbrrljjbel
bntgcgñtgals dâs y dâs pltkntks aldùndkntk utgjgzbels pbrb gn`kaaglnks
cbnbjks k gnajusl kn labsglnks gnnkaksbrgbs.
Vlr kikdpjl, sg un ngòl nbak plr aksârkb y/l sk bjgdkntb aln cgckrñn, kj
 dgarlcgldb ek jb dberk nl sk trbns`krgrâ aldpjktbdkntk b su ckcç y pukekn
laurrgr eg`krknagbs eurbekrbs kntrk jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks ekj ngòl y jb
dberk. Qg jb dkzajb cbatkrgbnb ek jb dberk yb kstâ bjml bmltbeb bntks ekj
pbrtl, jb dkzajb cbatkrgbnb ekj ngòl pukek bmltbrsk bùn dâs sg nbak plr

aksârkb l sg sljl sk bjgdkntb aln cgckrñn.

Kj prlcjkdb cbatkrgbnl nl ks sljl un prlcjkdb dberk-hgil. Bdcls pberks
pukekn alntrgcugr b jb prlcbcgjgebe ek slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl y b su
gdpbatl pltknagbj
kn kj gntkstgnl kn jb sbjue
ekjmbel, l jl ekj
qukngòl.
ksbsRuç cbatkrgbs
cbatkrgbs pukekn
pleräbn arkakr
hbakr unbknvkz
kxaksl
quk
arkakn kn kxaksl, pleräb kstbr ektkrdgnbel plr jls mknks bplrtbels plr kj
pberk, bsä aldl jb dberk. Ks unb aldcgnbagñn aldpjkib ek jb dkzajb
cbatkrgbnb ek jb dberk y jls mknks ek bdcls pberks, bsä aldl unb dujtgtue
ek kvkntls ek jb vgeb ekspuçs ekj nbagdgkntl (kxplsgagñn b bntgcgñtgals,
prlcgñtgals, egktb, prleuatls quädgals bdcgkntbjks, jksglnks, agrumäb,
alnskrvbntks ek bjgdkntls y ltrls `batlrks eksalnlagels) quk pukekn rksujtbr
kn unb dkzajb plal sbjuebcjk ek cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks y kj eksbrrljjl ek
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl.
Kn jb batubjgebe, jb dbylräb ek jls gnegvgeuls tgknkn dknls abntgebe ek jl
nlrdbj ek kspkagks cbatkrgbnbs gntkstgnbjks ekspuçs ek nbakr kn aldpbrbagñn
aln jbs pkrslnbs hbak dâs ek agkn bòls. Kstl sk alnlak aldl jb egsdgnuagñn
ek jb egvkrsgebe ekj dgarlcgldb. B dkegeb quk kj nùdkrl ek kspkagks ùngabs
egsdgnuyk abeb vkz dâs aln abeb mknkrbagñn dbtkrnb, jbs cbatkrgbs pbrkakn
tknkr dknls abpbagebe pbrb dbntknkr jb skpbrbagñn nlrdbj ek jbs eg`krkntks
cbatkrgbs ekntrl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel y mruksl.
 

 Egsdgnuagñn ek jb Egvkrsgebe ekj D

Dgarlcgldb
garlcgldb Mknkrbaglnbj
Mknkrbaglnbj

Jb egsdgnuagñn ek jb abpbagebe pbrb dbntknkr kj kqugjgcrgl gntkstgnbj sk

bmrbvb bùn dâs aubnel jb `unagñn ekj trbatl gntkstgnbj sk bjtkrb bùn dâs plr
trbudb akrkcrbj, gn`kaaglnks gntkstgnbjks, bntgcgñtgals, vbaunbs, bntgâagels
(gnhgcgelrks ek jb cldcb ek prltlnks), prlcgñtgals, bnkstksgb mknkrbj, agrumäb

bceldgnbj y ltrls prlakegdgkntls dçegals.

Kj k`katl aljkatgvl ek jb cbib cglegvkrsgebe y kstls ltrls `batlrks arkb unb
dbylr prlcbcgjgebe ek quk ngòls y beujtls eksbrrljjkn slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel (QGCL plr sus sgmjbs kn gnmjçs). [nb vkz quk
sk prleuak kj slcrkarkagdgkntl, kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel ks gnabpbz ek slplrtbr kj
kstrçs ekj budkntl ek jb abrmb cbatkrgbnb. Jbs pkqukòbs dljçaujbs ek jbs
pbrkeks akjujbrks cbatkrgbnbs y jbs pbrtäaujbs ek bjgdkntls sln abpbaks ek
`gjtrbrsk kn kj tkigel agraunebntk kn un prlaksl alnlagel aldl trbnsjlabagñn
cbatkrgbnb l "gntkstgnl pkrdkbcjk".— Jb trbnsjlabagñn cbatkrgbnb pukek
 eksknabeknbr unb ljkbeb ek agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs. Kj lahkntb plr
agkntl ek tlel kj sgstkdb gndunljñmgal, gnajugels jls mjñcujls cjbnals y jls
dbstlagtls, sk knaukntrbn kn jls tkigels quk rlekbn gndkegbtbdkntk kj
gntkstgnl ekjmbel.

Bekdâs, jbs dljçaujbs bjtbdkntk gn`jbdbtlrgbs aldl jls JVQ pukekn ksabpbr
bj tlrrkntk sbnmuänkl, kntrbr kn kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl akntrbj y bjtkrbr jb `unagñn
nlrdbj ek jb dgarlmjäb ekntrl ekj akrkcrl. Aldl sk egsautgñ kn kstk abpätujl,
jb dgarlmjgb ks gnstrudkntbj kn kj prlaksl ek pleb ek nkurlnbs kn ngòls, bsä
aldl jb rkpbrbagñn ek jbs nkurlnbs tbntl kn ngòls aldl kn beujtls. [nb vkz
kxpukstbs b JVQ, jb dgarlmjgb sk vukjvk pkrdbnkntkdkntk gn`jbdbtlrgb y su
pleb y rkpbrbagñn ek nkurlnbs sk ektgknk plr aldpjktl.
Qgn kdcbrml, kj aldplrtbdgkntl ek jb dgarlmjgb D2 akcbeb sk pukek
nlrdbjgzbr aln unb bdpjgb vbrgkebe ek aldpukstls quädgals kxpkrgdkntbjks
y egsplsgtgvls. Kstk abdcgl kn kj aldplrtbdgkntl ek jb dgarlmjgb sk alnlak
aldl abdcgl `knltäpgal. Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® hb sgel egskòbel pbrb
kvgtbr quk jb dgarlmjgb D2 akcbeb abusk dâs ebòls. Kj usl ek jb kstgdujbagñn
ekj nkrvgl vbml, jbs bjtbs alnakntrbaglnks ekj âagel mrbsl ldkmb-1 EHB y kj
bakgtk
abusbn ekquk
ljgvb
jb vgrmkn kxtrbD2sk akcbeb
dgarlmjgb hbn ekdlstrbel
abdcgk sukn aldplrtbdgkntl
dlekjls bngdbjks quk
b unb
dgarlmjgb D3-bntggn`jbdbtlrgb y rkpbrbelrb ek tkigels. Nl tlels jls ngòls
kstân ekstgnbels b eksbrrljjbr slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, gnajusl sg tgknkn
cbib cglegvkrsgebe ek sus cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks. Qg kj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl nunab laurrk, su eksbrrljjl nkurljñmgal y jb rkaupkrbagñn ek
trbudbs akrkcrbjks ekckn alntgnubr nlrdbjdkntk.
Alnskils slcrk añdl byuebr b dbntknkr un kqugjgcrgl sbjuebcjk ek cbatkrgbs
ks un ngòl plr jl ekdâs sbjuebcjk sk prlplraglnb kn kj abpätujl slcrk jb
prkvknagñn.
 

Jb Dgarlmjgb-D2 Akcbeb Dbmng`gab jbs Jksglnks Akrkcrbjks

Kj
D2aldplrtbdgkntl
Akcbeb dbmng`gabgn`jbdbtlrgl
kj mrbel nl
ekrkmujbel y pkrdbnkntk
ebòl abusbel ek jb dgarlmjäb-
plr jksglnks akrkcrbjks
aldunks y kvgtb quk jbs açjujbs dberk y ltrls dkabngsdls ek rkpbrbagñn
(nkurltrl`gnbs) rkpbrkn kj ebòl quk sk hbcräb rkaupkrbel aldpjktbdkntk aln
jb dgarlmjäb ek `unaglnbdgkntl nlrdbj.

 Batgvbagñn ek jb Dgarlmjgb
Dgarlmjgb Akcbeb

Kj ektkrglrl ek jb dgarlmjgb tbdcgçn pukek skr rksplnsbcjk ek jb kstruaturb

 bnlrdbj ek jb dbtkrgb cjbnab ekntrl ekj akrkcrl quk pbrkak kstbr bslagbeb aln
trbstlrnls ek jb pkrakpagñn sknslrgbj.
Kj ebòl dbmng`gabel y jb rkaupkrbagñn gnaldpjktb abusbeb plr jb dgarlmjgb
D2 akcbeb sln jbs abrbatkrästgabs egstgntgvbs ek un prlaksl pbtljñmgal

jjbdbel jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb l JAB (Jksgñn Akrkcrbj Baudujbtgvb).

 Jksgñn Akrkcrbj
Akrkcrbj Baudujbeb plr Urbudbtgsdl
Urbudbtgsdl @äsgal Akrkcrbj.
Akrkcrbj.

Jb jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb ek jb dgarlmjäb-D2 akcbeb kstâ laurrgknel ek

dbnkrb kpgeçdgab kn tleb jb plcjbagñn y ks jb abrbatkrästgab prkeldgnbntk
ektrâs ek jls prlcjkdbs cgkn pucjgagtbels ek jls iumbelrks ek `ùtclj
prl`ksglnbj quk alntrbkn knak`bjlpbtäb trbudâtgab arñngab (KUA).
Jb jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb nl sljl sk eksbrrljjb b pbrtgr ek jksglnks
`äsgabs, sgnl quk pukek laurrgr b pbrtgr ek un trbudb kdlaglnbj y jb jgckrbagñn
ek bjtls ngvkjks ek agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs b pbrtgr ek agrumäbs l `rbaturbs
ek huksls mrbneks, bsä aldl ek vbaunbs.
 

 Jksgñn Akrkcrbj
Akrkcrbj Baudujbtgvb prlvkngkntks
prlvkngkntks ek un
unb
b Pbrgkebe ek Urbudbs Akrkcrbjks
Akrkcrbjks

Bekdâs ek quk jb dgarlmjgb D2 akcbeb nl pleb jbs nkurlnbs alrrkatbdkntk

y abusb egvkrsls mrbels ek rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl, kj k`katl baudujbtgvl ek
jb jksgñn akrkcrbj ek jb dgarlmjgb akcbeb tbdcgçn pkrdgtk quk jbs jksglnks
akrkcrbjks pkqukòbs sk baudujkn slcrk jksglnks akrkcrbjks nl rksukjtbs
prkvgbdkntk.
Jb jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb ek jb dgarlmjäb -D2 akcbeb tbdcgçn ks un
`batlr slspkahlsl kn kj eksbrrljjl ekj trbstlrnl plr eç`gagt ek
btknagñn/hgpkrbatgvgebe (UEB/UEBH), kpgjkpsgb, ekdknagb ek Bjzhkgdkr,
kn`krdkebe ek Vbrognsln, ekprksgñn arñngab, trbstlrnl cgpljbr, ksqugzl`rkngb
y trbstlrnl ek kstrçs plstrbudâtgal.

Aubnel sk prleuak un slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, kjjl eksknabeknbrâ un

rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl quk pukek vbrgbr ek jkvk b mrbvk. Bekdâs ekj rktrbsl
 kn kj eksbrrljjl, kj ngòl tbdcgçn pukek baudujbr ebòl b trbvçs ek jb JAB kn
kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl.

[n sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl egs`unaglnbj ks rksplnsbcjk ek duahls

prlcjkdbs aldunks ek jb gn`bnagb, aldl alnstgpbagñn, Qänerldk ek Gntkstgnl
Grrgtbcjk, rk`juil, UEB, UEBH, dlvgdgkntls nkrvglsls, abdgnbr aln jlb
puntb ek jls pgks, eljlrks ek abckzb, hbdcrk pkrsgstkntk, bsä aldl jb
bnsgkebe.
Kj budkntl ek jb gn`jbdbagñn jgckrbeb plr jb dgarlmjäb-D2 akcbeb y kj trbatl
gntkstgnbj tgknk kj pltknagbj ek rkeuagr kj udcrbj alnvujsgvl y budkntbr tbntl
jb prlcbcgjgebe aldl jb `rkauknagb ek jbs alnvujsglnks kpgjçptgabs. Kstk
k`katl sk lcskrvb b dknuel kn ngòls dknlrks ek un bòl ek kebe aldl
alnvujsglnks `kcrgjks, su `lrdb dâs ckngmnb. [nb alnvujsgñn `kcrgj ks un
kvkntl rkjbtgvbdkntk gnl`knsgvl kn ngòls duy pkqukòls quk eurb dknls ek
un dgnutl y laurrk aubnel kj ngòl tgknk `gkcrk. Kstk ks un kvkntl
"gnkspkrbel" kn un ngòl sbnl. Kn kstb sgtubagñn, kj ngòl eksbrrljjb unb
rkspukstb
aldùn. Jbgn`jbdbtlrgb
gn`jbdbagñn ykntlnaks
`gkcrk ekspuçs ek alntrbkr
cbib kj udcrbj unb gn`kaagñn
ek jb alnvujsgñn vgrbj
abusbnel
quk kj ngòl tknmb un btbquk rkpkntgnl. Kstbs alnvujsglnks nl rkmrksbn b
dknls quk jb `gkcrk y jb rkbaagñn gn`jbdbtlrgb vukjvbn b laurrgr.
B`lrtunbebdkntk, jls ngòls mknkrbjdkntk sbjkn ek kstk pbtrñn kn su prgdkr
audpjkbòls unb vkz quk su sgstkdb nkrvglsl dbeurb dâs.

[nb vkz quk sk prleuak kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl kn kj ngòl, jb absabeb

ek `umbs ek JVQ, kj akcbel ek dgarlmjgb, kj `bjjl ek jb pleb nkurlnbj y kj
budkntl ek jls ngvkjks ek agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs bhlrb hb kstbcjkagel kj
ksaknbrgl pbrb kj rktrbsl ekj eksbrrljjl y jb jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbeb, plr jl
quk bhlrb tlel jl quk sk nkaksgtb ks un mgrl pbtljñmgal dâs y sk prleuak kj
butgsdl.
Jb abrbatkrästgab quk alnvgkrtk b un ngòl aln rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl, UEB,
eljlrks ek abckzb y bnsgkebe kn un ngòl quk eksbrrljjb butgsdl, ks jb
 slcrkprleuaagñn ek un âagel mrbsl ek abeknb alrtb jjbdbel âagel prlpgñngal,
plr jbs cbatkrgbs ekj aljln quk bhlrb sk kstân rkpjgabnel `ukrb ek alntrlj
ekntrl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel.

2;
 

ABWKNEL KN KJ B[UGQDL
 

Kj K`katl Qkebntk ekj Âagel Vrlpgñngal

xgstkn
pukeknegstgntbs kspkagksbsaknekr
cbatkrgbnbs
hbagb ekntrl ekj gntkstgnl
ekjmbel, ymruksl quk
K pltknagbjdkntk kj gntkstgnl aldknzbr
b prljg`krbr kn kxaksl. Aubnel kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl laurrk
ekntrl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel, ks täpgabdkntk abusbel plr unb sljb kspkagk ek
cbatkrgbs.
Bjmunbs cbatkrgbs sln abpbaks ek prleuagr âagel prlpgñngal, dgkntrbs quk
ltrbs nl jl sln. Duahbs ek kstbs sln cbatkrgbs prleuatlrbs ek âagel
prlpgñngal pkrtknkagkntks b jb `bdgjgb ajlstrgegud, y aubnel sk jks eb jb
lplrtungebe ek arkakr sgn alntrlj ekntrl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel, sk prleuak unb
mrbn abntgebe ek âagel prlpgñngal, quk ks bcslrcgel hbagb kj tlrrkntk
sbnmuänkl. Aubnel jls ngvkjks ek âagel prlpgñngal budkntbn kn kj tlrrkntk
sbnmuänkl, jls bngdbjks ek jbclrbtlrgl aldgknzbn b prkskntbr un
aldplrtbdgkntl kxtrbòl, aldl sg kstuvgkrbn gntlxgabels. Kj dgsdl k`katl
laurrgr kn jls ngòls aubnel su trbatl gntkstgnbj kstâ aljlngzbel aln cbatkrgbs
prleuatlrbs ek âagel prlpgñngal. Kj k`katl kstuplrlsl, quk bskdkib bj ek
bjmunbs erlmbs, ekj âagel prlpgñngal ks jb prgnagpbj abusb ek jb "pçregeb ek
alntbatl vgsubj y jb alnagknagb " aubnel kj butgsdl ks nltbel plr prgdkrb
vkz.
Jls ngòls pukekn kstbr eksbrrljjânelsk nlrdbjdkntk, y ks sljl ekspuçs ek
quk un kvkntl
bntgâagel `ukrtk(trbtbdgkntl aln eksknabeknb
l vbaunbagñn) bntgcgñtgals, kj
unslcrkarkagdgkntl
prlakegdgkntl qugrùrmgal,
cbatkrgbnlunb
dbnl ek unb kspkagk prleuatlrb ek âagel prlpgñngal, quk jls pberks nltbrân
un abdcgl rkpkntgnl kn jb alneuatb y kj aldplrtbdgkntl ek su hgil. Kj
abdcgl rkpkntgnl kn kj aldplrtbdgkntl ekj ngòl sk ekck b quk kstân
gntlxgabels aln âagel prlpgñngal. Kj tçrdgnl dçegal quk eksargck kstl ks
knak`bjlpbtäb tñxgab.
Jb trbnsgagñn hbagb kj butgsdl gngagb aubnel jls ngvkjks ek prleuaagñn ek
âagel prlpgñngal sln jl su`gagkntkdkntk kjkvbels aldl pbrb sbturbr kj
 akrkcrl ekj ngòl y aldknzbr b bjtkrbr su aldplrtbdgkntl. Kj dldkntl kxbatl
kn kj quk laurrk kj budkntl ek âagel prlpgñngal kxpjgab plr quç duahls
pberks rk`gkrkn quk lcskrvbrln kj abdcgl ek su hgil ek un dldkntl b ltrl,
dgkntrbs quk ltrls pberks rk`gkrkn quk su hgil dlstrl sgmnls ek butgsdl y

ltrbs abrbatkrästgabs ekj eksbrrljjl eksek kj nbagdgkntl. Kn ltrls absls, jls

pberks rk`gkrkn unb jkntb trbnsgagñn ek vbrgls dksks hbagb kstk kstbel
"erlmbel".

Bunquk un ngòl rkagçn nbagel b bequgkrk jb aldcgnbagñn cbatkrgbnb gntkstgnbj

ek su dberk bj nbakr, aln `rkauknagb kxgstkn duahls ltrls `batlrks
gnvljuarbels kn kj eksbrrljjl ek butgsdl ek un ngòl. Ksls ltrls `batlrks quk
gn`juykn kn jb aldcgnbagñn cbatkrgbnb ekj ngòl pleräbn gnajugr bnldbjäbs
mknçtgabs, hlspgtbjgzbagñn kn jb ungebe ek augebels gntknsgvls nklnbtbjks
([AGN), kj usl ek bntgâagels `ukrtks alnlagels aldl gnhgcgelrks ek jb cldcb
ek prltlnks, bnkstksgb mknkrbj, prlakegdgkntls qugrùrmgals pbrb jb rkpbrbagñn
ek un ek`katl kn kj alrbzñn l ek unb kstknlsgs pgjñrgab, l jb dberk quk
rkqugkrb bntgcgñtgals gntrbvknlsls iustl bntks ekj pbrtl.
Kj pberk ek un ngòl tbdcgçn pukek alntrgcugr bj rgksml ekj ngòl ek eksbrrljjbr
butgsdl, bj alntrgcugr aln ektkrdgnbels mknks quk pleräbn9 (2) budkntbr kj
rgksml ek slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl kn mknkrbj (3) `bvlrkakr kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl ek jbs cbatkrgbs prleuatlrbs ek âagel prlpgñngal vkrsus jbs
cbatkrgbs nl prleuatlrbs ek âagel prlpgñngal, l (1) abusbr quk jb dgarlmjgb
skb dâs sknsgcjk b jls k`katls ek akcbel ek jls JVQ, abusbnel quk skb dâs
prlpknsb b abusbr rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl l jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb aln
ngvkjks cbils ek slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl y kxplsgagñn b JVQ.

Jb prgnagpbj eg`krknagb `gsglpbtljñmgab kntrk un ngòl aln prlcjkdbs ek

eksbrrljjl y UEB, kn aldpbrbagñn aln un ngòl aln butgsdl, aln prlcjkdbs
 ek eksbrrljjl y bekdâs UEB, ks jb prleuaagñn ek mrbneks abntgebeks ek âagel
prlpgñngal. W jb eg`krknagb kntrk jls kikdpjls bntkrglrks y un ngòl sgn
kvgeknagb ek butgsdl, rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl l aubjqugkr k`katl ek unb jksgñn
akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb (UEB, bnsgkebe l eljlrks ek abckzb), ks un trbatl

gntkstgnbj kqugjgcrbel nlrdbjdkntk.

[nb vkz quk kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl sk rkvgkrtk y jls ngvkjks ek âagel

prlpgñngal egsdgnuykn, jls ngòls sln jgckrbels ek jb tñxgab y kstuplrlsb
prgsgñn ek jb quk hbn sgel prgsglnkrls. Kstl ks jl quk prkvgbdkntk jjbdç "kj
pkrälel ekj ekspkrtbr". Eurbntk kstk pkrälel ek ekspkrtbr, jls ngòls
prkskntbrân dkilräb kn kj alntbatl vgsubj y sk vljvkrân dâs alnsagkntks ek su
kntlrnl. Kj ekspkrtbr pukek dbng`kstbrsk aldl skr dâs lcskrvbelr ek su
kntlrnl, dâs gntkrbatgvl y dâs abjdbel. Kj pkrälel ek ekspkrtbr ks dâs
prlnunagbel kn ngòls aln butgsdl dâs pkqukòls, y b dknuel nl ks tbn
kvgekntk kn beljksakntks y beujtls iñvknks butgstbs.
Vlr ltrl jbel, bjmunls ngòls kn kj pkrälel ek ekspkrtbr ekdlstrbrân un dbylr
ngvkj ek bnsgkebe, hgpkrbatgvgebe, bmrksgñn, hbdcrk, ske k gnsldngl. Kstls
aldplrtbdgkntls budkntbels y pltknagbjdkntk pkrturcbelrks sukjkn skr jb
dbng`kstbagñn ekj ektkrglrl nkurljñmgal sucybakntk, quk bntkrglrdkntk nl krb
tbn kvgekntk ekcgel b jls plekrlsls k`katls skebntks ekj âagel prlpgñngal.
Vbrkagel b un pltkntk skebntk `brdbaçutgal, unb vkz quk jls ngvkjks ek âagel
prlpgñngal sk egsgpbn, jls aldplrtbdgkntls bckrrbntks skrân kvgekntks.
Ltrb abusb ek aldplrtbdgkntls egsruptgvls kn bjmunls ngòls ks aubnel sk
 bedgngstrbn elsgs kxaksgvbs ek gnujgnb pbrb kqugjgcrbr kj trbatl gntkstgnbj. B
dkegeb quk budkntb
hgpkrbatgvl, jb elsgs
hbdcrgkntl, ek gnujgnb,
skegkntl kj ngòlQu
l bmrksgvl. pukek vljvkrsk dâsabeb
aldplrtbdgkntl bnsglsl,
vkz
dâs egsruptgvl bskdkib b jl quk sk vk kn beujtls aubnel jb prksgñn brtkrgbj

akrkcrbj ks sucñptgdb, `knñdknl alnlagel aldl hgplpkr`usgñn akrkcrbj.

Kn jls beujtls, jb hgplpkr`usgñn akrkcrbj b dknuel ks kj rksujtbel ek unb
egs`unagñn ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl y aldùndkntk alneuak b jb
bnsgkebe, `bjtb ek alnakntrbagñn, budkntl ekj hbdcrk y/l jb ske,
aldplrtbdgkntls ek gnqugktue y kj gnsldngl. Jls beujtls rk`krgrân quk tlels
kstls säntldbs dkilrbn, sg nlrdbjgzbn jb prksgñn brtkrgbj akrkcrbj hbagknel
kikragagl, aldgknel abrclhgerbtls l sbj, ckcgknel jäqugels l sgdpjkdkntk
balstânelsk. Ulels kstls aldplrtbdgkntls budkntbn kj `juil sbnmuänkl
akrkcrbj.
Jls ngòls quk kxpkrgdkntbn prksgñn brtkrgbj cbib rkbaaglnbn ek jb dgsdb
dbnkrb. Kstbrân alnstbntkdkntk hbdcrgkntls l skegkntls, aln `rkauknagb sk
baukstbn kn kj sl`â l kn kj pgsl, b vkaks sk aukjmbn aln jb abckzb kn kj clrek
ek jb abdb, abdgnbn kn jb puntb ek jls pgks y sgkntkn jb nkaksgebe bprkdgbntk
ek dlvkr jls dùsaujls, yb quk sln hgpkrbatgvls.
Qu ilvkn akrkcrl tgknk unb nltbcjk abpbagebe ek aldknzbr b plebr nkurlnbs
pbrb quk pukebn plnkrsk bj eäb kn su eksbrrljjl, bsä aldl rkpbrbr kj ebòl
baudujbtgvl sucybakntk, prleuatl ek jksglnks prkvgbs. Kstuegls plstkrglrks b
jksglnks, dukstrbn quk kj akrkcrl pukek prleuagr nukvbs nkurlnbs kn kj sgtgl
ek jb jksgñn, bsä aldl hbakr quk jbs nkurlnbs dgmrkn b eg`krkntks ârkbs ekj
akrkcrl elnek skbn rkqukrgebs.
Dk mustb rk`krgrdk bj prlaksl ek plnkrsk bj eäb aln kj eksbrrljjl y jb
rkpbrbagñn ek jbs jksglnks akrkcrbjks sucybakntks, aldl kspkrbr b quk kj
abckjjl arkzab, ks un prlaksl jkntl pkrl alnstbntk. Eäb b eäb sk prleuak unb
rkaupkrbagñn gdpkrakptgcjk, pkrl bntks ek nltbrjl, sk mbnb un nukvl
aldplrtbdgkntl l sk bjabnzb un hgtl. Kstbs nukvbs hbcgjgebeks y
aldplrtbdgkntls dkilrbels grân vbrgbnel, pkrl sgkdprk alntgnùbn arkagknel
kn `rkauknagb y aldpjkigebe.
Ek dbnkrb alnstbntk jk rkaukrel b jls pberks quk jb rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab
ks un prlaksl jkntl y quk ekckn skr pbagkntks. Jbs dkilrbs vgstbs aln
`rkauknagb aln kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® b dknuel sln gdprksglnbntks k
 gnaldpbrbcjks, pkrl pukekn tldbr duahls dksks k gnajusl bòls kn bjabnzbr
su tltbjgebe.

Nls knalntrbdls kn un tkrrgtlrgl aldpjktbdkntk eksalnlagel, plrquk jl quk

hb bjabnzbel kstb rkaupkrbagñn hb ekdlstrbel quk duahbs tklräbs slcrk jb
gdplsgcgjgebe ek jb rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab sln aldpjktbdkntk krrbebs.

Kn kj `uturl, alnsgekrl quk eksaucrgrkdls quk kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl

ks rksplnsbcjk ek jb prleuaagñn ek unb vbrgkebe ek ltrbs sustbnagbs tñxgabs,
egstgntbs bj âagel prlpgñngal, quk alntrgcuykn b unb bdpjgb mbdb ek säntldbs
kspkaä`gals y kn`krdkebeks kn ngòls y beujtls.
Bjmunls kikdpjls pltknagbjks quk hk vgstl kn dgs pbagkntks, ks jb
rkaupkrbagñn ek jb tbrtbduekz, bnsgkebe gntknsb, gnsldngl, dgmrbòbs,
egsjkxgb, tgas, sänerldk ek Ulurkttk k hgpl arñngal, quk kdpgkzbn b dkilrbr
ekntrl ek unbs plabs skdbnbs ekspuçs ek rkstburbr kj kqugjgcrgl ek jbs
cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks. Abeb unl ek kstls trbstlrnls pleräb skr eksknabeknbel
plr unb sustbnagb quädgab gnusubj, prleuageb plr unb akpb ùngab ek cbatkrgbs
y kj slcrkarkagdgkntl ek jbs dgsdbs.
 

Gn`jbdbagñn y Bnldbjäbs Mknçtgabs

Ks lcvgl qukknkjgnageknagb,
budkntbnel butgsdl y yltrls trbstlrnls
jb bdpjgb mknkrbjgzbels
vbrgkebe ekj mknçtgabs
ek dutbaglnks eksbrrljjlknhbn
kj
;-26% ek jls absls pukek tknkr un gdpbatl kn jbs abrbatkrästgabs ek egahls
trbstlrnls. Dgkntrbs quk bjmunls mknks ekj butgsdl tgknkn un ajbrl
sgmng`gabel `unaglnbj (QHBNOs, nkurljgmgnbs y nkurkxgnbs, sänerldk ekj
arldlsldb x `râmgj, prltkänbs bslagbebs bj rktrbsl dkntbj), duahls mknks
gnvljuarbels kn kj butgsdl nl plskkn un dkabngsdl ek egs`unagñn ajbrl. Jb
gdplrtbnagb ajängab ek kstls mknks nl bslagbels bùn nl hb sgel ektkrdgnbeb.
Bj hbcjbr ekj gdpbatl ek jb mknçtgab kn aubjqugkr trbstlrnl kn budkntl, unl
ekck trbtbr ek kntknekr sg kstls mknks sln nukvls ekntrl ekj gnegvgeul
b`katbel (aldl pukek suakekr plr jb kxplsgagñn b jb rbegbagñn, jb kxplsgagñn
b erlmbs eurbntk kj kdcbrbzl l gnajusl ekspuçs ekj nbagdgkntl) l sg jls mknks
yb sk knalntrbcbn ek `lrdb jbtkntk, kn kj pberk qugkn jls trbnsdgtgñ. Jb
gn`jbdbagñn pukek ekskdpkòbr un pbpkj tbntl kn mknks gnbatgvls aldl kn jls
batgvls. Bjtls ngvkjks ek agtlagnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs sln abpbaks ek batgvbr
mknks quk hbn kstbel jbtkntks kn mknkrbaglnks bntkrglrks, y ek kstb `lrdb
eksknabeknbr kn`krdkebeks bslagbebs b egahl mkn.
Bjtkrnbtgvbdkntk, jbs agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs pukekn suprgdgr jls mknks
nkaksbrgls pbrb dbntknkrsk sbjuebcjk, y bsä alneuagr b unb alnegagñn dçegab.
Jb gn`jbdbagñn sgstçdgab tbdcgçn ektkrglrb jb abpbagebe ek jbs açjujbs dberk
y ek jbs nkurlnbs pbrb dbeurbr bekaubebdkntk, y pukek abusbr jb rkpjgabagñn
gnalrrkatb ekj BEN ("krrlrks" mknçtgals), kspkagbjdkntk aubnel kj ngòl sk
knaukntrb bùn kn eksbrrljjl ekntrl ùtkrl. Kn kj ngòl kstl rksujtbräb kn kj
eksbrrljjl ek un mkn akjujbr bnlrdbj, quk nl `uk trbnsdgtgel plr ngnmunl ek
sus pberks.
Aubj skb kj ksaknbrgl, ks dâs quk prlcbcjk quk jbs mknkrbaglnks prkvgbs nl
tuvgkrbn unb prkvbjknagb tbn kjkvbeb ek butgsdl aldl jb batubj, plrquk
 tknäbn aldcgnbaglnks ek cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks dâs sbjuebcjks y vgväbn kn un
bdcgkntk quk mknkrbcb duahb dknls gn`jbdbagñn sgstçdgab kn sus aukrpls.
Bntks ekj nbagdgkntl, jbs agtlagnbs gn`jbdbtlrgbs sln abpbaks ek abusbr
dutbaglnks l batgvbr/suprgdgr mknks prkkxgstkntks prkskntks kn jb dberk y

kstl pukek gn`jugr kn kj eksbrrljjl l jb batgvbagñn ekj BEN akjujbr ekj `ktl.

Kstb ks unb kxtknsb jgstb ek `ukntks ek gn`jbdbagñn dktbcñjgab, pkrl jls

prgdkrls aubtrl sln jls `batlrks dâs aldunks quk pbrkakn b`katbr jb sbjue ek
jls pbagkntks quk vkl kn dg alnsujtb, tbntl iñvknks aldl dbylrks.
Jb egsdgnuagñn ek ksbs `ukntks ek gn`jbdbagñn tbntl kn jls ngòls aldl kn jbs
dberks kdcbrbzbebs, pukek audpjgr aln els egstgntls prlpñsgtls kn jl quk
rkspkatb bj eksbrrljjl ekj butgsdl. Kn jbs dberks kdcbrbzbebs, unb dknlr
gn`jbdbagñn sgstçdgab pkrdgtgrâ quk jbs açjujbs dberk nkurlnbjks sk
eksbrrljjkn alrrkatbdkntk y, plr jl tbntl, egsdgnugrâ jb prlcbcgjgebe ek quk
sk eksknabeknkn trbstlrnls vgnaujbels b jb mknçtgab. Kn jls ngòls, unb dknlr
gn`jbdbagñn sgstçdgab pkrdgtgrâ quk jb dgarlmjäb y jls dkabngsdls ek
rkpbrbagñn akjujbr `unaglnkn ek dbnkrb dâs nlrdbj y k`katgvb, `unaglnbnel
aldl bplyl pbrb kj prlaksl ek pleb nkurlnbj nbturbj, y un rgtdl nlrdbj ek
eksbrrljjl. Jb rkeuaagñn sgmng`gabtgvb ek jb gn`jbdbagñn kn kj ngòl tbdcgçn
 pukekn pkrdgtgr quk jls mknks nl sbjuebcjks skbn bpbmbels, jl quk rksujtb kn
jb pbusb ekj ebòl bj gnegvgeul, arkbnel un kstbel ek rkdgsgñn ek un trbstlrnl
mknçtgal.

20
 

KJ KQVKAUSL GN@JBDBULSGL-NK[SLUÑ
GN@JBDBULSGL-NK[SLUÑXGAL
XGAL

gstñrgabdkntk, aubnel jls agkntä`gals hbn trbtbel ek kntknekr agkrtls

aldplrtbdgkntls
cbil ektkrdgnbelbnlrdbjks kn gnegvgeuls, bmrupbrân b jls pbagkntks
H tätujl cbsbel kn kj aldplrtbdgkntl bnlrdbj
lcskrvbel plr jls gnvkstgmbelrks. Kj kn`lquk quk utgjgzbn nl ks duy eg`krkntk
ek trbtbr ek brdbr un rldpkabckzbs ek 2.666 pgkzbs.
Jb dbylräb ek nlsltrls aldknzbrâ b lrmbngzbr jbs pgkzbs ekj rldpkabckzbs
ek baukrel b agkrtbs abrbatkrästgabs, aldl un aljlr pbrtgaujbr, pbtrlnks l jbs
pgkzbs quk bcbrqukn jls clreks ekj rldpkabckzbs.
Kstl nls byueb b ebrjk skntgel b unb bdpjgb vbrgkebe ek pgkzbs, quk pbrkakn
nl kstbr rkjbaglnbebs. Bjmunls kikdpjls dçegals ekj bclrebik ekj
rldpkabckzbs, kn kj aldplrtbdgkntl
bnsgkebe, jb ksqugzl`rkngb, jb psgalsgs ykdlaglnbj bnlrdbj
jls trbstlrnls ek jbsln jb ekprksgñn, jb
pkrslnbjgebe.
 

Ltrl mrupl cbsbel kn jbs abrbatkrästgabs lcskrvbebs sln jls trbstlrnls ekj
eksbrrljjl quk b`katbn b jls ngòls.
 

Kj Egbmnñstgal ek jls Urbstlrnls ekj Eksbrrljjl sk Cbsb kn jls

Aldplrtbdgkntls
Aldplrtbdgkn tls Lcskrvbels
Kj rldpkabckzbs ekj eksbrrljjl alnsgstk kn trbstlrnls lcskrvbels ekj kspkatrl
butgstb (butgsdl, sänerldk ek Bspkrmkr l Urbstlrnl Mknkrbjgzbel ekj
Eksbrrljjl -Nl Kspkag`gabel ek Ltrb @lrdb), trbstlrnls mknkrbjgzbels ekj
eksbrrljjl (rktrbsls kn kj eksbrrljjl ek dùjtgpjks `unaglnks câsgabs),
trbstlrnls kspkaä`gals ekj eksbrrljjl (rktrbsls kn un ârkb kspkaä`gab) y ltrls
trbstlrnls ekj nkurleksbrrljjl aldl jksgñn akrkcrbj trbudâtgab (UCG) y
trbstlrnls ek eç`gagt ek btknagñn (UEB, UEBH).

Kstk sgstkdb `unaglnb cgkn kn kj skntgel ek quk unb bdpjgb vbrgkebe ek

gnvkstgmbaglnks hbn ekdlstrbel quk kstk kn`lquk ek trbtbdgkntl, pukek
dkilrbr ek `lrdb kspkaä`gab bjmunls bspkatls ekj trbstlrnl ekj eksbrrljjl dâs
quk ltrls. Ubdcgçn sgrvk aldl cbsk pbrb byuebr b bedgngstrbr ek dbnkrb dâs
k`gagkntk jb egstrgcuagñn ek rkaursls ek bplyl (tkrbpkutbs, btknagñn dçegab,
bsgstknagb ksaljbr, kta.)
Kj prlcjkdb ks quk kstk kn`lquk lrmbngzbaglnbj lcskrvbel nl ks ùtgj aubnel
 sk trbtb ek aldprknekr jb abusb sucybakntk ek egahls trbstlrnls gn`bntgjks.

[n Vrlaksl Vbtljñmgal Aldùn kn Duahls Urbstlrnls ekj Eksbrrljjl

Jls kstuegls
dgarlmjäb (un kstân rkbjgzbnel
mjñcujl cjbnal) un
ek clsqukil ek un bnlrdbj
`unaglnbdgkntl prlaksl yknjls
kj ngvkjks
quk jb
kjkvbels ek agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs ekntrl ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl akntrbj,
ukmbn un pbpkj aldcgnbel kn unb bdpjgb mbdb ek trbstlrnls nkurljñmgals
tbntl kn beujtls aldl kn ngòls.
Kn jls beujtls, jb batgvbagñn bnlrdbj ek jb dgarlmjäb y jbs agtlagnbs kjkvbebs
sk bslagbn aln kj eksbrrljjl ek Bjzhkgdkr, kn`krdkebe ek Vbrognsln,
ksajkrlsgs jbtkrbj bdgltrñ`gab (KJB), ekmknkrbagñn dbaujbr, kpgjkpsgb
rksgstkntk bj trbtbdgkntl, ekprksgñn arñngab, ksqugzl`rkngb, trbstlrnl ek kstrçs
plstrbudâtgal, sänerldk plstalndlaglnbj, bsä aldl knak`bjlpbtäb trbudâtgab
arñngab (AUK) kn btjktbs.
Kn jls ngòls, kstk dgsdl prlaksl pbtljñmgal sk bslagb aln un ektkrglrl ekj
eksbrrljjl ek jb brqugtkaturb `unebdkntbj ekj akrkcrl, jb dgmrbagñn ek
nkurlnbs y jb pleb sgnâptgab, tlel jl aubj alneuak b unb vbrgkebe ek
bjtkrbaglnks ekj eksbrrljjl, iuntl aln jb rkaupkrbagñn gnaldpjktb ek trbudbs
akrkcrbjks `äsgals, kdlaglnbjks k gn`jbdbtlrgls, quk rksujtb kn jksglnks
akrkcrbjks baudujbtgvbs.
Ek kstb `lrdb, pbrb kntknekr ajbrbdkntk añdl un bclrebik, pukek b`katbr
plsgtgvbdkntk tbntbs vbrgbntks bpbrkntkdkntk eg`krkntks, ek prlcjkdbs ekj
eksbrrljjl gn`bntgj, kj bclrebik ekck vkrsk eksek jb väb aldùn ek batgvbagñn
ek jb dgarlmjäb y jbs agtlagnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs.
Eknldgnl kstk puntl ek vgstb aldl kj kspkatrl gn`jbdbtlrgl-nkurltñxgal ek
jls trbstlrnls ekj eksbrrljjl.
 

Kj Kspkatrl Gn`jbdbtlrgl-Nkurltñxgal ek jls Urbstlrnls ekj Eksbrrljjl

Kn jumbr ek vkrlcskrvbel
aldplrtbdgkntl jls trbstlrnls ekj skeksbrrljjl
kn kj ngòl, eksek
lctgknk unb jb dâs
gdbmkn pkrspkatgvb ekj
ajbrb ek jls
trbstlrnls bj vkr kj prlaksl ek jb kn`krdkebe eksek un prlaksl pbtljñmgal
akjujbr. Jb vbrgkebe ek pbtrlnks ek aldplrtbdgkntl bnlrdbjks rk`jkib jb
vbrgkebe ek ârkbs akrkcrbjks quk nl `unaglnbn alrrkatbdkntk.
Kj alnakptl nl ks egstgntl b lcskrvbr jb vbrgkebe ek `lrdbs kn jb quk un
baagekntk akrkcrlvbsaujbr pukek b`katbr b un beujtl. Bjmunls beujtls quk
hbybn su`rgel un baagekntk akrkcrlvbsaujbr pukekn tknkr pbrâjgsgs tbntl ekj
crbzl ekrkahl aldl ek jb pgkrnb, ltrls pukekn tknkr ekcgjgebe kn kj crbzl
gzqugkrel y sln gnabpbaks ek hbcjbr l trbmbr, dgkntrbs quk ltrls sgdpjkdkntk
pukekn aldknzbr b dbng`kstbr ekdknagb sgn ngnmunb jgdgtbagñn dltlrb l
sknslrgbj kn sus kxtrkdgebeks.
Abeb unl ek kstls pbtrlnks ek bjtkrbagñn ek jb `unagñn nkurljñmgab,
rkprkskntb un ârkb eg`krkntk ekj akrkcrl quk sk vk b`katbeb plr un prlaksl
pbtljñmgal sgdgjbr.
sgdgjbr. Jl dgsdl sk bpjgab b jls ngòls aln trbstlrnls ekj
eksbrrljjl.
Jb bdpjgb vbrgbagñn ek jbs eg`gaujtbeks ekj hbcjb, eg`gaujtbeks sknslrgbjks,
dltlrbs, almngtgvbs y kdlaglnbjks quk un ngòl pukek kxpkrgdkntbr
sgdpjkdkntk rkprkskntb jb sudb ek eg`krkntks ârkbs ek su akrkcrl quk nl
`unaglnbn alrrkatbdkntk.
Jb egs`unagñn akrkcrbj arñngab kn ngòls aln trbstlrnls ekj eksbrrljjl laurrk
prgnagpbjdkntk b trbvçs ek trks egstgntls prlaksls pbtljñmgals, quk sln9

Urbudb akrkcrbj nl rkpbrbel quk rksujtb kn jksglnks akrkcrbjks

baudujbtgvbs
Vleb nkurlnbj jkntb l bnlrdbj quk rksujtb kn rktrbsl ekj eksbrrljjl
Vrleuaagñn quk bjabnzb ngvkjks tñxgals plr âagel prlpgñngal,
 rksujtbnel kn knak`bjlpbtäb tñxgab

Kj mrbel l kxtknsgñn ekj rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl y jb jksgñn akrkcrbj

baudujbtgvb sk dbmng`gabn aln kj budkntl ek jls ngvkjks ek agtlagnbs

prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs kn kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl akntrbj y sgstçdgal, prlakekntks ek

unb vbrgkebe ek `ukntks? sgknel kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl
ekjmbel quk dâs rkprkskntbtgvl.

Kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl tbdcgçn alntrgcuyk b jb prleuaagñn ek âagel

prlpgñngal, abpbz ek kikrakr un k`katl tñxgal slcrk jb `unagñn akrkcrbj ek unb
`lrdb pbrkageb b jb ek bjmunls skebntks aldl Pbjgud® (egbzkpbd), l un
bjuagnñmknl aldl kj JQE (egktgjbdgeb ek âagel jgsçrmgal).
 

Jb Kvljuagñn kn @unagñn ekj Ugkdpl Qlcrkarkagdgkntl Cbatkrgbnl

Ektkrdgnb sg jb Jksgñn Akrkcrbj Baudujbtgvb Laurrk Aln l Qgn Sktrbsl
ekj Eksbrrljjl
[n ektkrdgnbntk gdplrtbntk kn sg kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ek un
pbagkntk rksujtb kn säntldbs sgdpjks ek jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb aldl jl
ks kj kstrkògdgkntl, l `bjtb ek alnakntrbagñn l rksujtbels kn rktrbsl ekj
eksbrrljjl aln plsgcjk butgsdl ekpknek ek els `batlrks9 jb kebe kn jb quk
bpbrkak plr prgdkrb vkz kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl y sg jbs cbatkrgbs quk
arkakn ek `lrdb kxaksgvb kn kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel sln l nl prleuatlrbs ek
âagel prlpgñngal.
Ebel quk jb dbylräb ek jb pleb nkurlnbj ks aldpjktbeb aubnel jls ngòls
bjabnzbn jls agnal l skgs bòls ek kebe, kj eksbrrljjl ek slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl bntks l ekspuçs ek kstb kebe rksujtb kn eg`krknagbs sgmng`gabtgvbs.
Qg un ngòl tgknk un kqugjgcrgl cbatkrgbnl gntkstgnbj nlrdbj eurbntk jls
prgdkrls lahl bòls ek vgeb, su dgarlmjäb kstbrâ `unaglnbnel nlrdbjdkntk y
plerâ plebr y rkpbrbr alrrkatbdkntk su sgstkdb nkrvglsl kvgtbnel aubjqugkr
prlcjkdb ek eksbrrljjl l jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb.
Vkrl sg un ngòl eksbrrljjb slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl b jb kebe ek lahl
bòls, tlebväb nl tknerâ ngnmùn prlcjkdb ek eksbrrljjl, pkrl b pbrtgr ek bhlrb,
tknerâ eg`gaujtbeks pbrb rkaupkrbrsk ek trbudbs y kn jls bòls sgmugkntks, kj
ngòl
sgmnlspleräb eksbrrljjbr
ek jksgñn akrkcrbjUEB, bnsgkebe y kstrkògdgkntl kn budkntl. Ulels jls
baudujbtgvb.
Qg kj dgsdl ngòl eksbrrljjb slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl b jb kebe ek lahl
dksks kn jumbr ek lahl bòls, tbntl jb pleb nlrdbj aldl jls prlaksls
nlrdbjks ek rkpbrbagñn akrkcrbj sk vkrân b`katbels. Kj ngòl eksbrrljjbrâ
prlcjkdbs nkurljñmgals aldpbtgcjks tbntl aln rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl, aldl
aln jksglnks akrkcrbjks baudujbtgvbs.
Kn kstk puntl, kj ngòl pukek su`rgr un ektkrglrl plr rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl y
 jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb, pkrl kstls els `batlrks ek dbnkrb gnekpknegkntk,
nl sln su`gagkntks
butgsdl, rkqugkrknpbrb abusbrquk
bekdâs butgsdl. Jbs abrbatkrästgabs
jbs cbatkrgbs ùngabs quk plskk
tbdcgçn prleuzabn kj
mrbneks
abntgebeks ek âagel prlpgñngal.

Ek jbs kspkagks gnegvgeubjks ek cbatkrgbs gnvljuarbebs kn kj slcrkarkagdgkntl

cbatkrgbnl kn kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel, bjmunbs sln prleuatlrbs ek âagel
prlpgñngal y ltrbs nl. Qg sln prleuatlrbs ek âagel prlpgñngal, tknerâ aldl
rksujtbel butgsdl aln rktrbsl ekj eksbrrljjl sucybakntk y jksgñn akrkcrbj
baudujbtgvb. Qg nl sln prleuatlrbs ek âagel prlpgñngal, kj pbagkntk sljl
su`rgrâ rktrbsl ekj eksbrrljjl y jksglnks akrkcrbjks baudujbtgvbs, pkrl nl skrâ
egbmnlstgabel aln butgsdl.
Qk pukek vkr quk pukek hbckr trks eksknjbaks duy eg`krkntks sljl kn `unagñn
ekj dldkntl kn quk sk prleuak kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, y sg jbs
cbatkrgbs prleuakn l nl mrbneks abntgebeks ek âagel prlpgñngal.
 

Urbtbdgkntl Egrgmgel bj Butgsdl y jls Urbstlrnls ekj Eksbrrljjl

Pkr jls trbstlrnls

gn`jbdbagñn ekj eksbrrljjl
y jb tlxgagebe ek jbplr
prleuageb gn`bnagb b trbvçs
kj âagel ekj jkntk
prlpgñngal, ek jbb
byueb
kxpjgabr añdl un rçmgdkn ek trbtbdgkntl tbn sgdpjk aldl kj Vrltlaljl
Nkdkahko® pukek b`katbr egstgntls trbstlrnls bpbrkntkdkntk eg`krkntks.
Kj hkahl ks quk kj prlaksl sucybakntk prgnagpbj quk eksknabeknb jb dbylräb
ek kstls trbstlrnls ks kj dgsdl9 kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl
ekjmbel. Jls trbstlrnls gn`bntgjks eg`gkrkn sljl aln rkspkatl b jb kebe kn jb
quk sk prleuak kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, quç ârkb ekj akrkcrl nl sk
pleb l rkpbrb alrrkatbdkntk, y sg jbs cbatkrgbs gnvljuarbebs kn kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl prleuakn âagel prlpgñngal kn kxaksl.
Dg dlekjl pbrb kj butgsdl sk kntgknek dkilr aldl un dlekjl tkñrgal, quk sk
cbsb kn unb bdpjgb vbrgkebe ek gnvkstgmbaglnks rkbjgzbebs kn bngdbjks y
hudbnls. Jb "prukcb" ek quk kstk dlekjl ks bekaubel kn mrbn pbrtk ks quk
usbrjl aldl muäb pbrb kj trbtbdgkntl dukstrb skr bjtbdkntk k`katgvl. Vbrb
b`grdbaglnks ek`gngtgvbs, sk nkaksgtbn mrbneks kstuegls, pkrl batubjdkntk
nbegk kstâ alnsgekrbnel un knsbyl ek kstk tgpl, kspkagbjdkntk pbrb bjml tbn
kalnñdgal y baaksgcjk aldl ks kj bakgtk ek pksabel, kj bakgtk ek ljgvb y jb
gnujgnb (l rg`bxgdgnb).
Bjml ks skmurl9 dg sknagjjl bclrebik b jb gn`jbdbagñn y jb suprksgñn ekj âagel
prlpgñngal, kstâ tkngknel un k`katl plsgtgvl sgn prkakekntks kn duahls ngòls
y beujtls ek tlel kj dunel.
 

2=
 

KNUKNEGKNEL AÑDL
VSLULALJL KN @[NAGLNB
1 VBQLQ KJ
 

Vbsl [nl9 Skkqugjgcrbr kj Urbatl Gntkstgnbj

bel quk kj rktrbsl ekj eksbrrljjl y jb jksgñn akrkcrbj prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs,

baudujbtgvb sln
E gdpujsbels plr jb kxaksgvb prleuaagñn ek agtlqugnbs
y kj prgnagpbj `batlr `gsglpbtljñmgal ekj butgsdl ks jb prleuaagñn ek
âagel prlpgñngal plr slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, kstbcjkakr un alntrlj slcrk
egahl slcrkarkagdgkntl ks kj pbsl dâs arätgal ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko.
Bjmunls ngòls y beujtls aln slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl gntkstgnbj dlstrbrân
sgmnls l säntldbs rkjbaglnbels bj dgsdl. Jls säntldbs aldunks ek
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl gnajuykn rk`juil l bagekz kstldbabj, gntljkrbnagb
bjgdkntbrgb kspkaä`gab (tldbtks, kspkagbs, aätrgals, ab`ç, ahlaljbtk, kta.), hkaks
jäqugebs l urmkntks, bnsgkebe l kaakdb.
Nl ks gnusubj quk un ngòl l un beujtl aln slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl nl
tknmb ngnmùn säntldb gntkstgnbj kn pbrtgaujbr. Bprlxgdbebdkntk kj 36-16 %
ek jls beujtls aln slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl gntkstgnbj nl prkskntbn
säntldbs gntkstgnbjks kvgekntks.
Bunquk pukek nl hbckr säntldbs gntkstgnbjks nltbcjks, kj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl tlebväb ks abpbz ek prleuagr ngvkjks tñxgals ek âagel prlpgñngal y
prkvkngr jb pleb nkurlnbj y jb rkpbrbagñn ek jksglnks akrkcrbjks, plr dkegl ek
bjtls ngvkjks ek gn`jbdbagñn akrkcrbj y jb `unagñn bnlrdbj ek jb dgarlmjäb.
Vlr kstbs rbzlnks, alnsgekrl quk tlels jls ngòls aln aubjqugkr kspkatrl ek
butgsdl, l aln prlcjkdbs ek eksbrrljjl nkaksgtbn trbtbdgkntl pbrb trbtbr kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel.
 

Dçtlel Vrk`krgel pbrb Kqugjgcrbr jbs Cbatkrgbs Gntkstgnbjks kn jls Ngòls

Dâs Vkqukòls9

Qupjkdkntbagñn Aln @gcrb Vrkcgñtgab ek Gnujgnb

2/8 -2/3 auahbrbegtb ek gnujgnb kn pljvl, 2 vkz bj eäb

Jb gnujgnb ks unb `gcrb prkcgñtgab ek vkntb jgcrk (LUA plr sus sgmjbs kn
gnmjçs) quk prlvgknk ek unb vbrgkebe ek `ukntks vkmktbjks nbturbjks. Jb
gnujgnb ekrgvbeb ekj bmbvk, jb rbäz ek bahgalrgb y jb bjabahl`b ek Ikrusbjçn sln
tlebs `lrdbs bakptbcjks ek gnujgnb. Kj pljvl prkcgñtgal ek gnujgnb ks cbrbtl y
ks aldkragbjgzbeb plr unb vbrgkebe ek `bcrgabntks.

Qg kj ngòl ks dknlr ek lahl bòls ek kebe, sgkdprk kdpgkzl aln gnujgnb pbrb
kqugjgcrbr jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks. Qg kj ngòl tgknk kntrk lahl y abtlrak bòls,
kdpgkzl aln gnujgnb l rg`bxgdgnb.
Skaldgknel ebr b dgs pbagkntks kntrk 2/8 b 2/3 auahbrbegtb ek pljvl ek
gnujgnb, unb vkz bj eäb. Kn dg kxpkrgknagb, bjmunls ngòls pukekn btrbvksbr
bjmunbs `juatubaglnks ekj aldplrtbdgkntl, l ek jb `unagñn gntkstgnbj eurbntk
unb skdbnb l els plstkrglrks bj gngagl ek jb `gcrb ek gnujgnb.
Dâs bjjâ ek jb elsgs ek 2/3 auahbrbegtbs bj eäb, ks rbrl vkr aubjqugkr dkilrb
begaglnbj kn jls säntldbs, y elsgs dâs kjkvbebs pleräbn pltknagbjdkntk
budkntbr jb hgpkrbatgvgebe, kj hbdcrk, jb ske, jb bnsgkebe l jb bmrksgvgebe?
bekdâs pleräb abusbr dljkstgbs plr kxaksl ek mbsks, abjbdcrks l egstknsgñn
bceldgnbj.
Kj pljvl ek gnujgnb ks gnlelrl y tgknk un sbclr jgmkrbdkntk eujak. Kj pljvl ek
gnujgnb sk pukek tldbr aln l sgn bjgdkntls y sk pukek dkzajbr aln jäqugels y
sñjgels, abjgkntks l `räls. Jb gnujgnb ks jb ùngab `gcrb prkcgñtgab quk usl aln
dgs pbagkntks.
 B jl jbrml ek jls bòls hk prlcbel egstgntbs `gcrbs prkcgñtgabs kn dg alnsujtb,
pkrl ngnmunb ek kjjbs rkeuil kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl jl su`gagkntk
aldl pbrb pkrdgtgr jb rkaupkrbagñn akrkcrbj kn jls ngòls, k gnajusl bjmunbs
`gcrbs aldl jb mldb mubr pukekn abusbr pkjgmrlsbs lcstruaaglnks
gntkstgnbjks.

Jb gnujgnb budkntb jb bagekz ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel, rksujtbnel kn jb suprksgñn

ekj arkagdgkntl ek jbs cbatkrgbs aljñngabs knalntrbebs kn kj dgsdl. Aubnel
sk suprgdk kj arkagdgkntl ek jbs cbatkrgbs ekj aljln, jb prleuaagñn ek âagel
prlpgñngal sk rkeuak erâstgabdkntk.
Kj âagel prlpgñngal ks un aldpukstl quädgal quk nukstrls aukrpls prleuakn
nbturbjdkntk, plr jl quk nl ks bjml quk plebdls ektknkr plr aldpjktl, sgnl
quk ks bjml quk sk pukek rkeuagr bj alntrljbr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl.
Kj âagel prlpgñngal sk utgjgzb b vkaks aldl begtgvl kn jls bjgdkntls, pkrl
kstbs abntgebeks sln tbn pkqukòbs quk nl alnsgekrl quk skb nkaksbrgl
kvgtbrjbs.
Jbs `gcrbs prkcgñtgabs  sln duy eg`krkntks ek jbs cbatkrgbs prlcgñtgabs. Jb
gnujgnb nl ks un prlcgñtgal y jb gnujgnb nl ekck skr bedgngstrbeb aln kstls.

Ulels dgs pbagkntks

gndkegbtbdkntk kj usl ektgknkn gnstruaaglnks
tlels jls kspkaä`gabs
prlcgñtgals bntks ek gngagbrekkj suspknekr
Vrltlaljl
Nkdkahko®.
Kn un abpätujl bntkrglr, kxpjgquç añdl jbs cbatkrgbs kn kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel
sln tbn eg`krkntks ek jbs cbatkrgbs quk vgvkn kn kj aljln, quk unl eknldgnbr b
un tgpl ek kjjbs aldl bvks (cbatkrgbs ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel) y kj ltrl tgpl
aldl pkaks (cbatkrgbs ekj aljln).
[tgjgzl jb gjustrbagñn ek bvks y pkaks aldl kxpjgabagñn ekj `knñdknl
eknldgnbel QGCL, kntlnaks jb `gcrb ek gnujgnb sk alnsgekrb dkilr aldl
bjgdkntl pbrb jbb cbatkrgb
gnujgnb bjgdkntb jbs bvks "bvk" sbjuebcjk
(jbs cbatkrgbs ekntrl ekjquk
cknk`gaglsbs gntkstgnl
ekckräbnekjmbel9 jb
kstbr bjjä)
pkrl nl bjgdkntb b jls pkaks (jbs cbatkrgbs gnvbslrbs). Kj pljvl ek gnujgnb
tbdcgçn vgknk kn `lrdb ek mldgtbs dbstgabcjks. Kn dg kxpkrgknagb, unb b els
mldgtbs ek gnujgnb bj eäb sln su`gagkntks pbrb kqugjgcrbr kj trbatl gntkstgnbj kn
ngòls pkqukòls.
Qgn kdcbrml, bjmunls ngòls pbrkakn rkbaaglnbr nkmbtgvbdkntk b jls
aljlrbntks u ltrls gnmrkegkntks prkskntks kn jbs mldgtbs, plr jl quk sg kj
 pbagkntk pbrkak tknkr unb rkbaagñn, sljgagtl quk sk jks bedgngstrk pljvl ek
gnujgnb purb ek jbs dbrabs rkaldknebebs.
Ekspuçs ek gngagbr bj ngòl kn kj usl ek gnujgnb egbrgb, bakgtk ek pksabel y
bakgtk ek ljgvb, jls pberks b dknuel prkmuntbn añdl sbcrân sg kstb ks jb

abntgebe alrrkatb ek gnujgnb y bakgtk ek pksabel pbrb su hgil pkqukòl. Kj

prgdkr lciktgvl ekj trbtbdgkntl ks ektkrdgnbr sg jb gnujgnb ks k`gabz pbrb
rkvkrtgr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, l sg skrâ nkaksbrgl kj usl ek
rg`bxgdgnb.
 

Ektkrdgnbr sg jb Gnujgnb ks K`gabz

Jb rkvkrsgñn ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl aln gnujgnb alneuagrâ b unb

egsdgnuagñn ekj âagel prlpgñngal y b dknuel rksujtb kn jl quk eknldgnl
aldl kj ekspkrtbr, kspkagbjdkntk kn pbagkntks dâs iñvknks. Kj ekspkrtbr sk
prleuak ekntrl ek jbs prgdkrbs 2-3 skdbnbs y sk dbng`gkstb kn jls ngòls aln
un dbylr alntbatl vgsubj, kstbel ek bjkrtb, pbrtgagpbagñn, y plsgcjkdkntk
gnajusl dâs butlkstädujl l gnsldngl.
[nb vkz quk sk prleuak kj ekspkrtbr, jb elsgs ek gnujgnb utgjgzbeb ks jb
bekaubeb plrquk jb dkilrb rkpkntgnb kn kj aldplrtbdgkntl ekj ngòl ks
kvgeknagb ek quk jbs cbatkrgbs hbn sgel suprgdgebs. Nl ks nkaksbrgl budkntbr
jb elsgs ek gnujgnb sg sk prleuak kj ekspkrtbr.
Qg jb elsgs ek gnujgnb sk budkntb duy, duy jkntbdkntk l jls ngòls sln
dbylrks, sus aldplrtbdgkntls hbagb kj ekspkrtbr abdcgbn tbn jkntbdkntk quk
nl sln nltbcjks, b pksbr ek jb suprksgñn ekj âagel prlpgñngal.
Jbs dkilrbs kn kj eksbrrljjl nkurljñmgal aldknzbrân b laurrgr b un rgtdl
dbylr kn jls sgmugkntks trks b skgs dksks. Qg nl kxgstk unb dkilräb
sgmng`gabtgvb ekspuçs ek trks dksks, kntlnaks kj ngòl kstâ kxpkrgdkntbnel un
`bjjl ek jb gnujgnb y nkaksgtbrâ skr trbtbel aln rg`bxgdgnb.

Vuntls ekstbabels y prkmuntbs `rkaukntks9

¼Ruç tgpl ek gnujgnb prk`gkrl< Vrk`gkrl kj pljvl purl ek gnujgnb pbrb trbtbr b
jls ngòls (jb gnujgnb nl ks duy k`katgvb pbrb alntrljbr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl kn beljksakntks y beujtls dbylrks). Bj aldprbr gnujgnb kn pljvl,
rkaldgknel aldprbr  Nkdkahko Cjuk Lrmbnga Gnujgn  l jb  Gnujgnb ek NL
 @lles. Kn dg kxpkrgknagb, duahbs ltrbs dbrabs sln cbstbntk dknls k`katgvbs
quk Nkdkahko Cjuk l jb dbrab NL] @lles. Kn kj bpçnegak bpbrkak unb jgstb
 ek jbs dbrabs bprlcbebs plr Nkdkahko.

¼Auânel dgs pbagkntks pleräbn rksplnekr plr prgdkrb vkz bj trbtbdgkntl<

Ekpknegknel ek jb abntgebe ek rktrbsl sucybakntk kn kj eksbrrljjl ekj ngòl,
jls ngòls pukekn aldknzbr b tknkr alntbatl vgsubj, skr dâs alnsagkntks ek su

kntlrnl, pkrdgtgr dbylr alntbatl `äsgal l aldungabrsk y hbcjbr dâs, kn un

pkrglel ek unls plals eäbs l skdbnbs.
¼B quk rgtdl pleräb laurrgr jb rkaupkrbagñn<

Bjmunls kstuegls gnegabn quk kj rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl sk rkaupkrb

bprlxgdbebdkntk b unb tbsb ek els b trks dksks, plr abeb dks ekj abjknebrgl
kn quk egsdgnuyk jb gn`jbdbagñn akrkcrbj. Bjmunls ngòls pukekn rkaupkrbrsk
râpgebdkntk, dgkntrbs quk ltrls ngòls tbrebn alnsgekrbcjkdkntk dâs tgkdpl.
Nl gdplrtb jb kebe ekj ngòl, kj `batlr dâs gdplrtbntk b alnsgekrbr ks sg kj
prltlaljl hb budkntbel jb tbsb ek dkilrb, kn aldpbrbagñn aln kj rgtdl ek
dkilrbs prkvgl bj prltlaljl.
¼Vlr auântl tgkdpl nkaksgtbn dgs pbagkntks kstbr kn trbtbdgkntl aln
gnujgnb y aln kj rkstl ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®< Kj alntrlj ekj âagel
prlpgñngal y jb rkaupkrbagñn akrkcrbj sln prlaksls b jbrml pjbzl y abeb
bspkatl ekj prltlaljl (kqugjgcrgl gntkstgnbj, bakgtk ek ljgvb y bakgtk ek
pksabel) sk dbnkib kn eg`krkntks jänkbs ek tgkdpl. Ebel quk tlebväb nl
kntknekdls añdl prkvkngr aldpjktbdkntk kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl,
kxgstgrâ jb nkaksgebe alntgnub ek dbntknkr kj kqugjgcrgl gntkstgnbj y rkvkrtgr kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl kn absl ek quk laurrb.
Jb ek`gagknagb ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 y kj kxaksl ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-
0 prkskntk kn jls bjgdkntls, hbakn quk jb supjkdkntbagñn rkmujbr aln âagels
mrbsls ldkmb-1 ek bakgtk ek pksabel (batubjdkntk) y bakgtk ek ljgvb skb un
rkqugsgtl b jbrml pjbzl.
¼Hk vgstl abdcgls kn jls säntldbs gntkstgnbjks ekspuçs ek gngagbr jb
gnujgnb<

B vkaks, kj kstrkògdgkntl l jb egstknsgñn ek un pbagkntk pbrkakn kdpklrbr

ekspuçs ek aldknzbr aln jb gnujgnb. Kj kstrkògdgkntl, jb bagekz kstldbabj y
jb gn`jbdbagñn sln sgmnls ek jb egs`unagñn butlnñdgab sucybakntk prlpgb ekj
pbagkntk, y nl unb alnskauknagb egrkatb ek jb gnujgnb. Kstls sljl pbrkakn
"kdpklrbr" plrquk jb gnujgnb dkilrb jbs hkaks baulsbs l `rkaukntks bslagbebs
 bj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, y pkrdgtk quk kj kstrkògdgkntl sucybakntk l
jb egstknsgñn skb dâs kvgekntk.
Kj kstrkògdgkntl y jb egstknsgñn kvkntubjdkntk eksbpbrkakrân, aln`lrdk kj
Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® alntgnùk dkilrbnel jb `unagñn butlnñdgab. Qg kj ngòl

sk sgkntk gnañdlel l kxpkrgdkntb eljlr plr kj kstrkògdgkntl, b dknuel

rkaldgknel un supjkdkntl knzgdâtgal, nl egmkstgvl, jgcrk ek `gcrb, aldl kj
dbmnksgl (jkahk ek dbmnksgb) l DgrbJBX®.

Qg kj ngòl nl kvbaùb b egbrgl, pkrl sk sgkntk añdlel y sgn eljlr, rkaldgknel

usbr kstls prleuatls sljl skmùn skb nkaksbrgl y nl sgdpjkdkntk pbrb mknkrbr
unb kvbaubagñn egbrgb.
¼Ruç pbsb sg jb gnujgnb kdpklrb jb butlkstgdujbagñn<

Qg pbrkak hbckr butlkstgdujbagñn kxaksgvb ekspuçs ek aldknzbr jb gnujgnb,

rkaldknebrç egsdgnugr jb elsgs ek gnujgnb b 2/8-2/5 ek auahbrbegtb plr eäb y
vkr sg jbs alsbs dkilrbn. B vkaks pukek tldbr unb skdbnb l els bntks ek quk
jb rkeuaagñn ek jb elsgs rksujtk kn dkilrks aldplrtbdgkntls.

¼Ruç pbsb sg kj ngòl su`rk añjgals eljlrlsls l prkskntb dualsgebe kn jbs

hkaks<
Qg kj ngòl kstâ kxpkrgdkntbnel añjgals l dualsgebe kn jbs hkaks, dk akraglrl
quk jls pberks suspknebn kj usl ek prlcgñtgals, knzgdbs egmkstgvbs l
supjkdkntls. Qg kstls supjkdkntls begaglnbjks nl kstân sgknel utgjgzbels,
rkaldgknel suspknekr jb gnujgnb eurbntk unb skdbnb y jukml rkgngagbrjb b unb
elsgs dâs cbib. Qg jls säntldbs bùn pkrsgstkn, rkaldgknel unb kvbjubagñn plr
pbrtk ekj pkegbtrb ekj ngòl.
¼Ruç pbsb sg kj ngòl nl tljkrb jb gnujgnb<

Qg un ngòl nl pukek tljkrbr jb gnujgnb, kntlnaks rkaldgknel kj usl ek un

aursl ek rg`bxgdgnb prksargtb pbrb kqugjgcrbr kj trbatl gntkstgnbj.
¼Ruç pbsb aln jls ltrls prleuatls pbrb trbtbr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl<

Jb gnujgnb ks jb ùngab `gcrb quk usl pbrb rkkqugjgcrbr l rkkstbcjkakr kj

slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl. Nl usl ng rkaldgknel kj usl ek ltrbs `gcrbs,
prlcgñtgals, vgtbdgnbs, dgnkrbjks, hgkrcbs l knzgdbs pbrb trbtbr kj
 slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl kn dgs pbagkntks. Ubdplal ks nkaksbrgl usbr
supjkdkntls pbrb rkvkrtgr kj gntkstgnl pkrdkbcjk, yb quk sk rkpbrbrâ
ksplntânkbdkntk b jbs plabs skdbnbs ek gngagbr jb gnujgnb (l kj trbtbdgkntl
aln rg`bxgdgnb)

¼Ks ùtgj rkbjgzbr prukcbs pbrb egbmnlstgabr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl,

brb ektkatbr kj âagel prlpgñngal l sbckr jls tgpls ek cbatkrgbs kn jbs
hkaks<

Nl. Bunquk pbrkzab gntrgmbntk, jb agknagb dçegab nl kstâ akrab ek kntknekr

añdl hbakr kstbs prukcbs aln prkagsgñn, ng kntknekdls jls rksujtbels ek tbj
dbnkrb quk plebdls usbr jls rksujtbels pbrb dkilrbr jb rkspukstb bj
trbtbdgkntl kn kj ngòl.

Bevkrtknagb9
Dgs pbagkntks nl tldbn prlcgñtgals eurbntk l ekspuçs ekj usl ek gnujgnb. Jb
rbzñn ks quk unb vkz quk jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks sk rkkqugjgcrbn y jbs bvks y
jls pkaks sk hbn kstbcjkagel nukvbdkntk kn sus rkspkatgvls kntlrnls, jl
ùjtgdl quk qugkrl hbakr ks gntrleuagr unb cbatkrgb kxtrbòb (plergbdls
jjbdbrjbs jbmbrtls) pbrb quk jbs bvks tknmbn quk jgegbr aln kjjls. Abeb vkz
kxgstk dâs kvgeknagb ek quk jb bedgngstrbagñn gnegsargdgnbeb ek prlcgñtgals
pukek kdpklrbr jb aldcgnbagñn mknkrbj ek cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks.
 

Dçtlel Vrk`krgel pbrb Kqugjgcrbr jbs Cbatkrgbs Gntkstgnbjks kn Ngòls

Dbylrks y Beujtls9

Bntgcgñtgals Nl-Bcslrcgcjks
Sg`bxgdgnb ;;6 dm els vkaks bj eäb eurbntk 26 eäbs.

B dkegeb quk jls ngòls arkakn, jb gnujgnb ks abeb vkz dknls k`gabz pbrb
dbnkibr kj kqugjgcrgl ek jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks. B jb kebe ek vkgntk bòls,
nunab hk vgstl quk jb gnujgnb skb jl su`gagkntkdkntk k`katgvb aldl pbrb
byuebr jb rkaupkrbagñn akrkcrbj.
Qg kj ngòl tgknk kntrk lahl y abtlrak bòls, pukel aldknzbr aln gnujgnb l
rg`bxgdgnb, pkrl sg kj ngòl tgknk qugnak bòls l dâs, rkaldgknel aldknzbr
aln rg`bxgdgnb ekcgel b jb cbib prlcbcgjgebe ek quk jb gnujgnb skb k`katgvb.
B dkegeb quk jls ngòls arkakn, jb gnujgnb sk vukjvk abeb vkz dknls k`gabz
pbrb dbnkibr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl. Arkl quk kstl ks ekcgel jb
dbeurbagñn nbturbj ek jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks b dkegeb quk jls ngòls
dbeurbn hbagb jb kebe beujtb. Nl sljl kstbdls trbtbnel ek suprgdgr jbs
"cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks" aldl unb kntgebe gnegvgeubj, sgnl quk nkaksgtbdls
suprgdgr y kqugjgcrbr dâs ek dgj kspkagks egstgntbs ekntrl ekj gntkstgnl
mruksl, tlebs jbs aubjks tgknkn sus prlpgbs abrbatkrästgabs ùngabs.
Jbs kspkagks ek cbatkrgbs quk tgknekn b rkprleuagrsk kn kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel
ek un ngòl dâs pkqukòl (jjbdçdlsjbs kspkagks B) pleräbn skr dâs sknsgcjks
b jls k`katls prkcgñtgals ek jb gnujgnb. Aldl rksujtbel, jb gnujgnb ks dâs
k`katgvb kn ngòls dâs pkqukòls.
B dkegeb quk jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks ekj ngòl dbeurbn nbturbjdkntk aln jb
kebe, jbs kspkagks quk sln dknls sknsgcjks b jls k`katls ek jb gnujgnb
(jjbdkdls b kstbs kspkagks C) pleräbn skr dâs prlpknsbs b abusbr
 slcrkarkagdgkntl y hbakr quk jb gnujgnb pbrkzab pkrekr su k`gabagb bj
kqugjgcrbr jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks.
Qg jb `gcrb ek gnujgnb pgkrek su k`gabagb aln kj tgkdpl, l jls k`katls
skaunebrgls (hgpkrbatgvgebe, bnsgkebe, bmrksgñn) sln gntljkrbcjks, rkaldgknel
kj usl ek rg`bxgdgnb (cbil kj nldcrk aldkragbj ek Xg`bxbn® kn jls KK.[[.)

;;6 dm els vkaks bj eäb eurbntk 26 eäbs, pbrb rkeuagr kj kxaksl ek cbatkrgbs
aljñngabs kn kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel ek dgs pbagkntks.

Jb rg`bxgdgnb kjgdgnbrâ jb prksknagb bnlrdbj ek aubjqugkr cbatkrgb aljñngab

(tbntl kspkagk B aldl kspkagk C) quk hbyb slcrkarkagel ekntrl ekj gntkstgnl
ekjmbel, sgn b`katbr kj rkstl ek jbs cbatkrgbs ekj aljln. Kstk ks un
dkegabdkntl prksargtl,
Kstk trbtbdgkntl quk ekck
`brdbaçutgal skr gnegabel
pukek nkaksgtbry skr
supkrvgsbel
rkpktgel plr un dçegal.
pkrgñegabdkntk
puks jbs rkabäebs ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl pukekn laurrgr aln
`rkauknagb.
 

Gngagl ek jb Skaupkrbagñn

Ks gdplrtbntk kntknekr quk kj trbtbdgkntl aln gnujgnb l rg`bxgdgnb sljb nl

rkpbrbrâ kj akrkcrl ek un ngòl, y quk jb rkvkrsgñn ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl nl
alntrljbrâ jb dgarlmjgb akcbeb D2 y jb rkaupkrbagñn skrâ jgdgtbeb. Bekdâs
ek alntrgcugr aln unb abntgebe plal sbjuebcjk ek kstrçs gn`jbdbtlrgl ekntrl
ekj akrkcrl, kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl tbdcgçn eksknabeknb jb
`lrdbagñn ek dgarlmjgb akcbeb D2 quk gnhgck jb pleb, jb dgmrbagñn y jb
rkpbrbagñn nkurlnbj.
Jb supjkdkntbagñn aln bakgtk ek pksabel y bakgtk ek ljgvb y, plsgcjkdkntk, kj
usl ek kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml (PNQ) pukek skr nkaksbrgb pbrb rkmujbr
jb gn`jbdbagñn y supkrbr jls k`katls nkmbtgvls ek jb dgarlmjgb akcbeb D2.
Ubdcgçn ks gdplrtbntk dknaglnbr quk kj UD@ (trbnspjbntk ek dbtkrgb `kabj)
nl tgknk k`katl egrkatl slcrk kj arkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel
ng slcrk jb dgarlmjgb akcbeb D2. Aldl tbj, kj UD@ prkvgsgcjkdkntk tknerâ
un k`katl dängdl kn jb rkstburbagñn ek jb pleb nkurlnbj, jb dgmrbagñn
nkurlnbj y jb rkpbrbagñn akjujbr. Nl rkaldgknel UD@ b dgs pbagkntks
pkegâtrgals.
Jbs abrbatkrästgabs `gsglpbtljñmgabs ajbvk ekj butgsdl gnvljuarbn tbntl jb
gn`jbdbagñn akrkcrbj aldl kj slcrkarkagdgkntl gntkstgnbj, y sk rkqugkrk ek un
ks`ukrzl alnstbntk pbrb alntrljbr bdcls b jbrml pjbzl. Kj plekr ekj prltlaljl
kstâ kn su gdpbatl aljkatgvl, kn jb rkeuaagñn ek jb gn`jbdbagñn akrkcrbj.
Bpbrtk ek budkntbr jbs elsgs ek bakgtk ek pksabel y bakgtk ek ljgvb b dkegeb
quk kj ngòl arkak, bjtkrbr l rkeuagr jbs elsgs ek jls aldplnkntks gnegvgeubjks
quk `lrdbn pbrtk ekj prltlaljl, b dknuel alneuak b aln`usglnks, k gnajusl
pukek rkeuagr jb k`gabagb ekj prltlaljl sg sk aldktkn krrlrks.
 

Kvbjubagñn ek jb K`gabagb

Ekspuçs ek aldpjktbr kj aursl ek 26 eäbs ek rg`bxgdgnb y aldknzbr kj bakgtk

ek pksabel y kj bakgtk ek ljgvb, jls pberks sk prkmuntbrân añdl ektkrdgnbn sg
jbs elsgs sln jbs bekaubebs pbrb su hgil. Qln els jbs alsbs quk cusal bj
kvbjubr jb k`gabagb ekj trbtbdgkntl.
Vrgdkrl, jb rkvkrsgñn ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl aln un aursl (ek 26
eäbs) ek rg`bxgdgnb alneuagrâ b unb egsdgnuagñn ekj âagel prlpgñngal y, b
dknuel, bj pkrälel ek ekspkrtbr. Kstk ks un pkrälel kn kj quk kj ngòl sk
vukjvk dâs alnsagkntk, tgknk dâs alntbatl vgsubj, dâs bjkrtb, dbylr
pbrtgagpbagñn, pkrl plsgcjkdkntk pukek tknkr dâs sgmnls ek butlkstgdujbagñn
l gnsldngl.
Aldl hk egahl bntks, aubntl dbylr skb kj ngòl, dknls prlcbcjk skrâ quk jls
pberks nltkn un ekspkrtbr. Kstl pleräb ekckrsk b quk jbs cbatkrgbs
rksplnsbcjks ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl kn ngòls dbylrks, tgknekn b nl prleuagr
âagel prlpgñngal kn kxaksl, l bqukjjbs kspkagks quk sä prleuakn âagel
prlpgñngal yb hbn sgel suprgdgebs aln rkstrgaaglnks egktçtgabs.
Kn skmunel jumbr, sg jb aldcgnbagñn ek cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks sk hb
rkkqugjgcrbel y sk kstân bedgngstrbnel jbs abntgebeks bekaubebs ek bakgtk ek
pksabel y bakgtk ek ljgvb, ekckräb hbckr un budkntl nltbcjk kn kj
rknegdgkntl nkurljñmgal kn jls prñxgdls dksks.
Qg nl hby unb dkilrb sgmng`gabtgvb ekspuçs ek 3-1 dksks, kntlnaks alnajuyl
quk jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks kstân rkagegvbnel râpgebdkntk y sk nkaksgtb unb
elsgs dâs `rkaukntk ek rg`bxgdgnb.
 

Dlngtlrkl

Kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel sljl b vkaks ks

ektkatbcjk plr dkegl ek un aujtgvl cbatkrgbnl aubntgtbtgvl l un bnâjgsgs ek
VAS ek bspgrbagñn ek `jugel ek gntkstgnl ekjmbel, l plr kj dktbcljgsdl
bnlrdbj ek bzùabrks aln unb prukcb ek bjgkntl ek hgerñmknl y/l dktbnl. Kj
trbtbdgkntl aln rg`bxgdgnb b dknuel rksujtb kn jb rkvkrsgñn ek jls hbjjbzmls
kn kstbs prukcbs.
Eksek un puntl ek vgstb prâatgal, kstbs prukcbs nl sln ùtgjks y nl rkaldgknel
b dgs pbagkntks quk sk jbs rkbjgakn. Kj aujtgvl aubntgtbtgvl y kj bnâjgsgs ek
VAS rkqugkrkn un prlakegdgkntl knelsañpgal aldpjgabel abeb vkz quk sk
nkaksgtb unb dukstrb. Jb prukcb ek bjgkntl tgknk tbntbs vbrgbcjks quk b`katbn
su prkagsgñn, quk jls rksujtbels b dknuel sln dâs unb `ukntk ek aln`usgñn,
quk unb `ukntk ek ajbrgebe.
Ekiç ek usbr jb prukcb ek bjgkntl hbak duahl tgkdpl aln dgs pbagkntks, yb
quk bjmunls dkilrbcbn ekspuçs ek trbtbrsk aln rg`bxgdgnb b pksbr ek tknkr
unb prukcb ek bjgkntl gngagbj, nkmbtgvb pbrb slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl.
Kn jumbr ek kstbs prukcbs, hbml nltbs duy prkagsbs slcrk jbs dkilrbs ajängabs
gntkstgnbjks, psgqugâtrgabs, dusaujlksqukjçtgabs y nkurljñmgabs quk
kxpkrgdkntbn dgs pbagkntks ekntrl ekj prgdkr dks ekspuçs ekj trbtbdgkntl
aln gnujgnb l rg`bxgdgnb. Kstk alniuntl aljkatgvl ek säntldbs ks b jl quk
eknldgnç, aldl jb hukjjb ekj QGCL.
Jukml usl kstls abdcgls kn jls säntldbs pbrb vkrg`gabr sg hby rkabäebs ek
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, plrquk unb rkabäeb b dknuel rksujtbrâ kn kj
rkmrksl ek duahls ek jls dgsdls säntldbs quk sk rksljvgkrln lrgmgnbjdkntk
aln gnujgnb l rg`bxgdgnb.
Eksb`lrtunbebdkntk, duahls ngòls b dknuel nl pukekn aldungabrsk aln
su`gagkntk ajbrgebe pbrb byuebrnls b ekaleg`gabr jl quk pukekn kstbr
 kxpkrgdkntbnel. W b dknuel ks eg`äagj pbrb jls pberks dkegr aubjqugkr

abdcgl
QGCL, skgndkegbtl plr dkegl
vukjvk dknls ùtgj. ek jb lcskrvbagñn y kj kn`lquk ek jb hukjjb ekj

Ekcgel b kstk eksb`äl, usl kj rbzlnbdgkntl ekeuatgvl pbrb byuebrdk b ekagegr

sg jbs cbatkrgbs ekj gntkstgnl sk hbn kqugjgcrbel aln çxgtl. Hk bprknegel quk sg
jb gnujgnb l jb rg`bxgdgnb hbn tkngel çxgtl, jbs dkilrbs nltbcjks ekj eksbrrljjl
sk hbrân kvgekntks ekntrl ek aubtrl b lahl skdbnbs.
Qg kstl nl laurrk kspkagbjdkntk bj tkrakr dks, kntlnaks pukel alnajugr
rbzlnbcjkdkntk quk jb gnujgnb hb `bjjbel, l quk kj ngòl hb rkabäel
râpgebdkntk ekspuçs ek tkrdgnbr jb rg`bxgdgnb.

Vuntls ekstbabels y prkmuntbs `rkaukntks9

Kj usl alntgnubel ek gnujgnb ekspuçs ekj trbtbdgkntl aln jb rg`bxgdgnb, b
vkaks sk usb sg jls säntldbs gntkstgnbjks aldl jb egbrrkb, urmknagb plr kvbaubr
ekspuçs ek jbs aldgebs l gntljkrbnagb b jls bjgdkntls tlebväb kstân prkskntks.
  Qg jb gnujgnb nl hbak ngnmunb eg`krknagb sgmng`gabtgvb kn kstbs sgtubaglnks,
ekil ek usbrjb kn dgs pbagkntks.

 Jb rg`bxgdgnb ks un dkegabdkntl prksargtl y sljl ekck skr

bedgngstrbel y supkrvgsbel plr un dçegal.

Nunab bòbel prlcgñtgals bj prlmrbdb ek trbtbdgkntl ek dg pbagkntk, ekspuçs

ek rkkqugjgcrbr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl gntkstgnbj aln rg`bxgdgnb, plrquk jb
begagñn ek prlcgñtgals pukek kdpklrbr jbs alsbs `âagjdkntk, gnajusl sg kj
prlcgñtgal pbrkaäb byuebr bntks ekj usl ek rg`bxgdgnb. Hk vgstl quk jb begagñn
ek akpbs `lrânkbs ek cbatkrgbs (prlcgñtgals) budkntb jb gn`jbdbagñn ek jls
pbagkntks, kj egstrkss gntkstgnbj, jb ekprksgñn y ltrls säntldbs psgaljñmgals.
 

Aln jb kxakpagñn ekj usl ek gnujgnb pbrb kj dbnkil ek jb egbrrkb alntgnub,

kta., kj usl alntgnul ek `gcrbs prkcgñtgabs aldl gnujgnb, prlcgñtgals l knzgdbs
egmkstgvbs ekspuçs ek tldbr rg`bxgdgnb sk eksbalnskib `ukrtkdkntk plrquk
pukekn abusbr un kdpklrbdgkntl ek jls säntldbs unb vkz jlmrbel kj
rkkqugjgcrgl cbatkrgbnl gntkstgnbj.
 

Vbsl Els9 Skeuaagñn ek jb Gn`jbdbagñn Akrkcrbj

Kn kj abpätujl bntkrglr, kxpjgquç añdl jbs agtlagnbs jgckrbebs prleuatl ek jb

trbnsjlabagñn cbatkrgbnb sk rkeuakn aln kj rkkqugjgcrgl ek jbs cbatkrgbs
gntkstgnbjks aldl sk ektbjjb kn kj Vbsl 2 yb skb aln gnujgnb l rg`bxgdgnb. Kn
kstb skaagñn, kxpjgabrç jls aldplnkntks gnvljuarbels kn unb dbylr
rkeuaagñn ek jb gn`jbdbagñn aln kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®.
Bekdâs ek jb jgckrbagñn ek agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs b pbrtgr ekj
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, kxgstkn aubtrl `ukntks begaglnbjks ek
gn`jbdbagñn quk ekckn bclrebrsk abeb unb ek `lrdb pbrtgaujbr.
 

Abdcgl ek Dgarlmjgb D2 bj @knltgpl Bntggn`jbdbtlrgl

Bntggn`jbdbtlrgl D3

Budkntbr jb gnmkstb ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 ks un pbsl arätgal y ekck

audpjgrsk pbrb abdcgbr jb dgarlmjäb akcbeb gn`jbdbtlrgb D2 bj `knltgpl
bntggn`jbdbtlrgl D3-dgarlmjgbj.
Kj abdcgl ek D2 b D3 dbxgdgzb jb abpbagebe nbturbj ekj akrkcrl pbrb
rkstburbr kj eksbrrljjl nkurljñmgal bekaubel, bj rkgngagbr jb pleb sgnâptgab, jb
dgmrbagñn nkurlnbj y jb rkpbrbagñn nkurlnbj, bsä aldl mbrbntgzbr unb
dâxgdb rkaupkrbagñn.
Kj aukrpl hudbnl rkqugkrk unb dkzajb ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1, quk sln
nutrgkntks câsgals quk mknkrbaglnks bntkrglrks lctknäbn kn sus bjgdkntls
altgegbnls, pkrl quk bhlrb nl sk knaukntrbn aldundkntk kn jls bjgdkntls
dlekrnls.
Kxgstkn trks tgpls ek ldkmb-1 y abeb unl tgknk `unaglnks egstgntbs9 EHB,
KVB y BJB. Kj EHB ks âagel elalsbhkxbknlgal, kj KVB ks âagel
kgalsbpkntbknlgal y kj BJB ks âagel bj`b-jgnljçngal.

Jls trks tgpls ek ldkmb-1 sln gdplrtbntks, pkrl pbrb kstb pbrtk ekj Vrltlaljl
Nkdkahko® nls akntrbdls kn kj aldplnkntk EHB pbrtgaujbdkntk, plr su
abpbagebe pbrb byuebr kn jb rkpbrbagñn ekj ebòl akrkcrbj abusbel plr
gn`jbdbagñn y jksglnks. Kj EHB ks kj ùngal âagel mrbsl ldkmb-1 quk pknktrb
sustbnagbjdkntk kn kj akrkcrl y sk knaukntrb kn abntgebeks vbrgbcjks kn kj
bakgtk ek pksabel.
Jls pbagkntks ekckn aldpjkdkntbr aln EHB aln kj `gn ek abdcgbr sus
açjujbs ek dgarlmjäb akcbeb D2 nukvbdkntk bj tgpl ek dgarlmjäb D3 quk
pkrdgtk kj eksbrrljjl bekaubel ekj akrkcrl y jb rkaupkrbagñn ek jb jksgñn
akrkcrbj baudujbeb. Nl kxgstkn sustgtutls pbrb jb supjkdkntbagñn ek âagels
mrbsls ldkmb-1 EHB.
 Jb abntgebe ek EHB egbrgbs quk usl aln dgs pbagkntks pukek tldbrsk tleb b
jb vkz l pukekn tldbrsk kn elsgs egvgegebs b jl jbrml ekj eäb. Ubdcgçn sk
pukekn tldbr aln l sgn bjgdkntls. Bunquk ks gdplrtbntk ek `lrdb gnegvgeubj,
jb abntgebe kspkaä`gab ek KVB supjkdkntbrgb quk sk aldcgnb aln kj
aldplnkntk ek EHB kn kj bakgtk ek pksabel, ks dknls aruagbj. Kstl pleräb

ekckrsk b quk jb KVB nl pknktrb `âagjdkntk kn kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl akntrbj.

Kn kstk dldkntl, rkaldgknel päjelrbs l jäqugels ek bakgtk ek pksabel EHB
ek bjtb alnakntrbagñn quk kstân egsplngcjks kn NL] ® @lles l Nlrega
Nbturbjs®, kstbs dbrabs kspkaä`gabs sln dknaglnbebs kn kj bpçnegak. Kstbs
sln jbs dbrabs quk usl ek prk`krknagb, pbrb byuebr b dgs pbagkntks b
rkaupkrbrsk ek unb bdpjgb vbrgkebe pbekagdgkntls plr ektkrglrl nkurljñmgal
y jksglnks. Kj bakgtk ek hämbel ek cbabjbl tbdcgçn `unaglnb cgkn aubnel sk
aldpjkdkntbn jls âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1, y sk elsg`gab ek jb dgsdb `lrdb
quk kj bakgtk ek pksabel rkmujbr.
Skaldgknel nl usbr jbs nukvbs `lrdujbaglnks ek bjtb alnakntrbagñn ek EHB
quk alntgknkn plal l nbeb ek KVB. Bunquk plal KVB kntrb kn kj sgstkdb
nkrvglsl akntrbj, su prksknagb kn jbs dkzajbs ek bakgtk ek pksabel quk
rkaldgknel ks gdplrtbntk
`ukrb ekj sgstkdb pbrb kj alrrkatl `unaglnbdgkntl ek jbs açjujbs
nkrvglsl akntrbj.
 

Kqugjgcrbnel jls Âagels Mrbsls Ldkmb-1 y Ldkmb-0

Kstb tbcjb alntgknk jb elsgs ek Nlrega Nbturbjs [jtgdbtk Ldkmb @gsh lgj, quk
rkaldgknel aldùndkntk pbrb dgs pbagkntks skmùn su kebe.

Bjtkrnbtgvbdkntk, jls beljksakntks y beujtls quk pukekn trbmbr aâpsujbs ek

bakgtk ek pksabel pukekn usbr EHB-;66 ek NL] @lles, Gna.

Vuntls ekstbabels9
¼Kj bakgtk ek pksabel abusb dbjkstbr gntkstgnbj<
B vkaks dgs pbagkntks pukekn kxpkrgdkntbr kvbaubaglnks cjbnebs quk
pukekn laurrgr bj gngagbr jb supjkdkntbagñn aln kj bakgtk ek pksabel. Kstl sk
ekck b dknuel b quk su trbatl gntkstgnbj kstâ grrgtbel plr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl l ks gnabpbz ek bcslrckr kj budkntl rkpkntgnl kn jb abntgebe ek
 bakgtk quk gnmkrgeb.
Qg sk laurrkn kvbaubaglnks cjbnebs, jk pkegrç b dgs pbagkntks suspknebn kj
bakgtk ek pksabel eurbntk els l trks skdbnbs hbstb quk kj rkkqugjgcrgl ek jbs
cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks aln kj usl ek gnujgnb l rg`bxgdgnb, jk ek b bj trbatl
gntkstgnbj jb lplrtungebe ek rkpbrbrsk. Jukml, ekspuçs ek bjmunbs skdbnbs,

dgs pbagkntks pukekn rkgngagbr kj bakgtk ek pksabel b 2/5 ek jb elsgs aldpjktb.

Vukekn budkntbr jkntbdkntk jb elsgs bmrkmbnel un º ek elsgs skdbnbjdkntk
dâs l dknls hbstb quk bjabnakn jb elsgs aldpjktb. Jb kxpjgabagñn ks quk bj
budkntbr jkntbdkntk jb abntgebe ek bakgtk ek pksabel, kstbdls kntrknbnel kj
trbatl gntkstgnbj pbrb budkntbr jb abpbagebe ek bcslrckr jbs dljçaujbs ek
âagels mrbsls prkskntks kn kj bakgtk.
¼Bjmunb vkz bòbel vgtbdgnbs l prleuatls begaglnbjks bj bakgtk ek pksabel
b dgs pbagkntks<

Nl. Bòbegr supjkdkntls aldl mjutbdgnb, knzgdbs egmkstgvbs, bmkntks

`lrdbelrks ek cglpkjäaujbs l dkegabdkntls bntg`ùnmgals nl ks nkaksbrgl pbrb
jb rkaupkrbagñn ek cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks kn kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl l
pbrb jb bcslragñn ek bakgtk ek pksabel.
[nb kxakpagñn b kstb rkmjb ks jb supjkdkntbagñn aln hgkrrl l aln bjmunb
vgtbdgnb kn pbrtgaujbr prksargtb plr un dçegal, kn rkspukstb b ngvkjks cbils
cgkn elaudkntbels.
¼Bjmunb vkz utgjgzl bakgtk ek pksabel `krdkntbel aln dgs pbagkntks<

Nl. Nl rkaldgknel bakgtk ek pksabel `krdkntbel.

¼Bjmunb vkz usl bakgtk ek orgjj aln dgs pbagkntks<

Nl. Kj bakgtk ek orgjj ks unb dljçaujb eg`krkntk b jb dljçaujb ek bakgtk ek

pksabel. Nukstrls bntkpbsbels kvljuaglnbrln aln jb dljçaujb dâs alrtb
knalntrbeb kn kj bakgtk ek pksabel, y nl aln jb dljçaujb dâs jbrmb quk sk
knaukntrb kn kj bakgtk ek orgjj. [tgjgzl kxbatbdkntk jbs dgsdbs dljçaujbs y
nutrgkntks ksknagbjks, quk dbntuvgkrln jls akrkcrls ek nukstrls bntkpbsbels
`ukrtks y rksgstkntks. Kstls rksujtbn skr duahl dknls alstlsls kn jbs elsgs
rkqukrgebs quk aldùndkntk sk knaukntrbn egsplngcjks kn kj bakgtk ek orgjj.
¼Kxgstk unb lpagñn vkmktbrgbnb kn absl ek quk sus pbagkntks skbn bjçrmgals
 bj pksabel l pbrb bqukjjls quk nl ekskkn gnmkrgr un sucprleuatl ek
ksabel<

Vrlcbcjkdkntk. Kxgstkn supjkdkntls EHB ekrgvbels ek bjmbs quk pleräbn

skr cknk`gaglsls, pkrl nunab hk vgstl dkilrbr sgmng`gabtgvbdkntk b ngnmunl ek
dgs pbagkntks aln jb bedgngstrbagñn ek EHB ekrgvbel ek bjmbs.

Qk arkäb quk jb dkilrb y jb rkaupkrbagñn butñnldbs krbn dçegabdkntk

gdplsgcjks hbstb quk eksbrrljjç kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®, y kstbs sljl sk hbn
jlmrbel aln EHB b cbsk ek rkaursls dbrgnls. Jb `bjtb ek KVB kn kj EHB
ekrgvbel
`unaglnbr.ek bjmbs pleräb skr unb ek jbs rbzlnks plr jb aubj pbrkak nl
¼Vukek ltrb `lrdb ek ldkmb-1 (KVB l BJB) sustgtugr kj EHB ekj pksabel<

Nl. Ltrbs `lrdbs ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 nl dbrgnls, aldl kj bakgtk ek

jgnl (BJB), nl pknktrbn `âagjdkntk kn kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl akntrbj y nl tgknkn
kj dgsdl gdpbatl slcrk jb gn`jbdbagñn l jb `unagñn ek jb dgarlmjäb quk kj
EHB.
 

Kj Âagel Bj`b-Jgnljkgal Begaglnbj (BJB)

Kj tkrakr aldplnkntk ek ldkmb-1 ks kj BJB, (âagel bj`b-jgnljçngal), quk ks

ldkmb-1 b cbsk ek pjbntbs. Kxgstkn bjmunbs gnvkstgmbaglnks quk sumgkrkn quk
kj BJB pukek byuebr b quk kj EHB pknktrk kn kj akrkcrl.
Skaldgknel b bqukjjls pbagkntks ek egkaglahl bòls kn bekjbntk, quk sk
knaukntrkn audpjgknel kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®, quk tldkn bjmunb `lrdb ek
supjkdkntbagñn egbrgb ek BJB ldkmb-1 yb skb ek plr kj alnsudl ek nukaks
(tlstbebs kn skal), jgnl l skdgjjbs ek ahäb dljgebs, sgkdprk y aubnel kj
pbagkntk nl skb bjçrmgal b ngnmunl ek ksls kjkdkntls.
Qg dgs pbagkntks lptbrbn plr alnsudgr `rutls skals aldl pbrtk ekj Vrltlaljl
Nkdkahko®, jks gnegal quk aldbn un dängdl ek º ek tbzb ek nukaks bj eäb.
Ulels jls `rutls skals tgknkn kj sudgngstrl bekaubels ek BJB y kstls
gnajuykn bjdknerbs, nukaks pbabnbs, pgstbahls, bnbabrels/nukaks ek jb Gnegb
y nukaks. Jls ababhuktks skals l tlstbels (quk sln jkmudcrks y nl sln `rutls
skals) tbdcgçn sln unb `ukntk bakptbcjk ek BJB.
Qg dg pbagkntk ekagek alnsudgr kj BJB b pbrtgr ek jgnbzb dljgeb l skdgjjbs
ek ahäb, sk aldpjkdkntbrâ aln 2/3 b 2 auahbrbeb eäb. Qg kstân alnsudgknel
bakgtk ek jgnl kn `lrdb jäqugeb l mkj subvk, jb abntgebe ks ek kntrk ;66 b
2,666 dm unb vkz bj eäb.
 

Skeuagr jb Gnmkstb Egktçtgab ek Âagels Mrbsls Ldkmb-0

Jb rkeuaagñn ek jbs agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs aln Kj Vrltlaljl

Nkdkahko® tbdcgçn rkqugkrk unb egsdgnuagñn kn jb gnmkstb egktçtgab ek
bakgtks ek alagnb/aldkstgcjk bjtls kn âagels mrbsls ldkmb-0 ek bjtb
alnakntrbagñn.
Kstl sk jlmrb tbntl, ekibnel ek alagnbr aln kjjls (bakgtks vkmktbjks,
dbrmbrgnb, dbntkab), y dkegbntk jb kjgdgnbagñn ek jls bjgdkntls quk
alntgknkn bjtls ngvkjks ek bakgtks ek âagel jgnljkgal, aldl gnmrkegkntks
prgdbrgls.
Gnstruyl b dgs pbagkntks b kvgtbr kj alnsudl ek prleuatls bjgdkntgagls quk
alntknmbn âagels mrbsls ldkmb-0. Urbtk ek kvgtbr alnsudgrjls sgkdprk y
aubnel skb plsgcjk. Qg dktks un plal kn tu egktb, kj alnsudl egbrgl ek bakgtk
ek ljgvb tk prltkmkrâ.
 Jls bjgdkntls quk alntgknkn jkahk ek slib l prltkänb ek slib l jktgagnb kstân
pkrdgtgels, sgkdprk y aubnel nl gnajuybn kn su ktgquktb ngnmunl ek jls

bakgtks prlhgcgels. Kn kstbs prgdkrbs ktbpbs ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®, jb

rkeuaagñn ek jls bakgtks ldkmb-0 prkskntk kn jls bjgdkntls ks b dknuel jb
prukcb dâs kxgmkntk quk dgs pbagkntks ekckn supkrbr.
Qg kj prleuatl bjgdkntgagl alntgknk aubjqugkrb ek jls bakgtks prlhgcgels
dknaglnbels bntkrglrdkntk, rkaldgknel rkeuagr su gnmkstb tbntl aldl skb
prâatgal l sustgtugrjls aln unb dbrab eg`krkntk quk alntknmb un bakgtk
bakptbel. Kxgstkn bjmunls bakgtks quk tgknkn un kqugjgcrgl dâs sbjuebcjk
kntrk âagels mrbsls ldkmb-0 y ldkmb-1, sk prk`gkrkn kstls pbrb jb alaagñn kn
mknkrbj.

[nb vkz quk dgs pbagkntks aldgknzbn b jkkr jbs ktgquktbs ek jls bakgtks
ldkmb-0, qukeb ajbrl hbstb quç puntl kstls bakgtks bpbrkakn kn jls bjgdkntls
quk aldkn tlels jls eäbs, aldl jls bekrkzls pbrb knsbjbebs y kj pbn. Jls
bakgtks Ldkmb-0 pukekn hbjjbrsk kn bjgdkntls quk ek jl alntrbrgl pleräbdls
 alnsgekrbr jgdpgls, lrmângals y sbjuebcjks. Gnajusl bpbrkakn aldl
gnmrkegkntks kn jls bjgdkntls pbrb dbsaltbs.

Vuntls ekstbabels9

Dkdlrgzbr jls bakgtks bakptbels, ks dâs `âagj quk trbtbr ek dkdlrgzbr jb jgstb
dâs jbrmb ek bakgtks prlhgcgels. Jb abnljb sk usb abeb vkz dâs kn bjgdkntls
aldprbels kn tgknebs ekcgel b su pkr`gj dâs sbjuebcjk. [nl ek dgs jkdbs ks
"Dgs pbagkntks pukekn alnsudgr bakgtk ek abnljb.—
Bjmunls prleuatls egrân quk alntgknkn un bakgtk prlhgcgel l bakptbel (plr
kikdpjl, "pukek alntknkr bakgtk ek slib l bakgtk ek abnljb"). Kj alnsudgelr
ekck prkmuntbrsk quç bakgtk sk utgjgzb kn kj prleuatl. Vkrslnbjdkntk dk
kqugvlal plr kj jbel ek jb prkabuagñn y trbtl ek kvgtbr prleuatls auyls
gnmrkegkntks nl kstân ajbrls pbrb dä.
 

Vrkvknagñn ek jb Gn`jbdbagñn Akrkcrbj y Qgstçdgab ek jls Âagels

Jgnljkgal, Brbqugeñngal
Brbqugeñngal y Vbjdätgal ek jb Egktb
Dgkntrbs sk knaukntrbn cbil Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®, rkaldgknel b jls
pbagkntks quk trbtkn ek kvgtbr jls âagels mrbsls ldkmb 0 kn jls bakgtks ek
alagnb y jls bjgdkntls, pkrl tbdcgçn pbrb prltkmkrsk ek jls ldkmb-0 quk nl
pukekn alntrljbr.
Kxgstkn trks âagels mrbsls ldkmb-0 kspkaä`gals, quk sln aldunks kn kj
sudgngstrl ek bjgdkntls y ekckn kvgtbrsk ek skr plsgcjk, plrquk jb gnmkstb
kxaksgvb pukek alntrgcugr b gn`jbdbagñn.

 Gn`jbddbtlry Lgjs
 B jls pbagkntks jks rksujtb eg`äagj alntrljbrjls plrquk ks plsgcjk quk nl
pukebn vkrjls kn jb ktgquktb ek jls gnmrkegkntks, ks plsgcjk quk nl skpbn aln
quç sk bjgdkntñ jb rks l kj pksabel quk aldkn, l quk nl skpbn quç tgpl ek
bakgtks ek alagnb kstâ utgjgzbnel un rkstburbntk.

B`lrtunbebdkntk, kj âagel ljçgal ldkmb-7 ks abpbz ek cjlqukbr jb tlxgagebe

gn`jbdbtlrgb ek kstls âagels mrbsls ldkmb-0, y bjtbs abntgebeks ek âagel
ljkgal kstân prkskntk kn kj butçntgal bakgtk ek ljgvb vgrmkn kxtrb.
Kj alnsudl egbrgl ek bakgtk ek ljgvb rgal kn ldkmb-7 ks un pbsl ksknagbj pbrb
prltkmkr kj aukrpl ek jb tlxgagebe kxaksgvb ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-0.
 

Qupjkdkntbagñn Egbrgb aln Bakgtk ek Ljgvb

Bekdâs ek egsdgnugr kj alnsudl ek bakgtks y bjgdkntls aln bjtb

alnakntrbagñn ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-0, sljgagtl b dgs pbagkntks quk
budkntkn su alnsudl egbrgl ek bakgtk ek ljgvb vgrmkn kxtrb (BLPK). Kj
BLPK alntgknk bprlxgdbebdkntk un =6% ek âagel ljçgal, y kj âagel ljçgal
ks abpbz ek rkeuagr jb gn`jbdbagñn sucybakntk rksujtbntk ek gnmkstbs kxaksgvbs
ek âagel jgnljkgal, brbqugeñngal y pbjdätgal.
Egvkrsls kstuegls dukstrbn quk jls beujtls sk cknk`gagbn ekj alnsudl egbrgl
ek els l dâs auahbrbebs (16 dj l dâs) ek bakgtk ek ljgvb vgrmkn kxtrb bj eäb.
Kj budkntl ek alnsudl ek BLPK sk pukek hbakr aljlabnel b jls bjgdkntls

un plal ek bakgtk
egrkatbdkntk aldleksg ljgvb ek jbek`lrdb
sk trbtbrb trbegaglnbj l sgdpjkdkntk ckcgçneljl
un dkegabdkntl.
Abjkntbr kj bakgtk ek ljgvb eurbntk jb alaagñn nl ebòb jb dljçaujb ek âagel
ljkgal ng egsdgnuyk jb abntgebe alntkngeb kn kj bakgtk.
Vbrb jls ngòls dknlrks ek trks bòls ek kebe, arkl quk kj usl ek BLPK bj
alagnbr bjgdkntls ekck skr unb abntgebe bekaubeb. B pbrtgr ek jls trks bòls,
rkaldgknel aldpjkdkntbr jb egktb bmrkmbnel BLPK b jls bjgdkntls l
alnsudgçneljl egrkatbdkntk. Kstbs sln jbs pbutbs9

Qg tgknkks
BLPK dknls ek 3 bòls ek kebe, alagnbr bjgdkntls egbrgbdkntk aln
jl bekaubel
Qg tgknk kntrk 3 y 5 bòls ek kebe, ek b tldbr ek º - ´ auahbrbegtb
(2.3;-3.; dj) ek BLPK bj eäb
Qg tgknk kntrk 5 y 8 bòls, ek b tldbr 2 auahbrbegtb (; dj) ek BLPK
bj eäb
Qg tgknk kntrk 7 y 23 bòls, ek b tldbr 3 auahbrbegtbs (26 dj) ek
BLPK bj eäb
 Qg tgknk kntrk 21 y 2= bòls, ek b tldbr 2 auahbrbeb (2; dj) ek
BLPK bj eäb
Qg
eäbtgknk 28 bòls l dâs, ek b tldbr 3 auahbrbebs (16 dj) ek BLPK bj

Vuntls ekstbabels9
Kj BLPK pukek dkzajbrsk kn unb vbrgkebe ek jäqugels l tldbrsk aln unb
auahbrb. Bjmunls ek dgs pbagkntks dbylrks alrtbrln kj sbclr aln unb mltb ek
vgnbmrk cbjsâdgal l iuml ek jgdñn.
Kj BLPK nl kstâ cgkn rkmujbel kn jls Kstbels [ngels y kj rgksml ek aldprbr
bakgtks quk nl sln rkbjdkntk kxtrb vgrmkn l kstân alntbdgnbels aln ltrls
bakgtks ks unb mrbn prklaupbagñn pbrb dgs pbagkntks. Bjmunls bakgtks ek ljgvb
pukekn egjugrsk aln un bjtl plrakntbik ek bakgtk ek slib u ltrls bakgtks
vkmktbjks, jbs dgsdbs alsbs quk kstbdls trbtbnel ek kvgtbr.
Ekcgel bj alnsgekrbcjk rgksml ek aldprbr bakgtks ek ljgvb `rbueujkntls, b jls
pbagkntks ekntrl ekj Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® sk jks rkaldgkneb utgjgzbr
bakgtks ek ljgvb vgrmkn kxtrb akrtg`gabels plr kj Alnskil ekj Bakgtk ek Ljgvb
ek Abjg`lrngb (ALLA? www.alla.ald pbrb
www.alla.ald pbrb dâs gn`lrdbagñn).
Jb akrtg`gabagñn ALLA ks kj ùngal prlaksl ek akrtg`gabagñn kn jls KK.[[.
quk rkqugkrk prukcbs ek jbclrbtlrgl ekj bakgtk ek ljgvb pbrb ekdlstrbr jb
purkzb y jb abjgebe ekj bakgtk. Vukek vkr aubjks sln prleuatlrks akrtg`gabels
ALLA.ald,, y
plr jb ALLA y su akrtg`gabagñn ek BLPK, kn su sgtgl wkc ALLA.ald
hbakr quk jk knväkn jls prleuatls b su absb pbrb kvgtbr kj ektkrglrl ek un
prleuatl nl bjdbaknbel bekaubebdkntk kn kj bjdbaçn ek unb tgkneb.
 

Dkilrbr Jb @unagñn Ekj Nkrvgl Pbml

Kj nkrvgl vbml ks kj eçagdl nkrvgl arbnkbj y jjkvb gn`lrdbagñn eksek jb rbdb

pbrbsgdpâtgab ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl. Jbs skòbjks nkurljñmgabs ekj
nkrvgl vbml vgbibn hbagb kj akrkcrl y hbagb tlels jls ñrmbnls ekj aukrpl. Jbs
skòbjks quk vgbibn hbagb kj akrkcrl sln abpbaks ek gneuagr nkurlpjbstgagebe,
dgkntrbs quk jbs skòbjks quk vgbibn hbagb kj rkstl ekj aukrpl dkilrbn jb
`unagñn ek jls ñrmbnls y byuebn b suprgdgr jls ngvkjks bnlrdbjks ek
gn`jbdbagñn.
Jb kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml (PNQ plr sus sgmjbs kn gnmjçs) ks un
trbtbdgkntl quk gnvljuarb trbtbr kj nkrvgl vbml aln gdpujsls kjçatrgals

kxtrkdbebdkntk cbils.
kn pbagkntks kn jls Jls kstgdujbelrks
Kstbels [ngels eksek ekj nkrvgl
`gnbjks vbml
ek jb sk hbn
eçabeb ek gdpjbntbel
2776, pkrl
tbdcgçn ks plsgcjk kstgdujbr kj nkrvgl kxtkrnbdkntk.
[sl un kstgdujbelr plrtâtgj ekj nkrvgl vbml aldl pbrtk ekj Vrltlaljl
Nkdkahko® quk duahls ek dgs pbagkntks butgstbs y nl butgstbs usbn kn absb.
Jb PNQ rksujtb kn jb suprksgñn ek jb gn`jbdbagñn, bsä aldl kn un budkntl ek
jb nkurlpjbstgagebe, kspkagbjdkntk aubnel sk aldcgnb aln unb batgvgebe
almngtgvb (hbcjb, jkaturb, kntrknbdgkntl ek dbtkdâtgabs), sknslrgbj (tkrbpgb
ek gntkmrbagñn) l dltlrb (tkrbpgb `äsgab l kntrknbdgkntl ek jb dbrahb).
Kj usl ek jb kstgdujbagñn trbnsautânkb (b trbvçs ek jb pgkj) ekj nkrvgl vbml
(tPNQ) eurbntk ; dgnutls bj eäb ks unb hkrrbdgkntb kxtrkdbebdkntk
plekrlsb y k`katgvb pbrb jb suprksgñn ek jb gn`jbdbagñn, bsä aldl pbrb jb
gneuaagñn ek jb nkurlpjbstgagebe. Jb suprksgñn ek jb gn`jbdbagñn ekntrl ekj
akrkcrl dkilrb jb rkpbrbagñn akrkcrbj y jbs abpbagebeks ek pleb nkurlnbj ek
jb dgarlmjgb.
Vukel bòbegr tPNQ bj trbtbdgkntl ek un ngòl kn unb ktbpb tbreäb ekj
 Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® sg su rkaupkrbagñn ks gnaldpjktb l gnusubjdkntk jkntb.
[nb vkz quk jb rkaupkrbagñn hb aldknzbel, kj trbtbdgkntl aln tPNQ pukek
byuebr b bdpjgbr kj bjabnak ek jb rkaupkrbagñn ek un ngòl.
Qg cgkn tlels jls ngòls sln trbtbels aln jls dgsdls pbrâdktrls ek
kstgdujbagñn, dgs pbagkntks beujtls usbn tPNQ aln unb vbrgkebe ek

aln`gmurbaglnks eg`krkntks cbsbebs kn egstgntls `batlrks quk aldl su dçegal,

tldl kn alnsgekrbagñn.
PNQ trbnsautânkb pukek abusbr ebòl sg jls biustks ek kstgdujbagñn nl sln jls
alrrkatls. Qly un kxpkrtl jäekr kn kj usl ajängal ek tPNQ y duahls ek dgs
pbagkntks vgbibn b dg alnsujtlrgl kn Brgzlnb pbrb quk sk jks prksargcb un
kstgdujbelr ekj nkrvgl vbml trbnsautânkl plrtâtgj, quk pukebn usbr kn absb.
Kxgstkn ltrls nkurldleujbelrks aldl MbddbAlrk, y prleuatls ek cgknkstbr
aldl kj Pgtbjgty Qdbrtabcjk, quk sln egsplsgtgvls pbrkagels.
Nl prksargcl ng rkbjgzl ngnmùn ltrl dçtlel nl kjçatrgal ek kstgdujbagñn ekj
vbml plrquk ltrls dçtlels sln dknls k`katgvls pbrb dbntknkr jls abdcgls
sbjuebcjks kn jb `unagñn ek jb dgarlmjäb.

Vuntls ekstbabels9
Jb nkaksgebe ek tPNQ budkntb aln jb mrbvkebe ekj ektkrglrl ekj eksbrrljjl,
bsä aldl jb kebe ekj pbagkntk. Kn jls prgdkrls bòls ek jb beljksaknagb,
pbrkak quk jb dbylräb ek jls ngòls aln butgsdl l trbstlrnls ekj eksbrrljjl
pukekn rkqukrgr tPNQ pbrb lctknkr un ngvkj aldpjktl y bdpjgl ek
rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab.

Bevkrtknagb9
Ubdcgçn rkaldgknel bdpjgbdkntk kvgtbr aubjqugkr `lrdb ek tPNQ abskrb,
utgjgzbnel ltrls egsplsgtgvls aldl ungebeks UKNQ (ungebeks ek kstgdujbañn
nkrvglsb trbnsautânkb pbrb kj dbnkil ekj eljlr) ekcgel bj ebòl pltknagbj quk
pukek laurrgr sg nl sk kstbcjkak l sk utgjgzb alrrkatbdkntk. Kj nkrvgl vbml
pukek vkrsk pkrdbnkntkdkntk ebòbel sg jb kstgdujbagñn sk rkbjgzb
gnalrrkatbdkntk.
 

28
 

JB HGQULSGB EKJ KR[GJGCSGL EKJ USBAUL

GNUKQUGNBJ

unquk kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel (QGCL) hb

btrbäel unb btknagñn arkagkntk kn jls ùjtgdls bòls, kj slcrkarkagdgkntl
B cbatkrgbnl gntkstgnbj ks un prlcjkdb dçegal quk sk eksaucrgñ hbak
bprlxgdbebdkntk skskntb bòls.
Dgkntrbs quk Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® ks un bclrebik rkjbtgvbdkntk nukvl
pbrb rkvkrtgr jls k`katls tñxgals k gn`jbdbtlrgls ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl pbrb trbtbr kj butgsdl, jbs tçangabs y dkegabdkntls eksargtls kn
kstk jgcrl sk eksbrrljjbrln eurbntk duahbs eçabebs kn kj trbtbdgkntl ek
beujtls aln ltrbs `lrdbs ek slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl.
Kj prlpñsgtl ek kstk abpätujl ks rksbjtbr jls pbrbjkjgsdls kntrk jbs tçangabs
kxgstkntks y bdpjgbdkntk bakptbebs pbrb kj trbtbdgkntl ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl y kj usl ek rg`bxgdgnb kn kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® aln kj dgsdl
prlpñsgtl.
 

Kj Qlcrkarkagdgkntl Cbatkrgbnl tgknk unb Jbrmb Hgstlrgb

Bjmunls ek jls prgdkrls kstuegls dçegals gnvljuarbrln kj trbtbdgkntl ekj
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl kn pbagkntks aln agrrlsgs hkpâtgab bvbnzbeb
(knak`bjlpbtäb hkpâtgab) kn jb eçabeb ek jls 06 y dâs bekjbntk kn pbagkntks
aln slcrkarkagdgkntl ek unb cbatkrgb kn pbrtgaujbr, Ajlstrgegud eg``gagjk
(kntkrlaljgtgs y aljgtgs pskueldkdcrbnlsb abusbeb plr A. eg``gagjk) b `gnbjks
ek jb eçabeb ek jls =6.
Ebel quk jb knak`bjlpbtäb hkpâtgab y jb kntkrlaljgtgs plr A. eg``gagjk nl
trbtbebs sln pltknagbjdkntk dlrtbjks, kxgstk unb mrbn abntgebe ek
gnvkstgmbagñn dçegab slcrk añdl dbnkibr dçegabdkntk kj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl bslagbel b kstbs alnegaglnks.
Kj usl ek bntgcgñtgals (vbnaldgagnb y dktrlngebzlj) pbrb kj dbnkil ek jb
kntkrlaljgtgs plr A. eg``gagjk sk egsautgrâ kn pbrbjkjl aln kj usl ek rg`bxgdgnb
pbrb alntrljbr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl kn ngòls aln butgsdl, rktrbsl
kn kj eksbrrljjl y jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb, pbrb dlstrbr añdl kstk
bclrebik pbrb trbtbr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl hb sgel bdpjgbdkntk
bakptbel plr jb aldungebe dçegab eurbntk bòls.
 

Kntkrlaljgtgs plr Ajlstrgegud eg``gagjk

Ajlstrgegud eg``gagjk (A. eg``gagjk)  ks unb cbatkrgb quk sk pukek knalntrbr
aljlngzbnel gnl`knsgvbdkntk jb plragñn gn`krglr ekj trbatl gntkstgnbj (ks ekagr,
gntkstgnl mruksl l aljln) iuntl aln un dgjjbr ek ltrbs kspkagks cbatkrgbnbs.
Aubnel kstâ jgdgtbel bj gntkstgnl mruksl kn pkqukòbs abntgebeks, kj A.
eg``gagjk ks gnl`knsgvl yb quk su arkagdgkntl kstâ rkmujbel plr jls k`katls ek
alntrbcbjbnak ek jbs ltrbs cbatkrgbs quk tbdcgçn hbcgtbn ekntrl ekj aljln.
Aubnel sk prleuak un slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl kn kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel, kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl mknkrbjdkntk kstâ jgdgtbel b unb sljb kspkagk ek cbatkrgbs,
quk nlrdbjdkntk aljlngzbn kj aljln, pkrl bhlrb kstâ arkagknel kn abntgebeks
duahl dbylrks ekntrl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel.
Nlrdbjdkntk, kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel tgknk duy plabs cbatkrgbs ekntrl ek çj y,
aldl tbj, sln gnabpbaks ek rkstrgnmgr kj arkagdgkntl ek unb cbatkrgb aljñngab
gntrusb.
Jb cbatkrgb gntrusb arkakrâ sgn rkmujbagñn hbstb bjabnzbr ek 26,666-266,666
vkaks jb abntgebe ek cbatkrgbs nlrdbjks quk aljlngzbn kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel. Kj
kxaksl ek cbatkrgbs ekntrl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel ebòbrân kj tkigel, jl quk
alneuak b jb dbjbcslragñn ek nutrgkntks, bsä aldl jb gn`jbdbagñn prleuatl ek
jb trbnsjlabagñn cbatkrgbnb (ks ekagr, gntkstgnl pkrdkbcjk). Kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl tbdcgçn pukek bjtkrbr jls sgstkdbs nkrvglsl, hlrdlnbj k
gndunljñmgal ek `lrdb sgstçdgab.
Kstk kxaksl ek cbatkrgbs tgknkn kj pltknagbj ek aldknzbr b prleuagr tgpls l
abntgebeks bnlrdbjks ek sustbnagbs quädgabs quk sk knaukntrbn aleg`gabebs
kn su dbtkrgbj mknçtgal. B dkegeb quk jbs alnakntrbaglnks ek kstls prleuatls
quädgals budkntbn, tkrdgnbn agraujbnel kn kj tlrrkntk sbnmuänkl y
prleuagknel k`katls nkmbtgvls kn kj lrmbngsdl. Kn kj absl kspkaä`gal ekj A.
 eg``gagjk, jbs sustbnagbs quädgabs prleuagebs plr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl sk jjbdbn
Ulxgnb B y Ulxgnb C.
Aubnel sln jgckrbebs, jb tlxgnb B y jb Ulxgnb C eksknabeknbn unb rkbaagñn
gn`jbdbtlrgb skvkrb quk abusb ebòl bj gntkstgnl ekjmbel y kj aljln, abusbnel
`gkcrk, `btgmb, eljlr bceldgnbj y egbrrkb skvkrb y, ek nl trbtbrsk,

kvkntubjdkntk prlvlabräbn shlao y dukrtk.

Jb kntkrlaljgtgs plr ajlstrgegud ks sgdpjkdkntk un slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl mknkrbel unb akpb pbrtgaujbr ek cbatkrgbs dlrtbjks, jjbdbeb
Ajlstrgegud eg``gagjk.
 

Qgdgjgtueks Kn kj Dbnkil ekj QGCL aln kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® y

Kntkrlaljgtgs
Jb `rkauknagb kn budkntl ekj usl ek rg`bxgdgnb quk rkaldgknel kn dg
prltlaljl ks sgdgjbr b jb `rkauknagb kn budkntl ek jls aursls ek bntgcgñtgals
utgjgzbels pbrb trbtbr kntkrlaljgtgs plr A. eg``gagjk.
Kn pbagkntks quk pbekakn ek kntkrlaljgtgs plr A. eg``gagjk, jls bntgcgñtgals sk
utgjgzbn pbrb byuebr b alntrljbr jb cbatkrgb A. eg``gagjk. Kj bclrebik gngagbj ks
trbtbr aln un sljl aursl ek egkz b abtlrak eäbs ek bntgcgñtgal.
Kn duahls pbagkntks, jb egbrrkb, `gkcrk y eljlr bceldgnbj eksbpbrkakrân y
nunab vljvkrân. Ek `lrdb sgdgjbr, un bclrebik gngagbj ekj Vrltlaljl
Nkdkahko® ks utgjgzbr un ùngal aursl ek rg`bxgdgnb.
Kn jls absls ek kntkrlaljgtgs plr A. eg``gagjk, bjmunls pbagkntks rkabkrân
râpgebdkntk unb vkz suspknebn jls bntgcgñtgals. Jbs rkabäebs rkqukrgrân quk
jls dçegals gnegqukn agajls rkpktgels ek bntgcgñtgals pbrb alntrljbr kj A.
eg``gagjk. @gnbjdkntk, jbs rkabäebs ek slcrkarkagdgkntl plr A. eg``gagjk  kn jb
dbylräb ek jls pbagkntks aksbrâ ekspuçs ek bjmunls l vbrgls agajls ek
bntgcgñtgals.

Agajl Ùngal ek Bntgcgñtgals -> Pbrgls Agajls ek Bntgcgñtgals

Jls beujtls aln QGCL tbdcgçn kxpkrgdkntbn rkabäebs plr slcrkarkagdgkntl

cbatkrgbnl y tbdcgçn pukekn rkqukrgr agajls rkpktgels ek rg`bxgdgnb. Hbml
quk dgs pbagkntks beujtls rkpgtbn su aursl ek 26 eäbs ek rg`bxgdgnb abeb vkz
quk sus säntldbs vukjvkn (brelr kstldbabj, egbrrkb, eljlr brtgaujbr l
bceldgnbj, kta.) kn un pkrglel dbylr b 26-25 eäbs. Ek `lrdb sgdgjbr b jb
kntkrlaljgtgs plr A. eg``gagjk, jls pbagkntks quk rkabkn aln QGCL
 kvkntubjdkntk ekibrân ek rkabkr ekspuçs ek bjmunls l vbrgls agajls ek
rg`bxgdgnb.

Dg bclrebik
sgdgjbr, pkrl bjeg`krkntk
trbtbr ngòls aln ek
kn unl slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl
jls bspkatls. Jls ngòls brkagegvbntk
dknuel slnks
gnabpbaks ek aldungabr aln `bagjgebe jls säntldbs gntkrnls quk dkilrbn aln
un aursl ek rg`bxgdgnb, y ek jb dgsdb `lrdb, nl pukekn aldungabrsk aubnel

jls säntldbs hbn rktlrnbel.

Eksb`lrtunbebdkntk, pukekn rkabkr bntks ek quk sus pberks pukebn lcskrvbr
dkilrbs kxtkrnbs. Vlr jl tbntl, jb ektkrdgnbagñn ek auânel rkpktgr rg`bxgdgnb
skmùn jl quk jls pberks ektkrdgnbn, rksujtñ skr gnk`gabz.
Ebel quk kj kstrçs gn`jbdbtlrgl abusbel plr slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl
gntkstgnbj gdpgek aubjqugkr rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab begaglnbj, jjkmuç b jb
alnajusgñn ek quk jls ngòls quk nl dlstrbrln dbylrks sgmnls ek
rkaupkrbagñn ekspuçs ek un sljl aursl ek rg`bxgdgnb, kstbcbn rkagegvbnel
duy râpgebdkntk. Gekç un sgstkdb ek agajls dknsubjks ek rg`bxgdgnb pbrb
dbntknkr kj kqugjgcrgl cbatkrgbnl ekntrl ekj trbatl gntkstgnbj ek jls pbagkntks.
Vkrl gnajusl jls agajls ek bntgcgñtgals pleräbn nl skr su`gagkntks pbrb
kvkntubjdkntk ektknkr jbs rkabäebs aldunks ek kntkrlaljgtgs plr A. eg``gagjk, l
ek slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl kn ngòls y beujtls.
Kn kj absl ek kntkrlaljgtgs aln rkabäebs râpgebs, jls kspkagbjgstbs kn
kn`krdkebeks gn`kaaglsbs pukekn prksargcgr un aursl alntgnul ek bntgcgñtgals
eurbntk unl l vbrgls dksks. Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® belptb kj dgsdl
bclrebik kn ngòls.

Agajls ek Bntgcgñtgals -> Aursl Alntgnul ek Bntgcgñtgals

Qg un ngòl nl kstâ dlstrbnel sgmnls ek rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab sustbnagbj

aln agajls dknsubjks  ek rg`bxgdgnb, kstâ kxpkrgdkntbnel unb rkabäeb ekj
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekntrl ek jb prgdkrb skdbnb plstkrglr b hbckr
aldpjktbel kj agajl ek rg`bxgdgnb.
Vrgdkrl lcskrvç kstl kn bjmunls pbagkntks butgstbs, kxtrkdbebdkntk
bmrksgvls aln jls quk trbcbiç. Ekntrl ek unls plals eäbs ek hbckr gngagbel jb
rg`bxgdgnb, jbs tkneknagbs vgljkntbs kn bjmunls ek kstls pbagkntks
egsdgnugräbn ek `lrdb sustbnagbj, pkrl jb bmrksgvgebe vljvkräb ekntrl ek unb
 skdbnb ekspuçs ek tkrdgnbr kj aursl aln 26 eäbs ek rg`bxgdgnb.
Kj rktlrnl ek jb bmrksgvgebe ekspuçs ek abeb agajl ek rg`bxgdgnb `uk
alnsgstkntk aursl trbs aursl. [nb vkz gngagbeb jb rg`bxgdgnb ek `lrdb
alntgnub, jb bmrksgñn dkilrñ slstkngebdkntk, y ekntrl ek jls sgmugkntks els b
trks dksks aldknzbrln b bpbrkakr sgmnls sgmng`gabtgvls ek rkaupkrbagñn

nkurljñmgab, jl quk dk gnegabcb quk kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl

`gnbjdkntk jlmrbcb suprgdgrsk.
Ekspuçs ek elak dksks ek trbtbdgkntl aln rg`bxgdgnb, jb dbylräb ek jls
pbagkntks pleräbn pbsbrsk ek agajls dknsubjks b rg`bxgdgnb ek `lrdb
gntkrdgtkntk l ek aursl alntgnul b agajls dknsubjks y, `gnbjdkntk, b
rg`bxgdgnb ek `lrdb gntkrdgtkntk.

Kj Balrtbdgkntl ek jbs Elsgs Vukek Laurrgr B Dknuel Ekspuçs Ek 23

Dksks
Sg`bxgdgnb alntgnub -> Sg`bxgdgnb Dknsubj -> Sg`bxgdgnb gntkrdgtkntk

Kn alniuntl aln jls ekdâs bspkatls ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®, jb

rkaupkrbagñn ek unplsgtgvb.
sbtgs`batlrgbdkntk ngòl aln un usl
Duahls dâs kstân
pberks bmrksgvl ek rg`bxgdgnb
lptbnel hb sgel
plr dbntknkr kstb
dlebjgebe ek usl ek rg`bxgdgnb pbrb kvgtbr rkabäebs y alntgnubr kn kj
kdlaglnbntk abdgnl hbagb jb rkaupkrbagñn quk su hgil kstâ kxpkrgdkntbnel.
 

Urbnspjbntk ek Dgarlcgltb @kabj y Kntkrlaljgtgs plr A. Eg``gagjk

Kxgstkn pbagkntks aln kntkrlaljgtgs plr A. eg``gagjk quk ng sgqugkrb rksplnekn b
jls bntgcgñtgals alntgnuls, qugknks kvkntubjdkntk sk ektkrglrbrân y dlrgrân
ek shlao sçptgal. Eurbntk eçabebs, jb kntkrlaljgtgs rksgstkntk bj trbtbdgkntl
dbtñ b dgjks ek pbagkntks abeb bòl sljl kn jls Kstbels [ngels.
Eurbntk jls ùjtgdls bòls, sk hb eksaucgkrtl un trbtbdgkntl alnlagel aldl
trbspjbntk ek dgarlcgltb `kabj (UD@) pbrb alntrljbr jb kntkrlaljgtgs rksgstkntk
b trbtbdgkntl. UD@ gnvljuarb kj budkntl ek jb egvkrsgebe cbatkrgbnb ekntrl
ekj trbatl gntkstgnbj ekj pbagkntk, utgjgzbnel unb dukstrb ek hkaks `kabjks ek
un elnbntk sbnl.

Aursl Alntgnul ek Bntgcgñtgals -> Urbspjbntk ek Dgarlcgltb @kabj

Bj rkaljlngzbr jbs cbatkrgbs ek kstb `lrdb, jls pbagkntks bj clrek ek jb dukrtk

plr A. eg``gajk rksgstkntk bj trbtbdgkntl, dgjbmrlsbdkntk jlmrbcbn rkaupkrbrsk
kn sljl unls plals eäbs. Jls pbagkntks quk kvkntubjdkntk rkqugkrkn UD@ b
dknuel tgknkn ngvkjks duy cbils ek cglegvkrsgebe cbatkrgbnb ekntrl ek su
trbatl gntkstgnbj.
Jb k`katgvgebe ekj UD@ kn kstls absls ekstbab jb gdplrtbnagb ek añdl jbs

ltrbs cbatkrgbscbatkrgbnl
ekj kqugjgcrgl gntkstgnbjks sln un
ekntrl ekj aldplnkntk arätgal kn kj rkstbcjkagdgkntl
trbatl gntkstgnbj.
Qg jb rg`bxgdgnb y ltrls bntgcgñtgals nl jlmrbn kj kqugjgcrgl gntkstgnbj
cbatkrgbnl, kstls jjkvbn kj kqugjgcrgl ek jbs cbatkrgbs kn jb egrkaagñn alrrkatb,
y ek kstb `lrdb jbs cbatkrgbs rkdbnkntks sln abpbaks ek rkmujbr kj kqugjgcrgl
plr sä dgsdbs.
B alntrbplsgagñn ek unb dkilrb erbdâtgab kn pbagkntks aln kntkrlaljgtgs plr
 A. eg``gagjk rksgstkntk bj trbtbdgkntl, kj UD@ hb tkngel un çxgtl rkjbtgvbdkntk
jgdgtbel kn kj trbtbdgkntl ek pbagkntks aln kn`krdkebe gn`jbdbtlrgb

gntkstgnbj, lcksgebe l egbcktks.

Kn dg kxpkrgknagb, ks rbrl quk un ngòl nl rksplneb ng b jb gnujgnb ng b jb
rg`bxgdgnb (aäajgab l alntgnub) plr jl tbntl, nl kstly skmurl ek sg kxgstk

bjmunb utgjgebe sgmng`gabtgvb kn kj UD@ kn ngòls aln butgsdl, rktrbsl ekj

eksbrrljjl l jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb.
Vbrb bplybr dg ksakptgagsdl, jls kstuegls cbatkrgbnls gntkstgnbjks kn ngòls
aln butgsdl nl ektkatbn cbils ngvkjks ek cglegvkrsgebe aldl jls knalntrbels
kn beujtls aln kntkrlaljgtgs plr A. eg``gagjk. Bekdâs, cbil dg augebel tknml
duahls ngòls quk hbn sgel trbtbels bntkrglrdkntk aln UD@ plr ltrls
dçegals, aln plal l ngnmùn çxgtl sgmng`gabtgvl.
 

Bpjgabnel Pgkib Agknagb kn Nukvls Ksaknbrgls

Aldl yb hkdls rkvgsbel, jb `lrdb kn quk kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®
rkaldgkneb yb skb un aursl ùngal ek rg`bxgdgnb, agajls ek rg`bxgdgnb, y
pltknagbjdkntk gnajusl un aursl alntgnul ek rg`bxgdgnb pbrb alntrljbr kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl gnabpbagtbntk kn ngòls, ks pbrbjkjl b jl rkbjgzbel
kn beujtls eurbntk eçabebs.
Kj bclrebik ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® ks gneuagr aln skmurgebe jb
rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab kn jls ngòls, dkegbntk kj alntrlj ek jb gn`jbdbagñn
y kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl aln tçangabs quk hbn sgel eksbrrljjbebs
eurbntk eçabebs kn beujtls.
 

27
 

VBNQ, VBNEBQ W B[UGQDL

 

JBQ EGQUGNUBQ ABSBQ EK [N DGQDL USBQULSNL

n jbs ùjtgdbs eçabebs sk hb lcskrvbel kn ngòls un budkntl bjbrdbntk

ek jls trbstlrnls nkurljñmgals bequgrgels. Jls ngòls kstân
K eksbrrljjbnel abeb vkz dâs alnegaglnks tbjks aldl butgsdl, rktrbsl kn
kj eksbrrljjl, prlcjkdbs sknslrgbjks, trbstlrnls kdlaglnbjks, trbstlrnls ek
btknagñn (UEB/UEHB), sänerldk plst-alndlagñn akrkcrbj, tgas, sänerldk ek
Ulurkttk, y VBNQ, y VBNEBQ. Jbs b`kaaglnks nkurljñmgabs bequgrgebs sk
eksbrrljjbrln ekspuçs ekj nbagdgkntl y sk dbng`gkstbn ek `lrdb duy egstgntb
b jls trbstlrnls alnmçngtls, quk pukekn tknkr un aldplnkntk mknçtgal l
hbckr laurrgel bntks ekj nbagdgkntl.
Kn alnskauknagb, jls gnvkstgmbelrks sk ks`ukrzbn plr kntknekr abeb unb ek
kstbs alnegaglnks,
trbstlrnls pkrl eksb`lrtunbebdkntk,
gnegvgeubjks y nl kn kj pbnlrbdb b dknuel sk akntrbn
mknkrbj. Kxgstkn kn jls
plabs
gnvkstgmbaglnks akntrbebs kn aldprknekr kj plr quç kxgstkn unb vbrgkebe tbn
mrbnek ek alnegaglnks nkurljñmgabs b`katbnel abeb vkz dâs b jls ngòls, kn
un dgsdl pkrälel ek tgkdpl.
 

Bj kvbjubr b un gnegvgeul quk dbng`gkstb unb vbrgkebe ek säntldbs ekntrl ek

un pkrälel ek tgkdpl rkjbtgvbdkntk kstrkahl, un dçegal kstâ abpbagtbel pbrb
nl vkr abeb prlcjkdb l säntldb plr skpbrbel, sgnl pbrb cusabr unb sljb
abusb quk pleräb skr jb rksplnsbcjk ek tlels sus säntldbs. Bpjgabnel jb
dgsdb jñmgab bj budkntl ek jls prlcjkdbs nkurljñmgals bequgrgels kn ngòls,
arkl quk kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel (QGCL plr sus
sgmjbs kn gnmjçs) pleräb skr kj ùngal `batlr aldùn quk alntrgcuyk b tlebs kstbs
alnegaglnks.
Kj QGCL ks unb alnegagñn kn jb aubj jbs cbatkrgbs quk täpgabdkntk vgvkn kn kj
aljln, sk knaukntrbn ekntrl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel kn bjtbs alnakntrbaglnks. Kj
gntkstgnl ekjmbel täpgabdkntk tgknk rkjbtgvbdkntk plabs cbatkrgbs, pkrl kj
QGCL brrlib rkaukntls cbatkrgbnls quk vbn eksek 2,666 ‑ 266,666 vkaks jb
abntgebe quk nlrdbjdkntk ekckräb knalntrbrsk. Bekdâs ek alntrgcugr b
 bjmunls prlcjkdbs egmkstgvls aldl jb egbrrkb, kj rk`juil y jb gntljkrbnagb b
jls bjgdkntls, kj QGCL abusb jb `umb ek dljçaujbs ek nutrgkntks y cbatkrgbs
hbagb jbs abpbs ek tkigel quk rlekbn kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel.

Jb bjtkrbagñn
cbatkrgbnb (ksek jb pbrke
ekagr, ekj gntkstgnl
gntkstgnl ekjmbel
pkrdkbcjk) sksljl
yb quk alnlak aldl trbnsjlabagñn
jbs cbatkrgbs jl abusbn.
Jbs jkvbeurbs (ks ekagr, jls hlnmls, Aânegeb), jls vgrus y jls prltlzlls (ñ
pbrâsgtls) pukekn arkakr kn kxaksl ekntrl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel, pkrl nl
kxgstk kvgeknagb agkntä`gab ek quk kstls alntrgcuybn bj prlcjkdb ek gntkstgnl
pkrdkbcjk.
Vukel kxpjgabr jb abpbagebe quk plskk kj QGCL pbrb eksknabeknbr egstgntls
trbstlrnls nkurljñmgals kn jls ngòls plr dkegl ek els `batlrks? jb kebe ekj
pbagkntk aubnel kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl sk prkskntb plr prgdkrb vkz,
y sg jbs cbatkrgbs quk abusbn egahl slcrkarkagdgkntl pukekn prleuagr bjmunb
sustbnagb quk bjtkrk kj aldplrtbdgkntl aldl kj âagel prlpgñngal.
Vbrb quk laurrb kj eksbrrljjl nkurljñmgal nlrdbj kn un ngòl, jb dbsb
nkurlnbj ekj akrkcrl rkbjgzb unb pleb ek bprlxgdbebdkntk 266 dgj dgjjlnks
ek nkurlnbs b sljl ;6 dgj dgjjlnks, pbrb aubnel kj ngòl bjabnak jb kebe ek
agnal bòls. Jb gn`jbdbagñn ekj QGCL pukek kvgtbr quk jb pleb sk prleuzab
alrrkatbdkntk. Qg kj QGCL sk prkskntb bntks ek jls agnal bòls ek kebe, kj ngòl
 tknerâ bjmùn prlcjkdb sknslrgbj l ek eksbrrljjl. Qg sk prkskntb ekspuçs ek jls
agnal bòls ek kebe, nl surmgrbn prlcjkdbs ekj eksbrrljjl plrquk jb pleb yb
kstâ aldpjktb.

Aubnel kj QGCL sk hbak prkskntk, jksglnks rksgeubjks nl rksukjtbs

pkrdbnkakrân jukml ek abeb gniurgb. Aln kj tgkdpl, kstbs jksglnks nl
rksukjtbs prleuatl ek trbudbs b rkpktgagñn, sk baudujbrân unb slcrk ltrb, jl
quk rksujtbrâ kn unb jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb l un `knñdknl ek jksgñn
akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb (JAB l ACG plr sus sgmjbs kn gnmjçs).
 

Jls säntldbs l aldplrtbdgkntls gnvljuarbels kn jb JAB gnajuykn

hgpkrbatgvgebe, bnsgkebe, ekprksgñn arñngab, bmrksgvgebe kxaksgvb, `bjtb ek
alnakntrbagñn, bagekz kstldbabj, rk`juil y kstrkògdgkntl.
 

B eg`krknagb ekj prlaksl ek pleb, jbs jksglnks akrkcrbjks baudujbtgvbs

pukekn laurrgr b jl jbrml ek tleb jb vgeb. Vlr jl tbntl, yb skb quk jb
gn`jbdbagñn ekj QGCL laurrb bntks l ekspuçs ek jls agnal bòls, jb JAB
budkntb aln abeb jksgñn begaglnbj.
 

Kj QGCL Bntks ek ; Bòls ek Kebe

Qg kj QGCL laurrk ekspuçs ek jls ; bòls ek kebe, kj ngòl pleräb sljl
eksbrrljjbr unb jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb. Qg kj QGCL laurrk bntks ek jls ;
bòls, kj ngòl sgkdprk kxpkrgdkntbrâ unb JAB y rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl.
Ekpknegknel ek jb gntknsgebe ek jb tknsgñn gn`jbdbtlrgb abusbeb plr kj QGCL,
kj trbstlrnl ekj eksbrrljjl pleräb skr jkvk l mrbvk.
Kj âagel prlpgñngal (BVV) sk knaukntrb kn bjtbs alnakntrbaglnks kn jls
tkigels ek jls ngòls aln butgsdl bvbnzbel, kstk tgknk un k`katl skebntk, y b
vkaks absg bjuagnbtlrgl. Jb prleuaagñn ek BVV ekpknek ek jbs cbatkrgbs
aljñngabs kspkaä`gabs, quk sk knaukntrbn aljlngzbnel kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel.
Ebel
kxakslquk
ek nl tlebs jbs ek
prleuaagñn cbatkrgbs aljñngabsekprleuakn
kstk ekpknek âagel prlpgñngal,
sg jb kspkagk abusbntk ekjkj
slcrkarkagdgkntl ks abpbz ek prleuagrjl l nl. Qg jbs cbatkrgbs kn
slcrkarkagdgkntl sln prleuatlrbs ek BVV, kj ngòl tknerâ un ngvkj egsdgnugel
ek alnagknagb, plal alntbatl vgsubj y pukek vkrsk gnvljuarbel kn
aldplrtbdgkntls kxtrbòls aldl dgrbr `gibdkntk lciktls quk mgrbn.
 Kn kj absl ek un ngòl dknlr ek agnal bòls aln QGCL, abusbel plr unb
kspkagk ek cbatkrgb prleuatlrb ek BVV, kj ngòl prkskntbrâ prlcjkdbs ek
eksbrrljjl, säntldbs ek jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb y aldplrtbdgkntls
bslagbels ùngabdkntk aln kj butgsdl. Qg ks dknlr ek agnal bòls aubnel kj

QGCL laurrk, aln unb cbatkrgb nl prleuatlrb ek BVV, kntlnaks kj ngòl nl

tknerâ kstls aldplrtbdgkntls abrbatkrästgals ekj butgsdl y sljl skrâ
egbmnlstgabel aln rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl y jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb.
 

Kj QGCL Ekspuçs ek jls ; Bòls ek Kebe

Ekspuçs ek jb kebe ek agnal bòls, jb bpbrgagñn ek QGCL sgn prleuaagñn ek
BVV rksujtbrâ kn säntldbs ek jksgñn akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb, sgn prlcjkdbs ek
eksbrrljjl. Kn absl ek quk kj ngòl skb dbylr ek agnal bòls ek kebe, y kj
QGCL laurrb aln cbatkrgbs prleuatlrbs ek BVV, jls säntldbs sk dbng`kstbrân
kn alnegaglnks aldùndkntk alnlagebs aldl VBNQ (sänerldk pkegâtrgal
nkurlpsgqugâtrgal ek gngagl bmuel, plr sus sgmjbs kn gnmjçs) l VBNEBQ
(trbstlrnl pkegâtrgal nkurlpsgqugâtrgal butlgndunk bslagbel b gn`kaaglnks
kstrkptlañagabs, plr sus sgmjbs kn gnmjçs).
Jls säntldbs quk aldùndkntk sk sukjkn bslagbr b VBNQ y VBNEBQ
alnsgstkn kn bjtls
aldplrtbdgkntls ngvkjks ek bnsgkebe,
lcsksgvl-aldpujsgvls quk ULA)
(ks ekagr, b dknuel
y unb rksujtbn
vbrgkebe kn
ek
ltrls säntldbs nkurljñmgals y psgqugâtrgals. Jb prgnagpbj eg`krknagb kntrk jls
els ks quk kj VBNQ tgknk un gngagl râpgel, b dknuel kntrk 35-58 hlrbs. Vlr
kj alntrbrgl, kj VBNEBQ nl sk eksbrrljjb râpgebdkntk y kstâ bslagbel b jb
aljlngzbagñn ek cbatkrgbs kstrkptlañagabs kn jb `brgnmk (ks ekagr, un hgslpbel
`bränmkl kstrkptlañagal plsgtgvl). Ubntl kj VBNQ aldl kj VBNEBQ pukekn
eksbpbrkakr ek `lrdb dgstkrglsb tbn râpgel aldl bpbrkakn, y jukml
rkbpbrkakr dksks l bòls dâs tbrek.
Alnsgekrl quk tbntl kj VBNQ aldl kj VBNEBQ, sln sgdpjkdkntk jb
bpbrgagñn ek QGCL aln cbatkrgbs prleuatlrbs ek âagel prlpgñngal, y quk nl
sln alnegaglnks dçegabs egstgntbs. Kn kstuegls aln bngdbjks, kj QGCL
kdpklrb jls aldplrtbdgkntls sgdgjbrks b jb bnsgkebe, y hk sgel tkstgml ek
kstk dgsdl k`katl kn dg prâatgab dçegab prgvbeb. [n sucmrupl ek dgs
pbagkntks beujtls tbdcgçn kxpkrgdkntbn bjtls ngvkjks ek bnsgkebe ekspuçs ekj
eksbrrljjl ek QGCL. Jb bnsgkebe pukek dkilrbr râpgebdkntk ekspuçs ek trbtbr
kj QGCL aln rg`bxgdgnb (Xg`bxbn®). Duahls ek kstls beujtls prkskntbrln un
 kdpklrbdgkntl râpgel ek jb bnsgkebe ekspuçs ek unb gn`kaagñn, un aursl ek
bntgcgñtgals, unb agrumäb, l unb jksgñn akrkcrbj, tlels kstls sgknel
eksknabeknbntks cgkn alnlagels ekj QGCL.
Jb aln`usgñn aln kj VBNQ y VBNEBQ ks jb rksljuagñn ksplntânkb ek kstbs
alnegaglnks jukml ek aldpjktbr un aursl ek bntgcgñtgals, aubnel sln
kdpjkbels bntgcgñtgals ek usl aldùn, tbjks aldl jb bdlxgagjgnb l kj

trgdktlprgd suj`bdktlxbzlj, tkngknel kstls un 36-16% ek prlcbcgjgebe ek

rkvkrtgr kj QGCL. Vlr jl tbntl, su usl b vkaks pukek alneuagr b unb râpgeb
dkilrb ek jls säntldbs k gnajusl ebr jumbr b unb aldpjktb rkdgsgñn ek jls
säntldbs.
Quplnmbdls quk un dçegal quk tgknk cbil su augebel b un ngòl aln VBNQ l
VBNEBQ, nl plskk un rkmgstrl ek abeb aursl ek bntgcgñtgals quk ltrls
dçegals pleräbn hbckr gnegabel bj dgsdl pbagkntk, pbrb trbtbr unb ltgtgs
dkegb l unb gn`kaagñn ekntbj. Jls bntgcgñtgals aldunks utgjgzbels kn kstls
absls pukekn rkvkrtgr kj QGCL y eksknabeknbr unb dkilrb kn jls säntldbs
bslagbels bj VBNQ l VBNEB. Kj dçegal sukjk pbsbr plr bjtl jb vkrebekrb
rbzñn ek jb dkilrb ek jls säntldbs ekj ngòl y alnsgekrb quk su prlmrksl ks
"ksplntânkl" l quk ks alnskauknagb ek bjmùn ltrl trbtbdgkntl (vgtbdgnbs,
hldklpbtäb, tkrbpgb aln dktbjks pksbels, kta.).
 

Jbs Vrukcbs pbrb Kstrkptlalals Vlsgtgvbs nl Qgkdprk Qln jl quk Arkk

Bekdâs, kj egbmnñstgal ek VBNEBQ rkqugkrk ek jb prksknagb ek unb prukcb,
l aujtgvl `bränmkl kstrkptlañagal plsgtgvl. Bprlxgdbebdkntk kj 26% ek
tlels jls ngòls kn jls KK.[[. sln plrtbelrks ek akpbs gnl`knsgvbs ek
kstrkptlalal, y tgknkn rksujtbels plsgtgvls pbrb prukcbs râpgebs l aujtgvls
`bränmkls pbrb kstrkptlalals, sgn tknkr ngnmùn säntldb. Jls kspkagbjgstbs kn
kn`krdkebeks gn`kaaglsbs balnskibn nl trbtbr b kstls ngòls aln bntgcgñtgals,
plrquk b dknuel sln gnabpbaks ek kjgdgnbr kj kstrkptlalal y nl bplrtbn
vkrebekrls cknk`gagls b su sbjue.
Ekcgel b jb bjtb tbsb ek plrtbelrks, kj 26% ek aubjqugkr mrupl ek ngòls aln
aubjqugkr
utgjgzbnel trbstlrnl aldùn
kstb jñmgab, skrâ plrtbelr
kj kstrkptlalal ekkstbr
pukek kstrkptlalal. Vlr rkjbaglnbel
krrñnkbdkntk kstb rbzñn,
aln absg aubjqugkr prlaksl pbtljñmgal l ek kn`krdkebe. Jl quk dâs jjkvb b
jls dçegals plr jb väb tkrbpçutgab kqugvlabeb, ks quk jls aursls prljlnmbels
ek bntgcgñtgals aln jls quk trbtbn b jls ngòls, pukekn suprgdgr pbragbjdkntk kj
QGCL, y ek kstb `lrdb rkeuagr jb prleuaagñn ek âagel prlpgñngal, jl quk
rksujtb kn agkrtb dkilrb kn jls säntldbs.
Jb jñmgab krrbeb ek "bj ebr bntgcgñtgals pbrb trbtbr kj kstrkptlalal laurrk jb
dkilrb? plr jl tbntl, kj prlcjkdb ks kj kstrkptlalal" ks aldprknsgcjk pkrl, ks
gnalrrkatb. Urbtbr bj dgsdl ngòl aln rg`bxgdgnb tgknk unb rkspukstb plsgtgvb
dkilr y dâs eurbekrb. W ebel quk jb rg`bxgdgnb nl bjabnzb kj tlrrkntk
sbnmuänkl, kstk gdpbatl plsgtgvl, nl pukek skr plr hbckr kjgdgnbel jb
gn`kaagñn kstrkptlañagab kn jb mbrmbntb.
 

Butlgndunk vkrsus Butlgn`jbdbtlrgl

Butlgn`jbdbtlrgl
Qg cgkn kstly ek baukrel kn quk jls ngòls egbmnlstgabels aln VBNQ l
VBNEBQ tgknkn un prlaksl gn`jbdbtlrgl kn sus akrkcrls, nl kstly ek
baukrel kn quk kstk skb un prlaksl butlgndunk? jls ngòls su`rkn ek un
prlaksl butlgn`jbdbtlrgl. Jb gn`jbdbagñn ek un prlaksl butlgndunk kstâ
egrgmgel b tgpls ek tkigel kspkaä`gals kn kj lrmbngsdl. Vlr kikdpjl, jb brtrgtgs
rkudbtlgek ks un trbstlrnl butlgndunk kn kj quk jb gn`jbdbagñn sk jlabjgzb
prgnagpbjdkntk kn agkrtbs brtgaujbaglnks, pbrtgaujbrdkntk ek jbs dbnls. Vgknsk
kn jb butlgndungebe aldl un tgrbelr quk pukek ebr kn kj cjbnal bj egspbrbr
unb cbjb sgn ebòbr ltrls sgstkdbs ekj aukrpl.

Jb butlgn`jbdbagñn
quädgabs ks quk
gn`jbdbtlrgbs jb jgckrbagñn kn kjbevkrsls
tgknkn k`katls tlrrkntk ek
sbnmuänkl ek sustbnagbs
bdpjgl bjabnak kn jls
tkigels alrplrbjks. Kn kj absl ek jbs dbnls, absg tlebs jbs brtgaujbaglnks ek jb
dbnl eljkräbn, y nl sljl unbs plabs brtgaujbaglnks kspkaä`gabs aldl sk vk kn
jb brtrgtgs rkudbtlgek. Kn jumbr ek un `rbnaltgrbelr, pgknsk kn jb
butlgn`jbdbagñn aldl kj egspbrl ek unb ksalpktb quk nl pukek ebr kn kj
cjbnal, sgnl quk egspkrsb su k`katl kn un ârkb duahl dbylr.
Aubnel kj QGCL kstâ prkskntk, jb `umb b trbvçs ek jbs pbrkeks ekj gntkstgnl
ekjmbel pukek batgvbr hbstb kj 86% ek jb tltbjgebe ek mjñcujls cjbnals. Kstbs
açjujbs, b su vkz, jgckrbn kn kj tlrrkntk sbnmuänkl sustbnagbs quädgabs
gn`jbdbtlrgbs, jjbdbebs agtlqugnbs quk pukekn ebòbr pltknagbjdkntk
aubjqugkr açjujb alrplrbj.
Bekdâs, jb rkvkrsgñn ekj QGCL aln rg`bxgdgnb abusb unb râpgeb rkeuaagñn ek
jls ngvkjks ek butlgn`jbdbagñn y âagel prlpgñngal, rksujtbnel kn jb dkilrb
rkpkntgnb ek dgs pbagkntks egbmnlstgabels kquävlabdkntk aln VBNQ y
VBNEBQ. Hgstñrgabdkntk, kj trbtbdgkntl ek jb dbylräb ek jls trbstlrnls
 butlgndunks rksujtb kn unb rkvkrsgñn jkntb ek jls säntldbs ekj pbagkntk.

Jb k`gabagb ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®

Hk bsgstgel kn kj augebel ek absg =66 ngòls aln egbmnñstgals ek butgsdl,
rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl, prlcjkdbs sknslrgbjks y jksglnks akrkcrbjks
baudujbtgvbs, duahls ek jls aubjks hbcäbn sgel egbmnlstgabels y trbtbels
prkvgbdkntk pbrb VBNQ l VBNEBQ. Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® sk akntrb
ùngabdkntk kn jb egsdgnuagñn ek jb gn`jbdbagñn, slcrk tlel b trbvçs ek jb
rkvkrsgñn ekj QGCL utgjgzbnel yb skb jb `gcrb prkcgñtgab, gnujgnb, l kj
bntgcgñtgal nl bcslrcgcjk, rg`bxgdgnb.
Dg prltlaljl pkrdgtk quk dâs ekj 76% ek jls ngòls cbil dg augebel
dbntknmbn unb tbsb ek rkaupkrbagñn nkurljñmgab quk jls pberks, dbkstrls y
tkrbpkutbs
rbegab kn jbknaukntrbn
abpbagebegngmubjbcjk.
nbturbj qukKjplskk
vkrebekrl plekr
kj aukrpl y çxgtlpbrb
hudbnl ek dgrkaupkrbrsk
prltlaljl
nkurljñmgabdkntk sg kj aukrpl sk dbntgknk kn un kstbel sbjuebcjk, nl
gn`jbdbtlrgl.
 

VBSUK PG
 

VKNQBNEL KN KJ @[U[SL
 

36
 

VLQGCJKQ LVLSU[NGEBEKQ EK VSKPKNAGÑN

hlrb quk hk eksaucgkrtl un prlaksl quk pukek rkvkrtgr l dkilrbr jbs

abrbatkrästgabs ajbvk ekj butgsdl y duahls ltrls trbstlrnls gn`bntgjks,
B nbturbjdkntk pgknsl sg kstk dgsdl prlaksl pukek skr usbel ek `lrdb
prkvkntgvb. Qg pukel mknkrbr un abdcgl kn jls ngòls ek hly, ¼quç hby ek
mknkrbr un abdcgl kn jls ngòls ek dbòbnb<
Jb prkvknagñn ek jb gn`jbdbagñn y kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl pleräbn skr
lciktgvls ajbvk kn jb prkvknagñn ek duahls trbstlrnls ekj eksbrrljjl gn`bntgj.
Kn kj absl ekj butgsdl, kj prgdkr eksb`äl ks alnlakr sg plekdls prkvkngr jb
prleuaagñn kxaksgvb ek âagel prlpgñngal prleuatl ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl, yb quk ks jb abrbatkrästgab pbtljñmgab quk ekjgdgtb kj butgsdl ek jb
dbylräb ek jls ekdâs trbstlrnls.
Qg plekdls dbntknkr jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks ek un ngòl kqugjgcrbebs, sgn
slcrkarkagdgkntl kn kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel y ng prleuaagñn kxaksgvb ek âagel
prlpgñngal, kj butgsdl, kj rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl y jb jksgñn akrkcrbj
baudujbtgvb prlcbcjkdkntk nl laurrgräbn kn jb dbylräb ek jls ngòls.
Kn kstk abpätujl, hk gnajugel jbs rkaldknebaglnks quk egsautl aln jls
 pbagkntks quk bclrebn plsgcjks dçtlels pbrb jgdgtbr, l rkeuagr kj rgksml ek
quk un ngòl eksbrrljjk slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl gntkstgnbj, ajängabdkntk
ebògnl.
Ngnmunb ek dgs sumkrknagbs prkvkntgvbs kn kstk abpätujl hbn sgel "prlcbebs",
jl quk sgmng`gab quk nl hbn sgel rkbjgzbel knsbyls ajängals kn hudbnls. Dgs
tklräbs prlvgknkn ek dgs prlpgbs kxpkrgknagbs y lcskrvbaglnks, ekspuçs ek

hbckr trbtbel aln kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® b beujtls ek tlebs jbs kebeks,

ngòls aln butgsdl y trbstlrnls ekj eksbrrljjl, y duikrks bntks y ekspuçs ekj
kdcbrbzl.
Hk sgel abpbz ek rkvkrtgr l dkilrbr kn mrbn dkegeb kj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl kn dberks kn kebe `çrtgj y ngòls ek tlebs jbs kebeks.
Sbzlnbcjkdkntk, kxgstk un pltknagbj ek quk jls dgsdls dçtlels quk
prkvgknkn kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, tbdcgçn pleräbn prkvkngr l jgdgtbr
jb bpbrgagñn ekj butgsdl, kj rktrbsl ekj eksbrrljjl y jb jksgñn akrkcrbj
baudujbtgvb, yb quk aldùndkntk sln alnskauknagbs ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl.
Aubjqugkr jkatlr ek kstk jgcrl quk sk knaukntrk bprknegknel slcrk jbs
dlebjgebeks ek trbtbdgkntl y sumkrknagbs quk jk ely b dgs pbagkntks, ekck
egsautgr plr aldpjktl tlebs y abeb unb ek kstbs plsgcjks dlebjgebeks ek
trbtbdgkntl y sumkrknagbs aln sus prlvkkelrks ek btknagñn dçegab, bntks ek
gngagbrjbs kn aubjqugkr dldkntl, bntks ek alnakcgr, eurbntk kj kdcbrbzl l
ekspuçs ekj pbrtl.
 

Alnsgekrbaglnks Vrkvgbs bj Kdcbrbzl

Jbs duikrks quk sk knaukntrkn alnsgekrbnel un kdcbrbzl, ekckn skr
alnsagkntks ek quk jbs agtlagnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs (GJ-2, GJ-0, UN@-bj`b)
prleuagebs ekntrl ek su aukrpl pukekn btrbvksbr jb pjbakntb y pltknagbjdkntk
abusbr ebòl bj `ktl.
Jbs agtlagnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs pukekn bjtkrbr kj eksbrrljjl nlrdbj ekj
akrkcrl, bsä aldl batgvbr jls mknks kn su hgil eurbntk jb mkstbagñn y ekspuçs
ekj nbagdgkntl. Ekspuçs ekj nbagdgkntl, gnajusl pukekn skr abpbaks ek
abusbr nukvbs dutbaglnks kn kj BEN ekj ngòl. Kstbs agtlagnbs tbdcgçn kstân
bslagbebs bj budkntl ek jbs aldpjgabaglnks eurbntk kdcbrbzl, aldl jls
bclrtls ksplntânkls y jb kajbdpsgb.
Skaldgknel b dgs pbagkntks `kdkngnbs, quk kstçn alnsgekrbnel qukebr
kdcbrbzbebs quk trbcbikn kn nlrdbjgzbr kj kstbel gn`jbdbtlrgl ek su
lrmbngsdl duahls dksks bntks ek jb alnakpagñn. Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®
pbrb jb Skaupkrbagñn Butñnldb (kn beujtls) kstâ egskòbel pbrb rkeuagr
kspkaä`gabdkntk jls ngvkjks kxaksgvls ek agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs, aln jb
`gnbjgebe ek dkilrbr l rkstburbr jb egs`unagñn ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl.
Kspkrbr hbstb quk unb duikr qukek kdcbrbzbeb pbrb gngagbr kj prlaksl ek
rkeuaagñn mknkrbj ek gn`jbdbagñn nl ks unb cuknb kstrbtkmgb, yb quk jlmrbr un
kstbel
dksks, gn`krglr
y tbntl ljbnlrdbj ek agtlqugnbs
rg`bxgdgnb aldl jb gn`jbdbtlrgbs
kstgdujbagñn pukek tldbr vbml
ekj nkrvgl trks lkstân
dâs
alntrbgnegabebs kn kj kdcbrbzl, y jb supjkdkntbagñn aln gnujgnb ks dknls
k`katgvb kn beujtls...
[n dbylr alnsudl egktçtgal ek bakgtk ek ljgvb y pksabel aldl pbrtk ek jb
egktb dkegtkrrânkb eurbntk jb prgdkrb gn`bnagb kstân bslagbels aln rksujtbels
 nkurlalneuatubjks `bvlrbcjks. Nl kxgstk rbzñn pbrb arkkr quk kj bakgtk ek
ljgvb y kj bakgtk ek pksabel rkaldknebels kn kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®, nl
crgnebräbn jls dgsdls cknk`gagls.

Jb rg`bxgdgnb quk prksargcl b dgs pbagkntks beujtls pbrb rkvkrtgr kj

slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl gntkstgnbj nl ks unb lpagñn ek trbtbdgkntl
eurbntk kj kdcbrbzl, yb quk nl kstâ bprlcbel su usl eurbntk kj kdcbrbzl l jb
jbatbnagb.

Jb rkeuaagñn ek jb gn`jbdbagñn mknkrbj bntks ekj kdcbrbzl pukek dkilrbr jbs

tbsbs ek `krtgjgebe, y jgdgtbr aldpjgabaglnks rkjbaglnbebs bj kdcbrbzl aldl
jl sln jb prkkajbdpsgb y kj bclrtl ksplntânkl. Jb supjkdkntbagñn aln bakgtk
ek pksabel y bakgtk ek ljgvb tbdcgçn pukek budkntbr jb rksgstknagb
nkurljñmgab ek jb dberk alntrb jls gntknsls kstrkslrks `äsgals y psgaljñmgals
quk baldpbòbn kj pbrtl.
Bskmurbrsk ek quk unb duikr nl tknmb un arkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl
sgmng`gabtgvl, y aldpjkdkntbr su egktb aln kj cbjbnak bekaubel ek âagels
mrbsls ldkmb-1 y ldkmb-0 b trbvçs ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® jk skrâ ek
duahb utgjgebe kn jb dbxgdgzbagñn ek sus plsgcgjgebeks ek tknkr un kdcbrbzl
sbjuebcjk y jgcrk ek aldpjgabaglnks.
 

Alnsgekrbaglnks Eurbntk Kj Kdcbrbzl

Jb gn`jbdbagñn pukek kdpjkbr un rlj kn jb b`katbagñn ekj eksbrrljjl
nkurljñmgal ekj ngòl bntks ekj nbagdgkntl, dgkntrbs bùn sk knaukntrb kn
`lrdânelsk ekntrl ekj ùtkrl. Jb kxplsgagñn kxaksgvb ekj `ktl b ngvkjks
kjkvbels ek agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs, ks un `batlr alntrgcuykntk
gdplrtbntk quk tbdcgçn pleräb ektkrdgnbr jb prksknagb l kj ngvkj ek mrbvkebe
ekj butgsdl u ltrls trbstlrnls ekj eksbrrljjl, prkskntks bj nbakr.
Jbs `ukntks ek kxplsgagñn b agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs eurbntk kj kdcbrbzl
pukekn gnajugr, kj ekskqugjgcrgl ek jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks ek jb dberk, jb
gnmkstb gnbekaubeb ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 y ldkmb-0, jb kxplsgagñn bj
hudl ekj tbcbal,
pkrglelntbj, jb alntbdgnbagñn
bsä aldl ekj bgrk ek
jb gnmkstb kxaksgvb kn ârkbs
BMKsurcbnbs, jb kn`krdkebe
(prleuatls `gnbjks ek
mjgabagñn bvbnzbeb, plr sus sgmjbs kn gnmjçs).
Ekspuçs ekj nbagdgkntl, kj kxaksl ek agtlagnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs pukek
gntkrrudpgr kj eksbrrljjl nkurlnbj nlrdbj ek un ngòl k gnhgcgr bj akrkcrl ek
rkpbrbr jksglnks aldunks labsglnbebs plr trbudb `äsgal, kdlaglnbj, quädgal
k gn`jbdbtlrgl.
 

Dkilrbr jb Urbns`krknagb ek Âagels Mrbsls Ldkmb-1 eurbntk kj Ukrakr

Urgdkstrk
Eurbntk kj kdcbrbzl, jb dberk trbns`krgrâ jb dgtbe ek tlebs sus rkskrvbs ek
âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 b su hgil eurbntk kj tkrakr trgdkstrk. Kstb trbns`krknagb
prlplraglnb bj ngòl jls âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 nkaksbrgls pbrb kj eksbrrljjl
nkurljñmgal nlrdbj eurbntk su prgdkr bòl ek vgeb. Kstl tbdcgçn gnegab jl
gdplrtbntk quk ks kj sudgngstrl ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 pbrb un eksbrrljjl
sbjuebcjk.
Jb gdplrtbnagb ek jls âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 ks tbn sgmng`gabtgvb quk kj hgil
ek unb dberk quk rkagck supjkdkntls aln bjtbs elsgs ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-
1gntkjkatubj
prlvkngkntks ekj bakgtk
ek absg ek pksabel,
26 puntls ebrâ b juz
plr knagdb, quk bsgunnl
ngòl aln unrkagcgel
hucgksk alk`gagkntk
jls
supjkdkntls.
Qg jb egktb ek jb dberk ks cbib kn âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 y bjtb kn âagels
mrbsls ldkmb-0, abusbntks ek gn`jbdbagñn, kj ngòl pukek kxpkrgdkntbr un
ekskqugjgcrgl sgdgjbr ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb eurbntk jb trbns`krknagb quk
laurrk kn kj tkrakr trgdkstrk. Kj ekskqugjgcrgl ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb
budkntbrâ bùn dâs kj ngvkj ek agtlqugnbs gn`jbdbtlrgbs ekntrl ek jb dberk y
kj ngòl, y pukek b`katbr bùn dâs kj eksbrrljjl nlrdbj ekj akrkcrl kn kj ngòl.

Jb supjkdkntbagñn
rkeuagr aln bakgtk
bùn dâs kj kstbel ek ljgvbek vgrmkn
gn`jbdbtlrgl
gn`jbdbtlrgl kxtrb
jb dberk ks `unebdkntbj
eurbntk kj kdcbrbzl.pbrb
Kj
bakgtk ek ljgvb vgrmkn kxtrb alntgknk bjtbs abntgebeks ek un âagel mrbsl
ldkmb-7, jjbdbel âagel ljçgal, quk byueb b cjlqukbr y rkvkrtgr kj ebòl
gn`jbdbtlrgl abusbel plr jb gnmkstb kxaksgvb ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-0, bsä
aldl âagels mrbsls sbturbels, aldl kj âagel pbjdätgal.
 Nlrdbjdkntk rkaldgknel quk jbs duikrks kdcbrbzbebs cbil dg augebel
aldpjkdkntkn aln 3,666-1,666 dm ek bakgtk ek pksabel bj eäb, y quk
tbdcgçn alnsudbn 3 auahbrbebs ek bakgtk ek ljgvb vgrmkn kxtrb, akrtg`gabel
plr ALLA. Kj bjtl alnsudl ek bakgtk ek pksabel y ek ljgvb ks hbcgtubj kn
duahbs rkmglnks ekj Dkegtkrrânkl y, aldl alnskauknagb nbturbj, sk alnlak
su skmurgebe eurbntk kj kdcbrbzl.

Jbs duikrks kdcbrbzbebs nl ekckn tldbr un bakgtk ek pksabel aln bjtb

alnakntrbagñn ek EHB (jls dm ek EHB sk knaukntrbn kn dbylr prlplragñn
quk jls dm ek KVB). Jb gnmkstb prkeldgnbntk ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1,
eurbntk jb kvljuagñn ek jls pkaks tuvl duahl dâs KVB quk EHB. Bunquk ks
gnagkrtl sg ks cgljñmgabdkntk gdplrtbntk, sk rkaldgkneb alnsudgr un bakgtk
ek pksabel aln unb alnakntrbagñn rkjbtgvbdkntk dâs bjtb ek KVB eurbntk kj
kdcbrbzl (jls dm ek KVB sln dbylrks quk jls dm ek EHB) pbrb byuebr b
gdgtbr nukstrb kxplsgagñn kvljutgvb.
 

Dkilrbdgkntl ekj Kqugjgcrgl Cbatkrgbnl Gntkstgnbj Eurbntk Kj Kdcbrbzl

Vbrb dkilrbr kj kqugjgcrgl gntkstgnbj eurbntk kj kdcbrbzl, rkaldgknel b dgs
pbagkntks aldpjkdkntbr, ek skr nkaksbrgl aln gnujgnb vkmktbj prkcgñtgab ek
vkntb jgcrk. Bunquk nl ks tbn k`gabz aldl jb rg`bxgdgnb, jb gnujgnb pukek
dkilrbr jls säntldbs gntkstgnbjks rkjbaglnbels bj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl,
aldl jb egbrrkb, kj brelr ek kstñdbml, nâuskbs y añjgals.
Jbs lpaglnks ek trbtbdgkntl pbrb kj kqugjgcrgl gntkstgnbj, eurbntk kj kdcbrbzl
sk jgdgtbn sljl b jb `gcrb ek gnujgnb. Kj usl ekj bntgcgñtgal nl bcslrcgcjk
rg`bxgdgnb, pbrb rkkqugjgcrbr jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks nl sk hb kstuegbel
bekaubebdkntk eurbntk kj kdcbrbzl y nunab sk rkaldgkneb su usl.
 

Alnsgekrbaglnks Ekspuçs Ekj Vbrtl

Dgkntrbs kj ngòl skb abpbz ek dbntknkr kj kqugjgcrgl bekaubel ek jbs
cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks, prkvgsgcjkdkntk nl eksbrrljjbrân gn`jbdbagñn, ng
prleuaagñn kxaksgvb ek âagel prlpgñngal, quk laurrk sljl plr kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel.
Kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl kn un rkagçn nbagel pleräb laurrgr sg sus
cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks sln bjtkrbebs ekcgel bj rkqukrgdgkntl ek bsgstknagb kn
unb [ngebe ek Augebels Gntknsgvls Nklnbtbjks ([AGN, plr sus sgmjbs kn
gnmjçs) aldl plr kikdpjl plr rkqukrgr trbtbdgkntl bntgcgñtgal eurbntk su
kstbeäb kntrk jbs dujtgpjks abusbs.
Ebel quk rkvkrtgr kj ekskqugjgcrgl cbatkrgbnl gntkstgnbj y rkstburbr kj
kqugjgcrgl ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 b ldkmb-0 rkvgkrtk duahbs ek jbs
abrbatkrästgabs ajbvk ekj butgsdl, kj dbnkil ek kstls prlcjkdbs plr
bekjbntbel pukek tkñrgabdkntk, byuebr b kvgtbr quk kj butgsdl rkmrksgvl
laurrb kn bjmunls ngòls.
Qg kxgstk bjmunb slspkahb ek slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl kn jb dberk l
hkrdbnls dbylrks (yb quk tbdcgçn kstbräbn aljlngzbels aln jb aldcgnbagñn
cbatkrgbnb ek jb dberk ekj pbagkntk), mknkrbjdkntk rkaldgknel supjkdkntbr
bj ckcç rkagçn nbagel aln 2/13 b 2/20 auahbrbegtbs ek `gcrb ek gnujgnb kn
pljvl bj eäb.
Kj bakgtk ek pksabel y kj bakgtk ek ljgvb nl sln nkaksbrgls yb quk jls âagels
mrbsls ldkmb begaglnbjks rkqukrgels ek abeb unl ek kstls sk prlplraglnbrân
b trbvçs ek jb jkahk dbtkrnb ek jb dberk, sgkdprk y aubnel kjjb jls kstç
tldbnel.
Aubnel kj ngòl tgknk jb kebe su`gagkntk pbrb aldkr bjgdkntls, rkaldgknel
 quk sk aldpjkdkntkn bekdâs aln bakgtk ek pksabel y quk sus bjgdkntls sk
alagnkn kn bakgtk ek ljgvb vgrmkn kxtrb akrtg`gabel plr ALLA pbrb
prltkmkrjls ek jls âagels mrbsls ldkmb-0, tñxgals quk gnkvgtbcjkdkntk sk
`gjtrbrân kn su egktb.

Alnsgekrbaglnks Kspkaä`gabs ek jbs Pbaunbs

Vkrslnbjdkntk, bplyl jb vbaunbagñn ek jls ngòls. Qljl kstly kn alntrb ek
vbaunbr b jls ngòls aubnel  kstân kxpkrgdkntbnel ek `lrdb batgvb, kj
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl y aubnel tlebväb pleräbn tknkr eg`gaujtbeks pbrb
rkaupkrbrsk ek un prlaksl gn`jbdbtlrgl, ekcgel b jls ngvkjks plal sbjuebcjks
ek agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs ekntrl ek sus akrkcrls.
Aldl hk egsautgel kn abpätujls bntkrglrks, kj akrkcrl pukek jksglnbrsk b
trbvçs ek jksglnks `äsgabs, trbudbs kdlaglnbjks, plr kxplsgaglnks quädgabs l
tñxgabs, plr jb `bjtb ek lxämknl, y b trbvçs ek un bjzb ek sustbnagbs quädgabs
gn`jbdbtlrgbs, jjbdbebs agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs.
Kstbs agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs sln pbrtk ek nukstrl prlaksl ek rkpbrbagñn
nbturbj. Kstbs agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs tbdcgçn pukekn jgckrbrsk kn ltrbs
agraunstbnagbs aldunks.
Kn kstuegls aln bngdbjks, jbs agrumäbs ekj bceldkn l kj pkahl, jbs `rbaturbs
ek jls huksls jbrmls, jbs gn`kaaglnks akrkcrbjks y jbs vbaunbs sln abpbaks ek
bjtkrbr jb `unagñn akrkcrbj, ekcgel b jb jgckrbagñn ek agtlqugnbs
prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs.
Ks gdplrtbntk tknkr kn aukntb quk aubnel jbs agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs

jksglnbn ykjunb
nlrdbj, akrkcrl ek nlrdbj
gnmkstb un rbtñneksbnl, alnmrbsls
âagels un kqugjgcrgl
ldkmb, kjcbatkrgbnl
rbtñn ks gntkstgnbj
abpbz ek
rkaupkrbrsk aldpjktbdkntk ekj kstrçs gn`jbdbtlrgl ek jb vbaunb kn plabs
skdbnbs.
Qg un rbtñn prkskntb dgarlmjgb akcbeb, y jls ngvkjks budkntbels ek agtlagnbs
prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs plr slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, kj rbtñn nl sk rkaupkrb
aldpjktbdkntk ek jb jksgñn ek jb vbaunb, y kj ebòl rksgeubj pkrdbnkak (vkr
 jls elaudkntls ek Aunngnmhbd kn kj bpçnegak ek Sk`krknagbs).
Kj ebòl rksgeubj ek jb jksgñn akrkcrbj nl rkpbrbeb alntrgcuyk b jb jksgñn
akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb quk hk egsautgel prkvgbdkntk kn kstk jgcrl.
Jbs vbaunbs kstân egskòbebs pbrb gdgtbr jb kxplsgagñn b un bmkntk gn`kaaglsl
aln kj `gn ek arkbr unb rkbaagñn gn`jbdbtlrgb k gndunlprltkatlrb. Vbrb quk

unb vbaunb skb k`gabz, jb gn`jbdbagñn quk eksknabeknb ks pbrtk ksknagbj ek jb

rkbaagñn prltkatlrb.

Vkrl ekpknegknel
gn`jbdbtlrgl ek jb sbjueprlgn`jbdbtlrgbs
ek agtlqugnbs akrkcrbj ek jb pkrslnb
ek jb vbaunbeb, kj budkntl
vbaunb pukek tknkr
alnskauknagbs nl ekskbebs, aldl kj kdpklrbdgkntl ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl, rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl l pukek rksujtbr kn ebòl akrkcrbj
baudujbtgvl.
Qbcgknel quk kj butgsdl y kj rktrbsl ekj eksbrrljjl bslagbel, mknkrbjdkntk nl
pukekn laurrgr sgn ngvkjks kjkvbels ek âagel prlpgñngal y jb gn`jbdbagñn
eksknabeknbeb plr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel, jb
prkmuntb gnkvgtbcjk ks ¼añdl pleräb jb rkbaagñn gn`jbdbtlrgb ek jb vbaunb
budkntbr jb prlcbcgjgebe ek butgsdl, trbstlrnls ekj eksbrrljjl l jksgñn
akrkcrbj baudujbtgvb<
Kj ekcbtk sk hb kxtknegel eurbntk eçabebs slcrk jbs alnskauknagbs egrkatbs k
gnegrkatbs ek jbs vbaunbs, kn jb gnageknagb ekj butgsdl. Dgs puntls ek vgstb
pkrslnbjks, rkspkatl b kj plsgcjk pbpkj ek jbs vbaunbs kn jb batgvbagñn ekj
butgsdl sln jls sgmugkntks.
Jb ljb gn`jbdbtlrgb aldùndkntk mknkrbeb plr jbs vbaunbs pukek skr jl
su`gagkntkdkntk `ukrtk aldl pbrb gntkrrudpgr, gnajusl tkdplrbjdkntk, jb
`unagñn ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl y pukek pkriuegabr, pbrtgaujbrdkntk jb
`unagñn ek jb rbdb pbrbsgdpâtgab ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl. Kj ektkrglrl
ek jb `unagñn pbrbsgdpâtgab sk bslagb aln unb cbib dltgjgebe gntkstgnbj,
sgknel kstk un `batlr ek rgksml pbrb kj eksbrrljjl l kdpklrbdgkntl ekj
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl. Kj knjkntkagdgkntl ekj pkrgstbjtgsdl gntkstgnbj
ekcgel b ltrbs sgtubaglnks aldl jb bnkstksgb mknkrbj, jb agrumäb bceldgnbj, jbs
alndlaglnks akrkcrbjks y bjmunls trbstlrnls, aldl jb ksajkrlekrdgb y jb
gnsu`gagknagb rknbj kstân bslagbels b un dbylr rgksml ek eksbrrljjbr
slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel.
 Kn dg prâatgab dçegab, hk sgel tkstgml ek jb rkabäeb ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl b pbrtgr ek prlaksls ek vbaunbagñn ek rutgnb, kn ngòls y pbagkntks

beujtls cbil dgcbatkrgbnl,

slcrkarkagdgkntl augebel. bQgpbrtgr
un ekngòl bequgkrk
su dberk l ekj unb `lrdb
usl ek jkvk ek
bntgcgñtgals bj
prgnagpgl ek su vgeb, unb vbaunbagñn dâs bekjbntk kn jb vgeb pleräb kdpklrbr
kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, y pleräb `ldkntbr jb prleuaagñn kxaksgvb ek

âagel prlpgñngal b trbvçs ek su k`katl nkmbtgvl slcrk kj pkrgstbjtgsdl. [nb

vkz dâs, bplyl pkrslnbjdkntk jb vbaunbagñn kn jls ngòls. Qljl kstly kn
alntrb ek vbaunbr b jls ngòls aubnel pbekakn slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl y
aubnel tgknkn un ngvkj plal sbjuebcjk ek agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs b ngvkj
akrkcrbj.
Kj prlcjkdb kntlnaks sk alnvgkrtk kn auânel un pbagkntk rkagck vbaunbs quk
sbjvbn vgebs quk sln nkaksbrgbs, y añdl pleräbdls dkilrbr jb sbjue ekj
pbagkntk bntks y eurbntk egahb vbaunbagñn.
Jbs vbaunbs sln jb ùngab `lrdb ek prltkmkr batubjdkntk b jls ngòls ek
egstgntbs kn`krdkebeks dlrtbjks pbrb jbs quk nl kxgstkn ltrls trbtbdgkntls.
Jbs vbaunbs alntrb kj sbrbdpgñn y duahbs ltrbs kn`krdkebeks gn`bntgjks hbn
sgel un knlrdk çxgtl. Qgn vbaunbs, jbs kpgekdgbs dbsgvbs vljvkrân b
alnvkrtgrsk kn jb nlrdb dlrtbj.
Aldl rkalrebtlrgl, nl kxgstkn bntgcgñtgals pbrb trbtbr b un ngòl gn`katbel aln
sbrbdpgñn, pbrltgegtgs/pbpkrbs, rucçljb l pljgl.
Ltrb alnsgekrbagñn gdplrtbntk ks kj dldkntl ek jb vbaunbagñn. Arkl quk
rktrbsbr jb vbaunbagñn ek jls ngòls unls dksks, hbstb quk sus cbatkrgbs
gntkstgnbjks y su kstbel gn`jbdbtlrgl hbybn dkilrbel aln kj usl ek gnujgnb y
âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 ekj bakgtk ek pksabel, byuebräb prkvgsgcjkdkntk b
kstbcgjgzbr sus sgstkdbs nkrvglsls y ekckräb byuebr b dgngdgzbr kj rgksml ek
eksbrrljjbr butgsdl, rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl b `uturl y jksglnks akrkcrbjks
baudujbtgvbs.
Vbrb kxpjlrbr plsgcjks lplrtungebeks prkvkntgvbs, jñmgabdkntk kdpgkzl aln
jbs hkrrbdgkntbs nutrgaglnbjks sgdpjks, quk abusbn un gdpbatl slcrk kj
butgsdl y jls trbstlrnls gn`bntgjks kxgstkntks, y jbs usl prlbatgvbdkntk bj
gngagbr bj ckcç l ngòl pkqukòl b dg abrml, kn unb supjkdkntbagñn egbrgb ek
gnujgnb y bakgtk ek pksabel.
 Kqugjgcrbr jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks aln 2/20 b 2/5 auahbrbegtb ek gnujgnb kn
pljvl b egbrgl kn jls pbagkntks aln slspkahb ek slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl,
tgknk kj pltknagbj ek egsdgnugr jb prlcbcgjgebe ek slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl
aln cbatkrgbs prleuatlrbs ek âagel prlpgñngal, prleuatl ek jb egsdgnuagñn
ekj pkrgstbjtgsdl.

Ks jb prleuaagñn rkpkntgnb ek ngvkjks kxaksgvbdkntk bjtls ek âagel

prlpgñngal prlvkngkntks ekj trbatl gntkstgnbj jls quk sbturbn kj akrkcrl ekj
ngòl, y kxpjgabn plr quç bjmunls pberks rk`gkrkn hbckr vgstl b su hgil
eksvbnkakrsk kn un kstbel kstuplr ekntrl ek hlrbs l eäbs ekspuçs ek rkagcgr
unb vbaunb. Jb prleuaagñn kxaksgvb ek âagel prlpgñngal ks jb abusb ekj
ksaknbrgl ajâsgal ek butgsdl rkmrksgvl.
Bekdâs, jb supjkdkntbagñn ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 ekj bakgtk ek pksabel y
jb alaagñn ek tlels jls bjgdkntls kn bakgtk ek ljgvb vgrmkn kxtrb akrtg`gabel
plr ALLA, tbdcgçn ekckn byuebr b abdcgbr kj `knltgpl ek jb dgarlmjgb
ekntrl ekj akrkcrl ekj ngòl hbagb kj `knltgpl ek dgarlmjäb D3 quk sln
bntggn`jbdbtlrgbs, y byuebn b rkpbrbr jbs jksglnks akrkcrbjks.
Kj budkntl ek jb prkplnekrbnagb ek jb dgarlmjäb D3 rkpbrbelrb y
bntggn`jbdbtlrgb ekck pkrdgtgr quk kj akrkcrl ekj ngòl sk rkaupkrk
aldpjktbdkntk ek aubjqugkr jksgñn akrkcrbj gn`jbdbtlrgb prleuatl ek jb
vbaunb.
Ekspuçs ek bprlxgdbebdkntk trks b aubtrl dksks ek prltlaljl, kstgdl quk jb
gn`jbdbagñn y jb `unagñn dgarlmjgbj ekckn dkilrbr jl su`gagkntk aln jb gnujgnb
y jls bakgtks pbrb aldknzbr jb vbaunbagñn ek `lrdb skmurb.
Bedgtl aln `bagjgebe quk nl kxgstkn "kstuegls kn hudbnls akmbels plr
pjbakcl" pbrb sustkntbr jbs rkaldknebaglnks prkvkntgvbs rkbjgzbebs plr dä,
alntkngebs kn kstk abpätujl. Dgs rkaldknebaglnks prlvgknkn ekj
rbzlnbdgkntl ekeuatgvl y kj skntgel aldùn ek quç sg jb gnujgnb y kj bakgtk ek
pksabel pukekn rkvkrtgr kj ebòl nkurljñmgal sucybakntk kn kj butgsdl y kj
rktrbsl ekj eksbrrljjl, kntlnaks jls dgsdls trbtbdgkntls tgknkn unb
prlcbcgjgebe rbzlnbcjk ek prkvkngrjls.
Duahls ngòls aln butgsdl y prlcjkdbs ek eksbrrljjl cbil dg augebel hbn
skmugel bekjbntk y hbn rkagcgel vbaunbs ek `lrdb skmurb, utgjgzbnel kstbs
 rkaldknebaglnks.
Vkrl jb rkbjgebe quk bhlrb kn`rkntbdls b ngvkj mjlcbj ks quk ek rkpkntk
tknkdls unb l els mknkrbaglnks ek ngòls quk kstân kxpkrgdkntbnel tbsbs
arkagkntks ek butgsdl y trbstlrnls ekj eksbrrljjl quk hbstb hbak plal nl
hbcäbn sgel kxpjgabebs.

Kstls ngòls y ltrls quk bùn nl hbn nbagel nkaksgtbn byueb, y arkl plr kj
çxgtl quk hk vgstl usbnel jbs sknagjjbs hkrrbdgkntbs nutrgaglnbjks ekj
Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® quk kstk ks un bclrebik prkvkntgvl quk ekck
alnsgekrbrsk tbdcgçn kn kj `uturl.
 

32
 

B PKAKQ JLQ DGJBMSLQ LA[SSKN

 

HGQULSGBQ SKBJKQ EK SKA[VKSBAGÑN

 

Dgarlak`bjgb W Butgsdl

Q
rghbn ks un ngòl ek nukvk bòls quk `uk belptbel ekspuçs ek pbsbr jls
prgdkrls agnal bòls ek su vgeb kn un lr`bnbtl cbil alnegaglnks
kxtrkdbebdkntk eurbs. Vbrb aldpjgabr jbs alsbs, Qrghbn tbdcgçn tknäb
dgarlak`bjgb, unb alnegagñn aln un arânkl pkqukòl y un akrkcrl dâs
pkqukòl ek jl nlrdbj. Jls ngòls aln dgarlak`bjgb b dknuel su`rkn ek rktrbsl
gntkjkatubj y ekj eksbrrljjl. Qrghbn tuvl mrbvks eksb`äls ek aldungabagñn
rkakptgvb y kxprksgvb y unb bmrksgvgebe kxtrkdb quk rkqugrgñ kj usl un bmkntk
bntgpsgañtgal pltkntk, jb rgspkrgelnb.
Ekntrl ekj prgdkr bòl ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® Qrghbn tuvl dkilrbs sutgjks
pkrl sgmng`gabtgvbs, pkrl kxpkrgdkntñ unb `bjjb ek jb gnujgnb kn
bprlxgdbebdkntk skgs dksks. Jls agajls dknsubjks ek rg`bxgdgnb kstbcbn
tkngknel k`katls duy plsgtgvls kn su bmrksgvgebe. Bùn bsä, bntks ekj `gnbj ek
abeb dks, su`räb unb rkabäeb ekj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl gntkstgnbj, y su
bmrksgvgebe budkntbcb nukvbdkntk.
Gngagbr aln rg`bxgdgnb alntgnub `uk jb ajbvk pbrb Qrghbn. Kn un pkrglel ek trks
dksks, su dberk dk ksargcgñ b`grdbnel quk su bmrksgñn hbcäb dkilrbel tbntl
quk bhlrb nl sk jk bedgngstrbcb rgspkrgelnb, y quk absg ekibcb plr aldpjktl
jb ajlngegnb quk sk hbcäb sgel bòbegeb pbrb dbnkibr su bnsgkebe.

Qrghbn bhlrb pukek aldungabrsk vkrcbjdkntk aubnel kstâ dljkstl, k gnajusl

pukek pkegr b sus pberks quk jl byuekn b abjdbrsk b vkaks. Vukek vkr un
prlmrbdb ek tkjkvgsgñn pbrb ngòls, gntkrbatubr bekaubebdkntk aln kj
prlmrbdb. Vukek rksplnekr b jbs prkmuntbs quk hbakn b jls kspkatbelrks ek
`lrdb alrrkatb.
Aubnel sk jk sljgagtb, bhlrb tbdcgçn ks abpbz ek cbibr jb vkjlagebe ek su
 ahbrjb sgn pbrbr. Bntkrglrdkntk, çj prkmuntbcb quç hbcäb pbrb jb aknb unb y
ltrb vkz eurbntk tlel kj eäb, prkmuntbnel unb y ltrb vkz gnajusl ekspuçs ek
quk jk egikrbn
egikrbn jl quk hbcräb pbrb jb aknb. Bhlrb egak9 "Nl vly b hbcjbr ek
kjjl unb y ltrb vkz, jl sljtbrç".
Hb slrprknegel b sus prl`kslrks y tkrbpkutbs aln sus dkilrbs kn jls ùjtgdls
dksks. Qus mbnbnagbs `ukrln gnkspkrbebs pbrb un ngòl aln dgarlak`bjgb,
kspkagbjdkntk aln butgsdl, ekcgel b su pkqukòl tbdbòl akrkcrbj. Jb dberk

ek Qrghbn egil quk rkagck nltbs ek jb ksaukjb absg tlels jls eäbs slcrk sus
dkilrbs dgjbmrlsbs. Kjjb kstâ kdlaglnbeb plr su `uturl.
 

Jb Gdplrtbnagb ekj Bakgtk ek Vksabel y kj Bakgtk ek Ljgvb

Bvkry ks unb ngòb ek agnal bòls ek kebe, aln butgsdl auyls pberks dk
egikrln quk kstbcb "gngagbeb" kn kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® lahl dksks bntks
ek nukstrb prgdkrb alnsujtb. Qus pberks gn`lrdbrln quk Bvkry kxpkrgdkntñ
un cukn budkntl kn su ngvkj ek alnagknagb, un dkilr alntbatl vgsubj y
pbrkaäb dâs gntkrksbeb kn gntkrbatubr aln sus pberks y su hkrdbnl dknlr.
Vkrl b pksbr ek kstbs prgdkrbs mbnbnagbs gngagbjks, nl prkskntñ dkilrbs
nltbcjks kn jb aldprknsgñn, kj hbcjb l kn sus ngvkjks ek hgpkrbatgvgebe.
Vlal ekspuçs ek nukstrb prgdkrb alnsujtb, dk eg aukntb ek quk kj prlcjkdb
krb quk Bvkry nl hbcäb "gngagbel" kj prltlaljl. Qñjl kstbcb tldbnel gnujgnb.
Nunab hbcäb tldbel bakgtk ek pksabel y bakgtk ek ljgvb. Qus pberks sk hbcäbn
kdlaglnbel ekdbsgbel bj vkr kj ekspkrtbr ekspuçs ek gngagbr jb gnujgnb. Qgn
kdcbrml, nunab hbcäbn jkäel rkbjdkntk jbs rbzlnks plr jbs quk kj bakgtk ek
pksabel y kj bakgtk ek ljgvb krbn tbn ksknagbjks pbrb jb rkaupkrbagñn.
Jk gnegquç kj bakgtk ek pksabel y kj bakgtk ek ljgvb bekaubels pbrb Bvkry. Kn
plabs skdbnbs, su pberk dk ksargcgñ kdlaglnbel slcrk auântbs mbnbnagbs
plsgtgvbs dlstrñ ekspuçs ek gngagbr jb tldb ek jls bakgtks. Kjjb rksplneäb
duahl dâs y kstbcb dâs alnsagkntk, y abdgnbcb dknls utgjgzbnel jb puntb
ek jls pgks. Kjjb bùn su`räb rbcgktbs, pkrl sk vljvgkrln dknls `rkaukntks y
dknls gntknsbs. Bhlrb pukek tljkrbr jbs trbnsgaglnks (sbjgr ekj pbrquk, sbjgr ek
absb) sgn su`rgr aljbpsls kdlaglnbjks.
Bunquk kn kstk jgcrl hbcjl ek jl gdplrtbntk quk ks kqugjgcrbr jbs cbatkrgbs
gntkstgnbjks alrrkatbdkntk, ksl ks sljl un kjkdkntl ek dg prltlaljl. Kstb
pbagkntk ks un rkalrebtlrgl vävgel ek jl arätgal quk ks tknkr jbs elsgs
bekaubebs y jbs dbrabs ek bakgtk ek pksabel y bakgtk ek ljgvb bprlcbebs
 plrquk jb gnujgnb plr sä sljb nl jlmrbrâ unb aldpjktb rkaupkrbagñn.
Kn plabs pbjbcrbs, Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® rkqugkrk cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks
kqugjgcrbebs, dâs bakgtk ek pksabel y bakgtk ek ljgvb, aln kstgdujbagñn ekj
nkrvgl vbml bòbegeb aubnel unb rkaupkrbagñn gnaldpjktb ks lcskrvbeb.

Jls Skaukntls Dâs Bjtls ek @knlj pukekn skr ek [tgjgebe

Kj lciktgvl prgnagpbj ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® ks rkeuagr jb gn`jbdbagñn. Qg
sk rkeuak jl su`gagkntk, jls dkabngsdls nbturbjks ek rkpbrbagñn y
rkiuvknkagdgkntl ekj aukrpl vukjvkn b batgvbrsk, y kj aukrpl aldgknzb b
rkaupkrbrsk b sä dgsdl. Ulels jls aldplnkntks gnegvgeubjks ekj prltlaljl
pukekn rkeuagr jb gn`jbdbagñn. Qgn kdcbrml, jbs prlpgkebeks
bntggn`jbdbtlrgbs ekj bakgtk ek ljgvb sljl hbn sgel bprkagbels aln dbylr
pjkngtue rkagkntkdkntk, y jb sgmugkntk ks unb hgstlrgb ks un kikdpjl ek kjjl.
Nbldg ks unb ilvkn quk hbcäb kxpkrgdkntbel unb mrbn rkaupkrbagñn aln kj
Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®, y su`rgñ unb rkaupkrbagñn alntgnub ek unb bdpjgb
mbdb ek eksb`äls ek eksbrrljjl, kxakptl ek su hgpkrbatgvgebe. Kstbcb
rkagcgknel jbs elsgs bekaubebs ek bakgtk ek pksabel y bakgtk ek ljgvb,
rkagcgknel agnal dgnutls ek kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml y rg`bxgdgnb aäajgab
dknsubj. Nl kstbcb kxpkrgdkntbnel unb dksktb yb quk tlel sk kstbcb
rkaupkrbnel jkntbdkntk, b kxakpagñn ek su hgpkrbatgvgebe.
Nl nkaksgtbcb budkntbr su elsgs b rg`bxgdgnb alntgnub. Kstl nl byuebräb kn
kstk absl, plrquk pbsbr ek agajls dknsubjks ek rg`bxgdgnb b rg`bxgdgnb
alntgnub sljl krb ùtgj pbrb kj dbnkil ek unb dksktb, aubnel tlels jls
bspkatls ek jb rkaupkrbagñn sk hbcäbn kstbnabel. Kn kj absl ek Nbldg, tlel
jl ekdâs pbrkaäb kstbr rkaupkrânelsk, dknls su hgpkrbatgvgebe.
Kn su absl dk pbrkaäb quk bùn hbcäb unb `ukntk ek gn`jbdbagñn kn su vgeb
quk kstbcb gntkr`grgknel aln su prlmrksl. Nkaksgtbcb cbibr su gn`jbdbagñn un
plal dâs. Jbs `ukntks ek gn`jbdbagñn quk cusquç gnajuäbn prlcjkdbs
ekntbjks, gn`kaaglnks arñngabs aldl sknls pbrbnbsbjks y ek`gagknagb ek
vgtbdgnb E. Nbldg nl tknäb ngnmunl ek kstls prlcjkdbs, pkrl su `bdgjgb
 gn`lrdñ quk usbcb unb dbrab ek bakgtk ek ljgvb akrtg`gabeb plr ALLA, ek
unb mrbn abeknb ek tgknebs aln unb alnakntrbagñn ek `knlj eksalnlageb. Hgak
quk abdcgbrbn kj bakgtk ek ljgvb quk utgjgzbcbn plr un bakgtk ek ljgvb ek mbdb
dkegb, aln un rkaukntl ek `knlj alnlagel ek bprlxgdbebdkntk 1;6.
Ekspuçs ek tldbr kj nukvl bakgtk ek ljgvb eurbntk un dks, jb dberk ek
Nbldg gn`lrdñ quk Nbldg pleäb skntbrsk plr dâs tgkdpl eurbntk jbs
aldgebs y dgkntrbs rkbjgzbcb tbrkbs kn jänkb. Qus dbkstrls tbdcgçn

rkplrtbrln dkilrbs aubnel kjjb kstbcb kn ajbsk.

Bunquk arkl quk jls bakgtks ek ljgvb kstânebr aln dknlrks ngvkjks ek `knlj,
sln bekaubelskn pbrb
rkaupkrbagñn, su usl
kstk absl, plr jb bdbylräb
abdcgbrsk un bakgtkekaln
jlsngvkjks
ngòls ek
eurbntk jb
`knlj ek
rbnml dkegl mknkrñ kj abdcgl râpgel quk jls pberks ek Nbldg kspkrbcbn.
 

Jb Ulxgagebe ekj @knlj ks Skbj

Jb hgstlrgb ekj kxaksl ek `knljks sk kntgknek dkilr iustl ekspuçs ek jb
hgstlrgb ek Nbldg y kj budkntl ek jls `knljks kn su bakgtk ek ljgvb. Vktkr ks
un ngòl ek lahl bòls quk hbcäb kstbel cbil kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® eurbntk
2; dksks, y kstbcb kxpkrgdkntbnel mbnbnagbs sgmng`gabtgvbs kn hbcgjgebeks
rkakptgvbs. Kstbcb bprknegknel b slagbjgzbr aln su hkrdbnl, hbcäb
aldknzbel b dlstrbr gntkrçs kn hbcjbr, y hbcäb sgel abpbz gnajusl ek ekagr
bjmunbs pbjbcrbs.
Ekspuçs ek ahbrjbr aln ltrls kn Gntkrnkt, su dberk abdcgñ su bakgtk ek ljgvb
ek unb dbrab akrtg`gabeb ALLA ek cuknb abjgebe b un bakgtk ek ljgvb aln
alnakntrbaglnks ek `knlj ujtrb kjkvbebs, aln un rkaukntl tltbj ek `knlj plr
knagdb ek 3,666. B jls plals eäbs ek gngagbr kj usl ekj bakgtk ek ljgvb aln
`knlj ujtrb kjkvbel, su hgil kxpkrgdkntñ su prgdkr btbquk l alnvujsgñn. Ksb
nukvb dbrab ek bakgtk ek ljgvb sk suspknegñ, y sus alnvujsglnks
ekspbrkagkrln eurbntk absg trks dksks hbstb quk su dberk rkgngagñ kj dgsdl,
bakgtk ek ljgvb unb vkz dâs. Nukvbdkntk, su hgil su`rgñ su skmunel btbquk b
jls plals eäbs. Balnskiç b su dberk quk nunab vljvgkrb b usbr un bakgtk ek
ljgvb aln un alntkngel ek `knlj ujtrb kjkvbel kn su hgil.
Qu dberk hb sgel väatgdb ek jb jñmgab ek "dâs ks dkilr" quk b dknuel `bjjb
kn jb dkegagnb. Jls `knljks nl sln sustbnagbs dâmgabs quk tgknkn jb
abpbagebe gjgdgtbeb ek dkilrbr jb sbjue. Jls `knljks sln, ek hkahl,
aldpukstls nbturbjks quk eksknabeknbn jl quk sk alnlak aldl kstrçs
hlrdçtgal. Kj kstrçs hlrdçtgal, tbdcgçn jjbdbel hlrdksgs, ks un prlaksl quk
dkilrb jb `unagñn akjujbr aubnel jbs açjujbs sln kxpukstbs b pkqukòbs
abntgebeks ek unb tlxgnb. Kn kj absl ekj bakgtk ek ljgvb, jbs tlxgnbs sln jls
`knljks.
 Jb alnakntrbagñn ek `knlj ekj bakgtk ek ljgvb trbegaglnbj kn unb egktb
dkegtkrrânkb (dknls ek 066) arkb kstrçs hkrdçtgal plsgtgvl y kstgdujb jbs
açjujbs b rkpbrbrsk y rkiuvknkakrsk. Vkrl sk hb ekdlstrbel quk abntgebeks
kxaksgvbs ek `knlj (>=66) abusbn ebòl b jls aujtgvls akjujbrks hudbnls.
Vktkr nl ks kj ùngal pbagkntk cbil dg augebel quk hb su`rgel alnvujsglnks l
hb kxpkrgdkntbel un kdpklrbdgkntl ek ltrbs alnegaglnks nkurljñmgabs,

ekspuçs ek abdcgbrsk b un bakgtk ek ljgvb aln ngvkjks ek `knlj ujtrb bjtls.

Bunquk kntgknel kj gdpujsl hudbnl ek ebr "dâs" y trbtbr ek bakjkrbr jb
rkaupkrbagñn, jb rkmjb ek "dâs ks dkilr" b dknuel abusb dâs prlcjkdbs
dçegabdkntk. Nl rkaldgknel kj usl ek ngnmùn bakgtk ek ljgvb aln `knlj ujtrb
kjkvbel.
 

Bntkakekntks ek Knak`bjldgkjgtgs
Knak`bjldgkjgtgs
Bunquk nukstrl jgcrl sk akntrb kn ngòls aln butgsdl y ltrbs `lrdbs ek rktrbsl
kn kj eksbrrljjl, jb abpbagebe ekj prltlaljl pbrb pkrdgtgr quk kj sgstkdb
nkrvglsl sk rkaupkrk ek ltrl tgpl ek jksglnks nkurljñmgabs, ks b vkaks
gnarkäcjk.
Kstb hgstlrgb ks slcrk Bvb. Hbstb jb kebe ek aubtrl bòls, Bvb sk kstbcb
eksbrrljjbnel nlrdbjdkntk, pkrl jukml laurrgñ un eksbstrk. Bvb su`rgñ unb
`gkcrk jkvk skmugeb ek ekjgrgl, y `gnbjdkntk abyñ kn aldb ekspuçs ek els
skdbnbs. @uk egbmnlstgabeb knak`bjgtgs butlgndunk. Jb trbtbrln aln
gn`usglnks ek gndunlmjlcujgnbs, y jukml aln pjbsdb`çrksgs pbrb quk su
sgstkdb gndunljñmgal ekibrb ek btbabr su akrkcrl.
Vbrb aubnel vgnl b dg alnsujtb b jb kebe ek sgktk bòls, jbs tkrbpgbs sljl jk
hbcäbn pkrdgtgel tljkrbr kstbr skntbeb eurbntk bjmunbs hlrbs. Qljl pleäb
dbntknkrsk krmugeb aln unb bnebekrb eurbntk bjmunls dgnutls, y nl pleäb
abdgnbr. Qu hbcjb sk jgdgtbcb b sljl unbs plabs pbjbcrbs gnegvgeubjks. Qu`räb
ek un skvkrl kstrkògdgkntl, y bùn nkaksgtbcb bjgdkntbrsk b trbvçs ek unb
slneb ek bjgdkntbagñn. Qus prlcjkdbs ek vkigmb y su sbjue mknkrbjdkntk
eçcgj rkqugrgkrln hlspgtbjgzbaglnks absg dknsubjks ekcgel b gn`kaaglnks ekj
trbatl urgnbrgl.

Bvb gngagñ jb gnujgnb, kj bakgtk ek pksabel y kj bakgtk ek ljgvb bedgngstrbels b

trbvçs ek su slneb ek bjgdkntbagñn, bekdâs ek kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml
unb vkz bj eäb. Kn trks dksks, yb nl rkqukräb ek hlspgtbjgzbaglnks `rkaukntks.
Jbs alntrbaaglnks dusaujbrks ek sus crbzls y dbnls aldknzbrln b rkjbibrsk,
hbstb kj puntl kn quk yb nl nkaksgtbcb gnykaaglnks ek Cltlx. Qu hbcjb y
vlabjgzbagñn kn mknkrbj eksbrrljjbrln dâs gn`jkxglnks y tlnls.
 Bntkrglrdkntk, hbcäb tkngel `rbaturbs cgjbtkrbjks ek abekrb, y bhlrb quk
kstbcb cbil kj prltlaljl, aldknzñ b tknkr dâs usl y `ukrzb kn sus pgkrnbs.
Arkäbn quk kstbcb aldpjktbdkntk agkmb eksek su prgdkrb hlspgtbjgzbagñn b
jls 5 bòls ek kebe. Bùn bsä, unb rkagkntk prukcb ek pltknagbjks kvlabels
vgsubjks (unb prukcb ek jb vgsgñn quk kvbjùb eksek jb rktgnb hbstb jb alrtkzb
laagpgtbj) gnegañ quk su vgsgñn pleräb, ek hkahl, kstbr vljvgknel. B dkegeb
quk pbsbcb kj tgkdpl, sus pberks slrprkneäbn b Bvb sgmugçneljls aln jb

dgrbeb, b kjjls l b bjmunl ek sus hkrdbnls, dgkntrbs sk dlväbn plr unb

hbcgtbagñn.

Ekspuçs ek unls
kj trbtbdgkntl ek dksks dâs,pbrb
su QGCL jls pberks y yl su
dbxgdgzbr ekagegdls skr dâs
rkaupkrbagñn. bmrksgvls kn
Abdcgbdls jb
gnujgnb b agajls dknsubjks ek rg`bxgdgnb dgkntrbs alntgnubcb aln kj alnsudl
ek bakgtk ek pksabel, bakgtk ek ljgvb y jb kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml. Kn
unb lplrtungebe, su kstgdujbelr ekj nkrvgl vbml ekiñ ek `unaglnbr, y su
dberk nltñ quk sus eljlrks ek kstñdbml y vñdgtls aldknzbrln b rkbpbrkakr
ek gndkegbtl. Vlal ekspuçs ek rkbnuebr jbs tkrbpgbs aln kj kstgdujbelr ekj
nkrvgl vbml, sus eljlrks ek kstñdbml y vñdgtls aksbrln.
B dkegeb quk sus alntrbaaglnks dusaujbrks sk ektuvgkrln y su `ukrzb
dkilrñ, Bvb aldknzñ b abdgnbr usbnel un bnebelr. Ubdcgçn hbcäb
rkaupkrbel su`gagkntk dlvgdgkntl kn sus dbnls pbrb plekr bjgdkntbrsk y
kstbcb bprknegknel b dbstgabr. Qu abpbagebe pbrb ekmjutgr dkilrñ b tbj puntl
quk aldknzñ b tknkr jb dbylr pbrtk ek su gnmkstb abjñrgab plr väb lrbj, kn
jumbr ek b trbvçs ek su slneb ek bjgdkntbagñn.
Jbs vlabjgzbaglnks ek Bvb alntgnùbn dkilrbnel. Bhlrb pukek ekagr " dbdâ
"y ltrls slngels aldl "gsh" iuntl aln unb bdpjgb vbrgkebe ek egstgntls tlnls,
vljùdknks y jlnmgtueks ek `lnbagñn. Ulebs kstbs dkilrbs sk hbn prleuagel
kn jls nukvk dksks eksek quk gngagñ k kj prltlaljl.
Skagkntkdkntk, kjjb pukek sucgr jbs ksabjkrbs hbagb su elrdgtlrgl, sgn byueb.
Bvb alntgnùb bjabnzbnel b sus aldpbòkrls kn pksl y bjturb, su vgsgñn
alntgnùb dkilrbnel y nl hb vukjtl b skr hlspgtbjgzbeb.
 

Kstgdujbagñn Ekj Nkrvgl Pbml Els Pkaks Bj Eäb

Ikrry ks un ahgal ek qugnak bòls ek kebe quk gngagñ kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®
b jb kebe ek elak bòls. Hbcäb eksbrrljjbel un mrbel cbstbntk skvkrl ek
butgsdl rkmrksgvl, plal ekspuçs ek su prgdkr audpjkbòls. Kxpkrgdkntñ
bjmunbs dkilrbs ek vkz kn aubnel aln egstgntls ks`ukrzls ek trbtbdgkntl
(Bnbjgsgs Alneuatubj Bpjgabel l BCB plr sus sgmjbs kn gnmjçs, tkrbpgb ekj
jknmubik, cgldçegab). Bùn bsä, nl kxpkrgdkntñ mbnbnagbs sgmng`gabtgvbs y
alnsgstkntks hbstb quk gngagñ dg prltlaljl y jk `ukrln bedgngstrbels agajls
dknsubjks ek rg`bxgdgnb.
Ekspuçs ek els bòls kn trbtbdgkntl aln agajls dknsubjks ek rg`bxgdgnb iuntl
aln bakgtk ek pksabel, bakgtk ek ljgvb y kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml unb vkz
bj eäb, kxpkrgdkntñ dkilrbs erbdâtgabs kn aldprknsgñn, dbeurkz,
slagbjgzbagñn y hbcjb. Kj ùngal prlcjkdb krb quk, bunquk pleäb rksplnekr
prkmuntbs y alnvkrsbr aln cbstbntk ajbrgebe y `bagjgebe, sljl jl hbaäb sg ltrls
gngagbcbn jb alnvkrsbagñn. Vbrkaäb gnabpbz l plal egspukstl b gngagbr unb
alnvkrsbagñn.
B kstk puntl, çj kstbcb ksknagbjdkntk cbil kj prltlaljl aldpjktl pbrb ngòls
(Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® pbrb jls beujtls plskk kjkdkntls begaglnbjks), y
su abpbagebe alnvkrsbaglnbj `uk kj ùngal bspkatl quk nl dkilrñ. Ekageä
rkeuagr su gn`jbdbagñn bùn dâs, budkntbnel su kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml
b els l trks vkaks bj eäb.
Kn els dksks, Ikrry pbsñ b skr un "alnvkrsbelr", quk pbrkaäb qukrkr hbcjbr ek
duahbs alsbs. Qus pberks kstbcbn knabntbels, y su pberk egil9 "B vkaks
ekskbräb quk sk dbntuvgkrb un plal abjjbel nukvbdkntk, jl quk dk hbak
pknsbr quk bhlrb ks un täpgal beljksakntk `kjgz."
 

Aldplrtbdgkntl
Aldplrtbdgkntl Bmrksgvl
Ibaosln ks un ngòl ek egkagsgktk bòls quk rkmrksñ bj butgsdl bjrkekelr ek jb
kebe ek els bòls. Aldl hbakn duahls ngòls, lctuvl bjmunls cknk`gagls aln
Bnbjgsgs Alneuatubj Bpjgabel (BCB) alntgnul y b jbrml pjbzl, bsä aldl aln
ltrbs tkrbpgbs. Qgn kdcbrml, b dkegeb quk kvljuaglnbcb hbagb su
beljksaknagb, sk vljvgñ dâs y dâs bmrksgvl y sk knlibcb `âagjdkntk. Bhlrb
quk krb ekj tbdbòl ek un hldcrk beujtl, sus kvkntls bmrksgvls gnalntrljbcjks
jl pusgkrln b çj y b jls quk jl rlekbcbn kn un rgksml lcvgl. Ibaosln hbcäb
prlcbel vbrgls dkegabdkntls pbrb alntrljbr sus brrkcbtls. Bun bsä, tlels
pbrkaäbn hbakr su aldplrtbdgkntl bùn dâs krrâtgal.

Ekspuçs ek quk su dberk jkykrb slcrk kj prltlaljl kn @bakcllo, aldknzñ kj

Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® aln bakgtk ek pksabel, bakgtk ek ljgvb y mldgtbs ek
gnujgnb. Kjjb pknsñ quk çj kstbcb dâs bjkrtb kn un pbr ek eäbs y pbrkaäb kstbr
mknugnbdkntk dâs `kjgz, bjml quk nl hbcäb vgstl kn duahls bòls eksek quk
aldknzñ jb bmrksgvgebe. Qus brrkcbtls hbcäbn egsdgnugel erâstgabdkntk kn
lahl skdbnbs, pbsbnel ek unl l els kvkntls plr eäb b sljl unls plals plr
dks.
Eksb`lrtunbebdkntk, aldl suakek b dknuel kn ngòls dbylrks quk usbn
gnujgnb kn kj prltlaljl, jls brrkcbtls knlibels y bmrksgvls ek Ibaosln
aldknzbrln b budkntbr nukvbdkntk. Qkntä quk krb plrquk unb vkz dâs tknäb
cbatkrgbs kxaksgvbs aljlngzbnel su gntkstgnl ekjmbel, un sgmnl skmurl ek `bjjl
ek gnujgnb. Ekcgel bj pkjgmrl pltknagbj quk sus brrkcbtls rkprkskntbcbn pbrb
çj y pbrb qugknks jl rlekbcbn, jls pberks y yl ekagegdls sbjtbrnls jls agajls
dknsubjks ek rg`bxgdgnb y pbsbr egrkatbdkntk b jb rg`bxgdgnb egbrgb y
alntgnub. Kstb rksujtñ skr jb ekagsgñn alrrkatb pbrb Ibaosln.
 Kn plals dksks, kj hbcjb ek Ibaosln sk kstbcb vljvgknel abeb vkz dâs
buegcjk y aldpjkib. Kstbcb kdpkzbnel b dlstrbr jl gntkjgmkntk quk krb aln kj
tgpl ek prkmuntbs quk hbaäb. Qu pkrslnbjgebe ùngab kstbcb kdpkzbnel b
dlstrbr, bj gmubj quk su skntgel ekj hudlr. Qu rkagçn eksbrrljjbel alntrlj ek
gdpujsls
rutgnb. jk pkrdgtgñ bebptbrsk b jls abdcgls quk jb pbnekdgb abusñ kn su

Dk aldpjbak gn`lrdbr quk vg b Ibaosln ek nukvl plal bntks ek tkrdgnbr kstb

kegagñn ekj jgcrl. Dk aldpjbak ekagr quk sgmuk dkilrbnel, y sus brrkcbtls sk
hbn ektkngel plr aldpjktl. Wb nl kstâ btrbpbel kn cuajks lcsksgvls, y su
bnsgkebe ks dkilr. Qus aldplrtbdgkntls ek butlkstgdujbagñn hbn
eksbpbrkagel, y kstâ duahl dâs rkjbibel dgkntrbs slagbjgzb aln pkrslnbs
alnlagebs. Qus pberks gn`lrdbn vkr dâs y dâs abrbatkrästgabs nkurltäpgabs
quk bpbrkakn tlels jls eäbs. Ubdcgçn kstâ slcrksbjgknel kn jb ksaukjb b un
rgtdl quk jl hbak plnkrsk râpgebdkntk bj eäb kn dbtkdâtgabs y hbcgjgebeks ek
jkaturb. Gnajusl hb kdpkzbel b hbcjbr ek tknkr nlvgb.
Ulebväb dk slrprknek egbrgbdkntk jl abpbz quk ks kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl ek
rkaupkrbrsk sgkdprk y aubnel dbntknmbs kj akrkcrl kn un bdcgkntk sbnl y nl
gn`jbdbel.
 

Dkilr sgn BCB

Ibdks ks un ngòl ek skgs bòls aln butgsdl quk hbcäb kstbel kn kj Vrltlaljl
Nkdkahko® eurbntk unls egkaglahl dksks aubnel jb pbnekdgb mljpkñ kn jb
prgdbvkrb ek 3636. Bj gmubj quk ltrbs ksaukjbs, kn jb ksaukjb ek Ibdks, su
trbcbil aln tkrbpkutbs `uk suspknegel.
Dgkntrbs hbcjbcb aln sus pberks eurbntk unb ek nukstrbs alnvkrsbaglnks, sus
pberks kstbcbn prklaupbels ek quk su rkaupkrbagñn puegkrb ektknkrsk sgn jb
byueb ek jls tkrbpkutbs. Eurbntk jb prgdkrb prgdbvkrb ek jb pbnekdgb, tuvk
alnvkrsbaglnks sgdgjbrks aln ltrls pberks auyls hgils butgstbs tbdcgçn
tuvgkrln sus sksglnks ksaljbrks y ek tkrbpgb suspknegebs.
Vbsbrln unls dksks, y tuvk ltrb alnsujtb ek skmugdgkntl aln jls pberks ek
Ibdks. Qk slrprknegkrln plr jb kxtknsgñn ek su rkaupkrbagñn alntgnub kn jb
busknagb ek bsgstgr b sus sksglnks ek tkrbpgb `lrdbj. Nl sljl hbcäb skmugel
dkilrbnel kn su aldungabagñn vkrcbj, sgnl quk bhlrb kstbcb cusabnel b su
hkrdbnl dknlr pbrb iumbr. Hbcäb bprknegel duy râpgebdkntk b bnebr kn
cgagajktb. Jbs mbnbnagbs alntgnubs k gnajusl bakjkrbebs ek jls ngòls b pksbr ek
gntkrrudpgr jbs sksglnks ek tkrbpgb dk `ukrln rkplrtbebs plr duahls ltrls
pberks.
Nbeb ek kstl `uk unb mrbn slrprksb pbrb dä. Eurbntk vbrgls bòls, hk
lcskrvbel quk jls ngòls aln butgsdl lctgknkn mbnbnagbs `bntâstgabs unb vkz
quk jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks sk hbn rkkqugjgcrbel y sk hb kjgdgnbel kj kstuplr
ekj âagel prlpgñngal. Dg sknsbagñn mknkrbj ks quk jb abpbagebe ek hbcjbr y
slagbjgzbr kstân aleg`gabels mknçtgabdkntk kn nukstrb kspkagk, nl ks eg`krkntk
ek jbs bvks quk sbckn añdl alnstrugr un ngel sgn skr knskòbebs. [nb vkz quk
sk suprgdk jb gn`jbdbagñn y aldgknzb kj prlaksl nbturbj ek eksbrrljjl ekj
 akrkcrl, kj hbcjb y jb slagbjgzbagñn skmugrân.
Aubnel jbs ksaukjbs aldknzbrln b rkbcrgr kn kj ltlòl ekj dgsdl bòl, dk
slrprknegñ kj nùdkrl ek pberks quk gn`lrdbrln quk jls jlmrls ek sus hgils

pbrkaäbn
sk egsdgnugr.sus
rkgntrleuikrln Kntkrbpgbs
bjmunlsbntkrglrks.
absls, kj prlmrksl absg sk ek
Nl sk trbtbcb ektuvl unb vkz quk
unb lcskrvbagñn
mknkrbj, sgnl ek un nùdkrl sgmng`gabtgvl ek pberks.

Ebebs jbs egvkrsbs agraunstbnagbs, bjmunls ngòls pbrkakn egs`rutbr y

cknk`gagbrsk ek sus sksglnks ek tkrbpgb rknlvbebs. Vkrl ajbrbdkntk, ltrls
hbcäbn mbnbel su`gagkntk alnagknagb y skntgel ek butl-prlpñsgtl, quk yb nl
kstbcbn egspukstls b pbrtgagpbr. Qg knalntrbcbn jb nbturbjkzb rkpktgtgvb ek jbs
sksglnks tkeglsb, bcurrgeb, kstbcbn ekagegknel batgvbdkntk nl pbrtgagpbr.
[nb vkz quk jls ngòls aln butgsdl y prlcjkdbs ek eksbrrljjl aldgknzbn su
rkaupkrbagñn, nkaksgtbdls rkkvbjubr sg jbs tkrbpgbs bntkrglrks tlebväb sln
nkaksbrgbs. Aldùndkntk knaukntrl nukvls pbagkntks gnsargtls kn 16 b 56
hlrbs ek tkrbpgb plr skdbnb. Kstl kqugvbjk b un trbcbil b tgkdpl aldpjktl
pbrb kstls ngòls. Bj gmubj quk jls beujtls quk legbn su trbcbil, kjjls tbdplal
prlspkrbrân kn un kntlrnl eksbmrbebcjk.
 

"Skmrksgñn" plr Dlrekeurb ek Qkrpgkntk Absabckj

Dbnkibr jbs dksktbs y jls prlcjkdbs ks eg`äagj aubnel kj pbagkntk nl pukek
ekagrjk quç kstâ dbj, quç eukjk l quç suakegñ. Bjmunbs alsbs abpbaks ek
eksknabeknbr unb dksktb sln unb slrprksb tbntl pbrb jls pberks, aldl pbrb
dä, plr jl quk aubnel tlel jl ekdâs `bjjb, kxbdgnk b su hgil pbrb ektkatbr
jksglnks `äsgabs laujtbs.
Ebjjbs ks un ngòl nl vkrcbj ek trkak bòls quk hbcäb kstbel kn kj Vrltlaljl
Nkdkahko® eurbntk els bòls. Uljkrbcb jb supjkdkntbagñn aln gnujgnb, bakgtk
ek pksabel, bakgtk ek ljgvb y kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml unb vkz bj eäb.
Ebjjbs nl audpjäb aln bjmunbs ek jbs elsgs ek bakgtk ek pksabel, plr jl quk
su prlmrksl krb jkntl pkrl alnstbntk.
Qus pberks gn`lrdbrln quk tuvl unb rkmrksgñn rkpkntgnb y skvkrb aln unb
mrbn abntgebe ek bnsgkebe. Ubdcgçn kstbcb hbagknel sgskls y slngels
kxtrbòls, aldl unb skrpgkntk. Qus pberks jl kxbdgnbrln. Bj knalntrbr unb
skrgk ek dbrabs kn su aukrpl, jl jjkvbrln gndkegbtbdkntk b kdkrmknagbs pbrb
rkagcgr btknagñn dkegab. Qk ektkrdgnñ quk Ebjjbs hbcäb sgel dlregel plr unb
skrpgkntk ek absabckj dgkntrbs iumbcb kn su pbtgl. Kj krb gnabpbz ek
aldungabr su hkrgeb pltknagbjdkntk dlrtbj b sus pberks
Eurbntk kj tgkdpl gndkegbtbdkntk ekspuçs ek jb dlrekeurb, pbsñ plr unb
crkvk `bsk kn jb quk sk dlregñ b sä dgsdl y sk dlstrbcb eksb`gbntk rkspkatl b
sus ajbsks kn jänkb. Ebjjbs sk rkaupkrñ aldpjktbdkntk ek jb dlrekeurb ek jb
skrpgkntk ek absabckj. Ks absg abpbz ek hbcjbr, ks abpbz ek iumbr
gdbmgnbtgvbdkntk, tgknk dkilr abjgmrb`äb y hb bprknegel b bnebr kn cgagajktb.
 

Alndlagñn Akrkcrbj Abusb @bjjbs kn jb Elsgs Dknsubj Ek Sg`bxgdgnb

Bnbstbsgb ks unb ngòb ek lahl bòls aln un bntkakekntk ek butgsdl dbrabel
plr kpgslegls ek bmrksgvgebe skvkrb (tgpl ek `urgb bj vljbntk). Kjjb pleäb
jbstgdbrsk b sg dgsdb dlregknel su prlpgb dbnl l mljpkbnel su abckzb
alntrb kj pgsl, bekdâs ek quk hbcäb aldknzbel b gntkntbr dlrekr b su dberk
y su hkrdbnb bj kstbr akrab ek kjjbs. Kstls kpgslegls aldknzbrln b dkilrbr
ekspuçs ek gngagbr kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® aln gnujgnb. Qgn kdcbrml,
ekspuçs ek nukvk dksks, jb gnujgnb aldknzñ b `bjjbr, y bjabnzñ unb dksktb.
Kn kstk puntl, kdpkaç b ebrjk agajls dknsubjks ek egkz eäbs ek rg`bxgdgnb els
vkaks bj eäb.

Aldl kspkrbcb, jls kpgslegls ek bmrksgñn aldknzbrln b egsdgnugr kn

`rkauknagb k gntknsgebe. Ekspuçs ek 26 dksks, su bmrksgñn hbcäb egsdgnugel
plr aldpjktl, y kstbcb kxpkrgdkntbnel sñjgebs dkilräbs kn kj hbcjb, jb
`unagñn dltlrb y jb aldprknsgñn.
Kj ltlòl pbsbel, Bnbstbsgb kstbcb alrrgknel plr jb absb, sk rkscbjñ y sk
mljpkñ jb abckzb alntrb un pgsl ek cbjelsbs. Kjjb prkskntñ hgnahbzñn y
hkdbtldbs kn kj sgtgl ek jb jksgñn, y tknäb un eljlr kvgekntk. Vbrkaäb
rkaupkrbrsk sgn prlcjkdbs y su aldplrtbdgkntl gndkegbtbdkntk ekspuçs ek
jb jksgñn nl abdcgñ.

Vkrl unbs els skdbnbs dâs tbrek, su dberk aldknzñ b nltbr quk jb bmrksgñn
ek Bnbstbsgb y jb grb `urglsb aldknzbrln b rkbpbrkakr. Kdpkzñ b mrgtbr y
jjlrbr eurbntk jbrmls pkrälels aubnel nbegk pleäb alnsljbrjb. Qus pberks
tkdäbn quk sk jbstgdbrb plr pbtkbr jbs pbrkeks y jbs pukrtbs.
Kn mknkrbj, kj abdcgl nltbcjk kn kj aldplrtbdgkntl ek unb jksgñn kn jb
 abckzb ek un ngòl laurrk ekntrl ek unls plals eäbs, nl els skdbnbs
ekspuçs. [nb tldlmrb`äb aldputbrgzbeb rkpktgeb ek jb abckzb kxajuyñ jb
prksknagb ek un hkdbtldb suceurbj, quk ks unb hkdlrrbmgb kntrk kj akrkcrl y
kj arânkl quk pukek abusbr säntldbs vbrgbs skdbnbs ekspuçs ek unb jksgñn.

Nl hucl ltrls prlcjkdbs gntkrvgngkntks, aldl unb gn`kaagñn sgnusbj,

prlcjkdbs ekntbjks l eksb`äls psgaljñmgals lcvgls quk kxpjgabrbn kj
kdpklrbdgkntl ek su aldplrtbdgkntl. Arkäb quk sus brrkcbtls ek grb krbn
abusbels plr unb rkabäeb ek sus cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks.

Kj trbudb bj sgstkdb nkrvglsl pukek rktrbsbr jb dltgjgebe ekj trbatl gntkstgnbj,

jl quk budkntb kj rgksml ek rkaurrknagb ek slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl.
Ekcgel b jb dltgjgebe dâs jkntb ekj trbatl gntkstgnbj, su slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl rkabäb bùn dâs râpgebdkntk, y su trbtbdgkntl dknsubj ek
rg`bxgdgnb nl alntrljbcb kj slcrkarkagdgkntl. Jb rkaurrknagb ek sus brrkcbtls
ek grb nl `uk abusbel egrkatbdkntk plr jbs jksglnks akrkcrbjks, sgnl
gnegrkatbdkntk plr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl kn su gntkstgnl ekjmbel.
Qgdpjkdkntk abdcgbnel kj rçmgdkn ek rg`bxgdgnb ek Bnbstbsgb ek agajls ek
egkz eäbs b un rçmgdkn alntgnul ektuvl sus brrkcbtls ek grb. Ply b hbakr jb
trbnsgagñn ek nukvl b aursls dknsubjks ek egkz eäbs ek rg`bxgdgnb ekspuçs ek
tbj vkz, skgs dksks.
 

Kdpklrbdgkntl ekj Aldplrtbdgkntl

Aldplrtbdgkntl b Abusb ekj Eljlr
Bbrbv ks un ngòl ek egkz bòls quk alnlaä kn 3627 ekspuçs ek tldbr bjmunls
gnmrkegkntks ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® eksek 3628. Bntkrglrdkntk, hbcäb
kstbel lcsksglnbel aln dbntknkr akrrbebs tlebs jbs pukrtbs y mbcgnktks ek
tleb su absb. Qg bjmùn dgkdcrl ek jb `bdgjgb bcräb jb pukrtb pbrb kntrbr l sbjgr
ek unb hbcgtbagñn, ahgjjbcb, alrräb hbagb jb pukrtb y jb akrrbcb. Qg su dberk l
su pberk nkaksgtbcbn bcrgr l un brdbrgl ek alagnb, çj hbaäb jl dgsdl y jl
akrrbräb. Qus aldplrtbdgkntls `ukrln tbn egsruptgvls quk jb `bdgjgb rktgrñ jbs
pukrtbs ek jbs prgnagpbjks ârkbs ek kstbr y kjgdgnñ tlels jbs pukrtbs ek jls
mbcgnktks ek jb alagnb y kj cbòl quk Bbrbv usbcb.

Ekspuçs ek trks l aubtrl dksks cbil kj prltlaljl, kstls aldplrtbdgkntls sk

hbcäbn ektkngel absg plr aldpjktl. Bjmunbs ek jbs pukrtbs ek jbs hbcgtbaglnks
y ek jls mbcgnktks `ukrln abpbaks ek skr ekvukjtbs b su sgtgl. Jukml ek
egkaglahl dksks kn kj prltlaljl, Jb aldprknsgln ek Bbrbv hb dkilrbel ek
dbnkrb nltlrgb. Bbrbv kstbcb iumbnel aln sus hkrdbnls, y su hbcjb hbcäb
arkagel pbrb gnajugr unb bdpjgb vbrgkebe ek pbjbcrbs y lrbaglnks ek els b trks
pbjbcrbs.
Vkrl ek rkpkntk, kn bprlxgdbebdkntk unb skdbnb, su lcsksgñn plr akrrbr jbs
pukrtbs y mbcgnktks vljvgñ. Dk kntkrç ek quk tknäb unb gn`kaagñn ek läel, unb

sgtubagñn quk rkqugkrk

alsbs kstbcbn kj usl
suakegknel, ek bntgcgñtgals
y prlntl pbrb kjgdgnbr
nls kntkrbdls ek aldl jb
unbgn`kaagñn. Dâs
`ukntk laujtb
ek gn`jbdbagñn kstbcb eksknabeknbnel sus säntldbs.
Dgkntrbs jk krbn bedgngstrbels bntgcgñtgals, tbdcgçn tldñ Dltrgn
(gcuprl`knl) pbrb alntrljbr su eljlr k gn`jbdbagñn. Dgkntrbs tldbcb kj
Dltrgn, sus dlvgdgkntls pçjvgals y ltrls aldplrtbdgkntls egsdgnuykrln.
 Aubnel jb elsgs ek Dltrgn sk rkeuil dâs bekjbntk, jb `bdgjgb nltñ quk vljvgñ
b prkskntbr agkrtls aldplrtbdgkntls, vljvgñ b rkbjgzbr dlvgdgkntls pçjvgals
y b mljpkbrsk jb abckzb.

@gnbjdkntk eksaucrgdls
Dbntuvgdls quk ek
jb bedgngstrbagñn Bbrbv tbdcgçn
Dltrgn tknäb
hbstb quk unb gn`kaagñn
puegkrb ekntbj.
gr bj ekntgstb pbrb
su prlakegdgkntl ekntbj. Ekspuçs ek sldktkrsk b unb agrumäb ekntbj dknlr,
rkgngagç sus aursls dknsubjks ek rg`bxgdgnb ek 26 eäbs. Qu aldplrtbdgkntl

aldknzñ b dkilrbr erbdâtgabdkntk, y bhlrb kstâ ek vukjtb kn kj abdgnl y

jlmrbnel dkilräbs nukvbdkntk.

Jb gn`jbdbagñn
pukek pukek
prlvkngr ek gntkrrudpgr
unb vbrgkebe kj prlmrksl
ek `ukntks ek rkaupkrbagñn ek un ngòl y
eg`krkntks.
 

VBNQ y Vrksgñn Brtkrgbj Cbib

Hknrg ks un ilvkn ek 2= bòls quk hbcäb sgel egbmnlstgabel aln sänerldk
nkurlpsgqugâtrgal ek gngagl bmuel pkegâtrgal (VBNQ plr sus sgmjbs kn gnmjçs).
Hknrg tuvl unb gn`bnagb sgn aldpjgabaglnks, kxakptl plr bjmunbs
alndlaglnks akrkcrbjks ekplrtgvbs kn jb ksaukjb prgdbrgb, kstrkògdgkntl y
bnsgkebe dknlr. Hknrg kxpkrgdkntñ un râpgel gngagl ek jls säntldbs
(prâatgabdkntk ek jb nlahk b jb dbòbnb) trks bòls bntks. Qk lcskrvbrln
bjmunbs dkilrbs dknlrks eurbntk kj bòl sgmugkntk, skmugebs ek unbs
eksdkilräbs kn kj bòl bntks ek alnvkrtgrsk kn dg pbagkntk.
Aubnel jl alnlaä plr prgdkrb vkz, tknäb säntldbs ek slcrkarkagdgkntl
cbatkrgbnl, aldl gntljkrbnagb b jbs kspkagbs, jls tldbtks k gntljkrbnagb b jb
jkahk. Qk sgntgñ un plal dkilr ekspuçs ek gngagbr unb egktb jgcrk ek mjutkn.
Ubdcgçn kxpkrgdkntñ `brgnmgtgs kstrkptlañagab rkaurrkntk, nkaksgtbcb hbakr
kikragagl pbrb pknsbr aln ajbrgebe, tknäb prlcjkdbs pbrb elrdgr, `btgmb
eurbntk kj eäb, `bjtb ek alnakntrbagñn, ske kxaksgvb y alnstbntkdkntk
mljpkbcb jls pgks l dlväb jbs pgkrnbs. Kn kj dldkntl ek su prgdkrb alnsujtb,
çj hbcäb tldbel bprlxgdbebdkntk qugnak bntgcgñtgals u ltrls dkegabdkntls
kn kj trbnsaursl ek jls bòls y batubjdkntk tldbcb egkagsgktk supjkdkntls
egbrgls.

Hknrg rkagcgñ
pksabel, bakgtkegkz
ek eäbs
ljgvbeky rg`bxgdgnb, un rçmgdkn
agnal dgnutls b jbrml pjbzl
ek kstgdujbagñn egbrgbekekj
bakgtk ek
nkrvgl
vbml.
Jbs jksglnks aldunks kn jb abckzb kn jls ngòls pukekn ebòbr kj sgstkdb
nkrvglsl butñnldl y egsdgnugr jb prksgñn brtkrgbj kn kj akrkcrl, unb b`kaagñn
alnlageb aldl hgplpkr`usgñn akrkcrbj. Qg kj ngòl tgknk ngvkjks rkjbtgvbdkntk
 cbils b nlrdbjks ek gn`jbdbagñn, pukekn rkpbrbr râpgebdkntk jb jksgñn. Vkrl
suplnmbdls quk kj ngòl kstâ kxpkrgdkntbnel bjtls ngvkjks ek gn`jbdbagñn
plr slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl. Kn ksk absl, kj ebòl rksgeubj ek jb jksgñn
pkrdbnkakrâ, jl quk rksujtb kn unb prksgñn brtkrgbj akrkcrbj dâs cbib ek jl
nlrdbj.
Hknrg, aldl jb dbylräb ek jls ngòls, kxpkrgdkntñ bjmunls trbudbs
akrkcrbjks, y kj ebòl baudujbel abusñ unb egsdgnuagñn sgmng`gabtgvb kn su

prksgñn akrkcrbj. Skaldkneç plnkrjk dgelergnb pbrb byuebr b budkntbr jb

prksgñn akrkcrbj, y sus säntldbs dkilrbrln alnsgekrbcjkdkntk.

Qus säntldbs
pknsbr ek prksgñn
dâs ajbrl sg sk brtkrgbj
dlväb akrkcrbj cbib `ukrln
alnstbntkdkntk, jb rbzñn
aldl plr jbkikragagl
bj hbakr quk pleäbl
abdgnbr, dlvkr sus pgks y pgkrnbs, l alnsudgr jäqugels l bjgdkntls bjtls kn
sbj l bzùabr.
B pksbr ek skr un beljksakntk, Hknrg kstbcb dâs alnsagkntk ekspuçs ek
aldknzbr kj prltlaljl. Qk rgñ y batuñ absg aldl un "dbrgnkrl clrrbahl"
eurbntk unls eäbs ekspuçs ek aldknzbr su prgdkrb rlneb ek rg`bxgdgnb. Nltñ
su aldplrtbdgkntl Lcsksgvl Aldpujsgvl, y puel kxprksbr quk nl sbcäb plr
quç hbaäb ksbs alsbs. Egil quk rkbjdkntk nl rkalrebcb gr b jb ksaukjb l tknkr
bdgmls kn jb ksaukjb. Vleäb rkalrebr ektbjjks ek jb ksaukjb prgdbrgb, pkrl nl
tknäb rkaukrels ajbrls ek bsgstgr b jb ksaukjb skaunebrgb.
Kj QGCL ek Hknrg rkabyñ tbn râpgel, y jk prksargcä agajls dknsubjks ek
rg`bxgdgnb pbrb alntrljbr jbs rkabäebs eurbntk un bòl. @ug abpbz ek rkeuagr
aldpjktbdkntk su dgelergnb y, kn ùjtgdb gnstbnagb, jbs rlnebs prlmrbdbebs
ek rg`bxgdgnb. Hknrg bsgstgñ b ajbsks babeçdgabs bvbnzbebs, bprknegñ b
alneuagr un butldñvgj, alnsgmugñ unb nlvgb y aldknzñ b dlntbr b abcbjjl ek
nukvl.
Jb ùjtgdb vkz quk hbcjç aln Hknrg, ekiñ tlels sus dkegabdkntls, y dk egil
quk yl krb kj prgdkr dçegal quk rkbjdkntk jl hbcäb byuebel.
 

Ugas, Vçregeb ekj Hbcjb y ek jb @unagñn Dltlrb

Qtk`bnl krb un iumbelr ek `ùtclj bdkrgabnl nkurltäpgal ek skaunebrgb quk
vgnl b vkrdk plr " eljlr ek tlcgjjl y pgkrnb.— Qk hbcäb jbstgdbel jb pgkrnb
eurbntk jb prâatgab ek `ùtclj, y hbcäb eksbrrljjbel un eljlr nkrvglsl
hgpkrsknsgcjk.
Qtk`bnl `uk aln`gnbel b unb sgjjb ek rukebs kn su prgdkrb vgsgtb, kxhgcgknel
tgas gnalntrljbcjks aln dlvgdgkntls bmgtbels ek crbzls y pgkrnbs. Qñjl pleäb
aldungabrsk vkrcbjdkntk aln unls slngels aldl "duh-duh-duh" y "cuc-
cuc-cuc." Qu pberk kxpjgañ quk hbcäb sgel un täpgal ngòl hbstb su jksgñn ek
`ùtclj quk nunab hbcäb sbnbel aldpjktbdkntk.
Hbcäb kstbel sbnbnel ek su jksgñn kn kj tlcgjjl hbstb quk un prlvkkelr ek
btknagñn dçegab bjtkrnbtgvl jk gnegañ prlcgñtgals ek vkntb jgcrk pbrb
prlcjkdbs gntkstgnbjks dknlrks. [nb vkz gngagbel jls prlcgñtgals, Qtk`bnl
eksbrrljjñ tgas y pkregñ jb abpbagebe ek abdgnbr y hbcjbr. Nl pleäb bsgstgr b
ajbsk y hbcäb vgstl b vbrgls ltrls dçegals quk kstbcbn eksalnakrtbels plr su
eksdkilräb. B sus pberks sk jks egil quk kstl ekcäb skr bjmùn tgpl ek prlcjkdb
nkurlekmknkrbtgvl quk sljl kdpklrbräb.
Qlspkahç quk jbs cbatkrgbs prlcgñtgabs hbcäbn b`katbel plr jls dltgvls bntks
eksargptls kj `unaglnbdgkntl ek su sgstkdb nkrvglsl. Hgak quk su pberk
suspknegkrb jls prlcgñtgals ek y aldknzbrb aln un aursl ek egkz eäbs ek
rg`bxgdgnb, bakgtk ek pksabel y bakgtk ek ljgvb.
Pkgntgsçgs eäbs ekspuçs, su dberk jjbdñ pbrb ekagrjk b dg ksplsb Ikbn, quk su
hgil kstbcb aldpjktbdkntk rkaupkrbel. Ek hkahl, kstbcb "pkr`katl". Qu
dberk egil quk hbcäb rksplnegel gndkegbtbdkntk bj prltlaljl, y sus tgas
 hbcäbn aksbel. Wb kstbcb abdgnbnel, hbcjbnel y vljvgknel b bsgstgr b jb
ksaukjb ek nukvl. Ikbn jk pgegñ quk plr `bvlr knvgbrb un vgekl ek Qtk`bnl
pbrb quk puegçrbdls vkrjl plr nlsltrls dgsdls. Ek hkahl, kstbcb
aldpjktbdkntk rkaupkrbel y nl tknäb säntldbs pkrsgstkntks.
Bmrkmuç kstb hgstlrgb pbrb rksbjtbr plr quç tknml rkmjbs sgdpjks y bcsljutbs
pbrb dgs pbagkntks, aldl nl prlcgñtgals l vgtbdgnbs l supjkdkntls
begaglnbjks. Qg un supjkdkntl pukek qugtbrjk b un btjktb beljksakntk täpgal jb
abpbagebe ek abdgnbr y hbcjbr, eksknabeknb tgas y dlvgdgkntls

gnalntrljbcjks. Kntlnaks unl tbdcgçn pleräb prkvkngr jb aurbagñn l rktrbsbr jb

rkaupkrbagñn ekj ngòl quk yb kxpkrgdkntb butgsdl l rktrbsls kn kj eksbrrljjl.
 

Jbs Alnvujsglnks Dkilrbn

Mrbnt tgknk vkgntgagnal bòls aln bntkakekntks ek butgsdl, alnvujsglnks,
eljlrks ek abckzb y trbtbdgkntl prkvgl pbrb trbtbr Mgbregb (un pbrâsgtl) quk
kdpklrñ sus prlcjkdbs gntkstgnbjks y ltrls säntldbs.
Mrbnt sk alnvgrtgñ kn dg pbagkntk kn 3627 y jk `uk bedgngstrbel bakgtk ek
pksabel y ek ljgvb b egbrgl, dâs rg`bxgdgnb dknsubj. Vlal ekspuçs ek
aldknzbr su prgdkr aursl ek rg`bxgdgnb, puel aldkr unb vbrgkebe ek
bjgdkntls y su kstrkògdgkntl dkilrñ plr aldpjktl. Qus eljlrks ek abckzb nl
hbcäbn dkilrbel, pkrl tknäb prlcjkdbs aln jbs dukjbs ekj iugagl.

[nb
kn kj vkz bj eäb, jb
prltlaljl, kstgdujbagñn
y sus ekj sk
alnvujsglnks nkrvgl vbml skMrbnt
ektuvgkrln. bòbegñjl ekspuçs
hgzl duyekcgkn
un dks
aln
unb cuknb behkrknagb b su bakgtk ek pksabel, ckcgknel els auahbrbebs ek
bakgtk ek ljgvb y alagnbnel aln bakgtk ek ljgvb y kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl
vbml. Ulebväb kstbcb tldbnel bjmunls supjkdkntls plrquk su dberk euebcb
kn ekibrjls. Nl hb tkngel ngnmunb alnvujsgñn eksek kj gngagl ek jb
kstgdujbagln ekj nkrvgl vbml. Kn jbs ùjtgdbs skdbnbs, su gntljkrbnagb b jb
aldgeb y kj kstrkògdgkntl sk rksljvgkrln.
Aubtrl dksks dâs tbrek, tlebväb kstbcb usbnel su kstgdujbelr ekj nkrvgl
vbml alnstbntkdkntk y nl tuvl nukvbs alnvujsglnks. Vkrl kj audpjgdgkntl
ekj prltlaljl hbcäb `bjjbel. Qus pberks dk egikrln quk sljl tldbcb su bakgtk
ek pksabel trks l aubtrl eäbs b jb skdbnb. Ulebväb kstbcbn alagnbnel aln
bakgtk ek ljgvb, pkrl yb nl tldbcb jbs auahbrbebs begaglnbjks ek bakgtk ek
ljgvb. Kstbcb tkngknel eljlrks ek abckzb ek nukvl, y jls prlcjkdbs ek bjkrmgb
kstbaglnbj hbcäbn rkmrksbel. Vrksargcä ltrl aursl ek 26 eäbs ek rg`bxgdgnb k
gnstç kj audpjgdgkntl egbrgl ek jls gnmrkegkntks ekj prltlaljl.
 Qkgs dksks dâs tbrek y Mrbnt tlebväb kstbcb usbnel su kstgdujbelr ekj nkrvgl
vbml y sk dbntuvl jgcrk ek alnvujsglnks. Gnkspkrbebdkntk, su dberk ektuvl
su bakgtk ek pksabel y ek ljgvb y rkgngagñ sus supjkdkntls bntkrglrks plrquk
tknäb eljlr
dberk ek egkntks.
tbdcgçn Qus eljlrks bekebrjk
hbcäb aldknzbel abckzbuny dkegabdkntl
bjkrmgbs kdpklrbrln, y su
hldklpâtgal
begaglnbj pbrb jb bjkrmgb. Mrbnt tlebväb kstbcb jgcrk ek alnvujsglnks, pkrl
bhlrb tknäb unb bnsgkebe gntknsb, y bhlrb kstbcb tkngknel kpgslegls elnek sk

mljpkbcb b sä dgsdl kn jb abckzb.

Jbs dukjbs ekj iugagl ek Mrbnt `ukrln kxtrbäebs plal ekspuçs, y su dberk
ektuvl
Mrbnt skjls sgntgñ
supjkdkntls begaglnbjks
dkilr absg y rkgngagñ ekspuçs
gndkegbtbdkntk kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®.
ek aldknzbr aln
rg`bxgdgnb.
Els bòls dâs tbrek, Mrbnt sgmuk jgcrk ek alnvujsglnks y sk dbntgknk bpkmbel
bj prltlaljl. Bhlrb pukek tljkrbr vljbr kn un bvgñn, nl tgknk eljlr ek abckzb
y yb nl ks butljksgvl. Hkdls rkeuagel jb rg`bxgdgnb b jb nkaksbrgb pbrb jls
trbstlrnls gntkstgnbjks. Kn jls eäbs kn quk sgkntk quk su bnsgkebe budkntb, ks
trbtbel aln unb sksgñn begaglnbj ek agnal dgnutls.
 

Butgsdl, Qänerldk ek Elwn y Ulnl Dusaujbr Egsdgnuäel

Ilsç ks un ngòl ek nukvk bòls aln butgsdl, Qänerldk ek Elwn y tlnl
dusaujbr cbil y `uk aljlabel kn kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®. Bntks ek
aldknzbr, nl tknäb hbcjb, tknäb aldplrtbdgkntls sknslrgbjks y ek
kstgdujbagñn, y tknäb plal gntkrçs kn su `bdgjgb l su gVbe. Uknäb unb rkbaagñn
dängdb b su kntlrnl y nl dlstrbräb ngnmunb rkspukstb gnajusl sg sk dlibcb
jls pbntbjlnks.
Qus pberks aldknzbrln jkntbdkntk aln gnujgnb, bakgtk ek pksabel y alagnbr
kn bakgtk ek ljgvb. Aldknzñ b hbakr alntbatl vgsubj, skòbjbnel alsbs, y hucl
unb jgmkrb egsdgnuagñn kn sus rbcgktbs. [nb vkz quk sk alnvgrtgñ kn dg
pbagkntk, bmrkmuç un aursl ek egkz eäbs ek rg`bxgdgnb ekcgel b su rkagkntk
`bjtb ek prlmrksl ek un plsgcjk `bjjl ek gnujgnb.
Qus pberks gn`lrdbrln quk audpjäbn kstrgatbdkntk aln ebrjk su bakgtk ek
pksabel y bakgtks ek ljgvb. W aldl kvgeknagb, trbikrln un egbrgl quk dukstrb
kj dgnutl kxbatl ek abeb eäb quk tldñ jls gnmrkegkntks ekj prltlaljl. Ubj
trbzbel nl ks nkaksbrgl l rkaldknebel, pkrl sä ekdlstrñ su aldprldgsl
pbrb quk su hgil nunab sk pgkreb unb elsgs. Ilsç dlstrñ dâs gntkrçs kn su
kntlrnl y su gVbe. Qgn kdcbrml, nl hucl ngnmùn abdcgl kn sus
aldplrtbdgkntls ek bmgtbr jbs dbnls, ekspkrtbrsk plr jb nlahk l jb grb y jls
brrkcbtls ek rbcgb kn jb abrrktkrb.
Kn su skmugdgkntl ek aubtrl dksks, bmrkmuç kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml
unb vkz bj eäb. Kj tkrbpkutb ek Ilsç skòbjñ quk aldknzñ b hbakr "kxakjkntks
prlmrksls" kn jls dksks sgmugkntks. Jb allregnbagñn ek Ilsç dkilrñ, y çj
kstbcb trbtbnel ek hbakr slngels. Bunquk tlebväb tknäb rbcgktbs ek `urgb kn jb
abrrktkrb, kstbcbn egsdgnuyknel kn `rkauknagb k gntknsgebe.
 Akrab ekj puntl ek un bòl, skntä quk kstbcb rkagegvbnel aln QGCL aln dâs
`rkauknagb ek jl quk pknsâcbdls, bsä quk jk prksargcä un aursl ek elak dksks
ek rg`bxgdgnb alntgnub. Eurbntk ksls elak dksks, su allregnbagñn y tlnl
dusaujbr
budkntñ, dkilrbrln
y aldknzñerbdâtgabdkntk.
b skntbrsk dâsJb abpbagebe ek btknagñn
tgkdpl eurbntk ek Ilsç
pkrälels dâs
prljlnmbels y pbrb batgvgebeks nl prk`krgebs. Kstbcb gntkntbnel hbcjbr
kxprksgvbdkntk. Bhlrb pleäb hbakr rldpkabckzbs ek 36 y 16 pgkzbs, y pukek

ksargcgr dâs ek 56 pbjbcrbs kn su gVbe. Qus pberks tlebväb kstbcbn trbcbibnel

kn kj kntrknbdgkntl pbrb gr bj cbòl, pkrl bhlrb rkbaaglnbcb sg sk dlibcb jls
pbntbjlnks l ekrrbdbcb un vbsl, k gntkrbatubcb aln su `bdgjgb.
Ilsç batubjdkntk kstâ rkagcgknel agajls dknsubjks ek rg`bxgdgnb, y sus
mbnbnagbs hbn alntgnubel alnstbntkdkntk. Vlr prgdkrb vkz, kstbcb
kdlaglnbel ek bcrgr sus rkmbjls ek Nbvgebe. Qu akrkcrl sgmuk sbnbnel y
dbeurbnel, y bhlrb kntgknek jls ahgstks, pukek abntbr aln su hkrdbnb
aubnel prbatgab sus jkaaglnks ek abntl, y hb aldknzbel b arkakr tbntl kn
bjturb aldl kn pksl.
 

Baagekntk Akrkcrlvbsaujbr bj nbakr

]gjj ks un ngòl ek skgs bòls quk kxpkrgdkntñ un mrbn ekrrbdk akrkcrbj bj
nbakr aln ebòl kn kj jbel gzqugkrel ek su akrkcrl. Hbcäb sgel trbtbel aln
vbrgls aursls ek bntgcgñtgals, rkqugrgñ dkegabagñn pbrb kj rk`juil âagel, tknäb
ek`gagknagbs kn kj hbcjb y dlstrbcb sgmnls ek rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl. Jukml,
b jls 3 bòls, aldknzñ b dlstrbr abrbatkrästgabs ek butgsdl.
]gjj aldknzñ Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® b jls agnal bòls aln gnujgnb, bakgtk
ek pksabel y bakgtk ek ljgvb. Vlal bntks ek aldknzbr kj prltlaljl, tuvl unb
rkbaagñn skvkrb b unb pgabeurb ek dlsqugtl, jl quk jl ekiñ batubnel aln
duahb bmrksgvgebe, hgpkrbatgvl y aln aldplrtbdgkntls butljksgvls. Qu
hgpkrbatgvgebe gntkrrudpgñ kj bprknegzbik kn jb ksaukjb, y kstbcb
alnstbntkdkntk sbjtbnel kn kj sl`â l kn su abdb. Krb absg gdplsgcjk quk sk
balstbrb pbrb gr b elrdgr.
Kn knkrl ek 3636, ]gjj sk alnvgrtgñ kn dg pbagkntk y vgbiñ b jls Kstbels
[ngels pbrb vkrdk bntks ek quk aldknzbrbn jbs rkstrgaaglnks ek vgbik plr jb
pbnekdgb. Jl trbtç aln unb sljb elsgs ek rg`bxgdgnb, y su aldplrtbdgkntl
butljksgvl sk ektuvl. Qgn kdcbrml, tlebväb tknäb hgpkrbatgvgebe y bnsgkebe
jkvk b jb hlrb ek balstbrsk. Ubdcgçn rkaldkneç unb vkz bj eäb jb
kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml, y ekntrl ekj prgdkr dks, jb alnagknagb ek su
kntlrnl budkntñ sgmng`gabtgvbdkntk.
]gjj hbcäb kstbel kxhgcgknel agkrtb bmrksgvgebe unbs hlrbs ekspuçs ek tldbr
su bakgtk ek pksabel bj prgnagpgl, pkrl ekntrl ek 2-3 dksks, jl tljkrñ sgn
prlcjkdb. Hbcäb aldknzbel b hbcjbr dâs, tknäb dâs alnagknagb, y plr jl
ekdâs kstbcb prlmrksbnel duy cgkn. ]gjj alntrbil vbrgakjb. Ekspuçs ek kstl,
]gjj pbrkaäb tknkr dâs bnsgkebe, y rkaldkneç aldknzbr agajls dknsubjks ek
 ]gjj pbrkaäb tknkr dâs bnsgkebe, y rkaldkneç aldknzbr agajls dknsubjks ek
rg`bxgdgnb. Bùn bsä, ekspuçs ek 1 rlnebs, krb kvgekntk quk ]gjj pbrkaäb rkabkr
sutgjdkntk bntks ekj `gnbj ek abeb agajl.
Vbrb kj ltlòl ek 3636, kstbcb ajbrl quk su QGCL kstbcb rkagegvbnel b un
rgtdl
Hly knquk
eäbnkaksgtbcb
]gjj sgmukrg`bxgdgnb alntgnub
tkngknel unb dkilreurbntk un dängdl
alnagknagb, dknls ek elak dksks.
hgpkrbatgvgebe,
eukrdk dkilr y sgmuk kxpkrgdkntbnel dkilräbs. Ekspuçs ek aldpjktbr elak
dksks ek rg`bxgdgnb alntgnub, pjbnkbdls rkeuagrjl bj rçmgdkn ek elsg`gabagñn

dknsubj ek rg`bxgdgnb ek egkz eäbs.

 

Qlpjbnel unb Pkjb ek Audpjkbòls

Aljtln tknäb agnal bòls aubnel aldknzñ kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®. Uknäb
plab alnakntrbagñn, rktrbsl kn kj eksbrrljjl, plal gntkrçs kn su kntlrnl, unb
egktb jgdgtbeb y krb aldpjktbdkntk nl vkrcbj. Aldknzñ aln gnujgnb, bakgtk ek
pksabel y bakgtk ek ljgvb. B dkegeb quk su alnagknagb budkntbcb, sk gntkrksñ
dâs kn su kntlrnl hlmbrkòl k gnajusl qukräb pbsbr dâs tgkdpl bj bgrk jgcrk.
Kn jls prgdkrls dksks, aldknzñ b rksplnekr b su nldcrk y skmugr ñreknks ek
un sljl pbsl. Bprknegñ b ekagr bjmunbs pbjbcrbs aldl "dbdâ" y "begñs" y
"hljb", pkrl tlebväb nl tknäb un jknmubik sgmng`gabtgvl.

Bj `gnbj ek
vbrgkebe jls prgdkrls
ek bjgdkntls, skgshbcäb
y nl dksks,
dâssubjgdkntls
bpktgtl dkilrñ, aldgñknunb
nl egmkrgels jbs dbylr
hkaks.
Qu aldprknsgñn dkilrñ, y puel audpjgr ñreknks ek els pbsls y rkalnlakr b
jls dgkdcrls ek jb `bdgjgb y b jls vgsgtbntks ek su absb. Ulebväb nl iumbcb
aln sus iumuktks y pbrkaäb tknkr dâs kpgslegls ek grb bj vljbntk, y b vkaks
tgrbcb ekj pkjl ek su hkrdbnb pkqukòb. Kdpkaç aln kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl
vbml unb vkz bj eäb, bsä aldl rg`bxgdgnb aäajgab. Qus mbnbnagbs krbn
alnstbntks, pkrl krb kvgekntk quk kstbcb rkagegvbnel bntks ek quk sk hucgksk
audpjgel jb sgmugkntk rlneb ek rg`bxgdgnb. Kn alnskauknagb, prksargcä elak
dksks ek rg`bxgdgnb alntgnub.
Bj `gnbj ekj prgdkr bòl, Aljtln hb dlstrbel unb mrbn dkilräb kn su rktrbsl
ekj eksbrrljjl. Qu hbcjb hb dkilrbel b lrbaglnks aldpjkibs, y kstâ jkyknel kn
su gVbe. Qu `unagñn dltlrb `gnb hb dkilrbel alnsgekrbcjkdkntk, y Aljtln
pleäb bcrgr y akrrbr pukrtbs y eksaucrgñ quk jk mustbcb plnkrjks skmurl. Qu
aldprknsgñn alntgnùb dkilrbnel, y pukek kntknekr iukmls aldpjkils y
 rldpkabckzbs, y ksauahb y sgmuk gnstruaaglnks. B dkegeb quk su gdbmgnbagñn
arkaäb, bprknegñ b iumbr bprlpgbebdkntk aln su hkrdbnb y yb nl krb bmrksgvl
ng tgrbcb ek su abckjjl.
Skagkntkdkntk Aljtln tuvl alnagknagb ek su prlpgl audpjkbòls, plr prgdkrb
vkz.
slpjbrKstbcb kdlaglnbel
jbs vkjbs plr su plr
ek su pbstkj audpjkbòls
prgdkrb yvkz.
`gnbjdkntk hbcäb prkskntbnel
Çj alntgnùb bprknegel b
dkilräbs alnstbntks kn tlebs jbs ârkbs y rkbjgzñ jb trbnsgagñn b unb ksaukjb
rkmujbr kn kj ltlòl.

Qlrekrb Eksek Kj Nbagdgkntl

Mrbak ks unb ilvkn ek 38 bòls quk hbcäb abäel kn kj butgsdl bjrkekelr ek jb
kebe ek els bòls. Krb hgplbaùsgab eksek su nbagdgkntl y tknäb un rktrbsl
sgmng`gabtgvl kn kj eksbrrljjl. Vleäb hbakr bjml ek jknmubik ek skòbs, pkrl
tknäb prlcjkdbs pbrb dlvkr jbs dbnls, y tknäb prlcjkdbs dltlrks y ek
kqugjgcrgl. B dknuel ekrrbdbcb bjgdkntls y ckcgebs y pbrkaäb nl sbckr
plrquç hbcäb hkahl ksbs alsbs, nunab jgdpgbcb su ekslrekn. B dknuel sk
"eksalnkatbcb" y nl rksplneäb. Krb pkqukòb pbrb su kebe, pksbcb bjrkekelr
ek 13 om, aln duahbs gntljkrbnagbs bjgdkntbrgbs y un dgkel gntknsl b aldkr
aubjqugkr bjgdkntl vkrek.

Qus pberks jk egkrln gnujgnb y bakgtk ek pksabel y suspknegkrln jls

prlcgñtgals quk hbcäb tldbel eurbntk bòls. Qus pberks jb trbikrln b vkrdk yb
quk rkagkntkdkntk hbcäb aldknzbel b rkbaaglnbr b jls rugels. Kn tleb su
vgeb, nunab hbcäb rksplnegel b jls rugels. Qgn kdcbrml, nl hbcäb ngnmunb
rbzñn bnbtñdgab pbrb su slrekrb, plr jl quk qukräbn prlcbr rg`bxgdgnb b pksbr
ek su kebe.
Jk prksargcä un trbtbdgkntl ek egkz eäbs ek rg`bxgdgnb, y `uk trbtbeb
gntkrdgtkntkdkntk eurbntk kj prgdkr bòl. Eurbntk ksk bòl, Mrbak tuvl unb
dkilrb sgmng`gabtgvb kn sus hbcgjgebeks ek aldungabagñn? aldknzñ b hbakr
slngels
Aldknzñy bjukml ekagr bpbjbcrbs
rksplnekr y bprknegñ
jbs pkrslnbs aln unbb aldcgnbagñn
usbr un tbcjkrl ek jktrbs.
ek rkspukstbs
vkrcbjks y ksargtbs, y yb nl nkaksgtbcb dgrbr sus jbcgls pbrb kntknekr jl quk jk
kstbcbn egagknel.
Qu gntljkrbnagb bjgdkntbrgb eksbpbrkagñ, yb nl jk tkdäb b jb aldgeb vkrek y
 aldknzñ b mbnbr pksl k gnajusl b arkakr kn bjturb (sç quk kstl nl ekckräb
suakekr b kstb kebe). Qu kqugjgcrgl y dbrahb dkilrbrln. Uknäb dâs knkrmäb,
dknls bnsgkebe y dâs abjdb kn jb trbnsgagñn bj sbjgr ek su absb. Aldknzñ b
plnkr jb dksb pbrb jb aknb, hbakr ckcgebs pbrb tlels, jgdpgbr ekrrbdks y
rkjjknbr vbsls ek bmub eurbntk jbs aldgebs.
Mrbak `uk sljl unl ek vbrgls ek dgs pbagkntks quk kxpkrgdkntbrln unb
dkilrb kn su buegagñn. Ltrls hbn rkplrtbel ek dbnkrb sgdgjbr unb dkilr
vgsgñn l `gnbjdkntk eksbrrljjbrln un skntgel ekj lj`btl aldl beujtls iñvknks.

Bunquk jls pberks ek Mrbak kstbcbn knabntbels aln su prlmrksl, lptbrln plr
nl bmrkmbr kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml pbrb trbtbr ek kxpbnegr su ngvkj
batubj ek rkaupkrbagñn.
 

33
 

JB KQVKSBNYB KQUÂ KN KJ HLSGYLNUK

jrkiuvknkagdgkntl.
akrkcrl hudbnlJb tgknk unb ekntrl
knlrdkekj abpbagebe
akrkcrl kstâekekdlstrbnel
rkpbrbagñn skr
y
K dgarlmjgb
abpbz ek rkgngagbr su tbrkb ek pleb sgnâptgal-nkurlnbj gnajusl ekspuçs
ek duahls bòls ek kstbr kn un kstbel ek pbrâjgsgs gn`jbdbtlrgb.
Jb rkeuaagñn sustbnagbj ek agtlagnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs ekntrl ekj akrkcrl ks
tlel jl quk ks nkaksbrgl pbrb quk kj prlaksl nlrdbj ek dbeurbagñn y
rkpbrbagñn akrkcrbj aldgknak ek nukvl.
Ubdcgçn kstbdls kdpkzbnel b kntknekr quk unb vkz quk jls mknks hudbnls
sk batgvbn plr jb gn`jbdbagñn, y quk sk pukekn bpbmbr ek nukvl unb vkz quk
kj kntlrnl gn`jbdbtlrgl ekntrl ekj aukrpl sk rkeuak sgmng`gabtgvbdkntk.
Dg alnskil ks kj dgsdl pbrb tlels dgs pbagkntks y sus pberks. Hbmb tlel jl
plsgcjk pbrb skr pbagkntk, plr ebr bj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® y dg bclrebik
mknkrbj pbrb rkeuagr jb gn`jbdbagñn unb lplrtungebe, y pbrb belptbr unb
dkntbjgebe ek dbrbtñn (nl abrrkrb) plrquk jb rkaupkrbagñn ekj akrkcrl
 rkqugkrk tgkdpl, alnstbnagb y ks`ukrzl.
Ekcgel b quk kj abdgnl hbagb jb rkaupkrbagñn ek duahbs b`kaaglnks dçegabs
b dknuel ks ek agnal pbsls hbagb bekjbntk, y jukml b vkaks unl l els pbsls
hbagb btrâs, aldpbrbdls kj aldplrtbdgkntl ek hly aln kj aldplrtbdgkntl
ek un ngòl quk `uk dksks l bòls bntks.
Aldpbrbr hly aln bykr sljl skrvgrâ pbrb plnkr b jls pberks kn unb dlntbòb
rusb kdlaglnbj, y plsgcjkdkntk pleräb jjkvbr b jls pberks b tldbr bjmunbs

ekagsglnks gnalrrkatbs pbrb su hgil. Jbs nkurlnbs ekntrl ekj akrkcrl hudbnl,
bj gmubj quk kj arkagdgkntl ekj abckjjl, sljl pukekn arkakr y abdcgbr b
ektkrdgnbeb vkjlagebe.
[nb vkz quk sk suprgdk jb gn`jbdbagñn, arkl quk tlel jl quk sk rkqugkrk pbrb
jb rkaupkrbagñn alntgnub ks un cukn rçmgdkn ek suprksgñn ek jb gn`jbdbagñn
sñjgeb y pbagknagb. Skaukrek, jbs nkurlnbs ekntrl ekj akrkcrl hudbnl, aldl
su abckjjl, arkakn jkntbdkntk y, plr jl tbntl, jb dkilräb ek su hgil sk
prleuagrâ jkntb pkrl alnstbntkdkntk.
 

BVÇNEGAK
 

DBSABQ BVSLCBEBQ VLS KJ VSLULALJL NKDKAHKO

Gnujgnb
• Nkdkahko Cjuk Lrmbnga Gnujgn - egsplngcjk kn NkdkahkoCjuk.ald
• Gnujgnb ek NL] @lles - egsplngcjk kn dùjtgpjks tgknebs dgnlrgstbs
`äsgabs y lnjgnk
• @gckr Ahlgak®
• Vhgjjgps‗ ® @gckr Mlle® Muddgks

Bakgtk ek Vksabel
• Nlrega Nbturbjs [jtgdbtk Ldkmb jäqugel l kn aâpsujbs - egsplngcjk kn
dùjtgpjks tgknebs dgnlrgstbs `äsgabs y lnjgnk
• EHB-;66 ek NL] @lles - egsplngcjk kn dùjtgpjks tgknebs dgnlrgstbs
`äsgabs y lnjgnk
Bakgtk ek Ljgvb Pgrmkn Kxtrb (BLPK)
• Nkdkahko Mlje BLPK - egsplngcjk kn NkdkahkoMlje.ald

•knaukntrb
Ltrbs dbrabs ek BLPK
egsplngcjk akrtg`gabebs
kn jb pâmgnb ALLA.aldplr jb ALLA - kj jgstbel sk
plr
 

M[ÄB EK SK@KSKNAGB VBSB JB ELQG@GABAGÑN

Gn`lrdbagñn ek Elsg`gabagñn pbrb Ngòls9

Skaldgknel gngagbr tlels jls gnmrkegkntks bj dgsdl tgkdpl l tbn prlntl
aldl jls tknmbn egsplngcjks. [n bclrebik kn jb dleg`gabagñn ks gngagbr b jls
ngòls sljl aln jls bakgtks ek pksabel y ljgvb eurbntk jbs prgdkrbs 5 skdbnbs,
y jukml gngagbr jb gnujgnb l rg`bxgdgnb. Kj rktrbsl pkrdgtgrâ quk jls bakgtks
sbturkn plr aldpjktl kj akrkcrl y kstçn jgstls pbrb bplybr jb rkaupkrbagñn unb
vkz quk kj slcrkarkagdgkntl gntkstgnbj sk rkvgkrtb aln gnujgnb l rg`bxgdgnb.

Gnmrkegkntk #2 - Elsgs Egbrgb ek Bakgtk ek Ljgvb Pgrmkn Kxtrb

[sk egbrgbdkntk sljl bakgtk ek ljgvb aruel, sgn alakr, akrtg`gabel plr jb
ALLA, yb skb egrkatbdkntk aldl dkegagnb l dkzajbel aln bjgdkntls l
ckcgebs. Jb abntgebe dängdb
dängdb ek bakgtk ek ljgvb sk gnegab b alntgnubagñn.

Qg ks dknlr ek 5 bòls ek kebe, bedgngstrk ek º - ´ auahbrbegtb

(2.3; - 3.; dj) ek BLPK egbrgbdkntk
Qg tgknk kntrk 5 y 8 bòls, ek b tldbr 2 auahbrbegtb (; dj) ek BLPK
bj eäb
Qg tgknk kntrk 7 y 23 bòls, ek b tldbr 3 auahbrbegtbs (26 dj) ek
BLPK bj eäb
Qg tgknk kntrk 21 y 2= bòls, ek b tldbr 2 auahbrbeb (2; dj) ek
BLPK bj eäb
Qg tgknk 28 bòls l dâs, ek b tldbr 3 auahbrbebs (16 dj) ek BLPK bj
 eäb

Gnmrkegkntk # 3 - Elsg`gabagñn ek Bakgtk ek Vksabel Jäqugel

[tgjgak jb vkrsgñn jäqugeb ek bakgtk ek pksabel aldkragbjgzbel plr

Nlrega Nbturbj jjbdbel [jtgdbtk Ldkmb (NN[L)
Qg ks dknlr ek 5 bòls ek kebe, ek b tldbr un 2/8 ek auahbrbegtb (6.0
dj) ek bakgtk ek pksabel bj eäb
Qg tgknk ek 1 b ; bòls, ek b tldbr un 2/5 ek auahbrbegtb (2.3; dj) ek
bakgtk ek pksabel bj eäb
Qg tgknk kntrk 0 y 26 bòls ek kebe, ek b tldbr 2/3 auahbrbegtb (3,;
dj) ek bakgtk ek pksabel bj eäb
Qg tgknk kntrk 22 y 25 bòls, ek b tldbr 2 auahbrbegtb (; dj) ek bakgtk
ek pksabel bj eäb, l ek 3-1 tbcjktbs ek EHB-;66 (NL] @lles)
Qg tgknk kntrk 2; y 2= bòls, ek b tldbr 3 auahbrbegtbs (26 dj) ek
bakgtk ek pksabel bj eäb l 5-; tbcjktbs ek EHB-;66 (NL] @lles)
Qg tgknk 28 bòls l dâs, e k b tldbr 2 auahbrbeb (2; dj) ek bakgtk ek
pksabel bj eäb l 0 tbcjktbs ek EHB-;66 (NL] @lles)
 

Gnmrkegkntk # 1 - Kqugjgcrbr jbs Cbatkrgbs Gntkstgnbjks

Jb gnujgnb y kj dkegabdkntl prksargtl rg`bxgdgnb (Xg`bxbn®), sln jbs els
lpaglnks pbrb kqugjgcrbr jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks. Ks prk`krgcjk gngagbr aln
gnujgnb kn ngòls dâs pkqukòls, dgkntrbs quk jb rg`bxgdgnb ks rkaldknebcjk
kn ngòls dbylrks, yb quk kn kstls ùjtgdls jb gnujgnb ks dknls k`katgvb.
 

Kjkmgr Kntrk Gnujgnb y jb Sg`bxgdgnb

Qg ks dknlr ek 8 bòls ek kebe, usk gnujgnb pbrb kqugjgcrbr jbs

cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks2
Qg tgknk kntrk 8 y 25 bòls, pukek gngagbr aln gnujgnb l rg`bxgdgnb
Qg tgknk 2; bòls l dâs, rkaldgknel gngagbr aln rg`bxgdgnb
 

Elsg`gabagñn ek Gnujgnb

Ek b tldbr 2/8-2/5 ek auahbrbegtb ek gnujgnb kn pljvl (NL] @lles,

Gna) unb vkz bj eäb
Qk pukek dkzajbr aln bjgdkntls l ckcgebs
Jb elsgs nl vbräb aln jb kebe
 

Elsgs ek Sg`bxgdgnb (Xg`bxbn®)

(Xg`bxbn®)

;;6 dm els vkaks bj eäb eurbntk 26 eäbs pbrb bqukjjls b pbrtgr ek jls
agnal bòls
Ekcgel b quk kj dkegabdkntl nl sk bcslrck kn kj tlrrkntk
sbnmuänkl, nl ks nkaksbrgl biustbr jb elsgs kn ngòls b pbrtgr ek jls ;
bòls ek kebe
Kj dkegabdkntl sk pukek trgturbr y dkzajbr aln bjgdkntls l ckcgebs
sg ks nkaksbrgl
Kstk ks un dkegabdkntl prksargtl y ekck lctknkrsk b trbvçs ek su
dçegal
 

Nltbs slcrk kj Biustk ek jb Elsgs ek Gnujgnb

B dkegeb quk jb gnujgnb rkvgkrtk kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, jb abntgebe
ek âagel prlpgñngal egsdgnuyk. Jb egsdgnuagñn ek jls ngvkjks ek âagel
prlpgñngal jjkvbn b un kstbel ek ekspkrtbr, kn kj quk kj ngòl kstâ dâs bjkrtb y
alnsagkntk ek su kntlrnl.
Qg jb elsgs gngagbj ek gnujgnb nl eksknabeknb un "ekspkrtbr" (dbylr
gntkrbaagñn, dâs alntbatl vgsubj, dbylr alnsagknagb slcrk tlel jl quk jls
rlekb), kntlnaks ks plsgcjk quk nkaksgtk budkntbr jb gnujgnb jkntbdkntk, pkrl
sgn kxakekr jb elsgs ek ´ auahbrbegtb. Kn dg alnsujtb, nl hk knalntrbel quk
unb elsgs plr knagdb ek ´ auahbrbegtb prleuzab rksujtbels sgmng`gabtgvls, y
sgdpjkdkntk ekagel pbsbr b Sg`bxgdgnb.
Jls ngòls butgstbs dbylrks ek 26 bòls, y jls ngòls quk nl kstân ekntrl ekj
kspkatrl pukekn nl kxpkrgdkntbr kj "ekspkrtbr". Kstl nl sgmng`gab quk kj
prltlaljl nl kstç `unaglnbnel.
Dâs bjjâ ek sgdpjkdkntk suprgdgr jb prleuaagñn ek âagel prlpgñngal, jb ùngab
vkrebekrb `lrdb ek ektkrdgnbr sg jb gnujgnb kstâ alntrljbnel kj kstrçs
gn`jbdbtlrgl abusbel plr kj slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, ks lcskrvbnel
eurbntk jls sgmugkntks 1 dksks dkilrbs kn kj aldplrtbdgkntl ekj ngòl y kn
sus prlcjkdbs ek eksbrrljjl.
Qg kj aldplrtbdgkntl y jbs `unaglnks nkurljñmgabs aldgknzbn b dbng`kstbr
dkilräb, alntgnùk aln ksb elsgs ek gnujgnb. Qg sk kvgeknagb plab l ngnmunb
dkilräb, jb gnujgnb ks gnk`gabz, y rkaldgknel pbsbr b agajls dknsubjks ek
rg`bxgdgnb.
 

Gn`lrdbagñn slcrk jb elsg`gabagñn kn beujtls (aln y sgn butgsdl)9

Gnmrkegkntk #2 - Elsgs Egbrgb ek Bakgtk ek Ljgvb Pgrmkn Kxtrb (BLPK)

Alnsudgr 16 dj (3 auahbrbebs) l dâs ek BLPK bj eäb

[tgjgak sljl BLPK akrtg`gabel plr ALLA (Abjg`lrngb Ljgvk Lgj
Akrtg`gke)
Kj bakgtk ek ljgvb ekck kstbr aruel y nl alagel
Qk pukek dkzajbr aln bjgdkntls l ckcgebs
 

Gnmrkegkntk # 3 - Âagels mrbsls Ldkmb-1 (KVB y EHB) ekj Bakgtk ek

Vksabel

Jls pbagkntks beujtls rkqugkrkn 1.666 dm ek EHB bj eäb. Bunquk

ks gdplrtbntk, unb ksabsb abntgebe ek KVB pknktrb kn kj sgstkdb
nkrvglsl akntrbj y jb elsg`gabagñn ek kstb sk cbsb kn jb `rbaagñn ek
EHB prkskntk kn kj bakgtk ek pksabel
Lpagñn 2 - Uldbr 0 aâpsujbs ek EHB-;66 ek bakgtk ek pksabel
(NL] @lles, Gna) bj eäb
Lpagñn 3 - Uldbr 2; dj (2 auahbrbeb) ek bakgtk ek pksabel jäqugel
Nlrega Nbturbjs [jtgdbtk Ldkmb bj eäb
Aubjqugkrb ek jbs lpaglnks ek bakgtk ek pksabel sk pukek tldbr aln
l sgn bjgdkntls, kn unb sljb elsgs l egvgegeb kn 3 elsgs
 

Gnmrkegkntk # 1 - Âagels mrbsls Ldkmb-1 (BJB) ek Nukaks, Jgnl l Ahäb

Lpagñn 2 - Alnsudgr º ek tbzb ek nukaks bj eäb (bjdknerbs, nukaks

pkabnbs, pgstbahls, bnbabrels/nukaks ek jb Gnegb y nukaks)
Lpagñn 3 - Alnsudgr skdgjjbs ek jgnl l ahäb9 ek 2/3 b 2 auahbrbeb bj
eäb.
Lpagñn 1 - Alnsudgr bakgtk ek jgnl/jgnbzb vkrsgñn jäqugeb9 ek ;66 b
2.666 dm unb vkz bj eäb.
 

Gnmrkegkntk # 5 - Kqugjgcrgl ek jbs cbatkrgbs Gntkstgnbjks aln Sg`bxgdgnb

Uldbr ;;6 dm ek rg`bxgdgnb els vkaks bj eäb (BD y VD) eurbntk 26

eäbs
Kj dkegabdkntl sk pukek trgturbr y dkzajbr aln bjgdkntls l ckcgebs
sg ks nkaksbrgl
Kstk ks un dkegabdkntl prksargtl y ekck lctknkrsk b trbvçs ek su
dçegal
Vukekn rkqukrgrsk agajls rkpktgels ek rg`bxgdgnb, sgkdprk quk
rkbpbrkzabn jls säntldbs gntkstgnbjks bslagbels.
 

Gnmrkegkntk # ; - Kstgdujbagñn ekj Nkrvgl Pbml

Kj prlpñsgtl ek jb kstgdujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml ekntrl ekj Vrltlaljl
Nkdkahko® ks suprgdgr jb gn`jbdbagñn sgstçdgab y ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl
akntrbj. Skeuagr jb gn`jbdbagñn pkrdgtk quk kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl sk rkaupkrk.

Jls ngòls y beujtls dknlrks ek trkgntb bòls ek kebe rkqugkrkn sljl

agnal dgnutls ek kstgdujbagñn trbnsautânkb alntgnub ekj nkrvgl vbml
(tPNQ plr sus sgmjbs kn gnmjçs) bj eäb
Aln jb aln`gmurbagñn bekaubeb, agnal dgnutls ek tPNQ sln
su`gagkntks pbrb rkeuagr sgmng`gabtgvbdkntk jb gn`jbdbagñn kn tlel kj
aukrpl eurbntk bj dknls 35 hlrbs
Kntrk jbs kebeks ek trkgntb y aubrkntb bòls, agnal dgnutls ek tPNQ
bj eäb pukekn nl skr su`gagkntks, y kj tgkdpl ek kstgdujbagñn pukek
rkqukrgr ek un budkntl ek unb l els hlrbs bj eäb
Jls pbagkntks dbylrks ek aubrkntb bòls ek dbnkrb absg ungvkrsbj
nkaksgtbn els hlrbs ek agajls ek tPNQ
 

MJLQBSGL

[n Crkvk Mjlsbrgl ek Uçrdgnls Agkntä`gals

•BJB, Âagel Bj`b-Jgnljçngal  - [n âagel mrbsl ldkmb-1, aldùndkntk
supjkdkntbel kn `lrdb ek nukaks, jgnl/jgnbzb l ahäb.
•Âagel Brbqugeñngal - Âagel mrbsl ldkmb-0 quk `lrdb pbrtk ekj prlaksl kn
jb prleuaagñn ek gn`jbdbagñn.
•Qgstkdb Nkrvglsl Butñnldl - Ks unb mrbn pbrtk ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl quk
rkmujb jb prksgñn brtkrgbj, allregnb jb `unagñn ek tlels jls ñrmbnls (alrbzñn,
gntkstgnls, vkigmb, kta.), alntrljb jb gn`jbdbagñn y rkmujb jb prleuaagñn ek
hlrdlnbs.
•Qlcrkarkagdgkntl Cbatkrgbnl - tçrdgnl quk b dknuel sk usb pbrb rk`krgrsk
bj arkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl kxaksgvl quk laurrk kn un skmdkntl ekj trbatl
gntkstgnbj. Dknls kspkaä`gal quk kj tçrdgnl QGCL, quk tbdcgçn gdpjgab unb
 prukcb plsgtgvb ek dktbnl l hgerñmknl kn kj bjgkntl l un kstuegl ek
aubntgtbtgvl bnlrdbj ek unb dukstrb plr bspgrbel tldbeb ekj gntkstgnl
ekjmbel.
•JAB - Jksgñn Akrkcrbj Baudujbtgvb. Kj ebòl baudujbtgvl rksujtbel ek jls
ek`katls rksgeubjks quk qukebn plstkrglr b un ebòl `äsgal, gn`jbdbtlrgl l
dktbcñjgal rkpbrbel ek dbnkrb gnalrrkatb.
•Alndlagñn  - [nb jksgñn `äsgab kn kj akrkcrl quk rksujtb kn säntldbs
pkrsgstkntks eurbntk vbrgls eäbs. Ubdcgçn ks alnlageb aldl unb jksgñn

akrkcrbj trbudâtgab dknlr l dUCG (plr sus sgmjbs kn gnmjçs).

•Jksgñn Akrkcrbj Baudujbtgvb  - Kj ebòl baudujbtgvl rksujtbel ek jls
ek`katls rksgeubjks quk qukebn plstkrglr b un ebòl `äsgal, gn`jbdbtlrgl l
dktbcñjgal rkpbrbel ek dbnkrb gnalrrkatb.
•Agtlqugnbs Bntg-Gn`jbdbtlrgbs  - Qustbnagbs quädgabs jgckrbebs plr jls
mjñcujls cjbnals quk egsdgnuykn jb rkspukstb gn`jbdbtlrgb.
•Agtlqugnbs Vrl-Gn`jbdbtlrgbs  - Qustbnagbs quädgabs jgckrbebs plr jls
mjñcujls cjbnals quk budkntbn jb rkspukstb gn`jbdbtlrgb.
•Sktrbsl kn kj Eksbrrljjl  - Jb eksbakjkrbagñn ek jb tbsb nlrdbj ek
dbeurbagñn nkurljñmgab y kdlaglnbj ek un ngòl. B dknuel kj rksujtbel ek jb
gn`jbdbagñn kxaksgvb, ek`gagknagbs nutrgaglnbjks y pleb nkurlnbj gnbekaubeb.
•Ektknagñn ekj Eksbrrljjl  - Jb gntkrrupagñn tltbj ek jb dbeurbagñn
nkurljñmgab y kdlaglnbj ek un ngòl. B dknuel kj rksujtbel ek jb gn`jbdbagñn
kxaksgvb, ek`gagknagbs nutrgaglnbjks y pleb nkurlnbj gnbekaubeb.
•EHB  - Kj âagel elalsbhkxbknlgal (EHB) ks un âagel mrbsl ldkmb-1,
bekdâs aldplnkntk kstruaturbj prgdbrgl ekj akrkcrl hudbnl, jb alrtkzb
akrkcrbj, jb pgkj y jb rktgnb. Jbs `ukntks egktçtgabs ekj EHB gnajuykn pksabels
ek abpturb sgjvkstrk, bakgtk ek pksabel y abrnk ek bngdbjks bjgdkntbels aln
su bjgdkntl nbturbj (plr kikdpjl, abrnk ek rkaks bjgdkntbebs aln pbstl).
•Knzgdbs Egmkstgvbs - Qupjkdkntls b dknuel bedgngstrbels pbrb dkilrbr jb
egmkstgñn y jls säntldbs gntkstgnbjks.
•Egscglsgs - Uçrdgnl utgjgzbel pbrb ek`gngr jb bjtkrbagñn mknkrbj ekj kqugjgcrgl
dgarlcgbnl nlrdbj ekntrl ekj trbatl gntkstgnbj. Jb egscglsgs pukek gnvljuarbr
 aubjqugkr skmdkntl ekj trbatl gntkstgnbj (clab, gntkstgnl ekjmbel l aljln), y
bunquk mknkrbjdkntk gdpjgab cbatkrgbs, tbdcgçn sk pukek usbr pbrb rk`krgrsk b
prltlzlls, hlnmls l brquklcbatkrgbs.
•KVB  - Kj âagel kgalsbpkntbknlgal (KVB) ks un âagel mrbsl ldkmb-1. Jbs
`ukntks egktçtgabs ekj EHB gnajuykn pksabels ek abpturb sgjvkstrk, bakgtk ek
pksabel y abrnk ek bngdbjks bjgdkntbels aln su bjgdkntl nbturbj (plr
kikdpjl, abrnk ek rkaks bjgdkntbebs aln pbstl).

•BLPK - Bakgtk ek Ljgvb Pgrmkn Kxtrb. Kj BLPK ks kj bakgtk ek ljgvb ek

dâs bjtb abjgebe y sk arkk quk plskk abrbatkrästgabs ek sbclr `bvlrbcjks.
Alntgknk âagel ljkgal quk ks un âagel mrbsl ldkmb 7.
•Gn`jbdbagñn  - [nb rkspukstb nlrdbj ekj sgstkdb gndunk pbrb aldcbtgr
gn`kaaglnks l rkpbrbr tkigels ebòbels. Jb gn`jbdbagñn kxaksgvb pukek
eksknabeknbr k`katls pkriuegagbjks kn kj lrmbngsdl.
•Qlcrkarkagdgkntl Cbatkrgbnl Gntkstgnbj  - B dknuel utgjgzbel pbrb
rk`krgrsk b jb prksknagb kxaksgvb ek cbatkrgbs ekntrl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel.
Kstbs cbatkrgbs aln `rkauknagb sk lrgmgnbn ekj aljln (gntkstgnl mruksl) y
dgmrbn ek `lrdb bnñdbjb hbstb kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel.
•Gnujgnb - Ks unb `gcrb vkmktbj prkcgñtgab ekrgvbeb ekj bmbvk, akcljjbs, bil, y
bahgalrgb, ks egmkrgeb prk`krkntkdkntk plr jls tgpls ek cbatkrgbs quk
nlrdbjdkntk aljlngzbn kj gntkstgnl ekjmbel.
•Âagel Jgnljçngal -[n âagel mrbsl ldkmb-0 quk `lrdb pbrtk ekj prlaksl ek
prleuaagñn ek gn`jbdbagñn. Qk knaukntrb aldùndkntk kn pjbntbs, y kn bjtbs
alnakntrbaglnks ekntrl ek unb bdpjgb vbrgkebe ek bakgtks aldkstgcjks.
•Dgarlmjgb, D6  - Qln unb `lrdb kspkagbjgzbeb ek mjñcujls cjbnals quk sk
jlabjgzbn kn kj akrkcrl. B dknuel sk jks alnlak aldl dgarlmjgb ek vgmgjbnagb
l pleb.

•Dgarlmjgb,
jlabjgzbn D2akrkcrl.
kn kj   - Qln unb `lrdb kspkagbjgzbeb
Vrldukvkn jb gn`jbdbagñneky mjñcujls
sln pbrtkcjbnals quk ek
ekj prlaksl sk
rkpbrbagñn sbjuebcjk, pkrl pukekn abusbr ebòls sg sk akcbn.
•Dgarlmjgb, D3  - Qln unb `lrdb kspkagbjgzbeb ek mjñcujls cjbnals quk sk
jlabjgzbn kn kj akrkcrl. Ektgknkn jb gn`jbdbagñn y sln pbrtk ekj prlaksl ek
 rkpbrbagñn sbjuebcjk.
•Dgarlmjgb, Akcbeb l Vrgdke  - Kstbs sln dgarlmjgbs quk sk trbns`lrdbn
pkrdbnkntkdkntk kn dgarlmjgb-DG y kvgtbn quk kj akrkcrl rkpbrk
aldpjktbdkntk jls trbudbs akrkcrbjks. Ubdcgçn sln unb `ukntk gdplrtbntk ek
agtlqugnbs gn`jbdbtlrgbs ekntrl ekj akrkcrl.
•dUCG  - Jksgñn akrkcrbj trbudâtgab dknlr (aln D dgnùsaujb). (plr sus
sgmjbs kn gnmjçs) [nb jksgñn akrkcrbj quk ks rkjbtgvbdkntk jkvk y ks alnlageb
aldùndkntk aldl alndlagñn akrkcrbj.

•DUCG  - Jksgñn akrkcrbj trbudâtgab dbylr (aln D dbyùsaujb). (plr sus

sgmjbs kn gnmjçs) [nb jksgñn akrkcrbj quk abusb ebòl akjujbr sgmng`gabtgvl y
quk b dknuel kstâ bslagbeb b sbnmrbel gntrbarbnkbj.
•Nkurlnb  - [nb açjujb ekntrl ekj akrkcrl quk trbnsplrtb l bjdbaknb
gn`lrdbagñn nkurljñmgab.
•Nkurlpjbstgagebe - Kj prlaksl b trbvçs ekj aubj kj akrkcrl eksbrrljjb nukvbs
väbs nkurlnbjks pbrb jb rkbjgzbagñn ek agkrtbs tbrkbs.
•Âagel Ljkgal -[n âagel mrbsl ldkmb-7 duy bcunebntk kn kj bakgtk ek ljgvb.
Kj âagel ljkgal cjlqukb kj ebòl akrkcrbj quk pukek skr abusbel plr kj kxaksl
ek âagels mrbsls ldkmb-0 y âagel pbjdätgal.

•Âagel Mrbsl Ldkmb-1

sln gdplrtbntks pbrb kj  -dktbcljgsdl
Kstls nutrgkntks sln âagels
nlrdbj. mrbsls gnsbturbels
Qln ajbsg`gabels aldl uny
nutrgkntk ksknagbj, plrquk jls skrks hudbnls sln gnabpbaks ek sgntktgzbr jls
âagels mrbsls ldkmb-1 y jls rkqugkrkn kn su egktb pbrb dbntknkrsk
sbjuebcjks.
•Âagel Mrbsl Ldkmb-0 - Kstls nutrgkntks sln unb `bdgjgb ek âagels mrbsls
pljggnsbturbels, prlgn`jbdbtlrgls y bntggn`jbdbtlrgls. Qk knaukntrbn
aldùndkntk kn jbs pjbntbs y sk ajbsg`gabn aldl nutrgkntks ksknagbjks.
•Âagel Mrbsl Ldkmb-7  - Kstls sln âagels mrbsls gnsbturbels y nl sln
nutrgkntks
un kikdpjlksknagbjks.
ek un âagelKjmrbsl
âagelldkmb-7.
ljçgal quk sk knaukntrb kn kj bakgtk ek ljgvb, ks

•Âagel Vbjdätgal - Kstk nutrgkntk ks kj âagel mrbsl sbturbel dâs aldùn, ks

hbjjbel kn bngdbjks, pjbntbs y dgarllrmbngsdls. Jbs abntgebeks kxaksgvbs ekj
dgsdl, kn jb egktb hudbnb rksujtb kn un budkntl ek jb gn`jbdbagñn ekntrl
 ekj akrkcrl.
•@knltgpl  - Kj `knltgpl ks jb abrbatkrästgab vgsgcjk ek añdl sk vk l sk
aldplrtb un bngdbj, açjujb l pjbntb. (Kj mknltgpl ks jb abrbatkrästgab
plsgcjkdkntk aleg`gabeb kn kj BEN ekj lrmbngsdl).
•Vrkcgñtgals - [nb `lrdb ek `gcrb quk gneuak kj arkagdgkntl l jb batgvgebe ek
jls dgarllrmbngsdls cknk`gaglsls, (plr kikdpjl, cbatkrgbs y hlnmls). Kj
kikdpjl dâs aldùn ks kn kj trbatl mbstrlgntkstgnbj, elnek jb egmkstgñn ek jbs
`gcrbs prkcgñtgabs pukek bjtkrbr jb aldplsgagñn ek jls lrmbngsdls quk `lrdbn

pbrtk ekj dgarlcgldb gntkstgnbj.

•Vrlcgñtgal  - Lrmbngsdls cbatkrgbnls quk sk gnmgkrkn l sk bòbekn b jls
bjgdkntls y sln pltknagbjdkntk cknk`gaglsls pbrb jb sbjue.
•Âagel Vrlpgñngal - [n âagel mrbsl ek abeknb alrtb, prleuagel plr cbatkrgbs
quk sk knaukntrbn kn kj trbatl gntkstgnbj.
•Sg`bMut - Ltrl nldcrk aldkragbj ek jb rg`bxgdgnb.
•Sg`bxgdgnb  -Kj nldcrk mknçrgal ekj bntgcgñtgal nl bcslrcgcjk,
aldkragbjgzbel cbil jb dbrab Xg`bxbnUD, Sg`bmut, Sg`bxgdgnb, y QGCL@gx.
•QGCL 4 Qlcrkarkagdgkntl Cbatkrgbnl ekj Gntkstgnl Ekjmbel (QGCL plr sus
sgmjbs kn gnmjçs). [nb `lrdb kspkaä`gab ek slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl, quk
sk egbmnlstgab dkegbntk unb prukcb plsgtgvb ek dktbnl l hgerñmknl kn kj
bjgkntl, l un kstuegl aubntgtbtgvl bnlrdbj, rkbjgzbel b un bspgrbel ek
gntkstgnl ekjmbel.
•QGCL@gx - Ltrl nldcrk aldkragbj ek jb rg`bxgdgnb.
•Kspbagl sgnâptgal  - [nb plragñn ek unb nkurlnb (l açjujb nkrvglsb) quk
pkrdgtk b jb nkurlnb pbsbr unb skòbj kjçatrgab l quädgab b ltrb nkurlnb.
•Kj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® - [n prlmrbdb ek trbtbdgkntl dçegal arkbel plr
kj Er. Vbtrgao D. Nkdkahko, E.L. slcrk jls dçtlels pbrb prkvkngr, rkeuagr l
rkvkrtgr kj ebòl butlnñdgal bmuel y/l arñngal dkegbntk jb suprksgñn ek
agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs, ùtgj kn kj trbtbdgkntl ek unb vbrgkebe ek
kn`krdkebeks l b`kaaglnks (Vbtkntk kstbelungeknsk Nl.26,11;,1;0).
•Knak`bjlpbtäb Uñxgab - Kj kstbel dçegal ek un ngòl auyl akrkcrl hb sgel
 ksknagbjdkntk erlmbel aln âagel prlpgñngal kxaksgvl.
•Jksgñn Akrkcrbj Urbudâtgab, UCG  - UCG plr sus sgmjbs kn gnmjçs, ks kj
tçrdgnl `labj pbrb unb jksgñn `äsgab kn jb abckzb quk rksujtb kn säntldbs quk
pkrdbnkakn plr dâs ek 35 hlrbs. Jkkr dUCG y DUCG.

•Nkrvgl
skòbjks ekPbml  - Kjpbrbsgdpâtgab
jb rbdb eçagdl nkrvglekjarbnkbj
sgstkdbekj aukrplbutñnldl.
nkrvglsl hudbnl, quk jjkvb jbs
•Kstgdujbagñn ekj Nkrvgl Pbml, PNQ - PNQ plr sus sgmjbs kn gnmjçs, ks un
trbtbdgkntl dçegal, quk alnsgstk kn jb alneuaagñn ek gdpujsls kjçatrgals bj

nkrvgl vbml kn kj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl. Ukrbpçutgabdkntk jb PNQ

rkeuak jb gn`jbdbagñn b ngvkj akrkcrbj y alrplrbj, bekdâs ks abpbz ek gneuagr
jb nkurlpjbstgagebe.
•Mjñcujls Cjbnals (MC) - Jbs açjujbs quk aln`lrdbn kj sgstkdb gndunk, b
dknuel sln eknldgnbels mjñcujls cjbnals l MC.
Xg`bxbn - Nldcrk aldkragbj ek unb `lrdujbagñn ek rg`bxgdgnb ek jgckrbagñn
prljlnmbeb, aldkragbjgzbeb kn jls Kstbels [ngels.
 

SK@KSKNAGBQ AGKNUÄ@GABQ

Hkdls prlplraglnbel unb dukstrb ek jls duahls brtäaujls ek gnvkstgmbagñn

quk hbn byuebel b ebr `lrdb bj eksbrrljjl ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®.
 

Egs`unagñn Butlnñdgab9
Ubyjlr KA,
KA, Jgvgnmstln JB, Abjjbn DI, Bshwgn A, Qhbh V. Butlnldga
eys`unatgln gn butgsd9 Uhk rljks l` bnxgkty, ekprkssgln, bne strkss. Butgsd.
3632 Ibn 359210310213678;0;8. elg9 26.22==/210310213678;0;8. Kpuc
bhkbe l` prgnt. VDGE9 11572502.
Olnm X, Jgu I, Jgu O, Olh D, Ugbn S, Hlccgk A, @lnm D, Ahkn R, Yhbl D,
Cueibn A, Olnm I. Bjtkrke Butlnldga @unatglns bne Mut Dgarlcgldk gn
Gnegvgeubjs wgth Butgsd Qpkatrud Egslrekr (BQE)9 Gdpjgabtglns `lr
Bssgstgnm BQE Qarkkngnm bne Egbmnlsgs. I Butgsd Ekv Egslre. 3632
Ibn?;2(2)9255-2;=. elg9 26.266=/s26861-636-65;35-2. VDGE9 1352667=.
Uhbpb S, Vlolrsog G, Bdcbrahg Y, Uhldbs K, Ekdbyl D, Clujtln O,
Dbtthkws Q, Vbtkj Q, Qkekjg G, Hgaogk GC, Mubstkjjb BI. Hkbrt Sbtk Pbrgbcgjgty
gn Ahgjerkn ]gth Butgsd Qpkatrud Egslrekr bne Bsslagbtglns ]gth
Dkegabtgln bne Qydptld Qkvkrgty. Butgsd Sks. 3632 Ibn?25(2)9=;-8;. elg9
26.2663/bur.351=. Kpuc 3636 Nlv 33. VDGE9 1133;033.
Cbudbnn A, Sbolwsog [, Cuahhlrn S. Ldkmb-1 @btty Bage
Quppjkdkntbtgln Gdprlvks Hkbrt Sbtk Pbrgbcgjgty gn Lcksk Ahgjerkn. Gnt I
Vkegbtr. 3628 @kc 30?362898=87065. elg9 26.22;;/3628/8=87065. VDGE9
370827;1? VDAGE9 VDA;850101.
Hgurb D, Nbrgbg U, Qbobtb D, Dutb B, Gshgcbshg O, ]bmbtsudb O, Ubml U,
Ulylhbrb I, Gshgg O, Dbkhbrb U. Sksplnsk l` Akrkcrbj Cjlle @jlw bne Cjlle
Vrkssurk tl Eynbdga Kxkragsk9 B Qtuey [sgnm VKU. Gnt I Qplrts Dke. 3628
@kc?17(1)9282-288. elg9 26.26;;/s-6651-23105=. Kpuc 3628 Ibn 33. VDGE9
 371;73==.
Ciørojune M. Akrkcrbj hyplpkr`usgln gn butgsd spkatrud egslrekr. Batb
Nkurlcglj Kxpl (]brs). 3628?=8(2)932-37. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/
pucdke/37075118

Mlledbn C. Butlnldga Eys`unatgln gn Butgsd Qpkatrud Egslrekrs (BQE).

 Nkurljlmy  Bprgj ;, 3620 vlj. 80 nl. 20 Quppjkdknt V;.22=. http9//www.
nkurljlmy.lrm/alntknt/80/20\Quppjkdknt/V;.22=

Bnekrsln AI kt bj. Vupgj bne Qbjgvbry Gnegabtlrs l` Butlnldga Eys`unatgln

gn Butgsd Qpkatrud Egslrekr.  Ekvkjlpdkntbj psyahlcgljlmy.

3621?;;(;)926.2663/ekv.326;2.
VDA1813253/ https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/
Mlledbn C kt bj. Butlnldga Nkrvlus Qystkd Eys`unatgln gn Alnaussgln.
 Nkurljlmy @kcrubry 23, 3621 vlj. 86 nl. = Quppjkdknt V62.30;. http9//www.
nkurljlmy.lrm/alntknt/86/=\Quppjkdknt/V62.30;
Jb @luntbgnk D@. kt bj. Butlnldga Nkrvlus Qystkd Sksplnsks tl
Alnaussgln9 Brtkrgbj Vujsk Alntlur Bnbjysgs.  @rlntgkrs gn Nkurljlmy  =
(3620)9 21. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA5=;0225/
Bdhke O. Bsskssdknt l` Butlnldga @unatgln gn Ahgjerkn wgth Butgsd bne
Nlrdbj Ahgjerkn [sgnm Qpkatrbj Bnbjysgs bne Vlsturk Kntrbgndknt9 B Vgjlt
Qtuey. I l` Nkurljlmy bne Nkurlsagknak. 362;. Plj. 0 Nl. 191=. http9//www.
nkurl.ald/nkurljlmy-nkurlsagknak/bsskssdknt-l`-butlnldga-`unatgln-gn-
ahgjerkn-wgth-butgsd-bne-nlrdbj-ahgjerkn-usgnm-spkatrbj-bnbjysgs-bne-
plsturk-kntrbgndknt-b-pgjlt-stuey.pe`
 

Qlcrkarkagdgkntl Cbatkrgbnl9
Qbntls BNES, Qlbrks BA@, Ljgvkgrb SV, Dlrbgs DC. UHK GDVBAU L@
QDBJJ GNUKQUGNBJ CBAUKSGBJ LPKSMSL]UH LN UHK MSL]UH
L@ AHGJESKN BNE BELJKQAKNUQ. Skv Vbuj Vkegbtr. 3636 Ibn
21?189k3628205. elg9 26.2;76/2785-6503/3636/18/3628205. VDGE9
12717;6=? VDAGE9 VDA07;8;52.
Hllm AD, Jgneckrm M, Qilqvgst [. @gnegnms gn pbtgknts wgth ahrlnga
gntkstgnbj eysdltgjgty gnvkstgmbtke cy abpsujk knelsalpy. CDA
Mbstrlkntkrlj. 366= Iuj 28?=937. elg9 26.2280/25=2-316X-=-37. VDGE9
2=0561=1? VDAGE9 VDA2756620.
]bnm J, Wu WD, Yhbnm WR, Yhbnm I, Ju N, Jgu N. Hyerlmkn crkbth tkst tl
ektkat sdbjj gntkstgnbj cbatkrgbj lvkrmrlwth9 b prkvbjknak absk-alntrlj stuey
gn butgsd. Kur Ahgje Beljksa Vsyahgbtry. 3628 @kc?3=(3)9311-356. elg9
26.266=/s66=8=-62=-2617-3. Kpuc 362= Bum 26. VDGE9 38=77675.
Jgu Y, Dbl X, Ebn Y, Vkg W, Xu S, Mul D, Jgu O, Yhbnm @, Ahkn I, Qu A,
Yhubnm W, Ubnm I, Xgb W, Rgn J, Hu Y, Jgu X. Mknk vbrgbtglns gn butgsd
spkatrud egslrekr brk bsslagbtke wgth bjtkrbtgln l` mut dgarlcgltb,
dktbcljgtks bne aytlognks. Mut Dgarlcks. 3632 Ibn-Eka?21(2)92-20. elg9
26.2686/275767=0.3636.28;570=. VDGE9 11523777? VDAGE9 VDA=868530.
Slussgn J, Vrgnak N, Vkrkz-Vbrel V, Orbnkvkje BE, Sbclt Q, Nbueln J.
Sljk l` thk Mut Dgarlcgltb gn thk Vbthlphysgljlmy l` Butgsd Qpkatrud
Egslrekr9 Ajgngabj bne Vrkajgngabj Kvgeknak. Dgarllrmbngsds. 3636 Qkp
=?8(7)92107. elg9 26.1176/dgarllrmbngsds8672107. VDGE9 137600;0?
 VDAGE9 VDA=;012=;.
DbrtÄn-Dbslt S, Dljgnb Brgbs D, Egbz Dbrtgn II, Agjjkrukjl Vbsaubj DJ,
Mutgkrrkz Iunqukrb A, Elnbt K, Sldân Sgkahdbnn K, Nbvbs-Jñpkz PD.
Dbnbmkdknt l` sdbjj gntkstgnbj cbatkrgbj lvkrmrlwth cy pbkegbtrga
mbstrlkntkrljlmgsts gn Qpbgn. Skv Ksp Kn`krd Egm. 3636 Eka 37. elg9
26.2=31;/rkke.3636.=;83/3636. Kpuc bhkbe l` prgnt. VDGE9 111=2=26.
Bvkjbr Slergmukz E, Sybn VD, Ulrl Dlnibrbz KD, Sbdgrkz Dbybns IB,
Rugmjky KD. Qdbjj Gntkstgnbj Cbatkrgbj Lvkrmrlwth gn Ahgjerkn9 B Qtbtk-L`-

Uhk-Brt Skvgkw. @rlnt Vkegbtr. 3627 Qkp 5?=9101. elg9

26.1187/`pke.3627.66101. VDGE9 12;;336=? VDAGE9 VDA0=1=385.

Bebds IC kt bj. Mbstrlgntkstgnbj `jlrb bne mbstrlgntkstgnbj stbtus gn ahgjerkn

wgth butgsd -- aldpbrgslns tl typgabj ahgjerkn bne alrrkjbtgln wgth butgsd
skvkrgty. CDA Mbstrlkntkrljlmy. 3622. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/
pucdke/32526715
]bnm J. Hyerlmkn crkbth tkst tl ektkat sdbjj gntkstgnbj cbatkrgbj lvkrmrlwth9
b prkvbjknak absk alntrlj stuey gn butgsd.  Kur Ahgje Beljksa Vsyahgbtry.
362= Bum 26. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/38=77675
Hsgbl KW kt bj. Uhk dgarlcgltb dleujbtks mut physgljlmy bne ckhbvglrbj
bcnlrdbjgtgks bsslagbtke wgth butgsd. Akjj. 3621?2;;(=)925;2-2501. https9//
www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA187=175/
Arybn I@ kt bj. Dgne-bjtkrgnm dgarllrmbngsds9 thk gdpbat l` thk mut
dgarlcgltb ln crbgn bne ckhbvglur.  Nbt Skv Nkurlsag. 3623 Lat?21(26)9=62-
23. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/337082;1
Abl X, Jgu O, Jgu I, Jgu W], Xu J, ]bnm H, Yhu W, ]bnm V, Jg Y, ]kn I,
Qhkn A, Jg D, Ngk Y, Olnm XI. Eyscgltga Mut Dgarlcgltb bne Eysrkmujbtgln
l` Aytlognk Vrl`gjk gn Ahgjerkn bne Ukkns ]gth Butgsd Qpkatrud Egslrekr.
@rlnt Nkurlsag. 3632 @kc 26?2;901;73;. elg9 26.1187/`ngns.3632.01;73;.
VDGE9 11053787? VDAGE9 VDA=7638=;.
 

Jksgñn Akrkcrbj Baudujbtgvb9

Baudujbtgvb9
Ahbnm HO, Hsu I], ]u IA, Hubnm OJ, Ahbnm HA, Cbg WD, Ahkn UI, Ahkn
DH. Urbudbtga Crbgn
Crbgn Gniury gn Kbrjy Ahgjehlle bne Sgso
Sgso l` Bttkntgln-
Ek`gagt/Hypkrbatgvgty Egslrekr bne Butgsd Qpkatrud Egslrekr9 B Nbtglnwgek
Jlnmgtuegnbj Qtuey. I Ajgn Vsyahgbtry. 3628 Lat 20?=7(0)92=d228;=. elg9
26.5688/IAV.2=d228;=. VDGE9 1656155;.
Ciørojune M, Okrn IO, [rcgnb DB, Qbbe O, Kj-Hlu`ky BB, Mkgkr EB,
Ahgrudcljl Q, Mkgkr DS, Dkhtb IB, Bbskth I. Akrkcrbj hyplpkr`usgln gn
butgsd spkatrud egslrekr. Batb Nkurlcglj Kxp (]brs). 3628?=8(2)932-37.
VDGE9 37075118.
Aunngnmhbd A. Dgarlmjgb bne nkurlekmknkrbtgln9 thk rljk l` systkdga
gn`jbddbtgln.
gn`jbdd https9//www.nacg.
btgln. I Nkurlsag.  3621 Dbr 0?11(26)95320-11. https9//www.nacg.
njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/330=5;8;
Cgjcl Q, Qtkvkns C. Dgarlmjgb9 Uhk Crbgn's @grst Sksplnekrs. Akrkcrud. 362=
Nlv 2?362=9akr-25-2=. VDGE9 16326001? VDAGE9 VDA0213650.
Ljskn BC, Hktz SB, Xuk H, Brlld OS, Chbttbrbg E, Ilhnsln K, Ckeg Q,
Alx AQ Ir, [rby O. K``kats l` trbudbtga crbgn gniury ln gntkstgnbj
alntrbatgjgty. Nkurlmbstrlkntkrlj Dltgj. 3621 Iuj?3;(=)9;71-k501. elg9
26.2222/ndl.23232. Kpuc 3621 Bpr 3. VDGE9 31;;27=2? VDAGE9
VDA1783=72.
]bmkr-Qdgth, Obrkn, bne Bthgnb Dbrolu. Ekprkssgln9 B Skpbgr Sksplnsk tl
Qtrkss-Gneuake Nkurlnbj Dgarlebdbmk Uhbt Abn Mrbek gntl b Ahrlnga
 Nkurlgn`jbddbtlry Alnegtgln< Nkurlsagknak bne cglckhbvglrbj rkvgkws 1;.1
(3622)9 =53‑=05. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/36881=288

Hgstbdgnb9
Aljjgns Q, Skge M. Egstbnt Qgtk K``kats l` Gnmkstke Vrkcgltgas.  Nutrgknts.
3620?8(7)9;31. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA;61=;26/
Pgsagbnl V kt bj. Cglmknga Bdgnks gn Sbw bne Vrlaksske Qkb`lle.  @rlntgkrs
gn Dgarlcgljlmy. 3623?19288. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/
VDA110011;/
@knm a kt bj. Hgstbdgnk (Qaldcrlge) @gsh Vlgslngnm9 b Aldprkhknsgvk
Skvgkw. Ajgn Skv Bjjkrmy Gddunlj. 3620 @kc?;6(2)905-7. https9//www.nacg.
njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/3;8=0=67
Ign X kt bj. Gnarkbske gntkstgnbj pkrdkbcgjgty gn pbthlmknksgs bne prlmrkss l`
nlnbjalhljga
nlnbjalh ljga stkbtlhkpbtgtgs gn rbts. ]lrje Ilurnbj l` Mbstrlkntkrljlmy
Mbstrlkntkrljlmy 9
]IM. 366=?21(22)92=13-2=10. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/
2=5025=7
Mul W kt kt bj. @unatglnbj ahbnmks l` gntkstgnbj dualsbj cbrrgkr gn surmgabjjy
argtgabj pbtgknts. ]lrje Ilurnbj l` Kdkrmknay Dkegagnk. 3626?2(1)936;-368.
https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA52370=8/
https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA52370=8/
Gn`jbdbagñn9
Ib`brg B, ek Jgdb Xbvgkr J, Ckrnstkgn IE, Qgdlnybn O, Cjkgkr CQ.
Bsslagbtgln l` Qgnlnbsbj Gn`jbddbtgln ]gth @unatglnbj Crbgn Alnnkatgvgty.
IBDB Ltljbrynmlj Hkbe Nkao Qurm. 3632 Bpr 8. elg9
26.2662/ibdbltl.3632.6365. Kpuc bhkbe l` prgnt. VDGE9 11816275.
 Yknmkjkr OK, Juokns IS. Gnnbtk gddungty bt thk arlssrlbes l` hkbjthy crbgn
dbturbtgln bne nkurlekvkjlpdkntbj egslrekrs. Nbt Skv Gddunlj. 3632 Ibn
32. elg9 26.2618/s52;==-636-6658=-=. Kpuc bhkbe l` prgnt. VDGE9
115=75==.
Jg WI, Yhbnm X, Jg WD. Bntgnkurlgn`jbddbtlry thkrbpy9 pltkntgbj trkbtdknt
`lr butgsd spkatrud egslrekr cy gnhgcgtgnm mjgbj batgvbtgln bne rkstlrgnm
synbptga `unatgln. ANQ Qpkatr. 3636 Bum?3;(5)9571-;62. elg9
26.262=/Q26738;3727662061. Kpuc 3627 Lat 37. VDGE9 120;7750.

Alldky S, Qtlwkjj S, Dbikwsob B, Urlpkb E. Uhk Sljk l` Dgarlmjgb gn

Nkurlekvkjlpdkntbj Egslrekrs bne thkgr Uhkrbpkutgas. Aurr Ulp Dke Ahkd.

3636?36(5)93=3-3=0. elg9 26.32=5/2;086300360003663322=3027. VDGE9

1367211=? VDAGE9 VDA=131227.
Dlttbhkegn B, Brebjbn D, Ahudbo U, Sgkck G, Ko I, Dbjjbre A. K``kat l`
Nkurlgn`jbddbtgln ln Qynbptga Lrmbngzbtgln bne @unatgln gn thk
Ekvkjlpgnm Crbgn9 Gdpjgabtglns `lr Nkurlekvkjlpdkntbj bne
Nkurlekmknkrbtgvk Egslrekrs. @rlnt Akjj Nkurlsag. 362= Iuj 22?229276. elg9
26.1187/`nakj.362=.66276. VDGE9 38=55366? VDAGE9 VDA;;6567=.
Dbelrk A, Jkyrljjk R, Jbabcbnnk A, Ckndbdbr-Cbekj B, Il``rk A, Nbeibr
B, Jbyç Q. Nkurlgn`jbddbtgln gn Butgsd9 Vjbusgcjk Sljk l` Dbtkrnbj
Gn`jbddbtgln, Egktbry
3620?362091;7=367. Ldkmb 1, bne Dgarlcgltb.
elg9 26.22;;/3620/1;7=367. Nkurbj
Kpuc 3620 Lat Vjbst.
36. VDGE9
3=856=52? VDAGE9 VDA;6713=7.
Abl X, Jgu O, Jgu I, Jgu W], Xu J, ]bnm H, Yhu W, ]bnm V, Jg Y, ]kn I,
Qhkn A, Jg D, Ngk Y, Olnm XI. Eyscgltga Mut Dgarlcgltb bne Eysrkmujbtgln
l` Aytlognk Vrl`gjk gn Ahgjerkn bne Ukkns ]gth Butgsd Qpkatrud Egslrekr.
@rlnt Nkurlsag. 3632 @kc 26?2;901;73;. elg9 26.1187/`ngns.3632.01;73;.
VDGE9 11053787? VDAGE9 VDA=7638=;.
 

Gnujgnb9
Okjjlw NI kt bj. K``kat l` egktbry prkcgltga suppjkdkntbtgln ln bevbnake
mjyabtgln, gnsujgn rksgstbnak bne gn`jbddbtlry cgldbrokrs gn beujts wgth prk-
egbcktks9 b stuey prltlalj `lr b elucjk-cjgne pjbakcl-alntrljjke rbneldgzke
arlsslvkr ajgngabj trgbj. CDA Knelargnk Egslrekrs. 3625?259;;. https9//www.
nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/3;62205=
Hlpogns DI, Dba`brjbnk MU. Nlnegmkstgcjk Ljgmlsbaahbrgeks Knhbnak
Cbatkrgbj Aljlngzbtgln Sksgstbnak bmbgnst Ajlstrgegud eg``gagjk  Gn
Pgtrl.  Bppjgke bne Knvgrlndkntbj Dgarlcgljlmy. 3661?07(5)92736-273=.
https9//w
https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA2;5860/
ww.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA2;5860/
Aljjgns Q, Skge M. Egstbnt Qgtk K``kats l` Gnmkstke Vrkcgltgas.  Nutrgknts.
3620?8(7)9;31. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA
https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA;61=;26/
;61=;26/
Qjbvgn I. Qgmng`gabnak l` Gnujgn @ruatbns gn thk Hudbn Egkt. Aldprk Skv gn
Qagknak bne @lle Qb`kty. 362; 25?29 1=‑5=. http9//lnjgnkjgcrbry.wgjky.
 @lle Qagknak
ald/elg/26.2222/2;52-511=.23227/bcstrbat
 

Dgarlmjgb y Nkurlgn`jbdbagñn9
Nkurlgn`jbdbagñn9
Alldky S, Qtlwkjj S, Dbikwsob B, Urlpkb E. Uhk Sljk l` Dgarlmjgb gn
Nkurlekvkjlpdkntbj Egslrekrs bne thkgr Uhkrbpkutgas. Aurr Ulp Dke Ahkd.
3636?36(5)93=3-3=0. elg9 26.32=5/2;086300360003663322=3027. VDGE9
1367211=?
1367211 =? VDAGE9 VDA=131227.
Vktrkjjg @, Vuaag J, Ckzzg V. Bstrlaytks bne Dgarlmjgb bne Uhkgr Vltkntgbj
Jgno wgth
wgth Butgsd Qpkatrud Egslrekrs.  @rlntgkrs gn Akjjujbr Nkurlsagknak
Nkurlsagknak.
3620?26932. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA5=;230;/
Nlrekn, ED kt bj. Dgarlmjgbj Vrgdgnm bne Knhbnake Skbatgvgty tl Qkalnebry
Gnsujt gn Bmgnm, 
Bmgnm,  bne Urbudbtga ANQ Gniury, bne Nkurlekmknkrbtgvk
Nku rlekmknkrbtgvk
Egskbsk.  Nkurlphbrdbaljlmy  70.6 6 (362;)9 37‑52. https9//www.nacg.njd.
ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA551650=/
ngh.mlv/p da/brtgajks/VDA551650=/
Abjbcrksk, @ kt bj. Crbgn-Ekrgvke Nkurltrlphga @batlr9 B Crgemk cktwkkn
Gn`jbddbtgln bne Nkurlpjbstgagty.  @rlntgkrs gn Akjjujbr Nkurlsagknak  8
(3625)9 516. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA
https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA53=1031/
53=1031/
Aunngnmhbd, Aljd. Qystkdga Gn`jbddbtgln bne Ekjgrgud ‑ Gdplrtbnt Al-
@batlrs gn thk Vrlmrkssgln l` Ekdkntgb. Cglahkdgabj Qlagkty
Urbnsbatglns  17.5 (3622)9 75;‑7;1. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/
32=8=138
Vbljgakjjg SA kt bj. Qynbptga prungnm cy dgarlmjgb gs nkakssbry
`lr nlrdbj crbgn ekvkjlpdknt. Qagknak 3622 Qkp 7?111(0658)925;0-8. https9//
www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/32==8103
 

Âagels Mrbsls Ldkmb9

Dbrgbdknbtu BH, Bceu KD. Lvkralnsudptgln
Lvkralnsudptgln l` Ldkmb-0 Vljyu
Vljyunsbturbtke
nsbturbtke
@btty Bages (V[@Bs) vkrsus Ek`gagknay
Ek`gagknay l` Ldkmb-1 V[@Bs gn D Dlekrn-Eby
lekrn-Eby
Egkts9 Uhk Egsturcgnm
Egsturcgnm @batlr `lr 
`lr  Uhkgr "Cbjbnake Bntbmlngstga Dktbcljga
@unatglns" gn thk Hudbn Cley. I I  Jgpges. 3632 Dbr 2=?363298858202.
2=?36329885 8202. elg9
26.22;;/3632/8858202. VDGE9 1182;85;?
1182;85;? VDAGE9 VDA=776;16.
Qgdlplujls BV. Uhk gdplrtbnak l` thk ldkmb-0/ldkmb-1 `btty ba bage
ge rbtgl gn
abreglvbsaujbr egskbsk bne lthkr ahrlnga
ahrlnga egskbsks. Kxp Cglj Dke (D
(Dbywlle).
bywlle).
3668 Iun?311(0)90=5-88. elg9 26.1282/6=22-DS-122.
26.1282/6=22-DS-122. Kpuc 366 36688 Bpr 22.
VDGE9 28568256.
Dbeskn J, Orgstgbnskn O. L` dgak
dg ak bne dkn9 @batlrs bcrlmbtgnm 
bcrlmbtgnm  thk bntg-
lcksgty k``kat
k``kat l` ldkmb-1 `btty bages. 3623?2(1)92=1-2=0. https9//
bages.  Begplaytk. 3623?2(1)92=1-2=0.
www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA1067670/
www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajk s/VDA1067670/
Skgdkrs B, Jiunm H. Uhk kdkrmgnm
kdkrmgnm rljk l` ldkmb-1 `btty bbages
ages bs b
thkrbpkutga lptgln gn nkurlpsyahgbtrga
nkurlpsyahgbtrga egslrekrs. Uhkr Bev Vsyahlphbrdbalj
Vsyahlphbrdbalj.
3627?79365;23;1278;8762. Vucjgshke 3627 Iun 
Iun  35.
elg926.22==/365;23;1278;8762
Kj-Bnsbry BO kt bj. Ln thk prltkatgvk
prltkatgvk k``kat l` ldkmb-1 bmbgnst
bmbgnst   prlpglnga
bage-gneuake nkurltlxgagty gn rbt
rbt pups.  Jgpges gn Hkbjth bne
bne   Egskbsk.
3622?269253. https9//www.nacg.njd
https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA12=6
.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA12=6312/312/
Ahbnm, V kt bj. Elalsbhkxbknlga 
Elalsbhkxbknlga  Bage (EHB)9 B Dleujbtlr l` Dgarlmjgb
Batgvgty bne Eknergtga Qpgnk Dlrphljlmy. Ilurnbj l` Nkurlgn`jbddbtgln  23
 (362;)9 15. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA5155=;5/
Vbttkrsln K kt bj. Hkbjth Gdpjgabtglns l` Hgmh Egktbry Ldkmb-0
Vljyunsbturbtke @btty Bages. Ilurnbj l` Nutrgtgln bne Dktbcljgsd.
3623?36239;17530. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/33;=6==6

Hbrvky, JE. kt bj. Bedgngstrbtgln

Qtrkss-Bsslagbtke l` EHB
Gn`jbddbtgln bne Skeuaks
Bjtkrs Knelpjbsdga
Dgarlmjgbj Sktgaujud
lr Dbarlphbmk
Batgvbtgln gn Urbudbtga Crbgn Gniury.  BQN Nkurl  =.0 (362;)9
2=;767252;028707. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/

VDA5=2623=/
Jgu, II. kt bj. Vbthwbys l` Vljyunsbturbtke @btty Bage [tgjgzbtgln9
Gdpjgabtglns `lr Crbgn @unatgln gn Nkurlpsyahgbtrga Hkbjth bne
Egskbsk. Crbgn rkskbrah  6 (362;)9 336‑350. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/
pda/brtgajks/VDA5117125/
Ugtls K kt bj. Sksljvgn E2 bne gts prkaurslr elalsbhkxbknlga bage prldltk
rksljutgln l` begplsk tgssuk gn`jbddbtgln cy kjgagtgnm dbarlphbmk
pljbrgzbtgln tlwbre bn D3-jgok phknltypk. I Gddun.  3622 Nlv
2;?28=(26)9;568-28. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/3362122;
Ahkn Q kt bj. n-1 V[@B suppjkdkntbtgln cknk`gts dgarlmjgbj rksplnsks tl
dykjgn pbthljlmy. Qagkntg`ga Skplrts. 3625?59=5;8. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.
mlv/pucdke/3;;66;58
Dgnoyunm O kt bj. Gdpbat l` 8-wkko jgnljkga bage gntbok gn sly lgj ln Jp-
VJB3 batgvgty gn hkbjthy beujts.  Nutr & Dktbc. 362=. 25913. https9//www.
nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA;53387;/
Ahrgstgbn JD kt bj. Cley wkgmht b``kats χ-1 pljyunsbturbtke `btty bage
(V[@B) baaudujbtgln gn yluth `ljjlwgnm suppjkdkntbtgln gn plst-hla
bnbjysks l` b rbneldgzke alntrljjke trgbj.  VJlQ LNK. 362=?23(5)9k62=168=.
https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA;182==1/

Gmbrbshg
Gnarkbsks DElalsbhkxbknlga
kt bj. Egktbry N-0 Vljyunsbturbtke
Bage (EHB) gn Sbt @btty Crbgn.
Bage Ekprgvbtglns
Ilurnbj l
 Nkurlahkdgstry. 3623?236(0)978;-77=. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/
brtgajks/VDA1370880/
 Mruney U kt bj. Jlnm-tkrd ldkmb-1 suppjkdkntbtgln dleujbtks ckhbvglr,
hgpplabdpbj `btty bage alnakntrbtgln, nkurlnbj prlmkngtlr prljg`krbtgln bne
akntrbj UN@-β kxprkssgln gn = dlnth lje unahbjjknmke dgak.  @rlntgkrs gn
Akjjujbr Nkurlsagknak. 3625?89177. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/
brtgajks/VDA5356207/

Dbzbhkry H, Qtlnkhlusk ], Ekjshbe D, Orumkr DA, Alnjln AB, Ckao OJ,

vln Hurst VS. Skjbtglnshgp cktwkkn Jlnm Ahbgn n-1 Vljyunsbturbtke @btty
Bages bne Butgsd Qpkatrud Egslrekr9 Qystkdbtga Skvgkw bne Dktb-Bnbjysgs
l` Absk-Alntrlj bne Sbneldgske Alntrljjke Urgbjs. Nutrgknts. 362= @kc

27?7(3)92;;. elg9 26.1176/nu76362;;. VDGE9 38328=33? VDAGE9

VDA;112;80.
 

Vrkvkntgln9
Ahu ED kt bj. Dbturbtgln 
Dbturbtgln  l` thk Gn`bnt Dgarlcgldk Alddungty
Alddu ngty Qtruaturk
bne @unatgln Barlss Dujtgpjk Cley Qgtks bne gn Skjbtgln tl Dlek l`
Ekjgvkry.  Nbturk dkegagnk. 362=?31(1)9125-130. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.
mlv/pucdke/38223=10
Brsjbnlmju Q kt bj. Kbrjy suppjkdkntbtgln l` prkcgltga ljgmlsbaahbrgeks
prltkats `lrdujb-`ke gn`bnts bmbgnst gn`katglns eurgnm thk `grst 0 dlnths l`
jg`k. I Nutr.  366= Nlv?21=(22)93536-5. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/
pucdke/2=7;25=7

Hkjjbne GC kt bj. Dbtkrnbj suppjkdkntbtgln wgth vkry-jlnm-ahbgn n-1 `btty

bages eurgnm prkmnbnay bne jbatbtgln bumdknts ahgjerkn's GR bt 5 ykbrs l`
bmk.  Vkegbtrgas.  3661 Ibn?222(2)9k17-55. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/
 Vkegbtrgas. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/
pucdke/23;67;71
Eksbg kt bj. Ekpjktgln l` Crbgn Elalsbhkxbknlga Bage Gdpbgrs Skalvkry
`rld Urbudbtga
Urbudbtga Crbgn Gniury. Bnnunzgbtl J, ke.  VJ lQ LNK.
 VJlQ
3625?7(2)9k805=3. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/355=;230
Abrjsln QK kt bj. EHB suppjkdkntbtgln bne prkmnbnay lutal lutaldks.
dks. Uhk
dkrgabn
dkrgab n Ilurnbj l` Ajgngabj Nutrgtgln. 3621?7=(5)9868-82;. htt
https9//www.
ps9//www.
nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/31530611
Abrvbibj IB. Elalsbhkxbknlga Bage Quppjkdkntbtgln Kbrjy gn Vrkmnbnay
Dby Vrkvknt Ekkp Vjbakntbtgln Egslrekrs. CglDke Skskbrah Gntkrnbtglnbj.
3625?36259;3087;. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/3;627685
 @uoueb H kt bj. Gnhgcgtgln l` sydpbthktga pbthwbys rkstlrks plstlpkrbtgvk
gjkus gn thk uppkr bne jlwkr mbstrlgntkstgnbj trbat. I Mbstrlkntkrlj Hkpbtlj.
366= Bum?33(8)923717. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/2=088008
Vkrrgnm Q kt bj. Bsskssdknt l` ahbnmks gn abregba butlnldga tlnk rksujtgnm
`rld gn`jbddbtlry
 Gdbmgnm. rksplnsk tl thk gn`juknzb
3623 Nlv?13(0)951=-55. vbaagnbtgln. Ajgn Vhysglj @unat 
https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/
31612605

Ibk QW kt bj. Elks bn bautk gn`jbddbtlry rksplnsk tkdplrbrgjy bttknubtk

pbrbsydpbthktga rkbatgvbtgln< Ajgn Butln Sks.  3626 Bum?36(5)9337-11.
https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/3651=6=0
Ek ]gjet EI kt bj. Gdpbgrke butlnldga rksplnsgvknkss l` thk abreglvbsaujbr
systkd l` thk rbt gneuake cy b hkbt-jbcgjk aldplnknt l` Clrektkjjb pkrtussgs
vbaagnk.  Gn`katgln bne
bn e Gddungty . 2781?52(3)95=0-582. https9//www.nacg.njd.
ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA30500;/
Obshgwbmg W kt bj. Vrleuatgln l` gn`jbddbtlry aytlognks gn rksplnsk tl
egphthkrgb-pkrtussgs-tktbnus (EVU), hbkdlphgjus gn`juknzbk typk c (Hgc), bne
=-vbjknt pnkudlalaabj (VAP=) vbaagnks.  Hudbn Pbaagnks &
 Gddunlthkrbpkutgas. 3625?26(1)90==-08;. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/

pda/brtgajks/VDA52163;;/
Boghl H kt bj. Aytlognk-gneuake bjtkrbtglns l` mbstrlgntkstgnbj dltgjgty gn
mbstrlgntkstgnbj egslrekrs. ]lrje Ilurnbj l` Mbstrlgntkstgnbj
 Vbthlphysgljlmy. 3622?3(;)9=3-82. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/
brtgajks/VDA1270033/
Pbntrbppkn M kt bj. Uhk Gntkregmkstgvk Dltlr Aldpjkx l` Nlrdbj Qucikats
bne Vbtgknts wgth Cbatkrgbj Lvkrmrlwth l` thk Qdbjj Gntkstgnk. Ilurnbj l
Ajgngabj Gnvkstgmbtgln. 27==?;7(0)922;8-2200. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/
pda/brtgajks/VDA1=3137/
Ibalcs A kt bj. Eysdltgjgty bne VVG usk brk gnekpkneknt rgso `batlrs `lr sdbjj
gntkstgnbj cbatkrgbj bne/lr `unmbj lvkrmrlwth.  Bjgdkntbry phbrdbaljlmy &
thkrbpkutgas. 3621?1=(22)92261-2222. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/
brtgajks/VDA1=05023/
 Dgybnl W kt bj. Uhk Sljk l` thk Pbmus Nkrvk gn thk Dgmrbtgnm Dltlr
Aldpjkx bne Mhrkjgn- bne Dltgjgn-Gneuake Mbstrga Alntrbatgln gn Qunaus.
Alvbsb D, ke.  VJlQ LNK. 3621?8(;)9k05===. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/
pda/brtgajks/VDA100;;7=/

Âagel Vrlpgñngal y Butgsdl9

Ahlg I, Jkk Q, ]ln I, Ign W, Hlnm W, Hur UW, Ogd IH, Jkk QS, Hlnm W.
Vbthlphysgljlmgabj bne nkurlckhbvglrbj ahbrbatkrgstgas l` b prlpglnga bage-
dkegbtke butgsd-jgok rbt dlekj. VJlQ Lnk. 3628 @kc 2;?21(3)9k627373;.
elg9 26.21=2/ilurnbj.plnk.627373;.
26.21=2/ilurnbj.plnk.627373;. VDGE9 3755=31=? VDAGE9
VDA;82562=.
VDA;82 562=.
Kj-Bnsbry BO kt bj. Ktgljlmy l` butgstga `kbturks9 thk pkrsgstgnm nkurltlxga
k``kats l`
l` prlpglnga bage. Ilurnbj l` Nkurlgn`jbddbtgln. 3623?79=5.
3623?79=5. https9//
www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/33;12162
www.na cg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/33;12162

Da@bck E@ kt bj. Nkurlcgljlmgabj k``kats l` gntrbvkntrgaujbr prlpglnga bage gn

rbts plssgcjk rljk l` shlrt ahbgn `btty bages ln thk pbthlmknksgs bne
ahbrbatkrgstgas l` butgsd spkatrud egslrekrs. Ckhbv Crbgn Sks.  366=. Ibn
2692=0(2)?257-07. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/207;6;35
Xglnm X, Jgu E, ]bnm W, Yknm U, Vknm W. [rgnbry 1-(1-Hyerlxyphknyj)-1-
hyerlxyprlpglnga
hyerlxyp rlpglnga Bage, 1-Hyerlxyphknyjbaktga Bage, bne 1-
Hyerlxyhgppurga Bage Brk Kjkvbtke gn Ahgjerkn wgth Butgsd Qpkatrud
Egslrekrs. CglDke Skskbrah Gntkrnbtglnbj. 3620. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.
mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA5837077/

Dba@bck E@. Qhlrt-ahbgn `btty bage `krdkntbtgln prleuats l` thk mut

dgarlcgldk9 gdpjgabtglns gn butgsd spkatrud egslrekrs. Dgarlcgbj Kaljlmy gn
 Hkbjth bne Egskbsk. 3623?31926. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/
3177682=
 @krrbrgs A, Dkrlng K, Absgrbmhg DA, Ubmjgbcuk B, Ek Mglrmgs P, Krcb E.
Lnk Dlnth l` Ajbssga Uhkrbpkutga Oktlmknga Egkt Ekarkbsks Qhlrt Ahbgn
@btty Bages Vrleuatgln gn Kpgjkptga Vbtgknts. @rlnt Nutr. 3632 Dbr
37?89021266. elg9 26.1187/`nut.3632.021266. VDGE9 118;;656? VDAGE9
VDA8617231.

Sg`bxgdgnb9
Vlnzgbng  @S kt bj. Kucgltga prlpkrtgks l` rg`bxgdgn9 Egsruptg ln l` thk
Vlnzgbng 
trbegtglnbj alnakpts gn mut dgarlcgltb dleujbtgln. ]lrje Ilurnbj l
Mbstrlkntkrljlmy. 362=?31(3;)95572-5577. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/
pda/brtgajks/VDA1=5==37/
Mbl, I kt bj. Sg`bxgdgn, mut dgarlcks bne dualsbj gn`jbddbtgln9 unrbvkjgnm b
aldpjkx rkjbtglnshgp. Mut Dgarlcks. 3625 Iuj 2?;(5)9;=2-;. https9//www.
nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/3;355;70
Wbl AO. Uhk ajgngabj vbjuk l` crkbth hyerlmkn tkstgnm. I Mbstrlkntkrljlmgsts
 Hkpbtlj. 362= Dbr?13 Quppj 2936-33. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/
383550=;
Dungybppb V, Mujbtg S, Dlhr @, Hupkrtz P. [sk bne sb`kty l` rg`bxgdgn gn
ahgjerkn wgth gn`jbddbtlry clwkj egskbsk. I Vkegbtr Mbstrlkntkrlj Nutr. 3667
Lat?57(5)9566-5. elg9 26.267=/DVM.6c621k1282b6e307. VDGE9 27008622.
Mhlshbj [A kt bj. [tgjgty l` hyerlmkn crkbth tksts gn egbmnlsg
egbmnlsgss l` sdbjj
gntkstgnbj cbatkrgbj lvkrmrlwth gn dbjbcslrptgln synerldk bne gts
rkjbtglnshgp
rkjbtglnshgp wgth lrlakabj trbnsgt tgdk.  Gnegbn I Mbstrlkntkrlj. 3660 Ibn-
)90-26. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA52=;087/
@kc?3;(2)90-26.
@kc?3;(2 https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/VDA52=;087/
Dungybppb V kt bj. [sk bne sb`kty l` rg`bxgdgn gn ahgjerkn wgth gn`jbddbtlry
clwkj egskbsk. I Vkegbtrgagbns Mbstrlkntkrlj Nutr. 3667 Lat?57(5)9566-5.
https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pucdke/27008622
 Vgdkntkj D, Absh CE, Jkdcl B, ]lj` SB, Gsrbkj SI, Qahlkn`kje V. Skpkbt
Sg`bxgdgn `lr Grrgtbcjk Clwkj Qynerldk9 Nl Ajgngabjjy Qgmng`gabnt Ahbnmks
gn Qtllj Dgarlcgbj Bntgcgltga Qknsgtgvgty.  Egmkstgvk Egskbsks bne Qagknaks.
362=?03(7)935;;-3501. https9//www.nacg.njd.ngh.mlv/pda/brtgajks/
VDA;;02203/

Musjbneg
]lrje D. I Sg`bxgdgn gn thk trkbtdknt
Mbstrlkntkrlj. 3622 l` gn`jbddbtlry
Nlv clwkj egskbsk.
25?2=(53)95051-0. elg9
26.1=58/wim.v2=.g53.5051. VDGE9 33286=6;? VDAGE9 VDA131=166.

Kstgdujbagñn ekj Nkrvgl Pbml9

vbn Hllrn B, Abrpkntkr U, Lbo O, Jbumhbrnk S, Sgnm H, Qhbnobr S.
Nkurldleujbtgln l` butgsd spkatrud egslrekrs usgnm vbmbj nkrvk stgdujbtgln.
I Ajgn Nkurlsag. 3627 Dby?0198-23. elg9 26.2620/i.ilan.3627.62.653. Kpuc
3627 @kc 5. VDGE9 16=13780.
Jkvy DJ, Jkvy OD, Hl`` E, Bdbr BV, Vbro DQ, Alnojgn ID, Cbgre J,
Bpuzzl DJ. Pbmus nkrvk stgdujbtgln thkrbpy gn pbtgknts wgth butgsd
spkatrud egslrekr bne gntrbatbcjk kpgjkpsy9 rksujts `rld thk vbmus nkrvk
stgdujbtgln thkrbpy pbtgknt lutaldk rkmgstry. I Nkurlsurm Vkegbtr. 3626

Iun?;(0)9;7;-063. elg9 26.12=2/3626.1.VKEQ672;1. VDGE9 36;2;111.

Wbp IWW, Okbtah A, Jbdckrt K, ]lles ], Qtleebrt VS, Obdknkvb U.
Argtgabj Skvgkw l` Urbnsautbnklus Pbmus Nkrvk Qtgdujbtgln9 Ahbjjknmks `lr
Urbnsjbtgln tl Ajgngabj Vrbatgak. @rlnt Nkurlsag. 3636 Bpr 38?259385. elg9
26.1187/`ngns.3636.66385. VDGE9 13526713? VDAGE9 VDA=277505.
Cberbn C], Iknogns EE, Allo E, Uhldpsln Q, Ebnay D, EkPrgks ]H,
Dbppgn M, Quddkrs V, Cgosln D, Mklrmk DQ. Urbnsautbnklus Burgaujbr
Pbmus Nkrvk Qtgdujbtgln-Vbgrke Skhbcgjgtbtgln `lr Lrldltlr @kkegnm
Vrlcjkds gn Nkwclrns9 Bn Lpkn-Jbckj Vgjlt Qtuey. @rlnt Hud Nkurlsag.

3636 Dbr
VDAGE9 28?259==. elg9 26.1187/`nhud.3636.666==. VDGE9 133;0138?
VDA=671;7=.
Dbnngnm OK, Ckrks`lre-]kcc IB, Bdbn JAQ, Sgnm HB, ]btsln VA, Vlrmks
Q], Ljgvkr A, Iknngnms QS, Hljjbne BI. Urbnsautbnklus vbmus nkrvk
 stgdujbtgln (t-PNQ)9 B nlvkj k``katgvk trkbtdknt `lr tkdpkr lutcursts gn
beujts wgth Vrbekr-]gjjg Qynerldk gnegabtke cy rksujts `rld b nln-cjgne
stuey. VJlQ Lnk. 3627 Eka 1?25(23)9k6331=;6. elg9
26.21=2/ilurnbj.plnk.6331=;6. VDGE9 12=75;06? VDAGE9 VDA0876350.
Oldkmbk KN, @brdkr EMQ, Crllos PJ, DaOgnjky DI, DaBjjkn SD,
Dbrtkjjg E. Pbmbjbntg-gn`jbddbtlry
thk spjbnahnga b``krknt batgvbtglnpbthwby.
supprkssks systkdga
Crbgn Ckhbvgn`jbddbtgln vgb
Gddun. 3628
Lat?=19552-557. elg9 26.2620/i.ccg.3628.60.66;. Kpuc 3628 Iun ;. VDGE9
37881;78? VDAGE9 VDA0127833.

Ollpdbn @B, Ahbvbn QQ, Dgjiol Q, Mrbzgl Q, Qloljlvga Q, Qahuurdbn VS,

Dkhtb BE, Jkvgnk WB, @bjtys D, Ygtngo S, Urbaky OI, Ubo VV. Pbmus nkrvk
stgdujbtgln gnhgcgts aytlognk
rhkudbtlge brthrgtgs. Vrla Nbtjprleuatgln
Babe Qag [bne
Q B.bttknubtks egskbsk skvkrgty gn
3620 Iuj 27?221(37)98385-7.
elg9 26.26=1/pnbs.206;01;221. Kpuc 3620 Iuj ;. VDGE9 3=1832=2? VDAGE9
VDA570228=.
Dbrshbjj S, Ubyjlr G, Jbhr A, Bckjj UJ, Kspgnlzb G, Muptb NO, Mldkz AS.
Cglkjkatrgabj Qtgdujbtgln `lr thk Skeuatgln l` Gn`jbddbtgln gn Gn`jbddbtlry
Clwkj Egskbsk. Ajgn Dke Gnsgmhts Mbstrlkntkrlj. 362; Eka 0?89;;-7. elg9
26.521=/AMbst.Q12==7. VDGE9 30073=00? VDAGE9 VDA50=2;5;.
Hustln ID, Mbjjlwgtsah-Vukrtb D, Lahbng D, Lahbng O, Wubn S, Slsbs-
Cbjjgnb
H, AzurbD,AI,
Bshlo D,H,Mljestkgn
]bnm SQ,Urbnsautbnklus
Urbaky OI. Ahbvbn Q, Vbvjlv PB,nkrvk
vbmus Dktzstgdujbtgln
AN, Wbnm
rkeuaks skrud hgmh dlcgjgty mrlup clx 2 jkvkjs bne gdprlvks survgvbj gn
durgnk skpsgs. Argt Abrk Dke. 366= Eka?1;(23)93=03-8. elg9
26.267=/62.AAD.6666388263.2;7=;.CB. VDGE9 2=76281=.
Yhbnm R, Ju W, Cgbn H, Mul J, Yhu H. Batgvbtgln l` thk β= ngaltgnga
rkakptlr prldltks jgplpljysbaahbrgek-gneuake alnvkrsgln l` D2 dgarlmjgb tl
D3. Bd I Urbnsj Sks. 362= Dbr 2;?7(1)97=2-78;. VDGE9 38180130?
VDAGE9 VDA;1=;772.
 

NLUBQ
 

BAKSAB EK JLQ B[ULSKQ

Er. Vbtrgao D. Nkdkahko, Elatlr kn

Dkegagnb Lstklpâtgab, nbagñ kn Uuasln,
Brgzlnb. Lctuvl unb Jgaknagbturb kn
Dgarlcgljlmäb kn jb [ngvkrsgebe Kstbtbj
ek Qbn Egkml (2783) y lctuvl su
Elatlrbel kn Dkegagnb Lstklpâtgab kn jb
[ngvkrsgebe ek Agknagbs ek jb Qbjue, kn
Obnsbs Agty, Dgsslurg (278=).
Kj Er. Nkdkahko aldpjktñ su

abpbagtbagñn
@baujtbe kn dkegagnb
ek Dkegagnb gntkrnb (2776)
ek jb [AJB kn jb
elnek tuvl kj hlnlr ek skr nldcrbel Ik`k
ek Sksgekntks, y dâs b bekjbntk Gnstruatlr
Ajängal kn kj Ekpbrtbdkntl ek Dkegagnb
 ek jb [AJB.
Kj dkntlr ekj Er. Nkdkahko kn jb [AJB
`uk kj slcrgnl ek Bjckrt Kgnstkgn, qugkn jl
bjkntñ b bekntrbrsk kn un abdpl pbrtgaujbrdkntk aldpjkil ek jb Dkegagnb ekj
PGH, quk krb kj dgstkrgl dçegal pbrb jb çplab, elnek kj Er. Nkdkahko
kxpkrgdkntbräb jb eksb`gbntk jgckrtbe ek sbjvbr vgebs.
Dgkntrbs sk `lrdbcb kn jb [AJB, kj Er. Nkdkahko `uk rkalnlagel aln kj
Vrkdgl Slckrt Q. Dlsskr b jb Kxakjknagb kn Dkegagnb Gntkrnb plr su

ekstbabel ekskdpkòl babeçdgal y su pbpkj gnstrudkntbj kn kj gngagl ek jb

prgdkrb ajängab pbrb PGH ek jb [AJB, kn Okrn Dkegabj Akntkr, Cbokrs`gkje,
Abjg`lrngb.
Kn 2775, kj Er. Nkdkahko sk dueñ b Obnsbs Agty, Dgsslurg, elnek bcrgñ un
akntrl ekegabel bj trbtbdgkntl k gnvkstgmbagñn ekj PGH jjbdbel Nkdkahko
Hkbjth Sknkwbj.
@uk kn kstk puntl quk kj Er. Nkdkahko aldknzñ b trbcbibr ek jjknl aldl
"dçegal-agkntä`gal" `lrdbel ajâsgabdkntk kn kj ârkb ek dkegagnb gntkrnb,
bekntrânelsk kn kj abdpl ekj PGH aubnel bùn nl kxgstäbn prukcbs
egbmnñstgabs, ng trbtbdgkntl, ng rkspukstbs.
Ksbs prgdkrbs eçabebs trbns`lrdbrln bj Er. Nkdkahko kn un gnnlvbelr quk
sgmugñ jbs ùjtgdbs gnvkstgmbaglnks, bnbjgzñ jls prlcjkdbs b ngvkj akjujbr y
dktbcñjgal, y sk alnvgrtgñ kn unl ek jls prgdkrls dçegals kn eksbrrljjbr kj
trbtbdgkntl pbrb kj sänerldk ek kdbagbagñn l eksmbstk, bsä aldl ltrls
prlcjkdbs aldpjkils rkjbaglnbels bj PGH.

Kj bclrebik gnnlvbelr ekj Er. Nkdkahko `rkntk b jbs aldpjkigebeks ekj PGH
jk l`rkagñ bjmunls hlnlrks, aldl skr kjkmgel aldl "Jumbr ek Kxakjknagb
Ajängab" plr Crgstlj Dykrs Qqugcc Aldpbny y OVDM Vkbt Dbrwgao, skr
nldcrbel unl ek jls dkilrks dçegals kxpkrtls kn PGH kn jls Kstbels
[ngels plr jb rkvgstb VLY y rkagcgr vbrgbs nldgnbaglnks pbrb kj Vrkdgl b jb
Vkqukòb Kdprksb ekj Bòl plr jb Aâdbrb ek Aldkragl ek jb Mrbn Aguebe ek
Obnsbs.
Kn kj trbnsaursl ek 36 bòls kn kj Dkegl Lkstk, kj Er. Nkdkahko `uk butlr,
 albutlr l al aljbclrbelr kn un tltbj ek =3 pucjgabaglnks agkntä`gabs, pbrtgagpñ
kn 52 kstuegls ajängals egstgntls, kn 2777 sk alnvgrtgñ kn gnvkstgmbelr
`unebelr ek jb Ske ek Gnvkstgmbagñn ekj PGH, un alnslragl ek 28
ungvkrsgebeks eg`krkntks y akntrls ek trbtbdgkntl pbrb kj PGH `gnbnagbels plr
kj Ekpbrtbdkntl ek Qbjue y Qkrvgagls Hudbnls ek jls Kstbels [ngels.
Hb sgel dgkdcrl ek nudkrlsbs iuntbs kegtlrgbjks, prl`ksglnbjks y ek
bskslräb, bsä aldl `unebelr ek els lrmbngzbaglnks sgn `gnks ek juarl,
ek`knslrbs ek jb sbjue ek pbagkntks PGH, jb @unebagñn Cbokrs`gkje alntrb kj
Qgeb y @gmht Cbao OA.

Kn 3665, duahls ek jls pbagkntks aln PGH ekj Er. Nkdkahko sk knalntrbcbn
kn alnegaglnks kstbcjks y jjkvbcbn unb vgeb nlrdbj, pkrl kxtrbòbdkntk
kstbcbn
abusbelsaldknzbnel b Butlnñdgab
plr Nkurlpbtäb dlrgr prleuatl ek kvkntls
Abreäbab (NBA). abreäbals rkpkntgnls,

Kj Er. Nkdkahko sk prlpusl bprknekr dâs slcrk jls `knñdknls `btbjks, y kn

kj bòl 3660 bequgrgñ unb nukvb tkanljlmäb jjbdbeb bnâjgsgs kspkatrbj, quk jk
pkrdgtgñ sgntlngzbr jb skòbj ek aldungabagñn kntrk kj alrbzñn y kj akrkcrl,
aubntg`gabnel kj kqugjgcrgl y kj tlnl ek bdcbs rbdbs ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl
butñnldl.
Kj Er. Nkdkahko sk abpbagtñ ek `lrdb begaglnbj kn prukcbs y bnâjgsgs
butlnñdgals kn jb [ngvkrsgebe Ek Jgsclb, kn Jgsclb, Vlrtumbj, unb ek jbs
gnstbjbaglnks dâs gdplrtbntks ek gnvkstgmbagñn butlnñdgab kn kj dunel.
Kj Er. Nkdkahko hb rkbjgzbel y bnbjgzbel dgjks ek pbtrlnks ek ebòl
butlnñdgal. Aubntl dâs sk bekntrbcb kj Er. Nkdkahko kn kj abdpl ek jb
Dkegagnb Butlnñdgab, krb dâs kvgekntk pbrb çj quk kj `rbabsl ekj akrkcrl ks
jl quk gngagb kj `rbabsl ekj aukrpl.

Aln su bdpjgb kxpkrgknagb kn gnvkstgmbagñn y abpbagtbagñn kn jbs ârkbs ek

dktbcljgsdl, gndunljlmäb y sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl, kj Er. Nkdkahko
ekagek rkmrksbr b su kstbel nbtbj, Brgzlnb kn kj bòl 3626 aln su ksplsb Ikbn
y bcrgñ Nkdkahko Alnsujtbtgvk Dkegagnk, un alnsujtlrgl ek Dkegagnb
Gntkrnb y Dkegagnb Butlnñdgab.
Ikbn Nkdkahko kstb abjg`gabeb ek `lrdb kxkpaglnbj pbrb egrgmgr kj nkmlagl,
bekdâs ks albutlrb iuntl bj Er. Nkdkahko, yb quk lctuvl unb jgaknagbturb kn
 Aldungabaglnks y unb Jgaknagbturb kn Vkrglegsdl kn jb [ngvkrsgebe ek
Obnsbs (2788, 2787), dâs un Elatlrbel kn Ekrkahl ek jb Ksaukjb ek Jkyks
]bshcurn (2771).
Ekspuçs ek duebrsk b Brgzlnb, kj Er. Nkdkahko sk knalntrbcb nukvbdkntk
trbtbnel plr prlcjkdbs aldunks b ngòls y beujtls ek tlebs jbs kebeks. Jk
slrprknegñ bj vkr jl gnarkäcjkdkntk kn`krdb quk sk hbcäb vukjtl jb plcjbagñn
kn mknkrbj, kn kj trbnsaursl ek unbs plabs eçabebs. Bj pbrkakr, kj eksbrrljjl
ek kn`krdkebeks sk hbcäb ekspjbzbel kn un pkrälel ek 56 bòls, y jbs
kn`krdkebeks quk bjmunb vkz b`katbrln

sñjl b bnagbnls, batubjdkntk b`katbcbn ek

`lrdb rutgnbrgb b pkrslnbs ek dkegbnb
kebe l bbeujtb.
jb kebe bqukjjls kn jls prgdkrls bòls ek
Kj Er. Nkdkahko puel rkalrebr aubnel
krb kstuegbntk ek dkegagnb, y su
gnstruatlr jl jjbdñ b unb sbjb ek
kxbdgnbagñn pbrb vkr b unb pkrslnb ek ;6
bòls aln egbcktks. Kn ksls eäbs nl sk
ksauahbcb ek absls ek egbcktks tgpl GG kn
pkrslnbs "tbn iñvknks".
 Jbdkntbcjkdkntk, ksb kn`krdkebe bhlrb
ks cbstbntk aldùn kn pkrslnbs ek
dkegbnb kebe, yb quk nls hkdls
kn`krdbel y knvkikagel aljkatgvbdkntk b
un rgtdl bakjkrbel.

Kj Er. Nkdkahko nltñ quk duahls ek sus pbagkntks `kaukntks su`räbn ek jbs
prgdkrbs ktbpbs ek jb kn`krdkebe y ek egs`unagñn butlnñdgab (bagekz,
eljlrks ek abckzb, `btgmb), slcrkarkagdgkntl cbatkrgbnl ekj gntkstgnl ekjmbel
 ‑ QGCL (dbjkstbr gntkstgnbj, gntljkrbnagbs bjgdkntbrgbs), y quk sus hgils
kxpkrgdkntbcbn abeb vkz dâs jls säntldbs ekrgvbels ek jb egs`unagñn
butlnñdgab y QGCL (bnsgkebe, UEB, butgsdl y prlcjkdbs egmkstgvls k
gntkstgnbjks).
Kn kstk prkagsl dldkntl kj Er. Nkdkahko aldknzñ, unb vkz dâs, b hbakr
hgstlrgb. Çj sbcäb quk ekcäb quk jjkvbr nukvbdkntk jb prâatgab dçegab
 dlekrnb, b jls lciktgvls ek aurbr bj pbagkntk y rkvkrtgr jb kn`krdkebe. Kj Er.
Nkdkahko aldknzñ b bakrabrsk b sus pbagkntks rkmujbrks aln kj dgsdl
kn`lquk ek gnvkstgmbagñn quk unb vkz tuvl aln jls pbagkntks PGH, yknel dâs
ek jbs ktgquktbs ek jb kn`krdkebe pbrb aldprknekr y rksljvkr kj prlcjkdb
sucybakntk.
Kj Er. Nkdkahko aldknzñ b usbr tlebs jbs hkrrbdgkntbs agkntä`gabs y dçegabs
egsplngcjks pbrb gneuagr bj sgstkdb nkrvglsl y b jls ñrmbnls b rkpbrbrsk b sä
dgsdls, nlrdbjgzbnel jls dkabngsdls ek alntrlj ek jb gn`jbdbagñn,
gneuagknel jb prleuaagñn nbturbj ek açjujbs dberk y rkbatgvbnel jls

dkabngsdls gnnbtls ek rkstburbagñn.

B pbrtgr ekj bòl 3626, kj Er. Nkdkahko sk kdcbrañ kn un vgbik kxtrblregnbrgl
quk gnvljuarñ jb bjtkrbagñn y dkilrb ek jbs cbatkrgbs gntkstgnbjks, y jb
rkeuaagñn ek jbs agtlqugnbs prlgn`jbdbtlrgbs ekntrl ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl
akntrbj, bekdâs `uk tkstgml ek unb rkaupkrbagñn sgn prkakekntks kn jbs agnal
ktbpbs ek jb egs`unagñn butlnñdgab sgn kj usl ek dkegabdkntls b jbrml pjbzl.
Kstl ks bjml nunab bntks vgstl kn nukstrl tgkdpl.

B dkegeb quk pbsbrln jls bòls, kj Er. Nkdkahko tbdcgçn aldknzñ b trbcbibr
aln egstgntls btjktbs y kx btjktbs prl`ksglnbjks, auyls säntldbs akrkcrbjks sk
eksbpbrkagkrln (Butlnldga Bevbntbmk℣ Crbgn Gniury Skalvkry Vrlmrbd), y
aldknzñ b gnalrplrbr jb dkegagnb cglkjçatrgab, kspkaä`gabdkntk jb
kjkatrldleujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml, kn kj trbtbdgkntl ek sus pbagkntks.
Kj Er. Nkdkahko eksaucrgñ quk jb ajbvk pbrb kj trbtbdgkntl y jb rkvkrsgñn ek
duahbs ek jbs kn`krdkebeks `rkaukntks quk b`katbn b jbs pkrslnbs kn jb
batubjgebe, ks jb rkvkrsgñn ek jb egs`unagñn ekj sgstkdb nkrvglsl butñnldl, kn
aldcgnbagñn aln jb rknlvbagñn ek prleuaagñn ek açjujbs dberk y jb
nkurlmçnksgs, tlel b trbvçs ek jb rkeuaagñn ek jb gn`jbdbagñn dktbcñjgab.
Vrleuatl ek su ks`ukrzl y kxpkrgknagbs prl`ksglnbjks, kj Er. Nkdkahko arkñ
un prlmrbdb k`gabz abpbz ek prkvkngr, rkeuagr l rkvkrtgr kj ebòl ekj sgstkdb
nkrvglsl butñnldl b trbvçs ek unb aldcgnbagñn ek supjkdkntls
nkurlquädgals nbturbjks, dkegabdkntls prksargtls ek usl b alrtl pjbzl,
rkstrgaaglnks egktçtgabs y nkurldleujbagñn ekj nkrvgl vbml.

Kj trbtbdgkntl ekj Er. Nkdkahko plskk un bclrebik kxtrkdbebdkntk k`katgvl

 pbrb jb rkaupkrbagñn ek jb `unagñn butlnñdgab, egrgmgebs b unb vbrgkebe ek
alnegaglnks nkurlgn`jbdbtlrgbs, gnajuyknel jksgñn akrkcrbj trbudâtgab,
alndlagñn akrkcrbj, knak`bjlpbtäb trbudâtgab arñngab (KUA), sänerldk
plstalndlaglnbj (QVA), kn`krdkebe ek Bjzhkgdkr, kn`krdkebe ek
Vbrognsln, tkdcjlr ksknagbj, trbstlrnl ek kstrçs plstrbudâtgal (UKVU),
ekprksgñn arñngab, kpgjkpsgb rksgstkntk bj trbtbdgkntl, butgsdl, rktrbsl ekj
eksbrrljjl, sänerldk ek Bspkrmkr, y trbstlrnls sknslrgbjks y dltlrks.
Kn kj bòl 3620, kj Er. Nkdkahko gnmrksñ unb sljgagtue ek pbtkntk pbrb
prltkmkr su gnnlvbelrb `ñrdujb, bhlrb alnlageb aldl "Uhk Nkdkahko

Vrltlalj®" l Uhk Nkdkahko Vrltlalj `lr Butlnldga Skalvkry (Vbtknt

Nl.26,11;,1;0).
Vrleuatl ek su kxpkrgknagb ùngab kn kj kstuegl ek jb ajängab butlnñdgab y kj
eksbrrljjl ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko® pbrb jb Skaupkrbagñn Butñnldb, kj
alnsujtlrgl `uk rknldcrbel (ecb) Nkdkahko Butlnldga Dkegagnk kn kj bòl
362=.
Kstk jgcrl kxpjgab jbs prgnagpbjks hkrrbdgkntbs utgjgzbebs plr kj Er. Nkdkahko
kn su prâatgab dçegab kn su trbtl aln pbagkntks butgstbs y aln rktrbsl ekj
eksbrrljjl, utgjgzbnel agkrtbs pbrtks ekj Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko®. Qu bclrebik
aln kstls pbagkntks bhlrb tbdcgçn ks alnlagel aldùndkntk aldl "Kj
Vrltlaljl Nkdkahko pbrb kj Butgsdl", kstk sk hb kxtknegel plr tlel kj
dunel.