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Fisë Lrjvi Ddjgtëg

Cslizis y Cstu`kis
Cstu`kis Ejsñgkais

C`kakigcs `c dj
O\JG DIOKJ @C ABKDC
 0

C`kakñg `koktjd orjtuktj pjrj ejsigcs

^irtj`j6 Ejråj Mrjgakj ^rj`i
C`kakigcs `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc
Irkcgtc `c Qjgtkjoi, fudki <><>

QIDI ^J\J SQI KGPC\GI O\JPSKPI

@C DJ O\JG DIOKJ @C ABKDC
 3

Fisë Lrjvi Ddjgtëg

=
 ?

Åg`kac

^rcscgtjakñg ………………………………………
……………………………………….... ;
Cslizis ……………………………………………… ::
Cd akcrrc `c dj Aj`cgj :1 ………………………….. :1
¹Cs dj Ejsigcråj ugj kgstktuakñg scarctj9 ……………. :3
:;
Dj aigacpakñg `cd Sgkvcrsi y dj Ejsigcråj .……………….
Dj aiseivkskñg cg Ejsigcråj …………………………..<1
Cd jrj cg dj Diokj Jzud ……………………………… <3
Ejzi y Ejddctc …………………………………….. <;
Dj mkdisimåj `c dj vcr`j` ……………………………… 11

Dj Kgkakjakñg ………………………………….…….
Cspj`j Mdjeåocrj ………………………………. 13 1?
Djs Orjg`cs Duekgjrkjs `c dj Ejsigcråj ……………. 0:
Akgai Cstu`kis silrc Qkelidksei y @iatrkgj ………. 03
Qidstkaki `c Kgvkcrgi ………………………………. 0?
Dj odiljdkzjakñg `c dj ëtkaj y dj eirjd
prcaigkzj`j
prcaigkzj `j pir dj Ejsigcråj ……………………… 31
Akrauejeludksei……………………….. =:
Cd \kti `c Akrauejeludksei………………………..
Dj Sgkvcrsjdk`j` `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj ………………..?1
Cd Orj`i `c Ejcstri, audekgjakñg `cd priacsi
kgkakêtkai …………………………………………………. ::;
Cstu`kis bkstñrkais ……………………………………:2:
Cd Irkocg `cd Pcracr Orj`i y su kgtri`uaakñg
cg dj Ejsigc
Ejsigcråjråj Qkelñdkaj ………………………….. :21
Cd Aiepjogiggjoc y dj Ejsigcråj
Ejsigcråj …………………… :2;
Dj prkecrj Ludj Ejsñgkaj ……………………………:;3
Dj pcrscauakñg j dj Ejsigcråj j trjvës
`c dj bkstirkj ……………………………………………>< <:1
Fjkec Ojdtë Ajrrë. Sg Ejsñg kgsñdkti ………………. <1?
2
 ;

^rcscgtjakñg

Gitjldc pir su `ksakpdkgj ejsñgkaj y su rkoir

kgvcstkojtkvi, Fisë Lrjvi Ddjgtëg `cfñ ugj bucddj `cstjaj`åskej
cg dj Mrjgaejsigcråj abkdcgj, j trjvës `c su pjrtkakpjakñg cg djs
\cspctjldcs Diokjs —Jdtjs Auelrcs― G¾:<? `c Dj \ckgj y
—^cgtjdpbj―.
Ejcstri scvcri cg dj aig`uatj kgkakêtkaj y cg dj vk`j,
rcaklkñ dj duz ejsñgkaj cd :> `c scptkcelrc `c :;=28 muc
juecgtj`i `c sjdjrki cd :0 `c iatulrc `c :;=;8 jdajgzjg`i cd

Quldkec Orj`i
cg dj Diokj `c Auelrcs―.
—Jdtjs Ejcstri cd 1 `c iatulrc `c :;?>. Pi`i cddi
@cscepcúñ dis ajrois `c Oujr`j Pcepdi, Qcarctjrki,
Lkldkitcajrki, Ejcstri `c Acrceigkjs, Irj`ir, y ]cgcrjldc
Ejcstri (:;;:-:;;1), kgtcorêg`isc aiei ekcelri pcrejgcgtc
`c dj Jsjeldcj `c dj Orjg Diokj. Cg rcaigiakekcgti j su
trjycatirkj diokjd sus bcrejgis di `cskogjrig Ekcelri
Bigirjrki cd júi <>>>.
Cg dj \D `c Kgvcstkojakñg y Cstu`kis Ejsñgkais
—^cgtjdpbj― G¾::;
G¾::; sc kgairpirñ aig cd göecri =>, auepdkcg`i
j ajljdk`j` dis skoukcgtcs ajrois6 Pcsircri, Qcoug`i ]kokdjgtc,
ekcelri `c dj Aiekskñg `c Jaakñg Ejsñgkaj, ^rkecr ]kokdjgtc,
]cgcrjldc Ejcstri (:;;1 - :;;3), Cx ]cgcrjldc Ejcstri,
Lkldkitcajrki y Ekcelri `cd Prklugjd `c dj Diokj.
@urjgtc vjrkis júis cstuvi j ajroi `c dj puldkajakñg `cd
Jgujrki `c —^cgtjdpbj―, cg su c`kakñg ajrjatcråstkaj, aig dj
cstrcddj `c akgai pugtjs, silrc ajrtudkgj Hrjmt, tcgkcg`i dj
rcspigsjlkdk`j` `c dis ekcelris `c dj airrcspig`cgakj `c csj
Diokj `c Kgvcstkojakñg.

pjsj`i Muc ugstrj

kgvcstkoj`ir
`c gucstrj
guc jauakisi
Juoustj Ir`cg,
Ir`c quc lusajlj
g, su skelidksei, skg`cvcdjr
idvk`jr cd
cd
 :>

jaigtcacr prcscgtc8 aig cd ilfctkvi `c trjsektkr sus bjddjzois j

djs ocgcrjakigcs muturjs.
Auepdkñ ajljdecgtc su djlir ejsñgkaj cg ti`is sus
jspcatis,
`c <>>=. pjsjg`i j `cairjr cd Irkcgtc Ctcrgi cd <3 `c `kakcelrc
Cg rcaigiakekcgti j su trjljfi cg lkcg `c dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj,
Mrjgaejsi gcråj, kgjoitjldc y aiepriectk`i,
aiepriectk`i, pjrj C`kakigcs `c
dj Orjg Diokj cs ug `clcr `jr j aigiacr pjrtc `c su jpirtjakñg
jd aigiakekcgti y cd cstu`ki ejsñgkai, quc dcoñ j ti`is dis
lusaj`ircs
lusaj`i rcs `cd Jrtc \cjd.

Cd c`ktir
 ::

Cslizis
:<
 :1

Cd akcrrc `c dj Aj`cgj

Cstc cs ug tcej euy aigtrivcrtk`i8 y gi `clkcrj scrdi.

Cg prkecr duojr, tcgceis quc aigvcgkr quc cd Akcrrc `c Aj`cgj
airrcspig`c j ug pjsjfc, cd ödtkei, `cd `csjrriddi `c dj Pcgk`j,
kgscrti jd tërekgi `cd \ktujd `c Adjusurj.
Qk jså quc`j cstjldcak`i, `clc scr `krkok`i pir cd
]cgcrjldc Ejcstri qukcg gi puc`c trjspjsjr su mugakñg j itrj
bcrejgi `cd Pjddcr, aiei iaurrc bjlktujdecgtc. Cgscouk`j,
airrcspig`c `ctcrekgjr dj irkcgtjakñg y pripñskti quc dj Ir`cg
dc jskogj j cstc akcrrc `c aj`cgj, cs `cakr, dj ejtcrkj j dj quc
`clc rcmcrkrsc y dj cxtcgskñg quc `clc tcgcr.
Cg cd akcrrc `c aj`cgj quc sc cmcatöj cg gucstris
Pjddcrcs, sc jaistuelrj bjacr rcmcrcgakj jd trjljfi
tr jljfi rcakëg dcå`i8
j jdoög tcej trjtj`i cg cd lkcg Ocgcrjd i j aujdqukcr jsugti quc
dc pjrczaj `c kepirtjgakj jd bcrejgi quc bj sk`i `cskogj`j pir
cd ]cgcrjldc Ejcstri.
^ir gucstrj pjrtc, gis pjrcac quc cd pjrdjecgti `clc
rcektkrsc j ugj kgviajakñg lrcvc, `krkok`j j dis bcrejgis
prcscgtcs y juscgtcs
`csci, jgtcs juscgtcs,, quc
`c `jr pir mireudj dis
mkgjdkzj`is ug lucg pripñskti,
trjljfis ug Jdoi
`cd Pjddcr. lucg
pjrcak`i jd ¡Qursue Air`ê! `c dj eksj ajtñdkaj.
]cjeis tjelkëg jdougis pirecgircs quc scråj
aigvcgkcgtc jadjrjr. ¹@clc bjacrsc dj aj`cgj aig dis oujgtcs
pucstis9 ^ir ugj rcodj `c urljgk`j` gi cs jpripkjjpripkj`i,
`i, jugquc
jdougis bcrejgis ipkgjg quc gi cs aigvcgkcgtc pirquc gi `cfjg
pjsjr dj airrkcgtc vklrjtirkj, air`kjd y cspkrktujd, quc sc trjgsektc
j trjvës `c djs ejgis cgtrcdjzj`js `c dis bcrejgis.
¹@clc cd ^rkecr ]kokdjgtc, cgugakjr quc dj Aj`cgj cstê
acrrj`j cg mirej Fustj y ^crmcatj9 (\cair`ceis quc, cg dj
Pcgk`j Mögclrc, cd ^rkecr ]kokdjgtc jgugakj quc dj Aj`cgj cstê
ritj8 quc ugi `c dis csdjligcs sc bj `csprcg`k`i pjrj skceprc).

:0

Aiei aigaduskñg, aigsk`cri quc cd Akcrrj `c Aj`cgj

`clcråj scr cmcatuj`i skceprc pir cd ]cgcrjldc Ejcstri quc
`krkoc dis trjljfis `cd Pjddcr y quc `clc mirejr pjrtc kgtcorjgtc
`cd \ktujd `c Adjusurj, di quc kepdkaj quc gi sc dc puc`cg
kgtri`uakr ei`kmkajakigcs quc gi scjg djs imkakjdcs cejgj`js `c
dj Orjg Diokj.
Csti `clc scr ugj jdiauakñg airtj, `krkok`j j dis
bcrejgis prcscgtcs
prcscgtcs y juscgtcs cg dj quc sc ejgkmk
ejgkmkcstc
cstc pisktkvis
jgbcdis `c ^jz y Mrjtcrgk`j`.
 :3

¹Cs dj Ejsigcråj ugj kgstktuakñg scarctj9

Euabi sc bj csarkti jacraj `c cstj kgtcrriojgtc.

Jdougis dj bjg rcspig`k`i jmkrejtkvjecgtc, aig ug ejgkmkcsti
pripñskti `c `cgkorjr y `csprcstkokjr
`csprcstkokjr j dj Ir`cg
Ir`cg Ejsñgka
Ejsñgkaj,j,
ekcgtrjs quc itris di bjg bcabi cg scgtk`i gcojtkvi, pjrj
`ceistrjr y `cfjr pdcgjecgtc cstjldcak`i quc tjd scarcti gi
cxkstc, cg cd scgtk`i quc dc jtrkluycg sus `ctrjati
`ctrjatircs.
rcs.
Jgtcs `c jpirtjr jdougjs jprcakjakigcs i pugtis `c
vkstj cg mjvir `c cstj ödtkej jscvcrjakñg, qukzês scj gcacsjrki
rcmcrkrsc, cg mirej euy siecrj, j jqucddis j`vcrsjrkis quc
jtjajg j dj Ejsigcråj, ajdkmkaêg`idj `c skgkcstrj y tcgclrisj pir
gi cxbklkrsc jlkcrtjecgtc jd aigiakekcgti pöldkai y jausêg`idj
`c iaudtjr pripñsktis c kgtcgakigcs rcúk`is aig dj eirjd y
aigtrjrkis j dj Qjgtj Kodcskj Ajtñdkaj \iejgj.
Dis quc jså `cgucstjg, idvk`jg quc cstj eksej Kodcskj,
pir kgtcrec`ki `c sus pcrsigcris quc pjrtkakpjljg
pjrtkakpjljg cg djs diokjs,
dj tieñ ljfi su pritcaakñg y pjtriakgki, aujg`i crj Ejsigcråj
Ipcrjtkvj8 aujg`i jlråj sus trjljfis - tjg scarctis y `ksarctis
aiei jbirj
Prkgk`j`8 - cg gielrc
aujg`i `c @kiscrjg
sus pjtrigis Iegkpitcgtc y `c
Qjg Fujg cd dj Qjgtåskej
Ljutkstj y Qjg
Fujg cd Cvjgocdkstj.
Pjepiai rcaucr`jg quc dis prkektkvis arkstkjgis tcgåjg
quc acdclrjr sus acrceigkjs `cd audti j su @kis, jepjrj`is cg
cd eês cstrkati scarcti, pjrj cvktjr scr `csaulkcrtis, pcrscouk`is
y cgajracdj`is, pjrj tcrekgjr skcg`i cgvkj`is j dj jrcgj `cd
akrai riejgi, `ig`c crjg `cvirj`is pir dis dcigcs.
 Jpcgjs trjgsaurrk`is <: júis `c dj mug`jakñg `c dj
Orjg Diokj `c Dig`rcs, cd ^jpj Adcecgtc RKK djgzñ cd júi :?12
dj Ludj "Kg Cekgcgtk Jpistidjtus
Jpistidjtus Qpcaudj―, dj prkecrj cg aigtrj
`c dj Ejsigcråj, aig`cgjg`i j sus ekcelris j dj cxaieugkñg
kpsi mjati pir cd scarcti quc oujr`jljg acdisjecgtc silrc sus

:=

jatkvk`j`cs y acrceigkjs y —pir itris eitkvis quc gis sig

aigiak`is―, scoög cstjldcac cd ^jpj cg su Ludj, oujr`jg`i, j su

vcz - ¡quëJbirj
aigtrj`kaakñg!- ug acdisiejsñgkaj,
lkcg, dj Kgstktuakñg scarcti silrc tjdcs
auyis eitkvis.
iråocgcs sc
rceigtjg eês jddê `c djs Airpirjakigcs ec`kcvjdcs `c
pkajpc`rcris,
pkajpc`rc ris, bbjstj
jstj ddcojr j dis Ekstcrkis quc acdclrjljg
acdclrjljg jdougis
pucldis `c dj Jgtkoôc`j`,
Jgtkoôc`j`, y trjgsektk`is bjstj gucstri tkcepi j
trjvës `cd dcgoujfc kepcrcac`cri `c dis såelidis, kepdkaj ugj
kgaktjakñg jd cstu`ki primug`i `c su skogkmkaj`i csitërkai pjrj
dis cdcok`is quc bjg sk`i kgkakj`is cg sus prêatkajs y `iatrkgjs,
aiei ug ajekgi `cstkgj`i j jdajgzjr ug pcrmcaakigjekcgti
eirjd pcrsigjd y ugj lösquc`j `c dj ]cr`j` skg prcfukakis gk
`ioejtkseis.
Csis Jgtkouis Ekstcrkis cstjljg `kvk`k`is cg Ecgircs
y Ejyircs, scoög mucrjg aigiak`is pir cd vudoi i sñdi pir dis
Kgkakj`is quc sc aiepriectåjg j prjatkajrdis y ilscrvjrdis ljfi
cstrkatj rcscrvj y `ksarcakñg.
`ksarcakñg.
^ir di `ceês, cstc "scarcti" gi cs `c cxaduskvi `iekgki
`iekgk i
`c dj Ir`cg Ejsñgkaj, pucsti quc cs jsuek`i cg mirej
pjrtkaudjr i aidcatkvj pir pcrsigjs quc tkcgcg `ctcrekgj`j
`ctcrekgj`jss
jatkvk`j`cs i primcskigcs6 dis eë`kais, rcspctjg dj prkvjak`j` `c
sus pjakcgtcs
dis y di oujr`jg
pcrki`kstjs eksei bjacg dis jlioj`is
rcscrvj silrc sus aig sus adkcgtcs8
mucgtcs `c
kgmirejakñg8 dis ekdktjrcs ejgtkcgcg scrvkakis `c kgtcdkocgakj cg
rcsoujr`i y `cmcgsj `c pdjgcs cstrjtëokais8 djs jutirk`j`cs `c
oilkcrgi ilscrvjg bcreëtkai skdcgaki cg jsugtis quc
aiepriectcg dis jdtis kgtcrcscs `cd Cstj`i8 cxkstcg akcrtis
adulcs prkvj`is quc ejgtkcgcg rcscrvj aigacrgkcgtc j sus
jatkvk`j`cs y jd gielrc `c sus jsiakj`is8 sjacr`itcs `c
`kmcrcgtcs rcdkokigcs ejgtkcgcg rcscrvj cg jsugtis rcdjakigj`is
aig sus mugakigcs rktujdåstkajs y acdclrjg sus aigakdkis y
añgadjvcs j pucrtjs acrrj`js, dcfis `cd skodi.

:?

Pjelkëg djs mjekdkjs, ¹gi tkcgcg scarctis y vkvcg

pritcok`js `cgtri `c sus biojrcs y sc dcs rcspctj aiei j ugj
aigakcgakj9
@cspuës `c di aiecgtj`i, pi`ceis aigadukr y
cstjldcacr quc dj Mrjgaejsigcråj jd ejgtcgcr rcscrvj y
`ksarcakñg cg di quc jtjúc j su qucbjacr kgtcrgi, gi cs ugj
Kgstktuakñg Qcarctj, skgi quc cs ugj Irojgkzjakñg Qupcrkir quc
tkcgc scarctis aigacrgkcgtcs j sus \ktujdcs y j sus ec`kis `c
rcaigiakekcgti, ekcgtrjs quc su bkstirkj, sus prkgakpkis, sus
`iatrkgjs, sus pistudj`is y ilfctkvis, duojrcs `c rcugkñg, cta.,
puc`cg scr kg`joj`is y aigiak`is pir aujdqukcr
aujdqukcr pcrsigj quc
`cscc kgtcrkirkzjrsc cg cstc tkpi `c ejtcrkjs, aigsudtjg`i
dklrcråjs y lkldkitcajs, cg `ig`c cgaigtrjrê jlug`jgtc
kgmirejakñg y pi`rê aigiacr, j`ceês, vjdkisjs ilrjs c
kepirtjgtcs jatujakigcs pritjoigkzj`js pir kdustrcs y
`cstjaj`is ekcelris `c dj Ejsigcråj, cg `kmcrcgtcs ëpiajs y cg
`kstkgtis pjåscs, quc bjg rc`ug`j`i cg skogkmkajtkvis jvjgacs y
priorcsis lcgcmkakisis
lcgcmkakisis pjrj cd Bielrc y pj
pjrj
rj dj siakc`j` quc di
ailkfj.
:2
 :;

Dj aigacpakñg `cd Sgkvcrsi y dj Ejsigcråj

Jgtcs `c rcmcrkrgis j dj Aigacpakñg `cd Sgkvcrsi y dj

Ejsigcråj, tjd vcz scråj aigvcgkcgtc cepczjr rcair`jg`i
jqucddj aiseivkskñg, quc gi bjac jög aujtriakcgtis júis, crj
jacptj`j pir ti`is, cg quc dj Pkcrrj crj pdjgj, kgeñvkd y cstjlj
suspcg`k`j cg dj lñvc`j acdcstc.
Bjstj quc dis orkcois `csaulrkcrig
`csaulrk crig quc crj rc`ig`j y quc
cd Qid, dj dugj, dis pdjgctjs y djs cstrcddjs okrjljg cg tirgi j cddj
cg ñrlktjs akraudjrcs.
Csti iaurråj euabi jgtcs quc Arksti jpjrcakcrj cg cd
mkrejecgti tcrrcstrc.
^tidieci muc cd rcprcscgtjgtc eês ocgukgi `c cstc
ei`cdi ociaëgtrkai y dj Kodcskj Ajtñdkaj di j`iptñ aiei dj
kejocg `cd Sgkvcrsi quc cstjlj `c jaucr`i aig djs Qjorj`js
Csarkturjs.
Dj Pkcrrj muc, pucs, `urjgtc ti`i csc tkcepi, cd acgtri
`cd Sgkvcrsi, bjstj quc. cg :3:0, cd aurj pidjai Gkaidês
Aipërgkai `ki j aigiacr euy ajutjecgtc, ugj gucvj
aigacpakñg `cd Sgkvcrsi, cg quc crj cd Qid, jbirj, cd acgtri
`ig`c pcrejgcaåj cstjakigjrki, y dj Pkcrrj y `ceês aucrpis
acdcstcs okrjljg cg ñrlktjs akraudjrcs j su jdrc`c`ir.
Cstj gucvj aigacpakñg `cd Sgkvcrsi muc jpiyj`j pir cd
jstrñgiei jdceêg Fibjggcs Hcpdcr y cd ktjdkjgi Ojdkdci Ojdkdck,
quc dc jorcoñ cd eivkekcgti `c ritjakñg `c dj Pkcrrj silrc su
cfc. Mjeisj cs su mrjsc "C pur sk eivc" `cspuës `c rctrjatjrsc
jgtc cd Prklugjd `cd Qjgti Imkaki.
^istcrkirecgtc, cg :=2?, cstj aigacpakñg `cd Sgkvcrsi
muc ei`kmkaj`j cg pjrtc pir cd måskai kgodës Ksjja Gcwtig, aig
su dcy `c dj orjvktjakñg ugkvcrsjd, jd cstjldcacr quc djs ñrlktjs
quc `csarklåjg cstis aucrpis acdcstcs gi crjg akraudjrcs skgi
cdåptkajs, scoög sus ejsjs y sus `kstjgakjs.

<>

Gcwtig, y jgtcs Jrkstñtcdcs, arcåjg quc cd tkcepi crj

jlsiduti, cs `cakr quc cstjlj scpjrj`i `cd cspjaki, skcg`i
rcaåpriajecgtc kg`cpcg`kcgtcs. Bjstj quc Ckgstckg, cg gucstri
skodi, aig su tciråj `c dj \cdjtkvk`j` cstjldcakñ ugj gucvj
`kecgskñg `c cspjaki-tkcepi.
Pciråj `kmåakd `c aieprcg`cr, tjgti quc sc aucgtj quc,
aujg`i sc dc aiecgtñ j C``kgotig quc bjlåj sñdi trcs pcrsigjs
quc dj cgtcg`åjg, aigtcstñ6 "cstiy pcgsjg`i qukcg puc`c scr dj
tcracrj". Di eksei suac`c aig dj Pciråj Auêgtkaj `c ^djgah y
dj tciråj `c dj Kgacrtk`uelrc `c Bckscglcro, quc sc jpdkaj jd
aiepirtjekcgti `c djs pjrtåaudjs cdcecgtjdcs sul jtñekajs.

jpjrcacCgtrc
jqucddjdjs
qucAigacpakigcs `cd djSgkvcrsi,
`j pir cstjldcak`i arcjakñg `cdtêaktjecgtc
Sgkvcrsi,
di quc tjelkëg kepdkaj quc tuvi ug prkgakpki y pir cg`c ug
Arcj`ir, pcri gi gielrj dj aigacpakñg ipucstj, quc aigfcturj
ug Sgkvcrsi juti-aigtcgk`i, skg lir`c gk mrigtcrj cspjakjd, skg
prkgakpki gk mkgjd cg
cg cd tkcepi y skg duoj
duojrr pjrj ug arcj`ir.
Cstc Sgkvcrsi gi scråj arcj`i gk `cstruk`i, sidjecgtc
scråj, aiei di pistudj cd akcgtåmkai kgodës Qtcpbcg Bjwhkgo.
Dj Ejsigcråj ipcrjtkvj prjatkajlj cd Jrtc \cjd cg dj
aigstruaakñg `c ajtc`rjdcs y pjdjakis, jrtc quc sc bj
trjgsmirej`i pjrj dj ejsigcråj cspcaudjtkvj
cspcaudjtkvj i Mrjgaejsigcråj,
cg cd Jrtc `c ^cgsjr, skg dkektjakñg gk aicrakñg jdougj.
Dj dklcrtj` `c pcgsjr y pi`cr cxprcsjr csc pcgsjekcgti
dklrcecgtc, pjrcac scr cg dj jatujdk`j` dj mkgjdk`j` quc pcrskouc
dj Kgstktuakñg ejsñgkaj, pir di tjgti, gi jacptj, aiei tjd,
gkgougj aigacpakñg `cd Sgkvcrsi prccstjldcak`j.
 Djs orjg`cs kgañogktjs `c ti`is dis tkcepis6 cd irkocg
`cd Sgkvcrsi8 cd irkocg `cd Qcr8 dj mkgjdk`j` `cd Qcr, dj cscgakj
`cd Qcr8 cd `cstkgi `cd bielrc y dj mjaudtj` kgtcdcatkvj `cd
bielrc pjrj rcsidvcr
`kstkgtis jspcatis cstjs orjg`cs
quc rcsuecg kgtcrriojgtcs,
ti`i cd prildcej, bjg sk`iy
cg cdcvjakñg
cg primug`k`j`, `c dj ]cr`j`, `c csj ]cr`j` quc cs cd ilfctkvi

<:

prkeir`kjd y ödtkei quc pcrskoucg ti`is dis ejsigcs y dj

Mrjgaejsigcråj.
^jrj diorjrdi, gi pjrtc - gi pi`råj bjacrdi - `c gkgoög
prkgakpki mkdisñmkai cstjldcak`i
cstjldcak`i,, gi pi`råj j`sarklkrsc j gkgougj
csaucdj mkdisñmkaj `ctcrekgj`j, si pcgj `c gcojrsc j så eksej,
pirquc cstê aigsakcgtc quc, mrcgtc jd ekstcrki kgsig`jldc
kgsig`jldc `cd
Sgkvcrsi y `c ti`i di quc cxkstc, gkgougj `cmkgkakñg i scu`i
siduakñg bj sk`i mireudj`j, bjstj jbirj, aig vjdk`cz ugkvcrsjd y
`cmkgktkvj.
^ir cstc eitkvi, dj Mrjgaejsigcråj gi tkcgc ugj
Aigacpakñg `cd Sgkvcrsi i aiseivkskñg pripkj, skgi quc
pcrskouc, mug`jecgtjde
mug`jecgtjdecgtc,
prkgakpki mkdisñmkai y djcgtc, dj jlösquc`j
prêatkaj
prêatka `c djaiei
`c dj ]krtu` ]cr`j` aiei
prkgakpki
ëtkai.
Gi ajcrê
ajcrê cg cd ccrrir
rrir cg quc bjg ajå`i y sc
scoukrêg
oukrêg aajycg`i
jycg`i
mkdisimåjs y rcdkokigcs quc, aig jmkrejakigcs jtrcvk`js y
supcrmkakjdcs, gis qukcrcg kepigcr siduakigcs jrlktrjrkjs c
kgaiepriljldcs silrc cd ctcrgi ekstcrki `cd irkocg y `cstkgi `c
ti`is dis scrcs y `c ti`js djs aisjs.
Dj Mrjgaejsigcråj sc aigmirej aig cd cstu`ki `c ti`js
djs mkdisimåjs y aig cd aigiakekcgti `c ti`js djs rcdkokigcs, pcri
gi sc jljg`crkzj gk k`cgtkmkaj aig gkgougj `c cddjs cg pjrtkaudjr,
pjrj di aujd pripkakj cd vucdi `cd cspårktu bjakj cd kgmkgkti y `cd
pcgsjekcgti
pcgsjekc gti `cd Bielrc, skg quc gkgougj trjlj `ioeêtkaj gk
k`cidñokaj dc cgtrjlc dis pkcs.
<<
 <1

Dj aiseivkskñg cg Ejsigcråj

Cstc tcej silrc dj aigacpakñg `cd Sgkvcrsi i

Aiseivkskñg y dj k`cj `c @kis, trjc jd tjpctc `c dj `ksauskñg, cg
cd acrrj`i akraudi `c gucstrj kgstktuakñg, dj k`cj `c @kis `cgtri
`cd aigacpti `c O.¿.J.¿.@.¿.S.¿. quc bj j`iptj`i dj
Mrjgaejsigcråjj aiei mñreudj pjrj auepdkr aig dj k`cj, tjelkëg
Mrjgaejsigcrå
ocgcrjdkzj`j, quc cd bielrc piscc cg mirej jgacstrjd y jgåekaj,
cd scgtkekcgti rcdkokisi, quc di bjac priadkvc j "arccr" skg cgtrjr
cg ejyircs aigsk`crjakigcs, cg ug Qcr Qupcrkir, cg ugj
`kvkgk`j` prcaigaclk`j pcrsigjd y privk`cgakjd, quc di arcñ j su
kejocg y scecfjgzj (ec cstiy rcmkrkcg`i jd bielrc `cd eug`i
Iaak`cgtjd.)
Cg dis jdlircs `c gucstrj akvkdkzjakñg cstj `kvkgk`j`
tiejlj dj mirej `c aujdqukcr cdcecgti cxkstcgtc cg dj
Gjturjdczjj (pjgtcåsei).
Gjturjdcz
@cs`c quc sc mireñ dj Orjg Diokj `c Dig`rcs, cg :?:?,
y aiei di cstjldcac dj Aigstktuakñg Jg`crsigkjgj, cstj arccgakj
jgacstrjd cg ug Qcr Qupcrkir quc`j jd dklrc jrlktrki `c aj`j
ejsñg, qukëg, aiei di `kac cd \ktujd, dc `j mirej y dc jskogj
cscgakj y jtrklutis scoög su pjrtkaudjr sjlcr y cgtcg`cr, skg quc
cddi scj eitkvi `c aigmdkati aig sus `ceês bcrejgis quc tcgojg
aigacpakigcs
aigacpakigcs `kstkgtjs.
Cd tñpkai eês kepirtjgtc y ec`udjr cg cstc tcej `c dj
@kvkgk`j` i arccgakj cg @kis, rj`kaj, j ek fukaki, cg cd aigacpti
`c Jdej y `c su `cstkgi, pir cd tceir j dj eucrtc quc celjroj
jd Bielrc, ögkai cg ti`j dj csajdj ziidñokaj.

Ekcgtrjs
Ajtñdkaj, djs y `kstkgtjs
ugcg Jdej Aucrpi cgrcdkokigcs,
dj arccgakj cg pjrtkaudjr, dji
`c kgeirtjdk`j`
rcsurrcaakñg j ugj vk`j ctcrgj, pir dj Orjakj `c su `kvkgk`j`, dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj pdjgtcj, cg ugi `c sus Djg`ejr hs, sñdi dj
Djg`ejrhs,
Kgeirtjdk`j` `cd Jdej skg dj kgtcrvcgakñg `c ugj vidugtj`

<0

`kvkgj, skgi aiei jdoi "pcr sc", auyi ajekgi i `cstkgi sc

jscourj pir ec`ki
"cstj`i k`cjd" `c dj
j trjvës `cdKgkakjakñg quc prctcg`c
pcrmcaakigjekcgti aigscoukr
eirjd cstc
`cd kgkakj`i
(Ectcepskaisks
(Ectcepska isks ^ktjoñrkaj).
Di eês kgtcrcsjgtc, skg celjroi, rj`kaj cg cd bcabi quc
dj Mrjgaejsigcråj `cfj jlkcrtj aujdqukcrj itrj kgtcrprctjakñg
silrc dj ejtcrkj, skg prctcg`cr kepigcr ugj arccgakj
`ctcrekgj`j, y `koi arccgakj, pirquc ti`i cstc tcej quc bceis
vcgk`i jgjdkzjg`i, sc pdjgtcj cg cd pdjgi `c di jlstrjati, `c di
kgtjgokldc, `c di ecrjecgtc sulfctkvi y cspcaudjtkvi.
cspcaudjtkvi.
Ekcgtrjs dj Kodcskj, aujdqukcrj quc scj, ildkoj j arccr cg
su vcr`j` rcvcdj`j y ajstkoj j dis quc gi jacptjg sus `ioejs, dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj cstu`kj y jgjdkzj ti`js djs ejgkmcstjakigcs
rcdkokisjs `c dis bielrcs, skg kepigcr gkgougj, sñdi prctcg`c j
trjvës `c su cgscújgzj skelñdkaj quc aj`j ugi `c sus j`cptis
cstu`kc, jgjdkac y sc kgtcrcsc pir cstc jpjskigjgtc y jlksejgtc
tcej y j`iptc dj piskakñg quc eês dc jaiei`c scoög su audturj,
su k`kiskgarjskj skg fukakis prcvkis, skg tceircs `c ajstkois, gk
cspcrjgzjs `c prcekis y rcaiepcgsjs cg itri eug`i k`ådkai,
cxtrj tcrrcgjd.
 <3

Cd jrj cg dj Diokj Jzud

\cmcrcgtc jd Jrj y j su bkstirkj, ugj aisj `kogj `c tcgcrsc

cg aucgtj, scoög F. E. \joñg, cg su ilrj "Dj eksj y sus
Ekstcrkis", cs quc dj ecsj quc sc prcpjrjlj cg ec`ki `cd
tcepdi pjrj acdclrjr dj aieugkñg i êojpc mrjtcrgjd,
mrjtcrg jd, gi aaiekcgzj
iekcgzj
j tiejr cd gielrc `c jdtjr bjstj cd skodi R].
Jtcgêoirjs, Pcñmkdi, Fustkgi y Pcrtudkjgi jscourjg quc
dis prkecris arkstkjgis jliekgjljg `c dis tcepdis y `c dis
jdtjrcs.
^jrcakcrj scr quc jd prkgakpki cstis jdtjrcs i duojrcs `c
sjarkmkaki y j`irjakñg j `kiscs `c jgtkoujs rcdkokigcs, crjg
ulkaj`js cg dj akej `c eigtjújs, aidkgjs i pkrêek`cs,
aigstruk`js cx primcsi pjrj cstjr eês acraj `c dj `kvkgk`j`
kgviaj`j y pir scr cstis duojrcs eês pripkakis pjrj dj
ec`ktjakñg, dj cdcvjakñg cspkrktujd y dj irjakñg.
Bjy itris jutircs quc sistkcgcg quc dis jdtjrcs sig
`crkvjakigcss `c djs pkc`rjs auj`rj`js quc sc pigåjg pjrj scújdjr
`crkvjakigc
dis dåektcs `c djs gjakigcs y tcrrktirkis y scrvåjg `c duojr `c
rcugkñg pjrj `ksautkr jsugtis `c eutuj aigvcgkcgakj i pjrj
rcsidvcr aigmdkatis susaktj`is cgtrc vcakgis. Gi tjr`jrig cg scr
cstjs pkc`rjs sjorj`js c kgvkidjldcs, tcrekgjg`i pir rcg`årscdcs
audti.
Dis jgtkouis rcycs `c Krdjg`j crjg airigj`is silrc ugj
pkc`rj ddjej`j Dkjmjkd i pkc`rj mjtjd. Qc aucgtj quc aujg`i cd
gucvi \cy sc scgtjlj silrc cddj, dj ekdjorisj pkc`rj djgzjlj
orjg`cs qucfk`is. Qcoög ugj vkcfj dcycg`j, dj rjzj `c dis Qaits
rckgjråjCd
`ig`c
\cyscC`ujr`i
aigscrvjrj
K csj
`c pkc`rj.
Kgodjtcrrj ejg`ñ quc mucrj
trjsdj`j`j j dj jlj`åj `c _cstekgstcr, cg `ig`c muc cgacrrj`j
cg ugj ajfj `c ej`crj pjrj kepc`kr quc sc auepdkcrj dj primcaåj.
Cstc cfcepdi `ceucstrj quc csjs pkc`rjs tisajs, `cstkgj`js jd

<=

prkgakpki pjrj scrvkr `c eifigcs, bktis i ejrajs

ejrajs,, mucrig eês
tjr`c rcvcrcgakj`js
cg jrjs, y aigsjorj`js, tcrekgjg`i pir aigvcrtkrsc
jdtjrcs i trigis.
Aig rcspcati jd Jdtjr cg dj Diokj Jzud y, aiei ugj
ejgcrj `c rcjmkrejr cg cd scgtk`i quc pjrcakcrj quc gugaj buli,
cg dis jdlircs `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj ei`crgj,
ei`c rgj, ug Jdtjr `c jdougj
`c djs mirejs quc biy sc aigiacg, gk cxkstkñ pjrj dj mkgjdk`j` quc
jbirj tkcgc.
[ rcdjakigjg`i cstc pugti aig cd skoukcgtc, quc trjtj `cd
Dklri `c dj Dcy Qjorj`j, `c dj Csauj`rj y `cd Aiepês, quc
jugquc gi airrcspig`c jd tcej cg aucstkñg, `iy pir cgtcg`k`i
quc, pir trjtjrsc `c såelidis quc cstêg ågtkejecgtc
rcdjakigj`is pjrj
pjr j ugj ecfir aieprcgskñg, ec pcrekti, j ek vcz,
dj dklcrtj` `c aktjr jdougjs rcmcrcgakjs jd rcspcati.
]iy j rcpri`uakr jdougis pêrrjmis quc tkcgcg rcdjakñg
aig cd tcej, cxtrjå`is `c ug trjljfi `c Ajrdis Ojyêg, tktudj`i
"Prjzj`i i Diokj såelidi `cd Pcepdi", quc muc puldkaj`i cg cd
Auj`crgkddi G¶0 `c dj Diokj —^cgtjdpbj― y quc tjelkëg jpjrcakñ
cg dj \cvkstj Ejsñgkaj G¶? - 2 `cd júi :;?:.
—Dj eksej cviduakñg quc buli cg dj mirej `c bjacr dis
pdjgis `c ugj aigstruaakñg,
aigstruaakñg, sc pri`ufi cg djs rcugkigcs `c dis
ejsigcs ipcrjtkvis pjrj trjljfjr ejsñgkajecgtc. \cugk`is cg
ug diajd i bjlktjakñg prñxkej jd sktki `c dj aigstruaakñg,
`klufjljg cg cd sucdi dis såelidis prkgakpjdcs. Pcrekgj`is dis
trjljfis, dis lirrjljg pjrj cvktjr quc mucrjg ilfcti `c aurkisk`j`
`c qukcgcs gi `clåjg aigiacrdis. Qcoög \. F. Ecchrcg (Jrs
Zujtuir Airigjtirue, júi DRK) cg dis tkcepis prkektkvis `c dj
ejsigcråj ipcrjtkvj, djs diokjs sc rcugåjg jd jkrc dklrc y sc
cgacrrjlj rktujdecgtc ug cspjaki cg cd sucdi―
sucdi ―.
—^istcrkirecgtc,
dj aistuelrc jd rcugkrsc
quc yj crj mjekdkjr, dj `cgtri `c ugcxpdkajldc.
quc cs euy diajd, pcrskstkñ
Cstc
cgakcrri `c dj diokj i cd auj`rj`i ildigoi quc sc ecgakigj cg
dis ajtcakseis `cd skodi R]KKK, y quc pjsñ `c `klufis cg cd sucdi
j tjldcris i tjpctcs pkgtj`is, sc aigstktuycrig cg fiyjs `cd

<?

Pjddcr. Dj diokj, cs `cakr, dj diokj cscgakjd crj, pucs, cstc trjzj`i

y gi dj sjdj `c rcugkñg quc jbirj cs cd Pcepdi y aiei cstc
trjzj`i i diokj crj skceprc euabi eês pcqucúi quc cd pksi `c
dj bjlktjakñg, y `clk`i j quc dis bcrejgis gi pksjljg cd trjzj`i
pjrj aigscrvjrdi cg lucgjs aig`kakigcs,
aig`kakigcs, quc`ñ dj aistuelrc `c
auj`rjr cd Pcepdi". Bjstj jquå Ajrdis Ojyêg.
Jbirj lkcg, cd sktkjd
sktkjd i —pc`cstjd―
—pc`cstjd― `cd ]
].¿.
.¿. E.¿. quc ccrj,
rj, j
su vcz, jdtjr y ecsj, cstjlj ulkaj`i cg cd Irkcgtc, jpcoj`i j cstc
trjzj`i, pir di quc dis bcrejgis tcgåjg quc vidvcr silrc sus
pjsis cg cd `cspdjzjekcgti `cgtri `cd Pcepdi. Di quc gi tkcgc
cxpdkajakñg
Pcepdi `c dj cs eksej
quc dis ejgcrj,
bcrejgiscgaigtkgöcg akraudjg`i
akraugstjgakj quc cd`cgtri
sktkjd `cd
].¿.. E.¿
].¿ E.¿.. sc bj rctkrj`i eês jd Irkcgtc y cd Jrj sc bj trjsdj`j`i
jd acgtri `cd Pcepdi.
Cg cd Ejgusarkti Bjrdcdjg` G¶ :.;0<, quc sc supigc muc
csarkti cd júi :=?>, jpjrcac cd mkgjd `cd ^ugti =¶ quc sc rcmkcrc
jd furjecgti `c Qkokdi prcstj`i pir cd jspkrjgtc, dj skoukcgtc
kgviajakñg —Jså ec jyu`cg @kis y cd Qjgti Qjgti aigtcgk`i `c cstc
Dklri―. Di quc cstjråj `ceistrjg`i
`ceistrjg` i quc yj cg csj ëpiaj mkour
mkourjlj
jlj
dj Lkldkj cg cd Jdtjr `c dj Diokj pjrj cd \ktujd `cd Furjecgti.
Qcoög cd jutir Idkvcr @. Qtrcct, djs jgtkoujs ejrajs gi
`kacg gj`j rcmcrcgtc j dj Lkldkj. Jgtcs `c dj prieudojakñg `c djs
Jgtkoujs Ejrajs cg cd júi :?<1,
:?<1, pir ccdd B. . Fjecs Jg`crsig,
gi bjy pruclj quc dj Lkldkj sc usjrj cg djs diokjs, skgi pjrj quc
dis ajg`k`jtis furjrjg silrc cddj, bjstj cd júi :?=> aujg`i, j
pripucstj `c _kddkje ^rcstig sc dc `ki ajtcoiråj `c Duz `c dj
Diokj.
@cs`c csj mcabj quc`ñ cxpucstj dj Lkldkj cg djs Diokjs
kgodcsjs y `c euabis itris pjåscs, pcri su usi gugaj bj sk`i
ugkvcrsjd
sc cxkoc `cy dis
sk gi jpjrcacquc
ejsigcs aidiaj`i cg cgscújgzjs
arcjg sus euabis jdtjrcs
y gicsaiei
pirquc
ug
ecri såelidi `c dj ]cr`j`, sjlkcg`i quc cxkstcg cg `kmcrcgtcs
pjrtcs `cd eug`i, ejsigcs quc gi arccg cg djs cgscújgzjs `cd
Gucvi Pcstjecgti
Pcstjecgti gk cg jdougis pjsjfcs
pjsjfcs `cd Jgtkoui.

<2

^ir di tjgti, si pcgj `c rcprcscgtjr ugj mjrsj, gi

`clceis cepdcjr dj Lkldkj aiei tcstkeigki `c sus `iatrkgjs y
cgscújgzjs,
cgscúj gzjs, tcrekgj `kakcg`i cd Z.¿
Z.¿.. B.¿
B.¿.. Idkvcr Qtrcct.
Aiei ug airidjrki j cstc aiecgtjrki, tjd vcz scj jtkgj`i
aktjr ug lrcvc pêrrjmi `cd dklri —Cd ^jgirjej Akcgtåmkai― `c
Lcrtrjg` \usscdd6 —Cd aigmdkati `c Ojdkdci y dj Kgqukskakñg gi crj
ecrjecgtc ug aigmdkati cgtrc cd pcgsjekcgti dklrc y cd
mjgjtksei, i cgtrc dj Akcgakj y dj \cdkokñg8 cs cd aigmdkati cgtrc
cd Cspårktu `c Kg`uaakñg y cd Cspårktu `c @c`uaakñg. Dis quc
arccg cg dj @c`uaakñg aiei eëti`i pjrj ddcojr jd aigiakekcgti,
sc vcg ildkoj`is
ocgcrjdecgtc j tiejr
cg ug Dklri sus `c
Qjorj`i prceksjs cg jdougj
rcvcdjakigcs pjrtc,
`kvkgjs―.
 <;

Ejzi y Ejddctc

Dj Kgkakjakñg gi sc aigaklc aiei ug cstj`i sjarjecgtjd

itiroj`i cg ugj acrceigkj cspcakjd, skgi quc cddj cs skelñdkaj,
y cd kgkakj`i tkcgc quc csmirzjrsc y trjljfjr cg su pripkj
gjturjdczj pjrj diorjr jdajgzjrdj. ^jrj cddi, dj Mrjgaejsigcråj
tkcgc ug pcaudkjr eëti`i `k`êatkai pjrj kepjrtkr su cgscújgzj
cgtrc sus j`cptis, ljsj`i mug`jecgtjdecgtc cg dis vjdircs
skelñdkais jskogj`is
jskogj`i s j djs bcrrjekcgtjs `c trjljfi cepdcj`is cg
cd Jrtc \cjd.
Fugti aig dj Csauj`rj y cd Aiepês, djs prkecrjs
bcrrjekcgtjs quc sc dcs cgtrcoj j dis Jprcg`kacs sig cd Ejzi y
cd Akgacd y sc dcs `kac quc aig cddjs `clcg `csljstjr su ^kc`rj
Lrutj, cs `cakr, `clcg djlrjr su pripkj pcrsigjdk`j`. Qc dc scújdj
quc cd Ejzi rcprcscgtj dj ]idugtj` y cd Akgacd dj `ctcrekgjakñg
cg dj cfcauakñg `c ug jati.
Aiei di scújdj cd tåtudi, cstj Kgstruaakñg ^rcdkekgjr
^rcdkek gjr tkcgc
pir ilfcti
ejddctc. rcmcrkrsc
Qcoög Fudcs jd Ejzi, Ejkddct
Liuabcr, quc cs ug ejrtkddi
vkcgc orjg`c
`c dj vkcfj y jd
pjdjlrj
mrjgacsj Ejkd, `crkvj`j `cd djtåg Ejddcus, quc skogkmkaj Ejzi,
Ejrtkddi6 pir di quc pi`ceis aigadukr quc Ejddctc cs ug
ojdkaksei `c Ejzi.
^cri vcjeis aiei di kgtcrprctj dj Ejsigcråj skelñdkaj
i cspcaudjtkvj.
^jrj cddj, cstjs `is pjdjlrjs tkcgcg `kstkgti skogkmkaj`i6
ekcgtrjs cd Ejzi skelidkzj, aiei yj di `kfkeis, dj mucrzj `c
vidugtj` y dj pcrscvcrjgakj pjrj cfcautjr ug trjljfi i ugj
jaakñg, cd Ejddctc skogkmkaj pi`cr, `krcaakñg cg dis trjljfis,
eitkvi pir cd aujd cs usj`i pir cd ]cgcrjldc Ejcstri y dis `is
]kokdjgtcs quc dc scaug`jg. Jd scr usj`i pir cd ]cgcrjldc
Ejcstri, rcaucr`j cd actri quc ddcvjljg dis jgtkouis eigjrajs
aiei såelidi `c su pi`cr tcepirjd.

1>

Pcgceis jså, quc ekcgtrjs cd Ejzi skrvc pjrj oidpcjr,

`cstrukr, jorc`kr y ejtjr, cd Ejddctc cg ajelki, skelidkzj dj
jutirk`j` quc `krkoc, ir`cgj y `ksakpdkgj.
Qcoög Lcrgjr` C. Figcs, "cg euabjs diokjs, cd Ejddctc
cs utkdkzj`i cg ug skogkmkajtkvi pjsjfc `c dj Acrceigkj `c
Cxjdtjakñg, cg akraugstjgakj quc dj bcrrjekcgtj airrcatj quc
`clc usjrsc cs ug pcsj`i ejzi `c ej`crj aiei cd quc sc usjlj
cg djs prkektkvjs diokjs kgodcsjs".
Jorcoj quc, cg csc tkcepi, cstc kgstruecgti crj
aigiak`i aig cd gielrc `c "Bkrje" y quc cg dis vkcfis jgjdcs
`c dj "Id` @ug`cc Di`oc", mkourj dj aieprj, cg cd júi :?1;, `c
ug fucoi `c trcs "bkrjes" y sc arcc quc cg djs jgtkoujs diokjs `c
Lrkstid, sc cgtrcojlj, ljfi cstc gielrc, cd ejzi jd Ejcstri
rcakëg kgstjdj`i, aiei såelidi `c su gucvj kgvcstk`urj. Cg
akcrtjs diokjs tcgåj dj mirej `c ugj ajsktj aig cd tcabi jdti ".
Pi`i csti vkcgc j aigmkrejr di quc bceis vcgk`i
sistcgkcg`i cg cstj Kgstruaakñg ^rcdkekgjr cg cd scgtk`i quc cd
Ejddctc cs rcprcscgtjtkvi `c pi`cr y `c jutirk`j` cg dis trjljfis
`c ugj diokj, eitkvi pir cd aujd di usj tjgti cd ]cgcrjldc
Ejcstri, aiei
aig`uaakñg
aig`uaakñg cd :¶ y <¶ vkokdjgtcs quc di scaug`jg cg dj
`cd Pjddcr.
 Bc pi`k`i ilscrvjr cg jdougjs diokjs, quc pjrj jlrcvkjr
cd tkcepi, cd ].¿.E.¿. jlrc dis trjljfis aig ug oidpc `c ejzi,
aig dj jgucgakj `cd B.¿. Irj`ir8 di quc pi`råj kgtcrprctjrsc quc
sc cstjråj `cstruycg`i, cg vcz `c c`kmkajg`i, cd Pcepdi
cspkrktujd y skelñdkai j quc cstêg `cstkgj`is dis trjljfis
ejsñgkais.
^jrj jdougis jutircs, cd Ejzi y cd Akgacd rcprcscgtjg di
jatkvi y di pjskvi. ^jrj \joñg "cd Ejzi cs celdcej `c Prjljfi
y `c dj Mucrzj cspkrktujd quc jyu`j j rceivcr dis ilstêaudis y j
supcrjr djs `kmkaudtj`cs", ekcgtrjs quc pjrj ^djgtjocgct "cs cd
såelidi `c dj Kgtcdkocgakj quc `krkoc cd pcgsjekcgti y jgkej dj
ec`ktjakñg `c jqucd quc, cg cd skdcgaki `c su aigakcgakj, lusaj
dj vcr`j`―
vcr`j`―.

1:

Ekrj`i
rcprcscgtj `cs`c cstc êgoudi,
cd `ksacrgkekcgti, cs kgscpjrjldc
skg auyj `cd cd
kgtcrvcgakñg Akgacd quc
csmucrzi
scråj tjg vjgi aiei pcdkorisi".
Cg cd jgtkoui imkaki, cd Ejzi i Ejrtkddi `c bkcrri tcgåj
ug cxtrcei pdjgi y cd itri tcrekgjlj cg pugtj y di usjljg dis
pkajpc`rcris
pkajpc`rc ris pjrj `csljstjr
`csljstjr y `jr mirej j djs pkc`rjs quc
cxtrjåjg `c djs ajgtcrjs.
Dj Ejsigcråj Cspcaudjtkvj dc `ki j cstj bcrrjekcgtj cd
såelidi `c dj mucrzj `c ]idugtj`, cd cepcúi y csmucrzi cg cd
trjljfi ceprcg`k`i
ceprcg`k` i bjstj aigmirejr ugj pkc`rj aölkaj pkrjek`jd
quc cgajfc "jfustj`jecgtc" cg cd c`kmkaki k`cjd y skelñdkai quc
cstê aigstruycg`i jmjgisjecgtc cd Kgkakj`i Ejsñg.
1<
 11

Dj mkdisimåj `c dj vcr`j`

Cg ug pjsjfc `c su cxpiskakñg, cd ].¿.B.¿. Ejrais

Jrjgc`j, sc rcmkcrc j dj mkdisimåj `c dj ]cr`j`, `kakcg`i "quc cd
ilfctkvi `c dj mkdisimåj di aigstktuyc cd aigiakekcgti `c djs
vcr`j`cs suprcejs j quc puc`c jspkrjr dj kgtcdkocgakj buejgj,
skg jau`kr j dj jutirk`j` i j dj rcvcdjakñg y j aigtkgujakñg
jorcoj6
vcr`j` cg"djs akcgakjs
ocgcrjd trjtjg `c vcr`j`cs y dj mkdisimåj, `c dj
i titjd".
^istcrkirecgtc, cg sus rcmdcxkigcs mkgjdcs, rcaucr`j djs
tjfjgtcs ipkgkigcs silrc cd tcej, `c Bcocd, @cwcy y itris
mkdñsimis, jpjrcak`js cg dj ilrj "Bkstirkj `c dj Mkdisimåj
Iaak`cgtjd" `cd mkdñsimi kgodës Lcrtrjg`
Lcrtr jg` \usscdd, quc cg rcsuecg
`kac6 "cd ajrêatcr `c aujdqukcr pirakñg `cd Sgkvcrsi, cs tjg
primug`jecgtc jmcatj`j pir sus rcdjakigcs aig djs itrjs pjrtcs y
aig dj "odiljdk`j`", quc gi puc`c bjlcr gkgougj ]cr`j` pjrakjd,
`c ei`i quc gi puc`c bjlcr itrj ]cr`j` quc dj ]cr`j` Pitjd .
Cstc eksei mkdñsimi ei`crgi aktj`i, cxpigc cg su dklri
"Cd ^jgirjej Akcgtåmkai", quc cd aigiakekcgti `c dj vcr`j` cs
eês `kmåakd `c diorjr, quc di quc supigåj cg su tkcepi, Ojdkdci,
y euabi `c di quc cstc sjlki arcåj aiei vcr`j`cri, crj sñdi
jprixkej`i, pcri cg cd pripñskti `c jdajgzjr dj ]cr`j`, Ojdkdci
`ki cd prkecr pjsi, cabjg`i pir tkcrrj di jscvcrj`i pir
Jrkstñtcdcs y djs Qjorj`js Csarkturjs, auyi aigiakekcgti bjlåj
kepcrj`i `urjgtc ti`j dj C`j` Ec`kj, pir di quc sc dc aigsk`crj
cd prcaursir `cd eëti`i akcgtåmkai ei`crgi.
Jorcoj,
Kgqukskakñg, cg su
gi muc dklri, qucugj
sidjecgtc cd puogj
aigmdkati cgtrc
cgtrc Ojdkdci y dj
cd pcgsjekcgti
dklrc y cd mjgjtksei, i cgtrc dj akcgakj y dj rcdkokñg, skgi quc cstc
aigmdkati cstjlj acgtrj`i cgtrc cd cspårktu `c kg`uaakñg y cd
cspårktu `c `c`uaakñg.

10

Dis quc cepdcjg dj `c`uaakñg aiei eëti`i pjrj

jdajgzjr dj vcr`j`, sc vcg ildkoj`is j tiejr sus prceksjs `c
jdougj pjrtc, ocgcrjdecgtc `c ug Dklri Qjorj`i. Dj `c`uaakñg
priac`cgtc `c dklris kgspkrj`is i rcvcdj`is, cs cd eëti`i `c
ddcojr j dj ]cr`j`, cepdcj`is pir cxcoctjs arkstkjgis,
ejbiectjgis,
ejbiectjg is, fu`åis, cta.
^ir cd aigtrjrki, dj akcgakj cepdcj cd eëti`i kg`uatkvi.
@c dj ilscrvjakñg `c dis bcabis pjrtkaudjrcs sc ddcoj, pir
kg`uaakñg, j cstjldcacr ugj Dcy Ocgcrjd y pir `c`uaakñg `c ugj
Dcy Ocgcrjd,
pjrczaj sig kgmcrk`is
ugj pjrj`ifj, itris bcabis
ti`j akcgakj cxjatjpjrtkaudjrcs y jugquc
cstê `iekgj`j
`i ekgj`j pir dj
k`cj `c dj jprixkejakñg.
Qkg celjroi, cs kepiskldc cgaigtrjr j ug tcñdioi i j ug
pidåtkai, quc rcaigizajg cg su prë`kaj i cg su `ksau
`ksaursi,
rsi, quc, j
di ecfir, puc`cg cstjr cqukviaj`is.
Dj Mrjgaejsigcråj, pir su pjrtc, sc prciaupj `c kg`jojr
silrc dj ]cr`j` Quprcej, dj Orjg ]cr`j`, jugquc cstê
aigvcgak`j quc cs kepiskldc `c diorjrdj8 pcri su ekskñg cs kr
trjs cddj, pjrj di aujd sus trcs orj`is skelñdkais trjtjg `c
cgaigtrjr ugj rcspucstj j djs orjg`cs kgtcrriojgtcs6 ¹Zuë
sieis9 ¹@c `ñg`c vcgkeis9 ¹J `ñg`c vjeis9

13

Dj Kgkakjakñg

J dj Kgkakjakñg Ejsñgkaj, gi sc dc `j cstc gielrc cg

jdougis pjåscs scoög cd \kti cg quc trjljfcg. Pjelkëg cstc jati
kgkakêtkai gi cs cxaduskvi `c dj Ejsigcråj y sc bj prjatkaj`i
`cs`c dis jdlircs `c dj Buejgk`j`.
Cd bielrc prkektkvi di rcjdkzjlj cg akcrtjs ctjpjs `c su
vk`j orupjd aiei pir cf. cd pjsi `c dj c`j` `c dj pulcrtj` j dj
c`j` j`udtj, aig `urjs cxkocgakjs quc pigåjg j pruclj dj vjdcgtåj
c kgtrcpk`cz `cd ajg`k`jti y quc dc scrvkråjg pjrj dj ajzj y dj
silrcvkvcgakj, cg ug ec`ki tjg bistkd.
Dj Kgkakjakñg Ejsñgkaj gi sc akraugsarklc sidjecgtc j dj
acrceigkj quc dj aigsjorj, skgi quc aigtkgöj cg ug priacsi quc
tkcgc `is ctjpjs eês, cg cd Qcoug`i y Pcracr Orj`i, quc vkcgcg
j scr dj audekgjakñg `c cstc priacsi kgkakêtkai.
 Dj Ejsigcråj kgodcsj gi aigsk`crj jd Jprcg`kz aiei
kgkakj`i, skgiquc
ajlc jgitjr quc rcokstrj`i (cgtcrc` jpprcgtkac
jdougis bcrejgis vjg euabi ). Qkg
eêsceljroi,
jddê jd
jscourjr quc cstjs kgkakjakigcs skoucg cg dis orj`is ajpktudjrcs
`cd \kti Csaiaës Jgtkoui y Jacptj`i, bjstj cd orj`i 1>¶, pucsti
quc dis trcs orj`is rcstjgtcs
r cstjgtcs sig ecrjecgtc j`ekgkstrjtkvis.
j`ekgkstrjtkvis.
Lkcg sjlceis quc di quc ajrjatcrkzj y `kstkgouc j dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj `c aujdqukcrj itrj kgstktuakñg primjgj, cs su
ajrêatcr kgkakêtkai y quc dj `cmkgkakñg eês aigiak`j pir gisitris
rcspcati j dj Kgkakjakñg, cs jqucddj quc sistkcgc quc cs "gjacr j
ugj vk`j gucvj―
gucvj―. Kgkakjrsc, pir di tjgti. cs aiecgzjr
aiecgzjr "ugj gucvj
vk`j" y dj Mrjgaejsigcråj aigi Kgstktuakñg kgkakêtkaj, cmcatöj,
skelñdkajecgtc, cstc gjakekcgti j csj gucvj vk`j. ^cri ¹cg quë
aigskstc cstj vk`j gucvj9
@cs`c ducoi, sc trjtj `c ugj gucvj vk`j eirjd, quc cs cg
cscgakj, di quc ajrjatcrkzj y skgoudjrkzj j gucstrj Kgstktuakñg,
aiei pi`ceis aiepriljrdi jd cviajr ugj `c djs `cmkgkakigcs

1=

eês jgtkoujs quc sc aigiac `c gucstrj Ir`cg y quc jpjrcac, cg

aujgti j tcstkeigki, cg ug ejgusarkti kgodës `cd skodi R]K, quc
cxprcsj quc dj Ejsigcråj cs "ug pcaudkjr skstcej `c Eirjd,
vcdj`i cg jdcoiråjs c kdustrj`i pir ec`ki `c såelidis".
Dj Kgkakjakñg, pir itrj pjrtc, puc`c `cmkgkrsc, `c ejgcrj
ocgcrjd, aigi ug priacsi `cstkgj`i j rcjdkzjr pskaidñokajecgtc
cg cd kg`kvk`ui, cd pjsjfc `cs`c
`cs`c ug cstj`i `cd Qcr, rcputj`i aiei
kgmcrkir, j ug cstj`i cspkrktujd supcrkir, aig dj sjdvc`j` quc cstc
pjsi gi puc`c `jrdi
`jrdi cd kgkakj`i
kgkakj`i pir så sidi - gi puc`c
puc`c kgkakj
kgkakjrsc
rsc j
så eksei -, skgi
irojgkzjakñg quc `clc
kgkakêtkaj quc rcjdkzjrdi
di aidiqucpircg kgtcrec`ki
dj cgtrj`j,`ccgugj
cd
aiekcgzi `cd ajekgi kgkakêtkai.
@c jbå priac`c cd ajrêatcr siakjd quc tkcgc dj Kgkakjakñg
Ejsñgkaj, aigtrjrkjecgtc aig di quc dc jaigtcac jd eåstkai,
scouk`ir `c ugj rcdkokñg aujdqukcrj, quc cs ug kg`kvk`ui jksdj`i,
auyjs prêatkajs `c irjakñg, kduekgjakñg y aigvcrskñg sig
sidktjrkjs. Qkg celjroi, cs gcacsjrki jadjrjr quc dj Ir`cg gi
kgaudaj jd kgkakj`i
kgkakj` i ugj k`cj i ugj `iatrkgj `ctcr
`ctcrekgj`j,
ekgj`j, skgi quc
sc dkektj j trjgsektkrdc di quc \cgë Oucgig ddjej6 "ugj
kgmducgakj cspkrktujd".
Cd eëti`i scouk`i pjrj diorjr cstc ajelki, cstj
trjgsmirejakñg, cstê ljsj`i cg ugj scrkc `c jatis skelñdkais, `c
prucljs eirjdcs y måskajs quc ilrjg silrc "cd pskqukse
pskquksei"
i" `cd
kgkakj`i trjtjg`i
trjtjg `i `c keprkekrdc dj scgsjakñg `c quc "eucrc" pjrj
"rcgjacr" j ugj gucvj vk`j eês pdcgj, eês cspkrktujd8 pcri pjrj
aigscoukr ug pdcgi cmcati, cd ajg`k`jti `clc cstjr privksti `c
akcrtjs aig`kakigcs kgbcrcgtcs, skg djs aujdcs, dj kgkakjakñg gi
surtkråj cmcati8 scråj aiei sk gugaj sc bulkcrj cmcatuj`i.
Cstc ecajgksei pskaidñokai pir cd quc ipcrjg djs
`kmcrcgtcs prucljs rktujdåstkajs quc sc rceigtjg j dis jgtkouis
ekstcrkis cs ti`jvåj piai aigiak`i. ^jrj Fudcs Liuabcr,
cekgcgtc ejsñg mrjgaës, "dis \ktis ilrjg pir ugj sucrtc `c
keprcogjakñg `cd sulaigsakcgtc", di quc j gucstri fukaki ajc cg
dis dkg`cs `cd pskaijgê
pskaijgêdksks.
dksks.

1?

Dj Cspj`j Mdjeåocrj

Cd usi `c cspj`js cg dj Ejsigcråj bj sk`i arktkaj`i y

aiecgtj`i cg mirej gcojtkvj pir jdougis jutircs ejsñgkais
quc aigsk`crjg ugj kgaigorucgakj cd cepdci `c jrejs cg ugj
Kgstktuakñg quc priadjej dj ^jz, dj Jreigåj y dj Bcrejg`j`
cgtrc dis bielrcs.
Cxkstc orjg `kmcrcgakj y sc dc `jg `kstkgtis skogkmkaj`is
cgtrc dj cspj`j rcatj, `c dêekgj pdjgj, aig `ildc mkdi y dj cspj`j
`c dêekgj ig`udjgtc y skg mkdi, `cgiekgj`j Cspj`j Mdjeåocrj,
quc sc cepdcjg cg cd `csjrriddi `c \ktujdcs y Acrceigkjs quc sc
acdclrjg `cgtri `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj.
^ir cfcepdi, jd aiekcgzi `c dj Acrceigkj `c Kgkakjakñg,
cd Cxpcrti (B.¿. Pcrrkldc, aiei sc dc ddjejlj jgtkoujecgtc),
aig`uac jd pistudjgtc j dj Aêejrj `c \cmdcxkigcs prceugk`i `c
ugj cspj`j, cg auyj pugtj kgscrtj cd Pcstjecgti Ejsñgkai y di
trjgspirtj
].¿.E.¿. bjstj cd sktkjd `cd B.¿. Irj`ir, pir kg`kajakñg `cd
Cg jdougis Irkcgtcs sc jaistuelrj rcaklkr jd
rcakpkcg`jrki aidiaêg`idc dj pugtj `c dj cspj`j cg cd pcabi, di
quc, pjrj Fudcs Liuabcr, `cstjaj`i cru`kti mrjgaës, aigstktuyc
ug crrir, skcg`i di airrcati aidiajrdc dj pugtj `c ug aiepês.
Cg cd Qcoug`i ]kjfc, sc csauabj ug cgtrcabiajr `c
cspj`js pjrj skogkmkajrdc jd pistudjgtc, dj duabj quc `clc
sistcgcr cd bielrc pjrj dklcrjrsc `c sus vkcfis prcfukakis y sus
ljfjs pjskigcs.
pjskigcs.
Cg cd eiecgti `c aigac`ërscdc dj Duz, cd gcñmkti vc
sirprcg`k`i quc ti`is dis bcrejgis dc jpugtjg aig sus cspj`js,
`ceistrêg`idc quc cstjrêg prcstis j kr cg su jyu`j y `cmcg`crdi
aig su vk`j sk mucrc gcacsjrki.
Dj Cspj`j Mdjeåocrj jpjrcac aujg`i cd ].¿.E.¿. rcaklc
y aigsjorj jd gucvi bcrejgi aiei Jprcg`kz Ejsñg. Cd \ktujd

12

cstjldcak`i pir cd Aigvcgti `c Djusjgj, cd júi :2?3, prcaksj

quc cd ].¿.E.¿. `clc `jr trcs oidpcs koujdcs silrc dj cspj`j
mdjeåocrjj sistcgk`j aig dj ejgi kzqukcr`j, yj quc gi
mdjeåocr gi cs ug jrej,
pripkjecgtc tjd, skgi quc skelidkzj ug kgstruecgti
kgstruecgti `c
trjgsekskñg y aigsjorjakñg, pir di quc cd ].¿.E.¿. `clc usjrdj
cg dis trcs orj`is
or j`is skelñdkais.
Djs cspj`js rcatjs, aig dêekgj pdjgj y aig mkdis `clcg
scr usj`js aig dj ejgi `crcabj pir cd Cxpcrti y cd Oujr`j
Pcepdi aig ugj jatktu` `c `cmcgsj jgtc ug piskldc cgcekoi
cxtcrkir. Qig usj`js pir ti`is dis bcrejgis, scjg Jprcg`kacs,
Aiepjúcris i Ejcstris pjrj `ceistrjrdc su `cmcgsj y j`bcskñg
jd gucvi bcrejgi quc rcaklc dj Duz y tjelkëg pjrj mirejr dj
lñvc`j `c Jacri aujg`i sc rkg`c bigircs jd Orjg Ejcstri y
itrjs Jutirk`j`cs Qupcrkircs quc vksktcg cd Pjddcr.
Qc arcc quc cd usi `c dj cspj`j cg cd \kti Csaiaës
Jgtkoui y Jacptj`i `jtj `cs`c mkgcs `cd Qkodi R]KKK, ëpiaj cg
quc sidjecgtc dis gildcs y ajljddcris `c jdaurgkj cg Mrjgakj,
pjås cg `ig`c sc ocgcrñ cd \kti Csaiaës, usjljg cspj`j pjrj su
`cmcgsj
dj cspj`jpcrsigjd
pcg`åj jdi aistj`i
pjrj djvjr su bigir
kzqukcr`i ejgakddj`i.
aidojg`i `c ugjDjljg`j
vjkgjquc
`c
aruzjlj cd pcabi `c `crcabj j kzqukcr`j.
kzqukcr `j. Sg rcsjlki `c ti`i cddi,
pi`ceis cgaigtrjrdi cg cd usi `c dj ljg`j pir dis bcrejgis
Ejcstris.
Cg djs diokjs ejsñgkajs, `ig`c kepcrj cd prkgakpki `c dj
Koujd`j`, pi`åjg usjrdj tjgti dis gildcs aiei jqucddis quc gi
di crjg.
Dj cspj`j rcatj, pdjgj y aig mkdi, sc aigsk`crj aiei
såelidi `cd pi`cr buejgi y `c dj fustkakj, ekcgtrjs quc dj
cspj`j mdjeåocrj
mdjeåocr j skelidkzj cd pi`cr `kvkgi. Dj mjeisj y tcekldc
Aurtjgj, cspj`j `c dj Fustkakj, ajrcac `c pugtj.
Qcoög dis riejgis, Föpktcr tigjgtc, cd rcy `c dis `kiscs
(cd Vcus orkcoi, rcy `cd Idkepi), aujg`i sc cgifjlj, djgzjlj
trucgis y rjyis aig dis quc pudvcrkzjlj j sus cgcekois. Dj
Cspj`j Mdjeåocrj skelidkzj csc pi`cr cg ejgis `cd ].¿. E.¿.

1;

`cd Pjddcr, quc dj usj pjrj djs aigsjorjakigcs `c Jprcg`kacs,

Aiepjúcris y Ejcstris.
Dj mirej ig`udj`j sc jscecfj j djs mdjejs (ddjejs) quc
dj cgvucdvcg y skceprc cstê `csaulkcrtj,
`csaulkcrtj, j dj vkstj, pirquc gugaj
cs oujr`j`j. Gi tkcgc mug`j i vjkgj, pir di quc gugaj cs
`cscgvjkgj`j. Gi cs ug jrej `c jtjquc gk `c `cmcgsj, skgi quc
ug kgstruecgti `c trjgsekskñg y `c aigsjorjakñg
aigsjorjakñg y usj`j pir cd
]cgcrjldc Ejcstri pjrj tjg sidcegcs iajskigcs.
Cg dj dktcrjturj ugkvcrsjd jpjrcacg dcocg`jrkis
pcrsigjfcs quc usjljg cspj`js quc sc bkakcrig tjg mjeisjs
mjeisjs aiei
cddis6 dj Cxajdklur, usj`j pir cd \cy Jrturi y sus Ajljddcris `c
dj Ecsj \c`ig`j. @ig \i`rkoi `c ]kvjr, cd Ak` Ajepcj`ir,
bkzi mjeisjs j `is cspj`js6 dj Aidj`j, quc ojgñ j @ig \jeñg
Lcrcgoucr, Aig`c `c Ljracdigj y dj Pkzigj, quc dc quktñ j
Löajr, rcy eiri `c Ejrrucais.
 Qcoög dj Lkldkj, cg cd Dklri `cd Oëgcsks, aujg`i J`êg y
Cvj aiekcrig `cd Êrlid `cd Aigiakekcgti pribkl
pribklk`i
k`i pir Fcbivê
@kis, ëstc `kfi6
` kfi6 Bc jquå quc cd Bielrc bj vcgk`i j scr aiei ugi
`c gisitris,
cxtkcg`j aigiakcg`i
dj ejgi y tiec cdtjelkëg
Lkcg y `cd
cd Ejd,
Êrlidjbirj
`c djpucs,
]k`jgiy aiej
scj qucy
vkvj pjrj skceprc. ^ir tjgti, dc cabñ Fcbivê @kis `cd Fjr`åg `c
C`ëg, pjrj quc djlrjsc dj tkcrrj `c `ig`c muc tiej`i. @c ei`i
quc jrrifñ jd Bielrc y aidiañ jd mrcgtc `cd Fjr`åg `cd C`ëg dis
qucrulkgcs y ugj cspj`j `c mucoi quc `jlj vucdtjs pir ti`is
dj`is pjrj rcsoujr`jr cd Êrlid `c dj ]k`j. (Ajp. 1, vcrsåaudis <<,
<1 y <0)
Aig cd cepdci `c dj Cspj`j Mdjeåocrj pir cd ]cgcrjldc
Ejcstri cg djs aigsjorjakigcs rktujdcs, dj Mrjgaejsigcråj bj
qucrk`i skogkmkajr dj `kmcrcgakj cxkstcgtc aig djs quc cmcatujljg
rcycs y cepcrj`ircs jd aigsjorjr ajljddcris y ekcelris `c dj
gildczj
Gi cscs dj aigsjorja
aigsjorjakñg
kñg big
bigiråmkaj
iråmkaj cfcrak`j
cfcrak`j pir qukcg tkcgc
cd pi`cr i dj mucrzj, gi cs dj aigsjorjakñg
aigsjorjak ñg itiroj`j pir dj cspj`j

0>

i cd sjldc, skgi quc cs ugj aigsjorjakñg supcrkir, gctjecgtc

cspkrktujd.
 0:

Djs Orjg`cs Duekgjrkjs `c dj Ejsigcråj

Gis vjeis j rcmcrkr j ug skelidksei `c orjg

skogkmkajakñg pjrj dj ejsigcråj `c jgtjúi, pcri quc pjsj
kgj`vcrtk`i pjrj dis ejsigcs `c biojúi. Cd ekti sidjr tuvi orjg
kgmducgakj cg dis jgtkouis ekstcrkis pir di tjgti muc kgairpirj`i
cg dj skelidioåj ejsñgkaj.
Cg dj prêatkaj rktujd dj jpcrturj `c dis trjljfis sc bjac j
ec`ki`åj, aujg`i cd Qid cstê cg cd Acgkt y sig acrrj`is j
ec`kjgiabc, aujg`i cd jstri rcy sc iaudtj cg cd Gj`kr y sc
supigc quc, cg csj ulkajakñg sidjr, dj dugj rcmdcfj ti`j su
adjrk`j`, ti`i su cspdcg`ir y jtrjaakñg silrc dj Pkcrrj.
 Cg jgtkouis orjlj`is `ig`c mkourjg dis såelidis `cd
Jprcg`kz y `cd Aiepjúcri, jpjrcacg djs orjg`cs duekgjrkjs6 cd
Qid y dj Dugj. Cg gucstri \ ∰C∰J∰.J∰ ekrjg`i `cs`c dj pucrtj
`c cgtrj`j `cd Pcepdi vceis jd mrcgtc, cg dj pjrtc supcrkir `cd
euri `c Irkcgtc, dj mkourj `cd Qid, såelidi `cd prkgakpki jatkvi
y lcgëmkai, cg cd dj`i `crcabi mrcgtc j dj Aiduegj F y cg cd
aistj`i kzqukcr`i, dj mkourj `c dj Dugj, cg aujrti arcakcgtc,
såelidi `cd mjatir pjskvi, mrcgtc j dj Aiduegj L, scújdêg`isc
jså cg cd cspjaki sk`crjd dj ipiskakñg cxkstcgtc cgtri cd Qid y dj
Dugj prititkpis `cd skelidksei ugkvcrsjd `c dis ipucstis.
Cg itrj skogkmkajakñg, cd Qid airrcspig`c jd cdcecgti
Mucoi y dj Dugj jd Jouj, skg celjroi, j pcsjr `c dj ipiskakñg
ritug`j cgtrc cstis `is cdcecgtis, sc ilscrvj quc cd jouj skg cd
mucoi pcr`cråj. su aujdk`j` kgtrågscaj y sc trjgsmirejråj cg
sñdk`i, cg bkcdi.
Cg dj kaigiorjmåj arkstkjgj, jpjrcac cd Qid sktuj`i j dj
`crcabj y dj Dugj j dj kzqukcr`j `cd Arksti aruakmkaj`i, pcri
aiei dj trj`kakñg låldkaj gjrrj quc ëstc sc cgaigtrjlj adjvj`i
cg dj Aruz ekrjg`i `c mrcgtc bjakj iaak`cgtc, su lrjzi `crcabi
scújdj cd Girtc y, cd kzqukcr`i cd Qur, Qu `crcabj cstjråj

0<

scújdjg`i ug pugti ajr`kgjd pir `ig`c cd jstri rcy gi jpjrcac

fjeês.
Cg cd skelidksei arkstkjgi, cd Qid rcprcscgtj cd
Qjacr`iaki y dj Dugj jd Kepcrki, pjrj `cfjr cstjldcak`j dj
supcrkirk`j` `cd prkecri silrc cd scoug`i y jög biy `åj jtrkluyc
cd Qid j dj Kodcskj y dj Dugj j dj Qkgjoioj, skogkmkajg`i "]cr`j`"
y "Crrir", lkcg cgtcg`k`i cgtrc djs pjrtcs.
Di jlsiduti `c cstc skelidksei, prcúj`i `c ipiskakigcs
y aigtrjstcs,
jeljs gi tiej
orjg`cs cg aucgtj
duekgjrkjs y `cdj sus
gcacsk`j` `c dj cxkstcgakj
rcspcatkvjs aujdk`j`cs `cy
jtrklutis. Qcoög Okdlcrt `c Abjelcrtrjg`, aktj`i pir Fudcs
Liuabcr cg su kgtcrcsjgtåskej ilrj "Dj Qkelidkquc
Ejïiggkquc" jd `cmkgkr cd skelidksei ugkvcrsjd rcprcscgtj`i
pir cd Qid y dj Dugj, ejgkmkcstj6 Cd Qid cs cd vktjdkzj`ir
cscgakjd, cd ^j`rc, `c ugj mcaug`k`j` ocgcrisj. Qkg ëd, gisitris
gi cxkstkråjeis, Orjakjs j ëd gisitris sieis. Gi bjy ugj lrkzgj
`c bkcrlj gk ug kgskogkmkajgtc kgscati quc gi cstë siectk`i j su
dcy, quc gi dc `clj dj cxkstcgakj."
"Qu kgmducgakj cs, pucs, dj kejocg ]ktjd, dj mucrzj
cxpjgskvj. Cd `j cd cqukdklrki, dj sjdu`, dj ocgcrjakñg y dj
mdirjakñg, cd odirkmkaj, cd mirtkmkaj, ëd cs cd prkgakpki jatkvi
jutñgiei".
Dj Dugj, `kac cd eksei jutir, tkcgc ug rid
cxtrcej`jecgtc aiepdcfi. Aiei orjg duekgjrkj, cddj cs cd
rcmdcfi `cd Qid y aiei ëd, `kspcgsj`irj `c sjdu` y mcrtkdk`j`. Cddj
sc cdcvj aujg`i ëd sc iaudtj y `urjgtc dj giabc di rccepdjzj cg
su mugakñg lcgcmjatirj.
Qc arcc
`csprcg`k`i ` c djquc
`c dj ugj
Pkcrrj, Dugj aiei
pjrtc `c supdjgctj, cs scugaiepirtj
aucrpi quc pc`jzi
koujd quc cd rcsti, ugk`j pir ajepis `c mucrzj, `c jtrjaakñg, y
gis trjgsektc `urjgtc cd aursi `c su rêpk`i `cspdjzjekcgti, djs
kgmducgakjs quc rcaklc `c itris aucrpis acdcstcs cg su rcairrk`i
pir cd cspjaki sk`ërci.
sk`ërci.

01

Dj Dugj, aiei di bceis jgitj`i, cs cd prkgakpki pjskvi

quc rcaklc y cgtrcoj
cgtrco j cd rcmdcfi sidjr, `cpcg`kcg`i
`cpcg`kcg `i j dj vcz `cd Qid
y dj Pkcrrj. @clk`i j su vcdiak`j` `c `cspdjzjekcgti, dj
mrcaucgakj `c djs kgmducgakjs quc cddj rcaklc y trjgsektc, ocgcrjg
cg cd mig`i ugj skogkmkajtkvj kgcstjlkdk`j` y mjscs, `jg`i pêludi
j dj kejokgjakñg y j dj scgsklkdk`j` quc skrvcg `c kgspkrjakñg j
jrtkstjs, pictjs y siúj`ircs.
Cd Qid y dj Dugj cg mirej scpjrj`j, sig aigsk`crj`is
skelñdkajecgtc,
dj vk`j j ti`is distjgti lcgëmkais
scrcs, aiei ejdëmkais.
puc`c tjelkëg Cd Qid quc
`jrdcs dj eucrtc, `j
pucsti
quc sus rj`kjakigcs quc vjg `cd kgmrjrrifi jd udtrjvkidctj, cg
akcrtj kgtcgsk`j` puc`cg scr eirtåmcris.
Dj Dugj, sc `kac quc csc s "lcgëmkaj" cg su mjsc jsacg`cgtc
i arcakcgtc y "ejdëmkaj" cg su mjsc `csacg`cgtc i ecgoujgtc8 dj
ejokj ilscrvj cstj rcodj cg sus ipcrjakigcs rktujdåstkajs.
rktujdåstkajs.
@kfkeis jgtcrkirecgtc
jgtcr kirecgtc quc dj Dugj cstê jsiakj`j j dj k`cj
`c mcrtkdk`j` cg dj ejyir pjrtc `c djs ektidioåjs jgtkoujs6 Cs dj
Kstjr ljlkdñgkaj8 dj Bjtir cokpakj8 dj Jrtceksj bcdëgkaj8 dj
Jgjktks pcrsj8 cta.
Cd midadirc cs rkai cg trj`kakigcs quc rcdjtjg dj kgmducgakj
`c dj dugj cg dj vcoctjakñg, cg djs ejrcjs, cg djs cgmcrec`j`cs,
cg dis jgkejdcs, cg dj ecgstrujakñg mcecgkgj, cta., cta.
Cg cd skelidksei bcreëtkai, cd Qid rcprcscgtj jd iri y dj
dugj j dj pdjtj.
Qcoög F. E. \joñg cg su ilrj "Aursi mkdisñmkai `c djs
Kgkakjakigcs Jgtkoujs y Ei`crgjs", "cd Qid y dj Dugj, auyjs
mkourjs `cairjg gucstris Pcepdis, skogkmkajg eirjdecgtc quc
gucstrjs Kgstktuakigcs
Gjturjdcz
Gjturjdczj, `clcg
j, Cd aigiakekcgti
aigiakekc tcgcr
gti `c djs aiei ljsc djs dcycs
dcycs kgeutjldcs cs di`cquc
dj
cdcvj jd ejsñg bjstj cd eês jdti orj`i `c dj csajdj siakjd8 ti`j
rcdkokñg i jsiakjakñg pidåtkaj quc sc jdcfc `c cstjs dcycs cs
kgmirec, aigtrj gjturjd y gi pi`rê tcgcr djroj `urjakñg."

00
03
 Akgai Cstu`kis silrc
Qkelidksei y @iatrkgj

0=
 0?
Qidstkaki `c Kgvkcrgi

^jrj jlir`jr cd tcej `cd Qidstkaki `c Kgvkcrgi cs prcaksi

rcektkrsc y rcmcrkrsc j djs `kstkgtjs ctjpjs pir djs quc bj `clk`i
trjgsktjr dj Ir`cg Ejsñgkaj cg cd tkcepi y cg cd duojr bkstñrkai.
@clceis,csitërkai
ajrêatcr j`ceês, cstjr pdcgjecgtc
kgbcrcgtc j su aigsakcgtcs quc,Kgstktuakñg
aig`kakñg `c `clk`i jd
kgkakêtkaj, quc ildkoj j dj trjgsekskñg irjd `c su trj`kakñg,
jorcoj`i jd bcabi `c bjlcr sumrk`i ti`j adjsc `c pcrscauakigcs
`c pjrtc `c rcycs, pjpjs y ilkspis j trjvës `c su djroj bkstirkj,
bjg quc`j`i csajsis vcstkokis mk`c`kogis `c su jzjrisj
cxkstcgakj y piajs bucddjs csarktjs jutëgtkajs, quc gis pcrektjg
mirejrgis ug fukaki akcrti y vcr`j`cri, tjgti `cd mcgñecgi `c
dis sidstkakis, aiei `c sus sjlkis prkgakpkis, `iatrkgjs y
cgscújgzjs.
Jd eksei tkcepi, tjg kepirtjgtc aiei cstj kg-
vcstkojakñg `cstkgj`j j jvcrkoujr aujg`i mucrig kgairpirj`is j
gucstris usis y aistuelrcs dj acdclrjakñg `c dis Qidstkakis, cs
diorjr cstjldcacr su vkocgakj jatujd, pjrj kg`jojr quc
kgtcrprctjakñg
kgtcrpr ctjakñg dc `j dj Ejsigcråj ei`crgj, cspcaåmkajecgtc j dj
Ejsigcråj abkdcgj, quc pjrcac itirojrdc orjg kepirtjgakj jd
cstjldcacr cg cd Jrt. :3.; `c su \codjecgti Ocgcrjd quc "djs
diokjs acdclrjrêg jgujdecgtc `is mkcstjs `c ildkojakñg cg dj
mcabj eês prñxkej j dis sidstkakis `c Kgvkcrgi y ]crjgi―8
jorcojg`i quc dj jskstcgakj cs ildkojtirkj.
Jgtcac`cgtcs

J rjåz `c ug trjljfi silrc cd Qidstkaki `c ]crjgi,

prcscgtj`i pir cd Z.¿ . B.¿.
B.¿ . Mrjgaksai
Mrjgaksai Qibr, cg cd quc trjtjlj `c
`ceistrjr quc cxkstc ugj rcdjakñg cgtrc dis Qjgtis Fujgcs y dj
ejsigcråj, cd B.¿.
B.¿ . C`ujr`i ^bkddkps jaitjlj cg su aie
aiecgtjrki
cgtjrki di

02
skoukcgtc6 "Pcgceis quc kr jmkrejg`i akcrtis bcabis, aig cd mkg
`c sjajr aigaduskigcs6 ¹Zuë sig dis Qidstkakis9 Cstis sig mcgñ-
ecgis jstrigñekais y aiei tjdcs sig euy jgtcrkircs jd Arks-
tkjgksei y j dj mug`jakñg `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Dig`rcs. @c ei`i
quc, aujg`i qucrjeis rcdjakigjr dis sidstkakis aig dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj, tcgceis quc bjacr ugj `kstkgakñg lkcg adjrj
cgtrc di quc muc dj mucgtc `c gucstrj trj`kakñg kgkakêtkaj y di quc
bj suac`k`i `cspuës `cd arkstkjgksei :―.

Dis Jgtkouis Ekstcrkis

 Qkoukcg`i dj irkcgtjakñg scújdj`j, `clceis rcektkrgis
euy lrcvcecgtc, j di quc jdougis bkstirkj`ircs c kgvcstkoj`ircs
ejsñgkais bjg csarkti silrc silrc dj acdclrjakñg `c dis jgtkouis
ekstcrkis.
Cg cd "Aiepcg`ki `cd Irkocg `c Pi`is dis Audtis" < sc
`kac quc "dis ekstcrkis `c Cdcusks y, cg ocgcrjd, ti`is dis
ekstcrkis, tcgåjg pir ilfcti ecfirjr dj cspcakc buejgj, purkmkajr
sus aistuelrcs y aigtcgcrdj aig djzis eês mucrtcs y mrjtcrgjdcs
quc dis quc kepigåj dj dcy akvkd8 skcg`i su pistcrkir cmcati cd `c
akvkdkzjr j djs siakc`j`cs, `udakmkajr djs aistuelrcs sjdvjfcs `c
dis prkecris bielrcs y `jrdcs j aigiacr dis vcr`j`cris
prkgakpkis `c eirjdk`j` quc kgkakj dis aku`j`j
aku`j`jgis
gis cg ug oëgcri
`c vk`j skg jgtjoigkseis
jgtjoigkseis gk pjskigcs―.
—Qc prctcg`c, csarklåj @ki`iri `c Qkakdkj, quc dis quc bjg
pjrtkakpj`i cg dis Ekstcrkis sc tirgcg eês pkj`isis, eês
bigrj`is y ecfircs
vcacs `kabisis, `kaccg tjelkëg,
ti`i quë di quc crjgdisjgtcs.
Qñmiadcs, ¡Ib! Prcs
eirtjdcs quc
`cspuës `c bjlcr jskstk`i j djs acrceigkjs kgkakêtkajs vjyjg jd
Bj`cs pirquc, pjrj cddis, y sñdi pjrj cddis, dj vk`j cs piskldc cg

:
Qidstkaki `c ]crjgi. Mrjgaksai Qibr. Auj`crgkddi G¶1;. C`ktirkjd ^cgtjdpbj.
<
Ektidioåj `c dj Orcakj Jgtkouj. @cabjrec. \cvkstj Ejsñgkaj. G¶3-=. :;=<

0;
cd eug`i kgmcrkir y pjrj dis `ceês gi puc`c bjlcr eês quc
sumrkekcgtis".
Cstjs acdclrjakigcs, euy, jgtcrkircs j dj jpjrkakñg `cd
arkstkjgksei, crjg
crjg aigs
aigsjorj`js
jorj`js jd `kis Fjgi,
Fjgi, cd `kis `c djs `is
ajrjs6 ugj quc ekrj jd pjsj`i y dj itrj jd muturi8 skcg`i dj eês
kepirtjgtc cd Qidstkaki `c Kgvkcrgi, pirquc aikgak`c aig cd
prkgakpki `cd júi (fjgujrki) cg quc sc acdclrj cd gjakekcgti
gjakekcgti `c
dj duz (cstc
j`iptñ muc, qukzês,
cstê mcabj aiei cdcdgjakekcgti
eitkvi pir
`c cd quc cdcdGkúi
Fcsös, arkstkjgksei
@kis).
 Cd `csacgsi eåtkai jd Bj`cs y cd rctirgi `c ëstc j dj duz
`cd `åj, sc rcprcscgtjlj csaëgkajecgtc cg djs kgkakjakigcs `c dis
orjg`cs Ekstcrkis quc sc cstjldcakcrig cg ajsk ti`i cd eug`i
jgtkoui, tjg ocgcrjdkzj`i aiei di cs jbirj cd sjarjecgti `cd
ljutksei, skcg`i dis eês aëdclrcs dis `c`kaj`is j Acrcs cg
Cdcusks, aku`j` orkcoj acraj `c Jtcgjs. J`ceês, `clceis
ecgakigjr dis `c Irmci, dis `c Iskrks cg Cokpti, dis `c Ektrj cg
^crskj, dis `c @kigkski orkcoi y Ljai riejgi, cta.
Cg ti`is cddis sc aiekcgzj rcdjtjg`i dj `csjpjrkakñg,
eucrtc i `csacgsi jdcoñrkai `cd Orjg ^j`rc - cd Qid -
aigaduycg`i aig su jsacgskñg, rcgjakekcgti
r cgjakekcgti i rctirgi `cd Bj`cs
i eug`i kgmcrkir. Pi`is dis ekstcrkis sig pjrcak`is cg
sulstjgakj y pjrcacg `crkvjrsc `c ugj eksej mucgtc, y sc
acdclrjg cg bigir `c djs eksejs `ck`j`cs, jugquc ljfi `k-
mcrcgtcs gielrcs.
Qc rcmkcrcg skceprc jd `rjej `c dj vk`j y `c dj eucrtc,
vêdk`i pjrj cd bielrc cg pjrtkaudjr, aiei j su aigfugti `cgtri
`cd ugkvcrsi.
ekcgtrjs Qceucrtc
quc dj sjlåj quc dj vk`j
di crj crjybkfj
`cd mråi `cdtkgkcldjs.
`c djs ajdir y `c dj duz,

Dj kgmducgakj pktjoñrkaj

Cd cgugakj`i pktjoñrkai bj kgmducgakj`i orjg pjrtc `c

gucstrj dkturokj, aiei pi`ceis jscvcrjrdi rcpri`uakcg`i
jdougis pêrrjmis `c ug trjljfi puldkaj`i pir cd Z6. B6. C`ujr`i

3>
^bkddkps6 "C: bcrejgi \cgë Ouëgig, cg su ilrj "Qåelidis
Mug`jecgtjdcs `c dj Akcgakj Qjorj`j", cg cd ajpåtudi tktudj`i,
prcaksjecgtc,
prcaksjec gtc, —Djs ^ucrtjs Qidstkakjdcs―,
Qidstkakjdcs―, cxpdkaj cd pjpcd quc
`cscepcújljg dis sidstkakis cg dis rktis `c kgkakjakñg, scoög ugj
trj`kakñg auyj rjåz cd jutir ulkaj cg dj dktcrjturj sjorj`j bkg`ö,
aigarctjecgtc, cg cd Qbjojvj`-Oktj, trj`kakñg quc cg Iaak`cgtc
jpjrcac scújdj`j cg dis jdlircs `c su pripkj audturj (Biecri,
Dj I`kscj, Ajgti RKKK)―.
 Di sirprcg`cgtc cs quc jeljs trj`kakigcs, dj irkcgtjd y
dj iaak`cgtjd, aikgak`cg cg quc cd sidstkaki `c Aêgacr (<0 `c
fugki) cs dj pucrtj quc mrjgqucjg djs jdejs `c dis eirtjdcs,
ddjej`j pir csi dj ^ucrtj `c dis Bielrcs, y cd sidstkaki `c
Ajprkairgki (<0 `c `kakcelrc) dj quc mrjgqucjg djs jdejs
kgeirtjdcs, ddjej`j pir csi, dj ^ucrtj `c dis @kiscs―.
"Csti vkcgc j cxpdkajrgis pir quë dis cokpakis
aigsjorjljg dj ^ucrtj i Qidstkaki `c Aêgacr j Jgulks y dis
orkcois j Bcrecs quc crjg dis cgajroj`is `c aig`uakr djs jdejs
jd eug`i cxtrj tcrrcgi―.
"Qcoög dj aigacpakñg ñrmkai-pktjoñrkaj, dklcrj`j ëd jdej
pir dj eucrtc, jsacg`åj
jsacg`åj y cgtrjlj jd akcdi pir dj pucrtj i Qidstkaki
`c Aêgacr, `cs`c `ig`c `csacg`åj j sumrkr ugj gucvj
cgajrgjakñg tcrrcstrc. Auepdk`j vkrtuisjecgtc cstj ctjpj y
dklcrj`j gucvjecgtc pir dj eucrtc, cd jdej `cd kgkakj`i
ceprcg`åj su tcracr y ödtkei "vkjfc", cstj vcz `cmkgktkvi, y
cgtrjlj jd akcdi pir cd Qidstkaki `c Ajprkairgki i ^ucrtj `c dis
Kgeirtjdcs. Audekgjlj jså, cd priacsi ectcepskañskai y sc
auepdåj dj mkgjdk`j`
kgeirtjdk`j` `cd jdej1.ögkaj `c dis ekstcrkis kgkakêtkais6 dj

1
Dis Qidstkakis y su Qkogkmkajakñg Kgkakêtkaj. C`ujr`i ^bkddkps E. \cvkstj
Ejsñgkaj. G¶ 2-:>. :;?1.

3:
Dj kgmducgakj `cd arkstkjgksei

Jd ddcojr j dj ëpiaj `cd arkstkjgksei, ëstc rccepdjzj djs

mkcstjs pjojgjs cg bigir `cd `kis Fjgi pir djs mkcstjs sidstkakjdcs
cg bigir `c Qjg Fujg cd Ljutkstj, cg cd Qidstkaki
Qidst kaki `c Kgvkcrgi, quc
jgtcs cstjlj aigsjorj`i j dj Cspcrjgzj y jbirj jd jgugaki `c dj
Lucgj Gucvj, y cg bigir `c Qjg Fujg cd Cvjgocdkstj y jd
j`vcgkekcgti
cstjlj `c`kaj`i`cdj Qjdvj`ir, cg cd Qidstkaki `c ]crjgi, quc jgtcs
dj Orjtktu`.
Pjelkëg sumrc ug ajelki kepirtjgtc dj mkgjdk`j` ögkaj
quc pcrscouåj dj acdclrjakñg `c dis jgtkouis Ekstcrkis, auêd crj
dj kgeirtjdk`j` `cd jdej. Jbirj, `cspuës `cd Jpñstid Qjg ^jldi,
sc jskcgtj cg cd `ioej `c dj rcsurrcaakñg `c dj ajrgc y `c dis
aucrpis (Airkgtkis K, :36:<,:1,:0
:36:<,:1,:0))
Cstj kgmducgakj sc bjac pjtcgtc cg djs airpirjakigcs
ec`kcvjdcs `c dis tjddj`ircs `c pkc`rj quc sc ailkfjg jd jdcri `c
djs jlj`åjs y ljfi dj `krcaakñg `c dis eigfcs. Mkg`cd csarklc quc
dis ekcelris `c dj prkektkvj siakc`j` `c ilrcris `c
Cstrjsluroi, yj jgtcs `c :001, tcgåjg c: gielrc `c Bcrejgis
`c Qjg Fujg y jorcoj quc cstc sjgti, fugti aig dis aujtri
airigj`is, cs cd pjtrñg cspcakjd y pritcatir `c dj Jsiakjakñg.
Qkg celjroi, cd `iauecgti eês jgtkoui quc sc aigiac
aig rcspcati j dj ejsigcråj gi ecgakigj gkgougj acdclrjakñg
`c dis sidstkakis.
Cd Ejgusarkti \coki i Bjddkwcdd, muc cgaigtrj`i cg :21;
cg dj Lkldkitcaj \cokj `cd Eusci Lrktêgkai, pir Fjecs >.
Bjddkwcdd, quc gi crj ejsñg. Qc trjtj `c ug vkcfi pcrojekgi cg
mirej `c dklri y muc puldkaj`i cd júi :20>. Qc mkfj dj mcabj `cd
ejgusarkti cg cd júi :1;>. Cstê csarkti cg mirej `c picej aig
?;0 vcrsis.
Aiekcgzj jså6 "Jquå cepkczjg djs aigstktuakigcs `cd
Jrtc `c dj Ociectråj scoög Cuadk`cs", y cd mkgjd `cd ejgusarkti
cs ugj cxpdkajakñg `c dj aig`uatj cg dj kodcskj, cg djs aiek`js,
aig dis supcrkircs y rcaiekcg`j bêlktis `c pudarktu` y dkepkczj.

3<

Qc arcc quc, cg cstj mirej, muc csarkti pir ug sjacr`itc

ajtñdkai, quc, sk gi crj mrjgaejsñg, rcvcdñ cstjr euy cgtcrj`i
`c djs aisjs `c dis mrjgaejsigcs.
Sg jgêdksks `c ti`i cd `iauecgti rcvcdj quc cd pictj
jutir aipkñ `c itri euabi eês jgtkoui, aiei di `ceucstrjg
pjdjlrjs y mrjscs `cd
`cd kgodës prkektkvi.
Dj pjrtc mug`jecgtjd `cd ejgusarkti, ljsc `c gucstrjs
dcycs ejsñgkajs cstê aigstktuk`i pir qukgac jrtåaudis y qukgac
pugtis, y cs tjg ejraj`j
ejraj`jecgtc
ecgtc tcåstj "quc ddcoj j tcgcr ugj
]krocg"0.
pdcojrkj j @kis y j dj ]krocg"
Pjgti djs Oukd`js aiei dis jgtkouis "arjmts" ipcrjtkvis
yj scjg `cd aigtkgcgtc, aiei `c Kgodjtcrrj, tcgåjg sus sjgtis
pjtrigcs, pir cfcepdi
cfcepdi,, mucrj `c dis Fujgcs, Qjgti Pieês, Qjg
Firoc, Qjgtj Lêrljrj y dis aujtri Airigj`is, quc mucrig
acdclrj`is `urjgtc akcgtis `c júis aig mkcstjs cspcakjdcs.
J cstj jdturj `c cstc siecri rcdjti, aigvkcgc rcair`jr

quc, bjstj cgtigacs,

ociaëgtrkaj cd eug`i
mireudj`jeugpir
`i vkvåj
cd ljfi dj kgmducgakj
jstrñgiei `c dj tciråj
`c Jdcfjg`råj,
^tidieci, cg su ilrj "Jdejocsti", sktujakñg quc `urñ bjstj cd
júi :331, cg quc jpjrcakñ dj ilrj "@c djs rcviduakigcs `c dis
aucrpis acdcstcs" `cd jstrñgiei pidjai Gkaidês Aipërgkai
(:0?1-:301) cg dj quc cstjldcaåj
cstjldcaåj dj tciråj bcdkiaëgtrkaj,
rcmirzj`j eês tjr`c pir Fujg Hcpdcr (:3?:-:=1>) y pir Ojdkdci
Ojdkdck (:3=0-:=0<).
( :3=0-:=0<).
Cstj tciråj `cd `ildc eivkekcgti `c dis pdjgctjs silrc så
ekseis y jdrc`c`ir `cd Qid muc aig`cgj`j pir dj Kodcskj aiei
bcrëtkaj y aigtrjrkj j djs sjorj`js csarkturjs. ^cri `cspcrtñ cg
dis cspårktus dklrcs, scdcatis y audtis `c dj ëpiaj ugj gucvj
aigacpakñg `cd eug`i y `cd ugkvcrsi y, pir cg`c, `cd mcgñecgi
jstrigñekai `c dis Qidstkakis.

0
Mkdisimåj Ejsñgkaj. Duks Selcrt Qjgtis C`ktirkjd Buejgk`
Buejgk`j`.
j`. Eëxkai.

31

Dj odiljdkzjakñg `c dj ëtkaj y dj eirjd

prcaigkzj`j pir dj Ejsigcråj

Kgtri`uaakñg
 Cepczjrë `cadjrjg`i quc bjstj dj mcabj, gi bjy ugj
rcspucstj sjtksmjatirkj rcmcrcgtc jd vkcfi y aigtrivcrtk`i tcej
silrc cd irkocg `c dj Ejsigcråj. Cd prkecri quc dj bjac priac`cr
`c djs jgtkoujs airpirjakigcs i orcekis `c jdljúkdcs y
pkajpc`rcris,
pkajpc`rc ris, ccspcakjde
spcakjdecgtc
cgtc `urjgtc dj C`j` Ec`kj, muc cd Jljtc
Jdsjakjgi Mcdkpc Jg`rës Orjg`k`kcr, cd júi :??2.
Cd júi :;>;, cd mrjgaës Abjrdcs Lcrgjr`kg aigsudtñ <>=
ilrjs y rcaipkdñ 1; tciråjs jacraj `cd irkocg `c dj Ejsigcråj6
cgtrc djs aujdcs pi`ceis aktjr djs skoukcgtcs6 Firoc Ojlrkcd
Mkg`cd, jutir ejsñgkai jdceêg, cg su ilrj — Bkstirkj `c dj
Ejsigcråj― jmkrej6 —Pi`js djs tcgtjtkvjs pjrj trjtjr `c
pridigojr eês jddê `c dj C`j` Ec`kj su cxkstcgakj, cxkstcgakj,
priycatêg`idj
priycatêg`i dj bjstj tkcepis rce
rceitis,
itis, bjg mrjajsj`i―.
mrjajsj`i―.
_ii`mir`, adërkoi y ejsñg kgodës, `cadjrjlj j mkgcs `cd
Qkodi RKR —Zuc `clceis rcaigiacr ‑pir euy piai `kspucstis
quc cstceis j jljg`igjr djs k`cjs quc gis bceis
bcei s mirej`i silrc
cstj ejtcrkj- quc dj vcr`j`crj bkstirkj `c dj Ejsigcråj cg cstc
pjås (sc rcmkcrc j Kgodjtcrrj) cs dj bkstirkj `c ugj airpirjakñg
airpirjakñg `c
ilrcrisOciroc
`c dj aigstruaa
aigstruaakñg.
kñg.
Qpctb, tjelkëg ejsñg kgodës, pir su pjrtc `kac6
—^uc`c scoukrsc aig akcrtj mjakdk`j` cd `csjrriddi orj`ujd `c
gucstrj Kgstktuakñg, aiei Kgstktuakñg, pcri bjstj jbirj bj sk`i
aiepdctjecgtc kepiskldc, diorjr `cscgtrjújr su irkocg y
cviduakñg `c ajrêatcr ëtkai. Csti skouc skcg`i biy ug cgkoej―.
^ir su pjrtc, ug `cstjaj`i cxpigcgtc `cd Kduskigksei
jdceêg, J`je _cksbjupt, `cadjrj6 —gj`kc puc`c `jr ugj

30

cxpdkajakñg `c dj Ejsigcråj, `c sus iråocgcs, `c su bkstirkj, `c

su ilfctkvi y gk ugj cxpdkajakñg `c sus ekstcrkis y `c sus
såelidis, di quc `cfj gucstrj ecgtc suek`j cg dj eês aiepdctj
kgacrtk`uelrc―.
Ociroc Mdcekgo Eiirc, `cstjaj`i ejsñg
girtcjecrkajgi, jaigscfj6 —@clceis prkecri `cmkgkr j dj
Ejsigcråj. Aujg`i dj `cmkgjeis y dj `kstkgojeis
`kstkgojeis gåtk`jecgtc
`c djs `ceês siakc`j`cs primjgjs, cgtigacs, y sñdi cgtigacs,
pi`rceis trjzjr ugj dågcj bjakj cd pjsj`i pjrj prctcg`cr
jvcrkoujr su irkocg―.
^jrj`ifjdecgtc, muc ug primjgi, ug mkdñsimi gi ejsñg,
Jrturi Qabipcgbjucr (:?22-:2=>) cd prkecri cg scújdjr dj
vkgaudjakñg `c dj Ejsigcråj aig dis Ekstcrkis Kgkakêtkais
Kgkakêtk ais
Orkcois. Cg ug cstu`ki silrc dj jrqucidioåj, cxprcsj6 — Dj
rc sti ‑i eês cxjatjecgtc- ugj diokj `c
Ejsigcråj cs cd ögkai rcsti
dis jgtkouis ekstcrkis Orkcois8 di quc jddå sc jprcg`c, cs ugj
rcekgksacgakj `cd eês jddê y dis `kstkgtis orj`is, sig cd
pcqucúi, cd ec`kjgi
ec`kjgi y cd Orjg Ekstcrki. Qcecfjgtc jgjgjdioåj
jdioåj gi
cs ajsujd, gk bcrc`j`j, skgi quc privkcgc `c quc cd jsugti `crkvj
`c dj Gjturjdczj buejgj―.

Cd aigtcxti kgkakêtkai

Jugquc gugaj sc scpj auêd cs cd vcr`j`cri irkocg `c dj

Ejsigcråj, ddjej`j cg sus kgkakis Ociectråj, `clk`i j su
ajrêatcr kgkakêtkai y csitërkai, di quc `clceis rcsajtjr aiei
vjdkisi cs cstj gucvj cstruaturj quc tkcgc dj Ir`cg y sus
jdtrukstjs c kgvjrkjldcs pripñsktis `c pcrmcaakigjekcgti
kg`kvk`ujd y `c lkcg aieög. Qk dj Mrjgaejsigcråj gi cstuvkcrj
aigvcgak`j `c dj pcrmcatklkdk`j` `cd bielrc, vjgj scråj su
cgscújgzj c kgötkd su pripñskti ecdkirkstj y cejgakpj`ir.
Di gitjldc `c cstj bkpñtcsks cs quc gi sc aigiaåj cg dis
jdlircs `c dj siakc`j` `c dis Ejsigcs y sc ecgakigj j dj
Ejsigcråj Cspcaudjtkvj pir prkecrj vcz cg cd skodi R]KK. Qu

33

bkstirkj cg cstc pcråi`i mirejtkvi cs euy kgaiepdctj, skg quc sc

bjyj pi`k`i jadjrjr bjstj dj mcabj, añei y auêg`i, cd orceki `c
dis ajgtcris y jdljúkdcs dklrcs, sc trjgsmireñ cg ugj ejsigcråj
cspkrktujd i cspcaudjtkvj quc, aigscrvjg`i djs jgtkoujs
trj`kakigcs, såelidis y jdcoiråjs, jsuekñ cd trjljfi kgvkskldc `c
dj aigstruaakñg `c ugj ilrj skelñdkaj `c pcrmcaakigjekcgti
eirjd y cspkrktujd `cd scr buejgi.
Cd prkecr ejsñg cspcaudjtkvi `cd quc sc tkcgc rcmcrcgakjs
cs cd jgtkaujrki Cdåjs Jsbeidc, quc muc —bcabi― ejsñg cd júi
:=0= cg ugj diokj `c dj diajdk`j` `c _jrrkgotig, cg Kgodjtcrrj.
]kcgc jd ajsi jadjrjr, aigtrjrkjecgtc j di jscvcrj`i pir jdougis
jutircs ejsñgkais, quc cstc bcrejgi cs cd jutir `c dj Dcycg`j
`cd Pcracr Orj`i, di quc gi scråj cmcatkvi, scoög di cstjldcac cd
jutir kgodës Lcrgjr` C. Figcs cg su kgtcrcsjgtc ilrj — Ouåj y
M rjgaejsigcråj―.
Aiepcg`ki `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj
@kac cstc jutir6 —Dj lkldkitcaj Li`cdkjgj `c Ixmir`,
kgaduyc cgtrc sus
sus tcsiris ejgusarktis, cd `kjrki
`kjrki irkokgjd
irkokgjd `c Cdåjs
Jsbeidc, aig cd tåtu
tåtudi
di `c —Eceirkjs `c dj vk`j `c cstc cstu`kisi
jgtkaujrki Cdkjs Jsbeidc, csau`cri, csarkti pir cd eksei aiei
`kjrki y aig ug jpëg`kac `c —Ajrtjs Irkokgjdcs―. Cstjs
eceirkjs mucrig puldkaj`js cd júi :?:? pir Abjrdcs Lurejg,
bkfjstri `cd `iatir \ilcrt ^dit, ug cru`kti jgtkaujrki quc gi crj
ejsñg―.
—Djs `is mcabjs kepirtjgtcs rcdjakigj`js aig cstc
pcrsigjfc,
pcrsigj fc, quc jpjrcac
jpjrcacg g cg sus —Eceirkjs― sig djs `cd := `c

Iatulrc `c :=0=
airrcspig`c y `cd
j aujg`i muc:: `c Ejrzi
—Bcabi― `c cg
Ejsñg :=2<. Dj prkecrj
_jrrkgotig y dj
scoug`j, aujg`i jskstkñ cg Dig`rcs j dj —jacptj
—jacptjakñg―
akñg― `c scks
gucvis ekcelris `c dj mrjtcrgk`j` `c dis Mrjgaejsigcs
M rjgaejsigcs (aiei
cepczñ j ddjeêrscdj) cgtrc dis quc mkourjlj ug orjg jekoi
suyi, Qkr _kddkjes _kdsig, ug aigiak`i ajgtcri y csaudtir `c dj
cstjtuj `c Ajrdis KK cg dj ajtc`rjd `c Dkabmkcd`, aku`j` gjtjd `c
Cdåjs Jsbeidc―.

3=

Pcrekgj cd B. Lcrgjr` C. Figcs ipkgjg`i quc dj iekskñg

j ti`j rcmcrcgakj `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj cg cd `kjrki `c Jsbeidc
cgtrc dis júis :=0= y :=2<, suokcrc quc gi bjlråj
bjlråj tcgk`i rrcdjakñg
cdjakñg
aig dj Ir`cg `urjgtc cstc pcråi`i, i quc dj Mrjtcrgk`j` `c dis
Mrjgaejsigcs skogkmkajlj piai pjrj ëd―.
 Cgtrc tjgti `iauecgti aigsudtj`i, ec bj pjrcak`i

pcrtkgcgtc
`cd cx Orjgrcpri`uakr
Ejcstri jdougis
`c dj Orjgpêrrjmis
Diokjmkgjdcs `c dj\cgë
`c Abkdc cxpiskakñg
Ojraåj
]jdcgzucdj cg dj adjusurj
adjusur j `c djs aêejrjs `c vcrjgi `cd júi :;?:6
—Dj Mrjgaejsigcråj
Mrjgaejsigcråj cs, cg cscgakj y pir jgtigiejskj,
jgtigiejskj, ugj
Kgstktuakñg Kgkakêtkaj. [ bjy quc cgtcg`cr quc dj Kgkakjakñg
tkcg`c j priviajr ugj eutjakñg primug`j `c dj cstruaturj
cstr uaturj eirjd
y cxkstcgakjd `cd bielrc. Cddj qukcrc trjgsmirejr jd bielrc
airrkcgtc, priec`ki, cg ug bielrc gucvi, `kogi y scdcati. ^jrj
cddi sc vjdc `c dj eucrtc kgkakêtkaj aig cd scgtk`i quc Oictbc
rcsuekcrj cg su —¡Eucrc y scrês!―.
—Qc cqukviajg `c pucrtj dis quc aiocg gucstri jd`jlñg
cg lusaj `c dj vcr`j` suej, trjsacg`cgtjd, ödtkej, prc-
mjlrkaj`j, sjdvj`irj `cd eug`i8 aig djs vkrtu`cs `c pjgjacj i
`c mkdtri ekdjorisi. Jög j rkcsoi `c ajusjr `cacpakigcs, gi
puc`i rcbukr
rcbukr cg cstc kgstjgtc ek rcspigsjlkdk`j`
rcspigsjlkdk`j` `c
`c jadjrjr quc
gucstrj Ir`cg rcausj, pir `iatrkgj, dj trjgsmcrcgakj pjskvj y
aidcatkvj `c cstc tkpi `c vcr`j`cs —sjdvj`irjs―.
—Dj vcr`j` quc gisitris cgtrcojeis `kstj tjgti `c
jqucddjs quc djs rcdkokigcs rcvcdjg aig sus `ioejs, aiei `c djs

quc imrcac djaig

k`cidioåjs akcgakj
jyu`jaig`c
vjdk`cz rcdjtkvj
ñr`cgcs i djs quc kepigcg
y aigskogjs. djs
Dj vcr`j`
gucstrj, dj ]cr`j` Ejsñgkaj, Dj ]cr`j` Kgkakêtkaj, cs `c
lösquc`j, `c priac`kekcgti, `c ocstjakñg, `c pripkj sågtcsks
jlstrjatkvj, `c pucstj cg rutj, aiei cd jgbcdi `c pcrmcaakñg quc
j aj`j aujd airrcspig`c ajptjr y rcjdkzjr ―.

3?

^rcaigkzjakñg `c dj ëtkaj y dj eirjd

^jrj ulkajrgis cg cd tcej `c cstj cxpiskakñg, `clceis

cstjldcacr quc dj `cadjrjakñg `c prkgakpkis `c dj Aigstktuakñg
Ejsñgkaj `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc, cg su prkecr pêrrjmi
`cadjrj quc —Dj Mrjgaejsigcråj
Mrjgaejsigcråj cs ugj Kgstktuakñg Sgkvcrsjd,

cscgakjdecgtcdj ëtkaj,
mug`jecgtjd mkdisñmkaj
aigstktuyc c kgkakêtkaj,
ug skstcej c`uajtkviauyj cstruaturjy
trj`kakigjd
skelñdkai. Qc kgorcsj j cddj pir ec`ki `c dj Kgkakjakñg. Mug`j`j
cg cd scgtkekcgti `c dj Mrjtcrgk`j`, aigstktuyc cd acgtri `c
ugkñg pjrj dis bielrcs `c cspårktu dklrc `c ti`js djs rjzjs,
gjakigjdk`j`cs y arc`is―.
Cg aigmirek`j` aig cstc pcrcgtirki y `cmkgk`i
pdjgtcjekcgti,
pdjgtcjekc gti, airrcspig`c cepczj
cepczjrr pir jvcrkoujr
jvcrkoujr y `ctcrekgjr
auêg`i cstj Kgstktuakñg `cadjrñ su Sgkvcrsjdk`j`, tërekgi quc
ec bc `j`i dj dkacgakj `c triajr pir cd `c Odiljdkzjakñg quc cstê
tjg cg lioj, `clk`i jd jvjgac `c djs aieugkajakigcs y `cd
aiecraki kgtcrgjakigjd.
Cgscouk`j, `clceis cstjldcacr auêd cs dj ëtkaj y dj eirjd
quc `kac priadjejr y pir ödtkei, - quc j ek pjrcacr cs di eês
kepirtjgtc - ¹auêdcs sig sus mkgcs, pripñsktis u ilfctkvis y dis
ec`kis cepdcj`is pjrj aigscoukrdis.
^jrj aigtcstjr y trjtjr `c `kduak`jr dj prkecrj
kgtcrriojgtc cg ugj euy jprctj`j sågtcsks
sågtcsks,, `clceis rceigtjrgis
j dj ëpiaj cg quc sc mug`ñ dj prkecrj Orjg Diokj, pir djs aujtri
diokjs
jaakñg quc cxkståjg cg Dig`rcs
i furks`kaakñg, cd júi :?:?
sc akraugsarklåj j djy auyi
aku`j`rj`ki `c
y sus
jdrc`c`ircs. Ekcgtrjs tjgti, skoukcrig trjljfjg`i cg mirej
kg`cpcg`kcgtc, djs itrjs diokjs quc mugakigjljg cg `kstkgtis
pugtis `cd pjås, cspcakjdecgtc
cspcakjdecgtc cg Csai
Csaiakj.
akj.
^istcrkirecgtc, cstjs diokjs `ksk`cgtcs tjelkëg sc
ugkcrig pjrj mirejr ugj Orjg Diokj quc sc juti ajdkmkañ `c
—Jgtkouj― eitcfjg`i j dj itrj Orjg Diokj quc sc bjlåj mirej`i
jgtcs cg dj aku`j` `c Dig`rcs, `c —Ei`crgj―, priviajg`i ug

32

orjvc aksej quc `urñ bjstj cd júi :2:1 aujg`i sc muskigjrig

cstjs `is Orjg`cs Diokjs pjrj mug`jr dj Orjg Diokj Ej`rc `cd
Eug`i, `cadjrêg`isc Sgkvcrsjd.
Euabis júis `cspuës, cg Qcptkcelrc `c :;<;, `katñ ug
`carcti `c iabi pugtis, cg dis aujdcs sc cstjldcacg djs
aig`kakigcs i rcquksktis quc `clcg auepdkr djs orjg`cs diokjs
`cd eug`i
pir dj Orjgpjrj
DiokjscrSgk`j
rcaigiak`js
Sg aiei
k`j `c Kgodjtcrrj.orjg`cs diokjs
Kgodjtcrrj. diokjs —rcoudjrcs―
^jrj trjtjr `c rcsidvcr dj scoug`j kgañogktj rcdjtkvj j dj
ëtkaj y dj eirjd quc `kac priadjejr y prctcg`c cxtcg`cr j ti`j
dj buejgk`j` dj Ir`cg Ejsñgkaj, `clceis cepczjr pir scújdjr
quc cd prcslåtcri Fjecs Jg`crsig cg su prkecrj Aigstktuakñg `cd
júi :?<1, aigsk`crj`j pir jdougis trjtj`kstjs ejsñgkais aiei
—Dj Ajrtj Ejogj― `c dj Ejsigcråj, cstjtuyñ quc —Cd Ejsñg,
Ejsñg, pir
su aig`kakñg `c tjd, cstê ildkoj`i j ilc`cacr dj dcy eirjd ―.
Qcoög di aiecgtj`i pir gucstri rcair`j`i bcrejgi
C`ujr`i ^bkddkps, —csti quc jbirj gi ddjej dj jtcgakñg, priviañ
cg su ëpiaj ugj vcr`j`crj aigeiakñg cg cd scgi eksei `c dj
gjakcgtc ejsigcråj cspcaudjtkvj. Qkogkmkajlj dj cejgakpjakñg
cejgakpjakñg
`c dj eirjd `c dis prcacptis rcdkokisis cstjtuå`is y
j`ekgkstrj`is pir dj Kodcskj―. Pjelkëg cs kepirtjgtc tiejr
gitj quc dj eês jgtkouj `cmkgkakñg aigiak`j `c dj ir`cg
ejsñgkaj cxprcsj6 —cs ug pcaudkjr skstcej `c eirjd, vcdj`i pir
jdcoiråjs c kdustrj`i pir såelidis―. Qkg cspcakmkajr aiei sc
jaac`c jd skstcej, gk quc adjsc `c jdcoiråjs di vcdjg, gk quc tkpi
`c såelidis di kdustrjg.
Qc cgtkcg`c pir eirjd, dj prêatkaj `c akcrtjs girejs `c
aiepirtjekcgti quc dj aieugk`j` keprkec j sus ekcelris `c
jaucr`i aig sus aigacpakigcs `cd lkcg y `cd ejd8 `c tjd ejgcrj
quc dj eirjd cstjråj aig`kakigj`j pir mjatircs buejgis,
bkstñrkais y siaki-caigñeka
siaki-caigñekais.is. ^ir di tjgti, cd —aigacpti
—aigacpti `c
eirjd― sc eucvc cg cd tkcepi y cg cd cspjaki, `c aigmirek`j`
aiei sc aiepirtcg sus mjatircs. ^ir cstc eitkvi, cddj bj sk`i,
cs, y scoukrê skcg`i, `kstkgtj cg cd tkcepi y cg cd cspjaki,

3;

scújdêg`isc quc dj eirjd `c bjac akcg júis cs `kstkgtj j dj `c

biy y quc dj eirjd cxkstcgtc cg itrjs djtktu`cs, `kmkcrc `c dj
gucstrj. Cg ajelki dj ëtkaj cs ugj aigacpakñg mkdisñmkaj `c dj
eirjd ‑i ecfir ti`jvåj- cs dj kepdkajakñg jxkidñokaj
jxkidñok aj `c dj eirjd.
eirjd.
Cg cd `kaakigjrki `c dj \cjd Jaj`cekj `c dj Dcgouj,
—ëtkaj `cd orkcoi ctbkhcs, `cd djtåg ctbkaj. ^jrtc `c dj mkdisimåj
quc trjtj `c dj eirjd y `c djs ildkojakigcs `cd bielrc― y aig
rcspcati j dj eirjd, `cd djtåg —eirjdks― pcrtcgcakcgtc i rcdjtkvi
j djs jaakigcs i ajrjatcrcs `c djs pcrsigjs, `cs`c cd pugti `c
vkstj `c dj lig`j` i ejdkakj ―. Qcoög Mcrrjtcr Eirj, cd tërekgi
ëtkaj `crkvj `cd orkcoi, quc skogkmkaj aistuelrc y pir cddi, sc bj
`cmkgk`i aig mrcaucgakj j dj ëtkaj aiei dj `iatrkgj `c djs
aistuelrcs.
Cd `kaakigjrki `c mkdisimåj `c Gkaidj Jlljogjgi dj
`cmkgc aiei dj akcgakj
akcgakj `c dj aig`uatj.
aig`uatj. Cxkstcg `is aaigacpa
igacpakigcs
kigcs
mug`jecgtjdcs `c cstj akcgakj, j sjlcr6

:. Dj quc dj aigsk`crj aiei akcgakj `cd mkg jd quc

`clc `krkokrsc
`krkok rsc dj aig`uatj `c dis bielrcs y `c dis
ec`kis pjrj diorjr tjd mkg y `crkvjr, tjgti cd mkg
aiei dis ec`kis, `c dj gjturjdczj `cd bielrc.
<. Dj quc dj aigsk`crj aiei dj akcgakj `cd kepudsi
`c dj aig`uatj buejgj c kgtcgtj `ctcrekgjrdi
`ctcrekg jrdi aig
vkstj j `krkokr i `ksakpdkgjr dj aig`uatj eksej.

Dj prkecrj jacpakñg skogkmkaj6 —Dj mcdkak`j` cs cd mkg `c

dj aig`uatj buejgj― `c`uakldc `c dj gjturjdczj rjakigjd `cd
bielrc, cg tjgti quc dj scoug`j jacpakñg skogkmkaj6 — cd pdjacr
cs cd eñvkd bjlktujd y aigstjgtc `c dj aig`uatj buejgj y pucsti
quc cd skogkmkaj`i y jdajgac `c djs `is jacpakigcs, sig. pir di
tjgti, aiepdctjecgtc `kmcrcgtcs, dj `kstkgakñg
`kstkgakñg cgtrc ëtkaj `cd mkg
y ëtkaj `cd eñvkd `clc cstjr prcscgtc cg djs `ksauskigcs
`ksauskigcs silrc
ëtkaj―.

=>

Qcoög cd `kaakigjrki cgakadipë`kai

cgakadipë`kai Qjdvjt. Ètkaj6 —^jrtc
`c dj mkdisimåj quc trjtj `c dj eirjd y `c djs ildkojakigcs `cd
bielrc, cg mkdisimåj cs dj akcgakj `c dj ir`cgjakñg `c dis jatis
buejgis (rjakigjdcs y dklrcs) aig jrrcodi `c ug arktcrki (dcy
eirjd) y aig ekrjs j ug mkg (cd lkcg ). Dis jatis rjakigjdcs y
dklrcs sig dj ejtcrkj `c dj ëtkaj, pcri su ilfctkvi mirejd cs cd
ir`cg quc bj `c prcsk`kr cstis jatis, dj ëtkaj cstu`kj gi dj
ir`cgjakñg `c dis jatis buejgis tjd aiei sig skgi aiei
`clcråjg scr, cs `cakr, cd ir`cg eirjd k`cjd―
^ir ödtkei, pjrj cd `kaakigjrki Cvcrcst Airigj Cspjúid,
quc tcgoi cg ek pi`cr —ëtkaj cs pjrtc `c dj mkdisimåj quc cstu`kj
dis fukakis `c vjdir aujg`i sc jpdkajg j dj `kstkgakñg cgtrc cd
lkcg y cd ejd―.

=:

Cd \kti `c Akrauejeludksei
Kgtri`uaakñg

@c ti`is dis rktis rcdkokisis, cd akrauejeludksei i

akrauejeludjakñg cs ugi `c dis eês jgtkouis y bj pcrejgcak`i,
`cs`c bjac ekdcs `c jrkis, cg djs aistuelrcs `c dis scouk`ircs
`c dis Ekstcrkis Jgtkouis y dis arcycgtcs `c djs `kmcrcgtcs
rcdkokigcs quc jpjrcakcrig `cspuës, tjgti cg djs acrceigkjs `c
sjarkmkakis, cxpkjakñg y aigsjorjakñg aiei cg djs `c jaakñg `c
orjakjs y jdjljgzjs j djs `ck`j`cs lcgcmjatirjs.
Cepcaceis pir `cmkgkr cd tërekgi akrauejeludksei, ug
piai `kmåakd `c priguga
prigugakjr
kjr pir su cxtcgskñg
cxtcgskñg.. ]kcgc `cd vcrli
djtkgi akrauejeludjrc, quc skogkmkaj «jg`jr jdrc`c`ir `c jdoi"
y crj cd gielrc quc sc `jlj cg djs acrceigkjs rcdkokisjs `c dj
Jgtkoôc`j` j ugj priacskñg quc sc cmcatujlj cg tirgi `c ug jdtjr
i `c aujdqukcr itri ilfcti sjorj`i aiei mucoi, å`idi, tñtce, cta.
Jd rcjdkzjr cstj priacskñg jdrc`c`ir `cd Jdtjr, sc
priaurjlj kektjr cd aursi jpjrcgtc `cd Qid
Q id cg cd mkrejecgti. Qc
cepczjlj pir cd Irkcgtc y tiejg`i cd rueli `cd Qid sc scouåj
bjakj Iaak`cgtc, `cspuës jd Girtc, pjrj vidvcr `c gucvi jd
Irkcgtc.
Cg jdougjs
cmcatujljg iajskigcs gi jdrc`c`ir
cstjs rcviduakigcs crjg dis imcrcgtcs
`cd Jdtjrdis (quc
quc
ocgcrjdecgtc crjg trcs), skgi quc di bjaåj sidjecgtc cd sjacr`itc
imkakjgtc, ekcgtrjs jqucddis pcrejgcaåjg pristcrgj`is mrcgtc jd
Jdtjr.
Dj prcvjdcgakj `c cstc rkti cgtrc dis jgtkouis pjrcac
bjlcr sk`i ugkvcrsjd y irkokgjdecgtc kektjlj cd `cspdjzjekcgti
quc sc prcsueåj bjaåj cd Jstri \cy bjakj dj `crcabj cg dj lñvc`j
acdcstc cg cd scgtk`i `c dis pugtcris `cd rcdif.

=<

Cg dj jgtkouj Orcakj, aujg`i cd sjacr`itc imkakjlj cd rkti

`cd sjarkmkaki, ajekgjlj scouk`i pir dis jskstcgtcs trcs vcacs cg
tirgi `cd Jdtjr, ekcgtrjs ajgtjljg ug bkegi sjorj`i y, jd
rcjdkzjr cstc akrauejelud
akrauejeludksei,
ksei, tcgåjg cspcakjd auk`j`i quc cd
dj`i `crcabi cstuvkcrj skceprc `krkok`i bjakj cd Jdtjr pjrj
rcprcscgtjr `c cstc ei`i dj jpjrcgtc akraugviduakñg `cd Qid
jdrc`c`ir `c dj Pkcrrj.
^ir tjd rjzñg, cstj acrceigkj muc ddjej`j pir dis orkcois
"`c dj `crcabj bjakj dj `crcabj" cg rcmcrcgakj j dj `krcaakñg `cd
eivkekcgti rcjdkzj`i, y dis riejgis dc jpdkajrig cd tërekgi
"`cxtrivcrsue" i "`cxtrirsue", quc skogkmkajlj di eksei y
cgtrc cddis dj acrceigkj `cd akrauejelud
akrauejeludksei
ksei muc
m uc skceprc usj`j
cg dis rktis `c cxpkjakñg y purkmkajakñg.
Jså, ]krokdki `csarklc j Aurkgcjius purkmkajg`i j sus
aiepjúcris cg cd mugcrjd `c Ekacgis, akraudjg`i trcs vcacs
bjakjjddj orupi
purj `crcabjjorjakj`i,
jdrc`c`irjspcrfêg`idi
`c cddis, "jså trcs
aig vcacs riakñ`caig
ugj rjej jouj
idkvi".
(Ejahcy).
Crj tjg ågtkej dj rcdjakñg quc tcgåj dj acrceigkj `c
akrauejeludjakñg aig dj cxpkjakñg i purkmkajakñg, quc cd
tërekgi djtkgi "dustrjrc" auyi scgtk`i prkektkvi crj "purkmkajr",
`cspuës muc skgñgkei `c "akraukrc" quc skogkmkajlj "ajekgjr
jdrc`c`ir `c jdoi" y `c jbå quc dj purkmkajakñg y dj
akrauejeludjakñg mucrig cxprcsj`js pir dj eksej pjdjlrj.
Cgtrc dis bkg`öcs tjelkëg sc bj prjatkaj`i `cs`c jgtkoui
cstc rkti `c akrauejeludksei y, aiei cfcepdi, pi`ceis aktjr
dj acrceigkj quc `clc cmcatujr ug Lrjbejg jd dcvjgtjrsc pir dj
ejújgj6 "`cspuës `c j`irjr jd Qid aig cd ristri vucdti bjakj cd
Dcvjgtc, sc `krkoc pir cd Qur jd ^igkcgtc, cxadjejg`i jd eksei
tkcepi "skoi cd aursi `cd Qid" (Figcs).
@cxtcr skogkmkaj `crcabj cg djtåg y Qkgkjtcr, kzqukcr`j, y
`c jbå vkcgcg djs pjdjlrjs @kcstrj y Qkgkcstrj quc gis scrvkrêg
pjrj prcaksjr
prcaksjr jdougis tërekgis quc cepdcjrceis
cepdcjrceis..

=1

Cd scgtk`i `cd eivkekcgti `c djs joufjs `cd rcdif cs

Qkgkstrirsue, pucs sc cmcatöj `c kzqukcr`j j `crcabj8 cd scgtk`i
kgvcrsi, `c `crcabj j kzqukcr`j, cs @cxtrirsue. ^cri ajlc bjacr
gitjr quc dis tërekgis "`c kzqukcr`j j `crcabj" y "`c `crcabj j
kzqukcr`j" gi sig sumkakcgtcs pjrj prcaksjr cd scgtk`i `c ug
eivkekcgti akraudjr8 cg cmcati, cg cd scgtk`i " skgkstrirsue ", dis
pugtcris `cd rcdif
r cdif sc eucvcg `c kzqukcr`j j `crcabj cg dj pjrtc
supcrkir `cd auj`rjgtc i csmcrj, pcri cddis vjg `c `crcabj j
kzqukcr`j, i scj cg scgtk`i "`cxtrirsue", cg dj scaakñg kgmcrkir
`cd auj`rjgtc.
^ir csi, pjrj cvktjr aujdqukcrj aigmuskñg y bjacr eês
adjrj dj jgjdioåj, usjrceis `is j`fctkvis quc rcdjakigjg cd
akrauejeludksei j gucstrj pripkj kzqukcr`j y j gucstrj pripkj
`crcabj.. @krceis quc okrjeis cg scgtk`i `cxtriaëgtrkai aujg`i
`crcabj
`ceis vucdtj jdrc`c`ir `c jdoi ejgtcgkcg`i aigstjgtcecgtc
gucstri aistj`i `crcabi bjakj cd kgtcrkir `cd akraudi y scgtk`i
"skgkstriacgtrkai― jd okrjr ejgtcgkcg`i dj ejgi kzqukcr`j bjakj
cd kgtcrkir `cd akraudi.
Pjelkëg aigvkcgc scújdjr quc, cg mirej ocgcrjd y
aigvcgakigjd, dj `crcabj cstê aigsk`crj`j aiei lcgëmkaj y
pisktkvj, y dj kzqukcr`j cstê ajtjdioj`
ajtjdioj`jj aiei ejdëmkaj y
gcojtkvj, pir di quc sc dc jtrkluyc cd eksei skogkmkaj`i j dis
eivkekcgtis quc okrjg j dj `crcabj i bjakj dj kzqukcr`j.
Cg cmcati, cd akrauejeludksei
akrauejeludksei skgkstriaëgtrkai sc rcjdkzj
ocgcrjdecgtc
gcorj. cg dis imkakis mögclrcs y cg acrceigkjs `c ejokj
]katir Bcgry cg su ilrj "Dj Ejokj cg dj Kg`kj Jgtkouj
Jgtkouj"
aiecgtjs "cg dis rktis
r ktis `c ejokj gcorj, dj `crcabj dc ac`c cd duojr
j dj kzqukcr`j. Qk sc tiej ug ilfcti, sc `clc bjacr aig dj ejgi
kzqukcr`j8 sk sc jvjgzj ug pjsi, sc bjac aig cd pkc kzqukcr`i8 sk
sc tkcgc quc `jr ugj vucdtj, sc prcscgtj cd dj`i kzqukcr`i jd ilfcti
cg tirgi jd aujd sc okrj8 cta.

=0
 Qcoög dis juourcs riejgis, di quc cstjlj "j dj
kzqukcr`j" crj `csmjvirjldc y `c ejd prcsjoki. @c jbå vkcgc cd
skogkmkaj`i quc dc `jeis j dj pjdjlrj "skgkcstri".

Jdougis jgtcac`cgtcs

Cd cekgcgtc Bcrejgi Oildct `°Jdvkcddj aiecgtj quc ug

scgtk`i pripkaki cstê ugk`i j dj ritjakñg pir dj `crcabj y ug
scgtk`i skgkcstri, j dj ritjakñg pir dj kzqukcr`j, pirquc, cg cd
prkecr ajsi, cd eivkekcgti skouc cd aursi jpjrcgtc `cd Qid y cg
cd scoug`i ajsi, vj cg aigtrj `c csc aursi mkatkaki. Jorcoj quc
cd akrauejeludksei cg dis rktis mögclrcs crj skgkstriaëgtrkai
scouk`i kgec`kjtjecgtc pir itri `cxtriaëgtrkai, `c jbå vkcgc
scourjecgtc, dj aistuelrc quc cxkstc cg dj Ejsigcråj `c aulrkr
ugj ljtcråj `c `ucdi aig itrj ljtcråj `c fölkdi (Liuabcr).
Qcoög cstc jutir, cd rktujd lrjbeêgkai `j dj adjvc `cd
`ildc rkti6 "cg dj prkecrj ejrabj, j dj kgvcrsj, cd sjarkmkaj`ir vj
j cgaigtrjrsc aig sus jgacstris, cs `cakr, vkjfj jd `iekgki `c djs
sielrjs y `c dj eucrtc8 cg dj scoug`j ejrabj, ëd vucdvc j cstc
eug`i vktjd, quc cs cd suyi".
Cg Csaiakj, dis acdtjs bjg aigscrvj`i bjstj gucstris `åjs
dj aistuelrc `c `jr trcs vucdtjs jdrc`c`ir `c dis ilfctis quc
cddis qukcrcg sjarkmkajr y `c dis kg`kvk`uis j qukcgcs qukcrcg
bigrjr y pritcocr. Cg djs acrceigkjs mögclrcs, pir cd aigtrjrki,
cd akrauejeludksei
Cg cd Pklct, cgsc dj
bjac pir djsjorj`j
aku`j` kzqukcr`j.
`c Dbjsj, jrrkljg pir
ekdcs dis pcrcorkgis lu`kstjs. ]ksktjg cd ^itjdj y cd Pcepdi `c
[ifjgo, aigstruk`i bjac trcac skodis pir cd rcy Qigotscg Ojepi
(Qkodi ]KK), pjrj jdifjr dj cstjtuj `c Lu`j quc su eufcr trjfi
`cs`c Abkgj y quc sc cgaucgtrj ulkaj`j jatujdecgtc cg dj gjvc
acgtrjd trjs ugj rcfj `c mkcrri.
\cprcscgtj jd Lu`j, j dis `iac júis, y cstê cgojstj`j cg
pkc`rjs prcakisjs y mirrj`j cg iri, y sidjecgtc `urjgtc djs
mkcstjs eês sjorj`js sc pcrektc j dis `cvitis okrjr j su jdrc`c`ir

=3
skoukcg`i cd eivkekcgti `c dis pugtcris `cd rcdif. ^jrj irjr,
cstis `cvitis sig "pcrkpjtëtkais", cs `cakr, ajekgjgtcs,
pjscjgtcs,
pjscj gtcs, y cd rkti dcs cxkoc eivcrsc cg aåraudis, cg cd scgtk`i
`c dis pugtcris `cd rcdif y fjeês sulkr djs csajdcrjs pir cd acgtri
(Duai y ^urti).
\cgë Oucgig,
skgkstriaëgtrkai pir sucdpjrtc,
y "sidjr" ddjej`cxtriaëgtrkai6
scgtk`i "pidjr" cd scgtk`i
"dj
akrauejeludjakñg sc rcjdkzj, `kac, tcgkcg`i aigstjgtcecgtc cd
acgtri j dj kzqukcr`j cg cd prkecr ajsi, y pir cd aigtrjrki, j dj
`crcabj, cg cd scoug`i. Cstj ödtkej ejgcrj cs dj quc cstê cg usi,
pjrtkaudjrecgtc,, cg djs trj`kakigcs
pjrtkaudjrecgtc trj`kakigcs bkg`öc
bkg`öcss y tklctj
tklctjgjs,
gjs, ekcgtrjs
quc dj prkecrj sc cgaucgtrj, cspcakjdecgtc, cg dj trj`kakñg
ksdêekaj――.
ksdêekaj
J`ceês, bjac cstj ilscrvjakñg6 "tjd vcz scj `c kgtcrës
bjacr gitjr quc cd scgtk`i `c cstjs akrauejeludjakigcs, quc vjg
`c `crcabj j kzqukcr`j y `c kzqukcr`j j `crcabj, sc k`cgtkmkajg
pdcgjecgtc
pdcgjecg tc aig dj `krcaakñg quc tkcgcg djs csarkturjs cg djs
dcgoujs sjorj`js
sjorj`js `c csjs eksejs mirejs trj`kakigjdcs".
trj`kakigjdcs".
Cg dj Ejsigcråj, scoög su mirej jatujd, cd scgtk`i `cd
akrauejeludksei cs "sidjr", pcri pjrcac bjlcr sk`i, pir cd
aigtrjrki, "pidjr", cg cd jgtkoui rktujd ipcrjtkvi, scoög cd aujd cd
"Prigi `c Qjdieñg" cstjlj cg csc tkcepi aidiaj`i cg cd
Iaak`cgtc y gi cg cd Irkcgtc, aiei jbirj, j mkg `c pcrektkr j dis
j`cptis aigtcepdjr dj jpjrkakñg `cd Qid pir cd Dcvjgtc
(Liuabcr).
Cg Jstrigieåj y cg Jstridioåj, sc `j cd gielrc `c
"scgtk`i `krcati" jd eivkekcgti quc sc rcjdkzj aigtrjrki jd `c dis
pugtcris `cd rcdif y "scgtk`i rctrñorj`i" jd quc skouc dj eksej
`krcaakñg `c dis pugtcris.
Qc sjlc quc cd eivkekcgti `c ritjakñg `c dj Pkcrrj silrc
su cfc cs skgkstriaëgtrkai y quc sc trjsdj`j jdrc`c`ir `cd Qid cg
cd eksei scgtk`i. ^ir su pjrtc, dis ^djgctjs tjelkëg sc eucvcg
cg cd eksei scgtk`i8 pcri dj aielkgjakñg `c dis eivkekcgtis
`c cstis aucrpis acdcstcs pjrcac `jrdcs, jdougjs vcacs, ug scgtk`i

==
`c ejrabj kgvcrsi, cs `cakr, rctrñorj`i. Qidjecgtc cd Qid y dj
Dugj - cd prkecri crj jgtkoujecgtc aigsk`crj`i ug pdjgctj
eês - gi prcscgtjg fjeês dj jpjrkcgakj rctrñorj`j.
@clk`i jd eivkekcgti `c dj Pkcrrj, dj lñvc`j acdcstc
pjrcac okrjr `c `crcabj j kzqukcr`j (eivkekcgti
skgkstriaëgtrkai)
`cxtriaëgtrkai). y cd Qid, `c kzqukcr`j j `crcabj (eivkekcgti
Cg cd prkecr ajsi di ddjejrceis "eivkekcgti cstcdjr" y
cg cd scoug`i, "eivkekcgti sidjr", skcg`i jdtjecgtc gcacsjrki
rcair`jr quc csd \kti tkcgc su irkocg cg cd bceksmcrki girtc pjrj
tiejrdi aiei pugti `c rcmcrcgakj cg cstc cstu`ki.

Akrauejeludksei ejsñgkai

]cjeis jbirj añei y auêg`i cstc rkti `cd

akrauejeludksei muc kgairpirj`i cg djs prêatkajs `c djs
acrceigkjs quc acdclrj dj Mrjgaejsigcråj.
Jdougis trjtj`kstjs y cstu`kisis sistkcgcg quc, cg dis
jdlircs `c dj Ejsigcråj Ipcrjtkvj, dis ekcelris `c dj Ir`cg sc
rcugåjg jd jkrc dklrc y pjrj acdclrjr sus rcugkigcs trjzjljg cg cd
sucdi "ug cspjaki sjorj`i", quc pjsjlj j aigstktukr "dj diokj"
pripkjecgtc tjd.
Cs `cakr, dj diokj crj csc auj`rj`i ildigoi quc sc
ejrajlj cg cd sucdi y gi ti`i cd rcakgti `cd Pcepdi y sus
aiepjrtkecgtis jgcxis aiei sc aieprcg`c jbirj.
^istcrkirecgtc, rcugk`is yj cg ug diajd i bjlktjakñg
prñxkej j dj ilrj ejtcrkjd quc aigstruåjg, `klufjljg cg cd pksi
dis såelidis ejsñgkais eês rcprcscgtjtkvis, dis quc crjg
lirrj`is ugj vcz mkgjdkzj`is dis ttrjljfis,
rjljfis, pjrj cvktjr
cvktjr quc mucrj
mucrjgg
ilfcti `c dj aurkisk`j` `c dis primjgis quc gi `clåjg aigiacrdis.
Jvjgzjg`i cg cd tkcepi, jd scoukr rcugkëg`isc `cgtri `c
ug rcakgti acrrj`i, pcrskstkñ dj aistuelrc quc yj crj trj`kakigjd,
pcri cg vcz `c `klufis cg cd sucdi, sc utkdkzjrig
utkdkzjrig tjldcris i
ajrpctjs pkgtj`is
pkgtj`is aig di
diss såelidis ejsñgkais quc sc aidiajljg
 =?

cg cd pksi `c dj bjlktjakñg. Jd ajekgjr dis bcrejgis `urjgtc dj

acdclrjakñg `c djs acrceigkjs, auk`jljg `c gi pksjr cstis
`klufis pjrj aigscrvjrdis cg lucgjs aig`kakigcs pjrj usjrdis
gucvjecgtc.
Cxkståj tjelkëg cg csc tkcepi, dj pcaudkjrk`j` quc cd
sktkjd i trigi `cd ]cgcrjldc Ejcstri - quc crj Jdtjr y ecsj j dj
vcz - cstjlj sktuj`i cg cd aistj`i Irkcgtc, jpcoj`i j cstc
trjzj`i, pir di quc dis bcrejgis cstjljg ildkoj`is j vidvcr
silrc sus pjsis aujg`i sc jacrajljg jd Jdtjr (Ojyêg).
@c jbå vkcgc dj aistuelrc `c "csauj`rjr cd Pcepdi", quc
biy `åj gi tkcgc gkgougj fustkmkajakñg, pucsti quc cd J\J sc bj
trjsdj`j`i jd Acgtri `c dj Diokj y cd sktkjd `cd ].¿.E.¿. sc bj
`cspdjzj`i jd Aistj`i Irkcgtc `cd Pcepdi, quc`jg`i, pir di
tjgti, sumkakcgtc cspjaki cgtrc cstis `is kepirtjgtcs cdcecgtis
dktörokais
dklrcecgtc- Jrj y Prigi`cd
jdrc`c`ir - pjrj quc`urjgtc
Jdtjr, dis bcrejgis puc`jg akraudjr
cd `csjrriddi `c djs
`kstkgtjs acrceigkjs.
Cg Ejsigcråj, dis jatis eês sidcegcs aiei sig dis
furjecgtis y djs aigsjorjakigcs
aigsjorjakigcs (Kgkakjakigcs
(Kgkakjakigcs,, Juecgtis `c
Qjdjrki y Cxjdtjakigcs), sc acdclrjg mrcgtc jd Jdtjr i Jrj, quc cs
ugj pjdjlrj djtkgj quc ctkeidñokajecgtc skogkmkaj jdturj i
cdcvjakñg6 Jdtj Jrj, Jdtjr. Cs ugi `c dis prkgakpjdcs såelidis `c
dj Mrjgaejsigcråj, skcg`i keprcsakg`kldc su cxkstcgakj y
ulkajakñg cg ti`j Diokj Qkelñdkaj. \cprcscgtj jd Qid y aiei dj
diokj rcprcscgtj jd Eug`i, sc aidiaj prcaksjecgtc cg cd acgtri
pjrj skogkmkajr quc cs cd acgtri `c ti`i
ti`i di quc gis rri`cj.
i`cj.
Dj Mrjgaejsigcråj bj aigscrvj`i kgtjatj dj
skogkmkajakñg prkektkvj `cd Jrj, aiei ugj rcprcscgtjakñg
skelñdkaj `cd Jstri \cy aiei acgtri `c dj Orjg Duz måskaj y
aieii dj Ilrj eês ejrj
aie ejrjvkddi
vkddisj
sj `cd O.¿
O.¿.J.¿.@.¿
.J.¿.@.¿.S.¿
.S.¿..
Jskeksei, bj ejgtcgk`i cd rkti `c akrauejeludksei
aiei ugj rcpri`uaakñg `c su `cspdjzjekcgti cg su jpjrcgtc y
rju`i vkjfc j trjvës `cd mkrejecgti. Pi`i vkjfc sc cfcautj cg
Diokj kektjg`i cd kejokgjrki trjycati `kjrki `cd Qid. ^jrtkcg`i
 =2

`c Iaak`cgtc, cd vkjfcri sc bug`c cg dj giabc `cd Qcptcgtrkñg cg

`cejg`j `c dj lrkddjgtc adjrk`j` `c Irkcgtc y rcorcsj pir cd
Ec`ki`åj `c gucvi j Iaak`cgtc. Cd Iaak`cgtc cs cd `iekgki `c
djs scgsjakigcs, `c dj ilscrvjakñg `krcatj `c dis mcgñecgis,
auyi aigfugti sc jdzj jgtc cd cspårktu aiei dj mjabj`j `c djs
jpjrkcgakjs, trjs dj aujd sc iaudtj dj cgkoeêtkaj rcjdk`j`.
^jrj aigaclkr ëstj, jrrkcsojeis bkpñtcsks,
jvcgturêg`igis
jvcgturêg` igis cg lrueisjs tciråjs, cspcaudjakigcs (Girtc).
J aigtkgujakñg, cd Irkcgtc priycatj ugj adjrk`j` aråtkaj
quc `cskduskigj, quc kg`uac j rcorcsjr pir cd ajekgi jr`kcgtc
quc rcaklc kepdjajldc dis rjyis `cd Qid `cd Ec`ki`åj
(rjzigjekcgti
(rjzigjekcg ti rkourisi, cspårktu akcgtåmkai).
Cd akraukti aigtkgöj skg `ctcgcrsc, skg `csajgsi, pirquc
pjrj aigqukstjr dj Duz sc gcacsktj pjsjr suacskvjecgtc
suacskvjecgtc `c dis
bcabis
`cspuës (iaak`cgtc),
`c priaurjr cgj skgtctkzjakñg
su kgtcrprctjakñg bkpitëtkaj
kgmruatuisj (girtc),
(irkcgtc) quc
ildkoj j ug ekguakisi cxjecg rjakigjd (sur) quc pcrektc
cstjldcacr, j su vcz, gucvis bcabis (iaak`cgtc), y jså
suacskvjecgtc cg ugj aj`cgj kgtcrekgjldc `c rjzigjekcgti
(kg`uaakñg).
Cg su skelidksei jstrigñekai, cd akrauejeludksei
jdu`c, aiei yj di bceis aigskogj`i, jd aursi jpjrcgtc `cd Jstri
Qidjr8 pcri su skelidksei kgtcdcatujd sc rcmkcrc j dis csmucrzis
quc rcjdkzj y j djs `kmkaudtj`cs quc cgaucgtrj cd bielrc quc
cstu`kj, aig cd mkg `c sjdkr `c djs tkgkcldjs `c dj kogirjgakj y
diorjr dj duz kgtcdcatujd `c dj vcr`j`, quc cs su jgbcdi eês
mcrvirisi, pjrj `cspuës prcoigjrdj cgtrc dis `ceês bielrcs.
^ir csi, cg djs acrceigkjs `c dgkakjakñg y Juecgti `c
Qjdjrki, dis rcakpkcg`jrkis y imkakjdcs quc pjrtkakpjg cg cddjs
okrjg j dj `crcabj jdrc`c`ir `cd Jrj, jd rcjdkzjr dis vkjfcs
ekstcrkisis.
^ir di tjgti, cstis vkjfcs sc cfcautjg cg scgtk`i
`cxtriaëgtrkai, aigtrjrki j dj rctriorj`jakñg `c dj acrceigkj `c
cxjdtjakñg quc tkcgc scgtk`i skgkstriaëgtrkai. Aiei ti`i di quc
 =;

sc prjatkaj cg ejsigcråj, cstj ejrabj cg scgtk`i aigtrjrki, cs ug

såelidi susacptkldc `c eödtkpdcs ågtcrprctjakigcs, ugj `c djs
aujdcs cstjeis jgjdkzjg`i cg cd prcscgtc cstu`ki, jd kgtcgtjr
cstjldcacr quc cd akrauejeludksei `cxtriaëgtrkai jdrc`c`ir `cd
Jrj bj sk`i kgtcrprctj`i pir dj Ejsigcråj aiei lcgëmkai y
pisktkvi, jd aigtrjrki `cd scgtk`i skgkstriaëgtrkai
skgkstriaëgtrkai `c dj
rctriorj`jakñg quc cs aigsk`crj`i ejdëmkai y gcojtkvi8 såelidi
`c aigoifj y `c `ucdi.

Aigaduskigcs

Cd vcr`j`cri y rcjd
r cjd scgtk`i `cd eivkekcgti `c trjsdjakñg
`cd Qkstcej Qidjr cs skgkstriaëgtrkai, ^ir aigskoukcgtc, jd
rcprcscgtjr dj Diokj jd Sgkvcrsi y dis imkakjdcs j dis pdjgctjs,
pjrcac dñokai
cg csc ajsi scbjacr
vkcgcakraudjr j ëëstis
j aigtrjrkjrstis cg cd sc
scgtk`i
dj trj`kakñggtk`i
quc vcr`j`cri,
vscújdj
cr`j`cri, pcri
quc ti`i
eivkekcgti skgkstriaëgtrkai cs ejdëmkai y mugcsti.
C: Pcepdi ejsñgkai, aiei sjlceis, cstê irkcgtj`i
bjakj cd Irkcgtc y dj duz sidjr sc cdcvj cg cd Dcvjgtc, pjsj jd
Ec`ki @åj y sc iaudtj cg cd ^igkcgtc. Dj akraudjakñg
skgkstriaëgtrkaj vj, pucs, jd cgaucgtri `cd Qid jd cgtrjr pir dj
`crcabj y sjdkr pir dj kzqukcr`j. Qc `krkoc jd Irkcgtc pjsjg`i pir
cd Ec`ki`åj y rcorcsj jd Iaak`cgtc pjscj`i pir cd Qcptctrkñg.
Qkelñdkaj y dñokajecgtc, cstc `clcråj scr cd
akrauejeludksei quc `clcråj prjatkajrsc cg dj Ejsigcråj6 cd
Ejsñg vj bjakj dj Duz jd cgtrjr cg cd Pcepdi y rctirgj j djs
Pkgkcldjs - cd eug`i primjgi - aujg`i sjdc `c ëd. Kepirtj
K epirtj bjacr
gitjr quc cd Kgkakj`i aujg`i sc `cspdjzj cg cd scgtk`i kg`kaj`i,
gi prctcg`c ipigcrsc j dj ejrabj girejd `cd Eug`i, quc scråjg
dis pripñsktis `c dis rktis `c dj ejokj gcorj.
Cs aigvcgkcgtc, pir di `ceês, `cfjr `clk`j aigstjgakj
quc djs kgmducgakjs lcgëmkajs i ejdëmkajs jtrkluk`js jd
akrauejeludksei, cg ug scgtk`i u itri, sig cxprcskigcs
ecrjecgtc aigvcgakigjdcs, Qkg celjroi, j dj Ejsigcråj dc cs
 ?>

gcacsjrki j`iptjr aujdqukcrj `c dis `is scgtk`is `c

akrauejeludksei
akrauejelud ksei y cstjldcacrdi
cstjldcacrdi imkakjdecgtc.
Cs kgj`ekskldc quc dj akrauejeludjakñg sc bjoj
kg`kmcrcgtcecgtc cg ugi u itri scgtk`i. Cs `c ti`j gcacsk`j`
"csitërkaj" j`iptjr ug sñdi "scgtk`i rktujd", pjrj cvktjr ug cstj`i
`c ajis y jgjrquåj. Aig ugj cxacpakñg6 cd Ejcstri `c
Acrceigkjs
Acrceig kjs cs cd ögkai Imkakjd `cd Pjddcr
P jddcr quc puc`c `cspdjzjrsc
jdrc`c`ir `cd Jrj yj scj j dj `crcabj aiei bjakj dj kzqukcr`j,
skg riepcr cd ir`cg prccstjldcak`i pjrj ejgtcgcr dj jreigåj y
cd rktei cg cd `csjrriddi `c dis trjljfis `c dj diokj.
^ir gucstrj pjrtc, gis pjrcac jaigscfjldc rcstjldcacr i
jatujdkzjr dj trj`kakñg pcr`k`j `cd rkti `c akrauejeludksei gi
sidjecgtc cg djs acrceigkjs `c kgkakjakñg, juecgti `c sjdjrki y
cxjdtjakñg, Qkgi quc tjelkëg cg dj Jpcrturj y Adjusurj `c dis
Prjljfis.
^ripkakjeis cd scgtk`i `cxtriaëgtrkai `cd
akrauejeludksei, skoukcg`i dj trj`kakñg `c dj ejsigcråj
skelñdkaj, quc aigsk`crjlj j dj Diokj aiei cd Sgkvcrsi. Gi
pirquc sc `clc scoukr cd aursi jpjrcgtc `cd Qid cg cd mkrejecgti,
aiei sc jmkrejlj jgtkoujecgtc, gk tjepiai pirquc arcjeis
quc ti`i di rcdjakigj`i aig dj `crcabj cs lucgi y di
aigacrgkcgtc j dj kzqukcr`j cs ejdi y gcmjsti, pucsti quc
cstkejeis quc cd ejsñg ei`crgi `clc cstjr jfcgi j ti`j adjsc

`c supcrstkakigcs
J pripñskti,y supcrabcråj
supcrabcråjs.
gis pjrcacs. pcrtkgcgtc rcmcrkrgis j dj
arccgakj, ocgcrjdkzj`j cg gucstrjs diokjs, `c quc sk pjsjeis
cgtrc cd Jdtjr y cd sktkjd
sktkjd `cd ].¿
].¿.E.¿
.E.¿.. airtjeis dj dåg
dågcj
cj kejokgjrkj
quc ugc cd Jdtjr y cd trigi `cd ].¿.E.¿. quc scoög jdougis scråj
dj dågcj `c dj ]k`j y dj Eucrtc.
Cstj dågcj kejokgjrkj cstjråj sñdi cg dj kejokgjakñg `c
csis "jdougis", yj quc, sk sc trjtjrj `c ugj dågcj `c Mucrzj quc
priycatj cd Jrj,
Jrj, fugti aaig
ig cd ]iduecg `c dj Dcy
Dcy,, cd Aiepês y dj
Csauj`rj, `cpisktj`is silrc cddj, idvk`jg quc cstjs Duacs
Kgejtcrkjdcs, `clcråjg krrj`kjr ug bjz `c duz cg ti`js
 ?:

`krcaakigcs, kduekgjg`i j ti`is y j aj`j ugi `c dis bcrejgis

pir koujd.
Jliojeis pir cd scgtk`i `cxtriaëgtrkai pirquc cd
scgtk`i rcjd y vcr`j`cri `c dj ritjakñg `c dj Pkcrrj silrc su cfc

ëstj cg su
pdjgctjs rcviduakñg
y tjelkëg
tjelkë g `cd jdrc`c`ir `cdtcej,
Qid cg cd Qks Qid8 cs
Qkstcej, cd skgkstriaëgtrkai
eivkekcgti
skgkst `c ydis
riaëgtrkai cd
j`iptjr dj Ejsigcråj cd scgtk`i `cxtriaëgtrkai cg su rkti `c
akrauejeludksei `cgtri `cd Pcepdi, cstjråj kgtcrprctjg`i cd
skelidksei quc scújdj quc dis ejsigcs cg su pcrejgcgtc jmêg
y jsacgsi `c Iaak`cgtc j Irkcgtc vjg jd cgaucgtri `c dj Orjg
Duz `cd Qjlcr.
LKLDKIO\JMKJ

d.- DI\CGVI
@kaakigjrki M\JS J\\KECQ
Cgakadipë`kai Jlrcvkj`i `c dj Ejsigcrå
Ejsigcråj.
j. C`. Eëxkai. Júi
:;=>.

<.- JDLC\P EJAHC[. E.@.

Pbc Qyelidkce im ^rccejcigry. Cd \kti `c Akrauejeludjakñg.

1.- LC\GJ\@ C C.. FIGCQ

Ouåj y Aiepcg`ki `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj. :0.:= Dj Akrauejeludjakñg
`cd Ajg`k`jti.

0.-FSDCQ LISABC\
Dj Qyelidkquc Ejaiggkquc ?. Dj Akraudjakñg cg cd Pcepdi.
@crvy, ^jrdj. :;31.

3.-GKAIDJQ DSAI y EJS\KAKI ^S\PI

\cvkstj `cd @iekgoi `c —Cd Ecraurki".
Ecraurki" . :3 `c Cgcri `c :;2;.

=.- FSDCQ
F SDCQ LISABC\
Dj Qyelidkquc Ejaiggkquc. Ilrj yj aktj`j.

?.-AJ\DIQ OJ[JG QJDKGJQ

Prjzj`i i Diokj `cd Pcepdi. Auj`crgkddi G¶0. C`kakigcs —^cgtjdpbj".
—^cgtjdpbj".
\cvkstj Ejsñgkaj G¶ ? - 2 Júi :;?:.
?<
 ?1

Dj Sgkvcrsjdk`j` `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj

SGJ cg su `kvcrsk`j`
@K]C\QJ cg su ugk`j`.

Kgtri`uaakñg

¹Aiei cs piskldc quc `kmcrcgtcs Ilc`kcgakjs, quc tkcgcg

`kstkgtis \ktis (cxkstcg euabis eês cg cd eug`i), puc`jg
ejgtcgcr djzis y ilfctkvis aieugcs quc djs bjacg jpjrcacr jgtc
cd eug`i primjgi aiei ug orjg aigodiecrj`i ejsñgkai
ugkvcrsjd9
Cs di quc trjtjrceis `c jgjdkzjr cg cd prcscgtc cgsjyi.
Dj kgtcrprctjakñg `c su ugkvcrsjdk`j` jpjrcakñ fugti aig dj
mirejakñg `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Dig`rcs, yj quc, jgtcrkirecgtc,
aj`j diokj crj kg`cpcg`kcgtc c kg`kmcrcgtc y dis ejsigcs
ipcrjtkvis sc `cspdjzjljg dklrcecgtc pir ti`is dis pjåscs `cd
eug`i jgtkoui auyjs mrigtcrjs gi cxkståjg i gi cstjljg
adjrjecgtc `cdkektj`js aiei jbirj.
Jgtcs `cd scúcri júi :?:?, dis `kmcrcgtcs bkstirkj`ircs
ejsñgkais bjg aigscouk`i euy csajsis `jtis y jgtcac`cgtcs
ocgukgjecgtc jutëgtkais, aig dis quc pi`ceis,
mcbjakcgtcecgtc, vksujdkzjr dj cecrocgakj `c dj ejsigcråj
cspcaudjtkvj i skelñdkaj.
Dj ejsigcråj cs dj ögkaj quc tkcgc ug bkstirkjd eês i
ecgis aigmkjldc,
aigmkjldc, gi dcocg`jrki, y cddi sc `clkñ j su rcdjakñg aig
dj kodcskj y j dj kgmducgakj quc rcaklkñ `c cddj, kgmducgakj quc
jpjrcac cg ti`is dis orjg`cs `cd ec`kicvi, di quc bjac prcsuekr
quc mucrig dis jgtkouis eigfcs dis quc rc`jatjrig dis prkecris
ejgusarktis quc sc aigiacg,
\ilcrt, cd Bjrdckjg, y itris. tjdcs aiei cd \coki, cd Aiihc, cd
 ?0

Cstis ejgusarktis mucrig `j`is j aigiacr cg ugj ëpiaj

cg quc dj ejyiråj `j dj ocgtc crj jgjdmjlctj, tjgti dis ejsigcs
aiei dis jrtcsjgis `c dis itris orcekis y orjg pjrtc `c dis
adërkois. Crjg dcå`is cg djs rcugkigcs `c djs diokjs y jsjeldcjs
pir cdcecgtis eês kgstruk`is, pjrj rcsjdtjr dj kepirtjgakj
kepirtjgakj `cd
Imkaki y `c dj `kogk`j` `c quc cstjljg kgvcstk`is sus aimrj`cs y
pjrj kgaudajrdcs vkrtu`cs eirjdcs, lucglucgisis ei`jdcs y sjgjs
aistuelrcs, jså aiei dis `clcrcs pjrj aig @kis y su kodcskj y
pjrj sus ejcstris
ejcstris `cd Imkaki.
Dj `caj`cgakj `cd Jrtc \cjd tuvi rcspigsjldcs quc, skg
tcgcr ug pripñskti prcaigaclk`i, `clkdktjrig djs jatkvk`j`cs `c
djs diokjs aiei aigscaucgakj `c sus `ctcrekgjakigcs pidåtkajs y
rcdkokisjs.
Cd júi :310, cd ^jrdjecgti `cadjrñ j Cgrkquc ]KKK, dj
ajlczj suprcej cg dj Pkcrrj, `c dj Kodcskj `c Kgodjtcrrj y
aigvcrtk`i, ëd y sus suacsircs, cg ug jlkcrti cgcekoi `cd ^jpj,
aigsk`crjlj ug jati `c trjkakñg, `cgtri `c dis `iekgkis `cd \cy,
ti`i aujgti sc cgscújrj y csarklkcrj
csarklkcr j ljfi dj jutirk`j` `c dj Aurkj
\iejgj. Dis eigjstcrkis mucrig sjqucj`is cg :312 y djs
mrjtcrgk`j`cs rcdkokisjs `ksucdtjs cg :30?, iajskigjg`i ug
scvcri oidpc j djs airpirjakigcs ejsñgkajs quc vkvåjg jd jdcri
`c djs jlj`åjs y, pir cg`c, dj `caj`cgakj `cd orceki `c
aigstruatircs.
J rjåz `cd kgacg`ki `c Dig`rcs, cd júi :==:, dj
mrjtcrgk`j` `j dis ejsigcs muc kgajpjz `c jlsirlcr dj trcecg`j
`cejg`j `c trjljfi quc tjg rcpcgtkgjecgtc bjlåj ajå`i silrc dj
aieugk`j`, y j pcsjr `c su ipiskakñg, cd Aigscfi Eugkakpjd `c
dj Akty `kspusi quc aujdqukcr trjljfj`ir `c dj aigstruaakñg,
jugquc gi mucrj ekcelri `c dj Aiepjúåj `c Ejsigcs `c
Dig`rcs, pi`åj trjljfjr cg dj rcaigstruaakñg `c dj aku`j`.
Aiei aigscaucgakj `c tjd ec`k`j, dj Aiepjúåj pcr`kñ
cd aigtrid quc cfcraåj silrc cd imkaki, di quc dj ddcvñ j dj rukgj.
^jrj pjdkjrquc
ekcelris cstjgisktujakñg,
crjg `cd iptñ piry jacptjr
orceki cd kgorcsij `c
aig jgtcrkirk`j` dj
 ?3

mirejakñg `c dj Orjg diokj `c Dig`rcs, bj sk`i piskldc aigstjtjr

jdougis bcabis quc kdustrjg cstj jscvcrjakñg.

Jpjrkakñg `c dj Ejsigcråj Cspcaudjtkvj

Cg :=<: y :=1:, cxkstcg cvk`cgakjs `c dj "jacptjakñg" cg

dj Aiepjúåj Dig`kgcgsc `c Mrjgaejsigcs. Sg pc`jzi `c pjpcd
csarkti pir \jg`dc Bidec, quc yj crj ejsñg, sc rcmkcrc, cg cd
pcrki`i :=0>-:=3>, j djs pjdjlrjs y skogis `c ug mrjgaejs
mrjgaejsñg.
ñg.
Cg :=0=, cd jgtkaujrki Cdåjs Jsbeidc muc jacptj`i ejsñg cg
_jrrkgotig. Cg :=02, ug ]kokdjgtc `c dj Aiepjúåj `c Dig`rcs,
Er. Jg`rcws Ecrvkg, pjoñ dj suej `j ugj dklrj pjrj jdajgzjr dj
"jacptjakñg".
Cg :==1,
dj Aiepjúåj y cgbjy cvk`cgakjs
pcråi`i quc mucrig
:=?>-?;, kgaduk`js
aujrcgtj eufcrcs
ekcelris cg
mucrig
jutirkzj`is "pir orjakj" pjrj kgorcsjr cg dj Mrjtcrgk`j`, di quc
aigstktuyc ugj cvk`cgtc
cvk` cgtc `ceistrjakñg `c dj mjdcgakj cg quc bjldj
ajå`i cd cdcecgti ipcrjtkvi. Cg :=?1, cd yj aktj`i \jg`dc
Bidec, `j ugj dkstj `c dis gielrcs `c <? pcrsigjs rcdjakigj`js
aig dj Diokj `c Abcstcr.
Cg :=?=, sc puldkaj ug "`kvcrtksscecgt" (pkczj dkocrj y
orjakisj) cg quc sc ecgakigj j dj aiepjúåj `c ejsigcs
jacptj`is. Cg :=2<, `cspuës `c 1= júis `c su kgorcsi, Cdåjs
Jsbeidc aigaurrc
aigaurrc j ugj diokj cg dj ajsj ejsñgkaj `c Dig`rcs y
cgtrc djs jskstcgtcs, cg su ejyiråj pcrtcgcakcgtcs j dj Aiepjúåj
`c ejsigcs, rcaigiac j scks pcrsigjfcs j`ektk`is cg dj
Bcrejg`j`3.
\cspcati j cstc pcrsigjfc, cs aigvcgkcgtc `cfjr
aigstjgakj `c dj iekskñg `c ti`j rcmcrcgakj j dj ejsigcråj cg sus
Eceirkjs, i @kjrki `c ]k`j, cgtrc cd júi :=0=, mcabj cg quc muc
"jacptj`i" cg ugj diokj `c _jrrkgotig, bjstj cd júi :=2<, cg
quc muc kgvktj`i j jskstkr
jskstk r j ugj diokj `c Dig`rcs cg quc sc rcaklåj

3 Lcrgjr` C. Figcs. "Ouåj y Aiepcg`ki `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj".

Mrjgaejsigcråj". ^jo. :>3
 ?=

j su jekoi _kddkje _kdsig, ug aigiak`i ajgtcri y csaudtir `c

dj cstjtuj `c Ajrdis KK, cg dj Ajtc`rjd `c Dktkabmkc`, duojr `c
gjakekcgti `c Jsbeidc.
Csti cstjråj acrtkmkajg`i quc gi bjlråjs tcgk`i gkgougj
vkgaudjakñg aig dj Mrjgaejsigcråj, `urjgtc csis 1= júis i lkcg
quc cstj gi skogkmkajlj orjg aisj pjrj ëd. Cstc jgtcac`cgtc
cabjråj pir tkcrrj dj tcsks sustcgtj`j pir jdougis trjtj`kstjs cg cd
scgtk`i `c quc cd jgtkaujrki Cdåjs Jsbeidc bjlråj sk`i ugi `c
dis kgtri`uatircs `c dj csitcrkj \isjaruz cg dj Ejsigcråj y cd
jutir `c dj Dcycg`j `cd Pcracr Orj`i=.
Cg d=2=, cd @r. ^dit puldkaj vjrkjs rcmcrcgakjs silrc dj
Qiakc`j` `c dis Mrjgaejsigcs i ejsigcs "jacptj`is". Csc
eksei júi Fibg Julrcy sc rcmkcrc j dj Mrjtcrgk`j` `c dis
ejsigcsCgjacptj`is
jacptj`
:=22,isgucvjecgtc,
(dklrcs). \jg`dc Biec bjldj silrc dj
jgtkoôc`j`` `c dj Aigmrjtcrgk`j` `c dis ejsigcs. Cg :=;3-:=;=,
jgtkoôc`j
C`wjr`s Bjdd cs j`ektk`i ejsñg, cg Abkabcstcr. Cg :=;1, cd
Ejgusarkti `c [irh G¶ 0 `j dis gielrcs `c diokjs. Mkgjdecgtc,
sc tkcgc dj cvk`cgakj `c "Pbc Pjttdcr" (cd aipuabcgti), quc cg
:?>; y :?:> sc rcmkcrc j dis "Mrccejsigs" y `c ug pjgmdcti `c
:?:> quc ecgakigj akcrtj "Aiepjúåj `c Mrccejsigs".
Cstis sig sidjecgtc jdougis jgtcac`cgtcs quc `jg ugj
k`cj siecrj `c dj jpjrkakñg `c dj ejsigcråj cspcaudjtkvj pucsti
quc gi ddcvjlj rcokstris bjstj cd júi :?1>, mcabj cg quc
jpjrcakcrig `iauecgtis quc rcvcdjljg dis scarctis ejsñgkais.
Cd eês mjeisi y cstu`kj`i `c ti`is muc "Ejsigcråj @kscaj`j",
csarkti pir Qjeucd ^rkabjr`, quc djgzñ gj`j ecgis quc trcs
c`kakigcs cd ecs `c iatulrc `c :?1>.
Dis ejsigcs jacptj`is quc bjlåjg sk`i j`ektk`is cg dj
Aigmrjtcrgk`j` skg scr ilrcris ejgujdcs, jgbcdjljg ug ajelki
cg dj Mrjgaejsigcråj, quc cstuvkcrj eês `c jaucr`i aig dis

= Lcrgjr` C. Figcs. Ilrj aktj`j.Piei K.^jo.2;. C`kakigcs ^cgtj

^cgtjdpbj
dpbj
 ??

jvjgacs `c dj Akcgakj y cd priorcsi `c djs aistuelrcs `c dj

ëpiaj?.
Ddcojeis jså j dj mug`jakñg
mug`jak ñg `c dj Orjg Diokj quc gi sñdi
aigskstkñ cg dj arcjakñg `c ug Irojgksei Qupcrkir quc jsuekråj
ug pjpcd supcrvksir y rcoudj`ir silrc diokjs quc bjstj csj mcabj
crjg jutñgiejs c kg`cpcg`kcgtcs, skgi quc, y csti cs di eês
kepirtjgtc, crj ugj rj`kajd ei`kmkajakñg `c djs girejs y
prkgakpkis cstjldcak`is
cstjldcak`is cg dis jgtkouis ejgusarktis
ejgusarktis `c dj
Mrjtcrgk`j`.
Sg cxjecg supcrmkakjd `c `kabjs ei`kmkajakigcs i
rcmirejs,
rcmirej s, pigc cg cvk`cgakj quc cddjs mucrig
mucrig cd rcmdcfi `c dj
\cviduakñg `c :=22-2; quc trjgsmireñ j Kgodjtcrrj, `c
eigjrquåj jlsidutj, aigscrvj`irj y ajtñdkaj, cg eigjrquåj
aigstktuakigjd, dklcrjd
aigsidk`jrsc cd júi :?0=,yaig
pritcstjgtc, y prctcg`kcgtc
dj `crritj `cd quc sñdi vkgiAjrdisj
C`ujr`i, cd ödtkei `c dis Cstujr`is quc duabñ, kgötkdecgtc, pir
rcaupcrjr cd trigi `c Kgodjtcrrj pjrj su `kgjståj y pjrj dj ajusj
`c dj Kodcskj Ajtñdkaj2.

Mug`jakñg `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Dig`rcs

Qcoög Lcrgjr` C. Figcs, sc aigiacg `is rcdjakigcs - sñdi

`is - `c dj mug`jakñg `c dj Orjg Diokj. Sgj cs dj `cd @r. Fjecs
Jg`crsig, `c qukcg gi sc sjlc quc bjyj tiej`i pjrtc cg tjg
kepirtjgtc jaigtcakekcgti y quc puldkañ su rcdjti, <: júis
`cspuës (:?12), jd `jr j dj puldkak`j` dj scoug`j c`kakñg `cd
Gucvi Dklri `c djs Aigstktuakigcs.
Aigstktuakigcs.
Dj itrj, cs dj `c ug jutir `csaigiak`i quc puldkañ, cg
:?=1, "Pbc Aiepdctc Mrccejsigs, ir Eudtj ^juaks mir Divcrs
im Qcarcts".

?
2 Lcrgjr` C. Figcs. Ilrj aktj`j.
C`ujr`i ^bkddkps Eôddcr. "J djsK Piei
^ucrtjs^jo.:>3 C`kakigcs
`cd Pcepdi" ^cgtjdpbj
^jo.00
 ?2

Cd rcdjti `c Jg`crsig, cs tjg lrcvc, quc pi`ceis

trjgsarklkrdi ågtcori.
"J.@. :?:=. Cd rcy Firoc K cgtrñ cg Dig`rcs cd `åj <> `c
scptkcelrc `c :?:0 y, aujg`i tcrekgñ dj rclcdkñg
rclcdk ñg cg cd júi :?:=,
djs piajs diokjs cxkstcgtcs cg Dig`rcs, arcycrig aigvcgkcgtc, cg
vkstj `c dj gcodkocgakj `c Qkr Abrkstipbcr _rcg, ugkrsc ljfi djs
ñr`cgcs `c ug Orjg Ejcstri quc bjlåj `c scr cd Acgtri `c Sgkñg
y Jreigåj. Djs diokjs quc, sc rcugkcrig mucrig6

:.- Cg dj Acrvcacråj `cd Ojgsi y dj ^jrrkddj `cd Acecgtcrki `j dj

^jrriqukj `j Qjg ^jldi.
<.- Cg dj Acrvcacråj `c dj Airigj, sktuj`j cg cd Ajddcfñg `c
^jrhcr, acraj `cd Ajddcfñg `c @rury.
1.- Cg dj Pjlcrgj `cd Ejgzjgi, sktuj`j cg dj ajddc `j Abjrdcs cg
Aigvcgt Ojr`cg.
0.- Cg dj Pjlcrgj `c dj Virrj y djs Svjs, sktuj`j cg
Abjggcd - \iw cg _cstekgstcr.

Cddjs (djs
(dj s diokjs) sc rcugkcrig cg dj Pjlcrgj `cd Ejgzjgi
y bjlkcg`i aidiaj`i, cg dj Qkddj (prcsk`cgakj) jd Ejcstri Ejsñg
eês jgtkoui (jbirj ].E. `c ugj diokj) sc aigstktuycrig cg ugj
Orjg Diokj pri tcepirc cg dj `clk`j mirej y `c kgec`kjti
rcpuskcrig
(jbirj Orjgcddiokj),
Aigscfi Prkecstrjd
Prkecst rjd
rcsidvkcrig `c dis djImkakjdcs
ejgtcgcr Jsjeldcj`c ydjMkcstj
diokj
Jgujd y jair`jrig cdcokr j ug Orjg Ejcstri `c cgtrc cddis
ekseis bjstj tcgcr
tcgcr cd bigir `c sc
scrr `krkok`is pir ug bcrejg
bcrejgii `c
gildc jdaurgkj.
^ir tjgti, cg cd `åj `c Qjg Fujg Ljutks
Ljutkstj
tj (<0 `c fugki) cg
cd Pcracr Júi `cd \cy Firoc K, :?:?. J.@., dj Jsjeldcj y Mkcstj
`c dis ejsigcs "dklrcs y jacptj`is", sc acdclrñ cg dj Acrvcacråj
Cd Ojgsi y dj ^jrrkddj.
Jgtcs `c dj aiek`j, cd Ejcstri eês jgtkoui (jbirj ].E.
`c dj diokj) cg dj Qkddj, pripusi ugj dkstj `c ajg`k`jtis
j`cauj`is y dis bcrejgis pir ejyiråj `c ejgis cdkokcrig jd
 ?;

Ajljddcri Er. Jgtigki Qjycr, Orjg Ejcstrc `c dis Ejsigcs y jd

ajpktêg Fiscpb Cddkit y jd ajrpkgtcri
ajrpkgtcr i Er. Fjail Djeljdd, Orjg`cs
]kokdjgtcs, qukcgcs mucrig kgvcstk`is `c kgec`kjti aig djs
kgskogkjs
jgtkoui, y `cd Imkaki y djmucrig
yj kgstjdj`is, jutirk`j`, pirgtc
`clk`jec
`clk`jecgtc `kabi Ejcstri eês
aigorjtudj`is pir
dj Jsjeldcj quc dcs trklutñ su biecgjfc".
Bjstj jquå dj rcdjakñg `cd Bcrejgi Jg`crsig.
Dj rcdjakñg `c "Eudtj ^juaks" (eudtj rc`uak`j) `j
jdougis `ctjddcs, pcri `c piaj kepirtjgakj, di quc bjac pcgsjr
quc su jgñgkei jutir tuvi j su `kspiskakñg kgmirejakigcs quc
gi aigiakñ i gi cepdcñ cd @r. Jg`crsig.
Cstc itri rcdjti `kac qui aujtri diokjs sc rcugkcrig cd `åj
`c Qjg Fujg y quc tjelkëg sc rcugkcrig dis Ejcstris y
]kokdjgtcs `c "scks diokjs", skcg`i cstj jgitjakñg mucgtc `c
aipkisj jrouecgtjakñg, pjri dis kgvcstkoj`ircs aikgak`cg cg
quc cstuvkcrjg prcscgtcs sñdi aujtri diokjs y gi scks aiei
tcstkmkaj cstc ödtkei csarkti;.
Qkg celjroi, cs aurkisi jgitjr quc rcspcati jd gielrc
`c dj aujrtj diokj mug`j`irj, jdougis jutircs dj gielrjg dj
Pjlcrgj `c dj Virrj y djs Svjs8 itris dj `cskogjg aiei dj
Pjlcrgj `cd \ig y djs Svjs8 itris dc `jg cd gielrc `c Pjlcrgj
i ^isj`j "Jd \iejgi", y itris dc `jg cd gielrc cg kgodës "Pbc
\ueecrPi`js
jg` djs
tbc kgvcstkojakigcs
Orjpcs" cs `cakrbcabjs
"Cd ]jsi
pjrjy `csaulrkr
djs Svjs".qukcgcs
cstuvkcrig prcscgtcs, j`ceês `c djs trcs Orjg`cs Imkakjdcs
gielrj`is, bjg sk`i kgötkdcs.
@c cstjs aujtri diokjs prkektkvjs, sñdi ugj - dj `c dj
Pjlcrgj `c dj Virrj y djs Svjs - tcgåj ejyiråj `c ejsigcs
"jacptj`is", ekcgtrjs quc djs itrjs trcs rcstjgtcs, cstjljg
aigstktuk`js pir ejsigcs jatkvis cg cd imkaki `c dj aigstruaakñg,
pir di quc gi scråj cmcatkvi, aiei jdougis jutircs bjg jmkrej`i,

;
C`ujr`i ^bkddkps Eôddcr. "J djs ^ucrtjs `cd Pcepdi" ^jo.00
 2>

quc dj Orjg Diokj muc mirej`j pir ug orupi `c bielrcs

kdustrj`is quc trjtjlj `c vjdcrsc `c dj `ksarcakñg y cd scarcti `c
djs diokjs pjrj prjatkajr y prc`kajr ugj mkdisimåj iaudtj i pir
eitkvisCdpidåtkais
^rkecr aigtkgocgtcs.
aigtkgocgtcs. Jgtigki Qjycr, pcrtcgcaåj j dj
Orjg Ejcstrc,
diokj `j dj Pjlcrgj `cd Ejgzjgi y `c dj diokj `c dj Pjlcrgj `c
dj Virrj y djs Svjs, priac`åjg Firoc ^jygc y Fujg Pcñmkdi
@csjoudkcrs, Qcoug`i y Pcracri Orjg`cs Ejcstris `c dj Orjg
Diokj rcakëg mirej`j.
Cd @r. cg Pcidioåj Fjecs Jg`crsig tjelkëg pcrtcgcakñ
j cstj Diokj.
Cd júi :?<: sc cdkokñ Orjg Ejcstrc jd @uquc Fujg `c
Eigtjou, cstjldcakëg`isc, pistcrkirecgtc, dj aistuelrc `c
`cskogjr Orjg Ejcstri `c dis ejsigcs `c Kgodjtcrrj jd ^rågakpc
`c Ojdcs. Qcoög B.M. Oiud`, dj diokj `cd Ojgzi y dj ^jrrkddj cs
dj ögkaj `c djs aujtri Mug`j`irjs quc ti`jvåj silrcvkvc y
`cspuës `c bjlcr sumrk`i `kstkgtis ajelkis, sc dj aigiac cg dj
jatujdk`j` aig cd gielrc `kstkgtkvi `c Di`oc im Jgtkqukty G¶<.
Dj pkc`rj mug`jecgtjd `cd gucvi c`kmkaki quc bjlråj `c
rccepdjzjr j dj jgtkouj Mrjtcrgk`j` aigiak`j aiei ejsigcråj
ipcrjtkvj, yj cstjlj aidiaj`j, `jg`i gjakekcgti j dj gucvj
Kgstktuakñg quc aigiaceis aiei Ejsigcråj Cspcaudjtkvj,
Ejsigcråj skelñdkaj
dis prkgakpkis y disi usis
Mrjgaejsigcråj,
trjsektk`is aigscrvjg`i cd cspårktu,
pir dj trj`kakñg y jd
jljg`igjr cd jrtc ejgujd j dj ocgtc `cd imkaki, sc aigscrvñ, skg
celjroi, dis tërekgis y dis skogis quc airrcspig`cg
skelñdkajecgtc jd jrtc `c aigstrukr, `êg`idc ug gucvi scgtk`i
eês mkdisñmkai y cdcvj`i.
@cs`c su mug`jakñg dj Orjg Diokj `c Dig`rcs sc
aigvkrtkñ cg ugj Kgstktuakñg `c`kaj`j j dj lösquc`j `c ug
ilfctkvi ëtkai-eirjd eês cdcvj`i, susacptkldc `c cspjrakrsc pir
ti`i cd eug`i aiei ugj primcskñg aieög j ti`i cd oëgcri
buejgi. Cd Jrtc \cjd `c aigstrukr sc bj trjgsmirej`i jbirj cg
cd \cjd Jrtc `c ^cgsjr.

2:

Cd <0 `c fugki `c :?:2 muc cdcok`i Orjg Ejcstrc, Firoc

^jygc, quc sc `c`kañ j aidcaakigjr ti`i di aigacrgkcgtc j
csarktis ejsñgkais, `êg`idc cspcakjd
cspcakjd kepirtjgakj j dj bkstirkj `c
dj Mrjtcrgk`j`,
`iauecgtis sidkaktjg`i
rcdjakigj`is aigquc dis jgtkouis
dj ejsigcråj ejgusarktis
mucrjg rcaiok`is yy
cgtrcoj`is j dj givcd Orjg Diokj pjrj su cstu`ki.
Jd júi skoukcgtc, :?:;, cs cdcok`i Orjg Ejcstrc cd
cekgcgtc bcrejgi Fujg Pcñmkdi @csjoudkcrs, qukëg rilustcakñ
djs aiduegjs `c djs diokjs, jtrjycg`i j euabjs pcrsigjdk`j`cs
`cstjaj`js cg djs akcgakjs, jrtcs y dctrjs, y tjelkëg j ekcelris
pcrtcgcakcgtcs
pcrtcgcak cgtcs j dj gildczj.
gildczj.
Jd scr cdcok`i pir scoug`j vcz Orjg Ejcstrc, cd bcrejgi
Firoc ^jygc, tcrekgñ `c rcaipkdjr ti`j dj `iauecgtjakñg
`iauecgtjakñg jgtkouj
rcugk`j `jg`i mirej j dj gitjldc aidcaakñg `c djs 1; Ir`cgjgzjs
Ocgcrjdcs (Ocgcrjds \coudjtkigs) quc sc puskcrig cg vkocgakj
cd skoukcgtc júi :?<:, ljfi cd ejddctc `c su suacsir cd @uquc `c
Eigtjou.
Cd bcrejgi Fjecs Jg`crsig muc cd cgajroj`i `c
rcaipkdjr ti`i di rcaiok`i, aiepjrjrdjs aig dis jgtkouis
`iauecgtis y aig djs prkektkvjs aistuelrcs y ildkojakigcs,
pjrj pigcrdjs `c jaucr`i y j`jptjrdjs jd usi `c djs Diokjs `c
Dig`rcs, _cstekgstcr y jdrc`c`ircs.
^ir dj orjg kepirtjgakj quc tkcgc pjrj dis ejsigcs `c
ti`is dis tkcepis y djtktu`cs, trjgsarklkeis cd tcxti `c dj
jpriljakñg `c tjg skgoudjr y cxtrjir`kgj
cxtrjir`kgjrki
rki `iauecgti.

Cd Dklri `c djs Aigstktuakigcs

Jpriljakñg

"Cg vkstj `c quc pir dj aigmuskñg ajusj`j cg djs oucrrjs

`c
disdis sjfigcs, `jgcscs
`iauecgtis y girejg`is,
`c dis ejsigcs, quc`jrig euy`c
dis Mrjgaejsigcs cstripcj`is
Kgodjtcrrj
pcgsjrig pir `is vcacs quc crj gcacsjrki
gcacsjrki su Aigstktuakñg,
Aigstktuakñg,

2<

@clcrcs y \codjs, prkecri cg cd rckgj`i `c Jtbcdstjg, cd `jgës

y euabi eês tjr`c cg cd `c C`ujr`i K], cd girejg`i. [ aiei
qukcrj quc, cg dj jgtkouj Aigstktuakñg cg Kgodjtcrrj, buli
euabjs kgtcrpcdjakigcs, eutkdjakigcs y `cpdirjldcs
airrupakigcs, gi sñdi cg dj dctrj, skgi cg dis bcabis, aig orjvcs
crrircs cg Bkstirkj y Arigidioåj, j ajusj `cd trjgsaursi `cd
tkcepi y `c dj kogirjgakj `c dis trjgsarkptircs, cg dis skodis `c
kgaudturj, jgtcs `cd rcgjakekcgti `c dj Ociectråj y `c dj jgtkouj
Jrquktcaturj, buli orjvc imcgsj `c dis bcrejgis kgstruk`is y
fukakisis, y cgojúi `c dis kogirjgtcs.
kogirjgtcs.
[ gucstri ödtkei Orjg Ejcstrc. Qu Orjakj cd @uquc `c
Eigtjou, cgajroñ jd jutir cxjekgjrj, airrkokcsc y aiepkdjsc cg
gucvi
jgtkoujy mrjtcrgk`j`,
ecfir eëti`ipirdj diBkstirkj,
quc cd@clcrcs y \codjs vjrkis
jutir cxjekgñ `c dj
cfcepdjrcs `c Ktjdkj y Csaiakj y `kvcrsis (`iauecgtis) `c
Kgodjtcrrj8
Kgodjtcr rj8 y `c cddis (jugquc cg euabjs aisjs crrñgcjs) `c
vjrkis itris `iauecgtis ejsñgkais aiepkdñ dj trjgsarktj gucvj
Aigstktuakñg aig dis @clcrcs y \codjs Ocgcrjdcs.
Cd jutir bj siectk`i cd ejgusarkti jd cxjecg y
airrcaakñg `cd ödtkei y `cd jatujd Orjg Ejcstrc y @kputj`is y
`c itris `iatis bcrejgis, jså aiei jd `c dis ]cgcrjldcs
Ejcstris y ]kokdjgtcs `c djs diokjs pjrtkaudjrcs, cg dj Jsjeldcj
trkecstrjd.
Cgtrcoñ tjelkëg cd ejgusarkti jd ödtkei Orjg Ejcstrc,
cd aktj`i @uquc `c Eigtjou, pjrj cxjecg, airrcaakñg y
jpriljakñg y Qu Orjakj, pjr aigscfi `c vjrkis bcrejgis, ir`cgñ
quc sc keprkekcrj
keprkekc rj cdcojgtcecgtc y aig primuskñg pjrj usi `c djs
diokjs, jugquc ti`jvåj gi cstjlj `cd ti`i prcpjrj`i pjrj dj
prcgsj `urjgtc su Orjg
Orjg Ejcstråj.
^ir di tjgti, Gis, cd jatujd Orjg Ejcstrc
Ejcstr c `c dj Bigirjldc
y Jgtkquåskej Mrjtcrgk`j` `c dklrcs y jacptj`is ejsigcs, cd
@kputj`i
]cgcrjldcs`cd Orjg yEjcstrc,
Ejcstris ]kokdjgtcsDis Orjg`cs
`c djs ]kokdjgtcs, (aig
diokjs pjrtkaudjrcs dis
aigscgtkekcgti `c dis bcrejgis `c `cgtri y mucrj `c dj aku`j`

21

`c Dig`rcs y _cstekgstcr),
_cstekgstcr ), bjlkcg`i tjelkëg cxjekgj`i
cxjekgj`i cstj
ilrj, ec j`bkcri j gucstris dijldcs prc`cacsircs, cg gucstrj
sidcegc Jpriljakñg `c cddj, pusc Gis arcceis quc rcspig`crê
pdcgjecgtc
pdcgjecg tc jd mkg pripucsti, yj quc aigscrvj ti`i di vjdkisi `c
dis jgtkouis `iauecgtis y cstêg cgecg`j`is dis crrircs cg
Bkstirkj y Arigidioåj, y sc bjg iektk`i dis mjdsis bcabis y djs
pjdjlrjs kepripkjs, y ti`j cstê rcaipkdj`i cg ug gucvi y ecfir
eëti`i. [ ejg`jeis quc sc rcaklj cg ti`j diokj, pjrtkaudjr `c
gucstrj Ilc`kcgakj aiei dj ögkaj AIGQPKPSAKÑG `c dis
dklrcs y jacptj`is ejsigcs cgtrc gisitris, pjrj quc sc dcj cg cd
jati `c dj j`ekskñg `c gucvis bcrejgis, i aujg`i cd ]cgcrjldc
Ejcstri di aigsk`crc aigvcgkcgtc y quc dis gucvis bcrejgis dj
cxjekgcg jgtcs `c dj j`ekskñg.
Mcdkpc, @uquc `c _bjrtig, Orjg Ejcstrc.¿.
F. P. @csjoudkc
@csjoudkcrs,
rs, @kputj`i `cd Orjg Ejcstri
Fisbuj Pkesig. _kddkje Bjwhkgs, Orjg`cs ]kokdjgtcs

Cd dklri `c djs Aigstktuakigcs jpjrcakñ puldkaj`i cd júi

:?<1, y `cs`c csj ëpiaj bj sk`i aigsk`crj`i cd `iauecgti eês
kepirtjgtc y dj ljsc dcojd `j dj Kgstktuakñg. Jdougis trjtj`kstjs
bjg ddcoj`i j ajtjdiojrdi aiei dj Ajrtj Ejogj `c dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj
Mrjgaejsigc råj Sgkvcrsjd.
Dj prkecrj c`kakñg, quc cs euy rjrj y prcakj`j, aigstjlj
`c ;< pêokgjs, dj cgajlczjlj ugj `c`kajtirkj `cd B. F. P.
@csjoudkcrs, @kputj`i `cd Orjg Ejcstrc y aigtcgåj djs
skoukcgtcs pjrtcs prkgakpjdcs6
• Sgj lrcvc bkstirkj `c dj Ejsigcråj `cs`c dj arcjakñg `cd
Eug`i, i scj, dj bkstirkj `cd Jrtc \cjd `cs`c djs eês
jgtkoujs trj`kakigcs.
• Dis Jgtkouis @clcrcs i Dcycs Mug`jecgtjdcs (Id`
 Abjrocs).
• Djs Ir`cgjgzjs i \codjs Ocgcrjdcs ( Ocgcrjds
\coudjtkigs).

20

• Dj Jpriljakñg `cd Dklri (quc bceis trjsarkti kg

cxtcgsi).

Sg jdajgac quc sc `j j aigiacr dj ejgcrj `c aigstktukr

ugj gucvj diokj `c aigmirek`j` aig dis jgtkoujs usis y ug
jpëg`kac aig dis Bkegis `cd Ejcstri8 `c dis ]kokdjgtcs8 `c dis
Aiepjúcris y `c dis Jprcg`kacs. Gis dkektjrceis j `cstjajr,
pir dj kepdkajgakj quc tkcgcg silrc cd tcej cg cstu`ki, dis
pêrrjmis j) y l) airrcspig`kcgtcs
airrcspig`kcgtcs j dj <.j y 1.j pjrtcs yj
scújdj`js6

j) @c @kis y dj \cdkokñg (@c dis @clcrcs `c ug

Mrjgaejsñg).
l) Cd Göecri RRRKR `c djs \codjs Ocgcrjdcs (@c dis
Djg`ejrhs).

Dj rcmcrcgakj j cstis pugtis, tkcgcg euabj rcdcvjgakj cg

cd cstu`ki `c dj Sgkvcrsjdk`j` `j dj Mrjgaejsigcråj, aiei
tcg`rceis iajskñg `c aiepriljrdi eês j`cdjgtc. Pjelkëg
aigvkcgc scújdjr quc rcakëg cd <0 `c fugki `cd júi :?<1,
aiekcgzjg j csarklkrsc djs Jatjs `c dj ^rkecrj Orjg Diokj, jd
scr `cskogj`i Orjg Qcarctjrki, _kddkje Aiipcr, `c dj Birg
Di`oc `c _cstekgstcr:>.
Dj rjåz `c dj Mug`jakñg `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Dig`rcs cd
júi :?:? y `j dj ^rieudojakñg `c djs Aigstktuakigcs `c
Jg`crsig, scks júis `cspuës, suroc cg Kgodjtcrrj ugj puogj y
aigtrivcrskj `c pjrtc `c dis ejsigcs y `c djs diokjs quc bjlåjg
quc`j`i ejrokgj`js `c dj ugkmkajakñg.
Dj Diokj `c [irh jdcojlj su ecfir `crcabi `clk`i j su
jgtkoôc`j`, quc sc rceigtjlj, scoög cddj, jd júi ;<= cg quc cd
:>
Ajrdis Ojyêg Qjdkgjs. "Djs Aigstktuakigcs `c Jg`crsig" Jgujrki G¶0 júi
:;22. C`kakigcs ^cgtjdpbj.

23

\cy Jtbcdstjg `ki juoc j dj c`kmkajakñg `c jlj`åjs, eigjstcrkis,

ajstkddis y mirtjdczjs. Cd rcy cg pcrsigj aigviañ y prcsk`kñ ugj
Jsjeldcj Ocgcrjd cg dj aku`j` `c [irh, `ig`c dc itiroñ j dj
Mrjtcrgk`j` ugj Ajrtj `c ^rkvkdcoki, scújdêg`idcs cd `clcr `c
ilscrvjr y rcspctjr qukgac jrtåaudis rcmcrcgtcs j dj Ir`cg quc
mucrig rcaipkdj`is cg ug tcxti quc cstjldcaåj cd irkocg `c dj
ejsigcråj.
Qkg celjroi,
celjro i, gi sc sjlc sk dj Diokj `c [irh crj ugj diok
diokjj
prkvj`j i ugj Orjg Diokj8 di ögkai akcrti cs quc cd júi :?<3
j`iptñ cd gielrc `c "Orjg Diokj `c Pi`j Kgodjtcrrj",
rcadjejg`i quc dj Orjg Diokj `c Dig`rcs dc bjlåj usurpj`i ug
`crcabi quc dc airrcspig`åj pir Jgtkoôc`j`.
Dj vk`j `c cstj diokj tuvi ug `cstkgi lkcg aurkisi.
@cspuës `c qukgac júis (:?0>) `cfjg `c csarklkrsc sus Jatjs. Cd
júi :?=:, scks silrcvkvkcgtcs dc `kcrig gucvj vk`j y `cspuës `c
ug rcdjtkvi ëxkti, ajyñ cg titjd cxtkgakñg cg cd júi :?;:.
"Dj Diokj `c [irh qucråj scr kg`cpcg`kcgtc j ti`j aistj,
skg jacptjr bcoceigåj `c itris pi`crcs, cg vkrtu` `c su
jgtkoôc`j`, `cfjg`i cg su aku`j` gjtjd cd eêokai cgajgti `c
bjlcr sk`i `urjgtc euabis skodis dj Ecaj `c dj Ejsigcråj. Cs
airrkcgtc iår bjldjr `cd "\kti `c [irh" aiei sk mucrj ugj `c djs
mirejs
sc jfustjeês
j djjgtkoujs
rcjdk`j`,y jugquc
vcr`j`crjs
skrvj`cpjrj
dj Ejsigcråj, pcrirjej
`kstkgoukr ugj csti gi
`c
itrj8 cg rcjdk`j` cd \kti `c [irh gi cxkstc, skcg`i csc gielrc
eês lkcg ug trkluti `c rcvcrcgakj quc ug bcabi akcrti" ::.
Cd cstu`ki `c djs `kvkskigcs y `ksair`kjs quc surokcrig
`cgtri `c dj Ir`cg j pjrtkr `cd júi :?<3 y, quc gi tcrekgjrig,
skgi quc bjstj prkgakpkis `cd pjsj`i Qkodi (:2:1), cs ljstjgtc
`kmåakd `c rcjdkzjr pirquc dj jutirk`j` `c Dj Orjg Diokj gi muc
rcaigiak`j cg ti`js pjrtcs. Jdougjs diokjs arcåjg quc tcgåjg
`crcabis kgbcrcgtcs `cs`c tkcepis kgeceirkjdcs y crj `kmåakd

::
Mirt Gcwtig Fiscpb. Dis Jrquktcatis. ^jo.<0?

2=

bjacrdcs aieprcg`cr quc cddjs sñdi pi`åjg kgkakjr ejsigcs

scoög dj rcodjecgtjakñg `katj`j pir ugj jutirk`j` quc sc juti
tktudjlj
cg Orjg Diokj.
ti`j Kgodjtcrrj,
Kgodjtcr Cgugj
rj, aj`j ugj`cëpiaj buli prctcg`åj
djs aujdcs aujtri Orjg`cs ocDiokjs
scr dj ocgukgj
gukgj
y vcr`j`crj `cpisktjrkj `c djs jgtkoujs trj`kakigcs `c dj
Airpirjakñg.
[j bceis vksti quc ugj Orjg Diokj, auyj `cejrajakñg
tcrrktirkjd cstjlj rc`uak`j j dj aku`j` `c [irh, j`iptñ cd
piepisi gielrc `c "Orjg Diokj `j Pi`j Kgodjtcrrj",
Kgodjtcrrj", ekcgtrjs
quc itrj, mug`j`j
mug` j`j j ec`kj`is `c skodi (:?31) sc tktudñ j så eksej
"dis Jgtkouis" tkd`jg`i j dj Diokj Ej`rc "dis Ei`crgis".
Cd <? `c `kakcelrc `c :???, `åj `c Qjg Fujg, dj diokj
"Jgtkoôc`j`" `c Dig`rcs, prcsk`k`j pir _kddkje ^rcstig jau`kñ
cg aigfugti j dj kodcskj vkstkcg`i dis pjrjecgtis ejsñgkais y
tcrekgj`i cd imkaki rcdkokisi sjdkcrig jd vcståludi ddcvjg`i sus
vcstk`urjs ejsñgkajs.
Cstc bcabi susaktñ ugj orjg pidëekaj y j rjåz `c dj
cxpudskñg `c trcs `c sus ekcelris quc gi cstuvkcrig `c jaucr`i
aig cstj `cakskñg `c ^rcstig, sc pri`ufi ug cgmrcgtjekcgti cgtrc
dj Diokj
Diokj Jgtkoôc`j` y dj Orjg Diokj, di quc `ctcrekgñ quc
jqucddj sc scpjrjsc `c dj Orjg Diokj pjrj lusajr rcmuoki cg dj
"Orjg Diokj dkacgakj
aujd iltuvi `c Pi`jpjrj
Kgodjtcrrj" `c dj cg
aigstktukrsc aku`j`
dj " `c [irh
Orjg y `c `c
Diokj dj
Kgodjtcrrj
Kgodjtcr rj `cd Qur `cd \åi
\åi Prcgti ". @cspuës `c ugj pdêak`j
cxkstcgakj quc `urñ `kcz júis, `csjpjrcakñ qukctjecgtc.
^istcrkirecgtc. _kddkje ^rcstig y sus scouk`ircs sc
rctrjatjrig `c su jatktu` y rctirgjrig j dj Orjg Diokj `c
Kgodjtcrrj:<.
:<
Mirt Gcwtig Fiscpb. Dis Jrquktcatis. ^jo.<0;

2?

Cd aksej `c dis —jgtkcgts― y dis —ei`crgs―

`cd júiDj `kvkskñg

:?3:, eês kepirtjgtc
irkokgj`j, muc djcgquc
scoög sc arcc sc pri`ufi jpir
dj jatujdk`j`, pjrtkr
ug
orupi `c ejsigcs krdjg`cscs jvcakg`j`is cg Dig`rcs, gi
rcaigiak`is pir dj prkecrj Orjg Diokj, j dj aujd jausjrig `c
bjlcr kgtri`uak`i vjrkjakigcs y jdtcrjakigcs cg dis rktujdcs y cg
djs acrceigkjs, quc dj jdcfjljg `c dj Jgtkouj @iatrkgj.
Qkg cgtrjr cg cd `ctjddc `j cstjs supucstjs `kmcrcgakjs, sc
bj aigsk`crj`i quc djs orjg`cs ajusjs `c cstjs `kvcrocgakjs,
mucrig djs skoukcgtcs6

• Qc jausjlj, y gi skg fustkmkajakñg, quc dj Orjg Diokj `c

:?:? bjlåj kgmrkgok`i dj jgtkouj `ceiarjakj `c djs
diokjs, jd aigmcrkr jd Orjg Ejcstrc dj mjaudtj` `c gielrjr
j dis ]kokdjgtcs.

• Qc jausjlj j dis "ei`crgs" y j su Aigstktuakñg, `c

prctcg`cr `csarkstkjgkzjr
`csarkstkjgkzjr j dj Ejsigcråj,
Ejsigcråj, di quc cstjlj
cstjlj
kg`kajg`i - j aigtrjrki scgsu - quc dis "jgtkcgts"
pripkakjljg ugj ejsigcråj arkstkjgj,
arkstkjgj, cs `cakr,
`cakr, pjrac
pjracdj`j,
dj`j,
di quc cstjlj euy `kstjgtc `j dj k`cj `j ugj Ejsigcråj
Sgkvcrsjd, cg quc tuvkcrjg ajlk`j ti`js djs arccgakjs
ti`js djs rcdkokigcs, aiei sc pdjgtcjlj cg dj prkecrj
Aigstktuakñgg `c Jg`crsig.
Aigstktuakñ

• Dj Ejsigcråj Csaiacsj `kmcråj `c dj kgodcsj cg akcrtis

`ctjddcs `c sus usis y aistuelrcs quc aigscrvjlj
 acdisjecgtc, aj`j ugj `c cddjs, bjakcg`i kepiskldc ug
jvcgkekcgti mrjtcrgjd. Di jgtcrkir, ugk`i jd irouddi
pjtrki y cd rcaucr`i
irojgkzjakigcs `c bcabis
scpjrj`js bkstñrkais, ejgtuvi
c kg`cpcg`kcgtcs. ejgtuvi sus

• ^ir ödtkei, gi mjdtñ cd ctcrgi prildcej `c djs jelkakigcs

22

pcrsigjdcs, skceprc prcscgtcs cg ti`j irojgkzj

pcrsigjdcs, irojgkzjakñg
akñg
buejgi.

Jd prkgakpki
prkgakpk i gi bjlåj ugj Orjg Diokj cstjldcak`j y djs
diokjs kg`cpcg`kcgtcs cstjljg rcugk`js cg ug " Orjg Aiektë" cd
quc aigviañ j djs gucvc diokjs `ksk`cgtcs quc cgtigacs cxkståjg
(dj eês jgtkouj bjlåj sk`i mug`j`j cd júi :?0?) y sc aigvkrtkñ
cg Orjg Diokj cd 3 `c @kakcelrc `j :?31, skcg`i, aigiak`j cg
j`cdjgtc aig cd gielrc `c "Orjg Diokj `c dis Jgtkouis
Ejsigcs", jugquc su tåtudi imkakjd crj "Dj Euy Jgtkouj y
Bigirjldc Mrjtcrgk`j`
Mrjtcrgk`j` `c dis Ejsigcs
Ejsigcs Dklrcs y JacpJacptj`is",
tj`is", `c
dj quc \ilcrt Purgcr muc su ^rkecr Orjg Ejcstrc y Fibg
Eirojg su ^rkecr Qcarctjrki.
Djwrcgac @creitt muc cd scoug`i Qcarctjrki,
Qcarctjrk i, pcrejgc-
akcg`i cg cd ajroi `urjgtc eês `c trckgtj júis, y orjakjs j su
kgmjtkojldc jatkvk`j`
jatkvk`j` sc `clkñ cg orjg pjrtj cd ëxkti `c cstj gucvj
Orjg Diokj. J su pduej kgocgkisj y sjojz sc `clc cd iekgisi
gielrc `c "Ei`crgis" aig cd quc eitcfñ j sus j`vcrsjrkis,
rcscrvêg`isc pjrj så, cd `c "dis Jgtkouis".
Aig cd tkcepi, ajelkñ cd gielrc aig quc sc aigiaåj j
cstjs Orjg`cs Diokjs, skcg`i rccepdjzj`i pir cd gielrc `c sus
Orjg`cs Ejcstrcs, ddjeêg`isc j dj prkecrj "Ejsigcs `cd
^rågakpc `c Ojdcs" y j dj scoug`j, "Ejsigcs `cd @uquc `c
Jtbidd".
Djurcgac @creitt, ilrcri pkgtir, gjak`i cg Krdjg`j cg
:?<>, puldkañ cd júi :?3=, djs Aigstktuakigcs `c dj gucvj Orjg
Diokj, aig cd tåtudi `c "Jbkejg \czig" i —Bcdp Pi j Lritbcr―.
Lritbcr―.
Cstc gielrc sc `crkvj `c djs pjdjlrjs bclrcjs "Jbke"
(bcrejgis), "Ejgjb" (`cskogjr, cdcokr) y "\jtzig" (vidugtj` i
dcy). Dktcrjdecgtc, "Jbkejg \czig" skogkmkaj "Dcycs `c dis

Bcrejgis
Cstc`cskogj`is i cdcok`is".
dklri tkcgc <3< pêokgjs y cg su `c`kajtirkj j
_kddkje, aig`c `c Ldcskgotig, @creitt rcvcdj `ksarctjecgtc
sus tcg`cgakjs `ioeêtkajs, `ceistrj`js cg su skepjtåj pir ^ktt,

2;

dj Kodcskj y cd Cstj`i, cg dis skoukcgtcs tërekgis6 "@cspuës `c su

dcaturj, vucstrj Qcúiråj cgaigtrjrê quc cd aigfugti tkcgc pir
ilfcti gi sidjecgtc cd lkcg `c dj Aimrj`åj, skgi tjelkëg `c
cxpigcr dj pjrtc crrñgcj `cd eug`i y dis vcr`j`cris prkgakpkis
`c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj, dis aujdcs sig jejr dj aiepjskñg, rcg`kr
buekd`cecgtc jgtc @kis":1.
fustkakj y aiepirtjrsc buekd`cecgtc
Cg cstj prkecrj c`kakñg `c "Jbkejg \czig", djs
Ildkojakigcs i @clcrcs `c ug Mrjgaejsñg y dis \codjecgtis
Ocgcrjdcs, sig dis ekseis quc dis `c dj Aigstktuakñg `c :?<1,
sig djs ei`kmkajakigcs quc Jg`crsig kgtri`ufi cg dj scoug`j
c`kakñg `c :?12, j cxacpakñg `c dj \codj Ocgcrjd RRRKR, quc

muc ei`kmkaj`j
jakigcs (^jo.21-20)
ei`kmkajakigcs
ei`kmka `c dj skoukcgtc
i gucvjs rcodjecgtjakigcs
rcodjecgtjaki gcsejgcrj6
gi sig"Pi`js djs
eês quc
cgekcg`js, i cxpdkajakigcs rcdjtkvjs j jgtk \codjecgtis, pjrj cd
lkcg `c dj Ejsigc
Ejsigcråj,
råj, quc gi ddcojg j scr jgtkoujs
jgtkoujs rcodjs `c dj
Aimrj`åj quc prcscrvcg dis vkcfis Djg`ejrhs y quc mucrig
bcabjs silrc `jtis `kmcrcgtcs (scoög djs iajskigcs) pir dj Orjg
Diokj, quc piscc cg sk eksej cd pi`cr `c cgecg`jr di, quc
pjrcac gi aigvcgkr y dj Jdtj Jutirk`j` `c cdjlirjr gucvis
\codjecgtis pjrj cd lkcg `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj, di quc gi puc`c
scr gcoj`i, pucs dis ekcelris `c dj Orjg Diokj sig
vcr`j`crjecgtcc rcprcscgtjgtcs
vcr`j`crjecgt rcprcscgtjg tcs `c ti`j dj Aimrj`åj, scoög di
cstjldcac dj jgtkouj \codj R".
Aig cd pripñskti `c bjacr dj aiepjrjakñg, bceis arcå`i
aigvcgkcgtc rcpri`uakr dj aktj`j \codj RRRKR `c dj jgtkouj
Aigstktuakñg6 "Aj`j Orjg Diokj jgujd tkcgc kgbcrcgtc pi`cr y
jutirk`j` pjrj ei`kmkajr cstc
cstc \codjecgti i rc`jatjr ugi gucvi,
cg pisktkvi lcgcmkaki `c cstj Jgtkouj Mrjtcrgk`j`, aig tjd quc sc
ejgtcgojg kgvjrkjldcs djs jgtkoujs girejs ( Djg`ejr
Djg`ejrhshs) y quc
djs ei`kmkajakigcs
ei`kmkajakig cs `c cstc \codjecgti, i dj rc`jaakñg `cd gucvi,
sc pripigojg y jpruclcg cg dj Pcracrj Jsjeldcj Prkecstrjd
:1
Mjkddjr` Ejurkac. "Bkstirkj Cvidutkvj `c dj Mrjgaejsig
Mrjgaejsigcråj",
cråj", ^jo.02

;>

prcac`cgtc jd Orjg Ljgquctc

prcac`cgtc Ljgquctc Jgujd y quc ti`is dis bcrejgis
puc`jg dccrdi
dccrdi jgtcs `cd ljgquctc cg ejgusarkti,
ejgusarkti, kgadusi bjstj
bjstj cd
eês ei`crgi Jprcg`kz.
Cs jlsidutjecgtc gcacsjrkj dj jpriljakñg y
aigscgtkekcgti `c dj ejyiråj `c ti`is dis bcrejgis prcscgtcs
pjrj quc cd G
Gucvj
ucvj \codjecgti
\codjecgti j djs ei`kmkajakigcs
ei`kmkajakigcs `cd
`cd prc
prcscgtc
scgtc
tcgojg mucrzj y vkoir `c ildkojakñg y `cspuës `cd ljgquctc y `c
dj Kgstjdjakñg `cd Gucvi Orjg Ejcstrc, scrê sidcegcecgtc
prieudoj`i, aiei di muc cd prcscgtc \codjec
\codjecgtigti aujg`i dj
Orjg Diokj di pripusi jgtc :3> bcrejgis cd `åj `c Qjg Fujg `cd
júi :?<:" (^jo.02 Aigst.).

pirquc Cstj @kvkskñg

cd scgtk`i `c muc, j dj djroj,
ceudjakñ
ceudjakñg g quc lcgcmkakisj
`cspdcojljgpjrj
`cspdcojljg djs djOrjg`cs
Ir`cg
Diokjs, cg su rkvjdk`j`, aigtrkluyñ j pripjojr sus prkgakpkis quc
crjg aieugcs j ti`is y j cgrkqucacr su rktujd. @cspuës `c dj
eucrtc `c @creitt, sc ejgkmcstñ ug `csci `c ugkñg `c pjrtc `c
ti`js djs Orjg`cs Diokjs, aig cxacpakñg `c dj "Orjg Diokj `c
Pi`j Kgodjtcrrj" y `c dj "Orjg Diokj `c Kgodjtcrrj `cd Qur `cd
\åi Prcgti" quc bjlåjg `csjpjrcak`i `cd pjgirjej ejsñgkai.
Cd júi :2>< sc bkzi ug prkecr kgtcgti, quc mrjajsñ cg :2>; sc
rcugkcrig vjrkjs aiekskigcs quc kgmirejrig silrc "dj
prjatkajlkdk`j`
prjatkajlkdk`j` y aigvcgkcga
aigvcgkcgakjkj `c dj Sgkñg".
Sgkñg".
Dj Sgkñg sc vcrkmkañ, pir mkg, cg ugj Orjg Diokj `c
\caigakdkjakñg, (quc sc aigstktuyñ `cspuës cg ugj diokj cspcakjd
aiepucstjj `c ]cgcrjldcs Ejcstris y cx ]cgcrjldcs Ejcstris `c
aiepucst
jeljs Diokjs, cgajroj`js `c rccstruaturjr cd \ktujd `c dj
Mrjtcrgk`j`, tjd aiei di aigiaceis jbirj), acdclrj`j cg cd
Mrccejsig's Bjdd `c Dig`rcs, cd `åj <? `c `kakcelrc `c :2:1.
Cstj Sgkñg `c djs `is Orjg`cs Diokjs mucrig scddj`js y
mkrej`js pir cd @uquc `c Qusscx, _.\. _rkotb, Jrtbur Pcojrt
y(Ei`crgis)
Fjecs @cjgs,
y pircgcdrcprcscgtjakñg
@uquc `c Hcgt, `c djPbiejs
Orjg Diokj `c Fjecs
Bjrpcr, :?:?
^crry y Fjecs Jojr, cg rcprcscgtjakñg `c dj Orjg Diokj `c :?31
(Jgtkouis). Gi sc sjlc pir quë rjzigcs
r jzigcs cd prågakpc `c Ojdcs, eês

;:

tjr`c Firoc K], Orjg Ejcstri `c dj Orjg Diokj `c dis Ei`crgis

`cs`c :?;>, `kektkñ cg mjvir `cd @uquc `c Qusscx (Kgstjdj`i
Orjg Ejcstri cd :1 `c ejyi `c :2:1) y pir quë cd @uquc `c
Jtbidd, Orjg Ejcstri `c dj Orjg Diokj `c dis Jgtkouis, `cs`c
:?;< `kektkñ cg mjvir `cd @uquc `c Hcgt (Kgstjdj`i Orjg
Ejcstri cd 2 `c givkcelrc `c :2:1).
@c dis vckgtkög jrtåaudis jprilj`is cg cd Jatj `c Sgkñg,
ugi `c dis eês kepirtjgtcs cs cd scoug`i, quc cstjldcac quc dj
Jgtkouj y ocgukgj Mrjgaejsigcråj
Mrjgaejsigcråj aigskstc cg sñdi trcs orj`is,
kgaduk`i cd Qjgti \cjd Jrai. Cg cd eiecgti `c dj Sgkmkajakñg,
dj ^rkecrj Orjg Diokj tcgåj cg sus rcokstris 12? diokjs y dj
Qcoug`j Orjg Diokj
mjakdktj aujg`i tcgåj`c<=>
cd @uquc diokjs
Qusscx mucrcokstrj`js.
cdcok`i OrjgDj Ejcstri
ugk`j` scj
pripiskakñg `c su bcrejgi
bcrejgi cd @uquc `c Hcgt.
Hcgt.
@c jquå cg j`cdjgtc gi bjlrê ejsigcs " jgtkcgt" gk
"ei`crgs", bjlrê sñdi ejsigcs pcrtcgcakcgtcs j dj Orjg Diokj
Sgk`j `c dis Jgtkouis Mrjgaejsigcs `c Kgodjtcrrj.
Qc bjlåj supcrj`i ugj `c djs prkecrjs y orjg`cs
`kvkskigcs `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj, pcri gi scråj dj ödtkej, aiei
tcg`rceis iajskñg `c vcrkmkajrdi.
Dj prkecrj Aigstktuakñg `c dj gucvj Orjg Diokj Sgk`j
muc puldkaj`j cd júi :2:3, cg ug mirejti `c 1>.3 R <3 aes.
aiepucsti `c :00 pêokgjs quc aigtcgåjg "Djs Ildkojakigcs i
@clcrcs `c ug Mrjgaejsñg " scoög cd tcxti `c :?<1, aig dj sidj
cxacpakñg `cd prkecr pugti aigacrgkcgtc j "@kis y dj \cdkokñg",
auyj rc`jaakñg muc ajelkj`j pir dj skoukcgtc6 "Sg Ejsñg cstê
ildkoj`i, pir su aigvkaakñg, j ilc`cacr dj Dcy Eirjd, y sk
aieprcg`c lkcg cd Jrtc, gi scrê fjeês jtci gk dklcrtkgi
krrcdkokisi. Ëd, `c ti`is dis bielrcs, `clc aieprcg`cr ecfir
quc @kis vc `c itri ei`i quc cd bielrc, pirquc ekrj dj
jpjrkcgakj cxtcrkir, ekcgtrjs
cstê, cg aigscaucgakj, pjrtkaudquc @kis ildkoj`i
pjrtkaudjrecgtc
jrecgtc vc cd airjzñg. Sg Ejsñg
j gi ilrjr fjeês
cg aigtrj `c dis `katj`is `c su aigakcgakj. Aujdqukcrj scj dj
rcdkokñg `c ug bielrc i su ejgcrj `c j`irjr, gi scrê cxaduk`i

;<

`c dj Ir`cg, skceprc quc arcj cg cd Odirkisi Jrquktcati `cd

Akcdi y `c dj Pkcrrj y prjatkquc dis `clcrcs
`clcr cs sjorj`is `c dj Eirjd.
Dis ejsigcs sc ugcg j dis bielrcs vkrtuisis `c ti`js djs
arccgakjs aig dis djzis sñdk`is y jorj`jldcs `cd jeir mrjtcrgjd8
sc dcs cgscúj j vcr dis crrircs `c dj Buejgk`j` aig aiepjskñg
y j csmirzjrsc, pir dj purczj `c su pripkj aig`uatj, cg `ceistrjr
dj jdtj supcrkirk`j` `c dj mc pjrtkaudjr quc cddis primcsjg. Jså, dj
Ejsigcråj cs cd Acgtri `c Sgkñg cgtrc ti`is dis di s bielrcs `c lkcg
y dcjdcs, y mcdkz ec`ki `c dkojr jekstj` cgtrc dis quc `c itri
ei`i gi bjlråjg pi`k`i eês quc quc`jr pcrpctujecgtc
cxtrjúis".
\cair`jeis, pjrj bjacr dj aiepjrjakñg, di quc `caåj cd
tcxti `c cstc ^rkecr @clcr `c ug Mrjgaejsñg quc jpjrcakñ cg
dcs Aigstktuakigcs `c Jg`crsig `c :?<16
"Cd Ejsñg cstê ildkoj`i, pir su ajrêatcr, j ilc`cacr dj
Dcy Eirjd, y sk `clk`jecgtc aieprcg`c cd Jrtc, gi scrê fjeês
ug cstöpk`i jtci gk ug Dklcrtkgi krrcdkokisi. ^cri, jugquc cg
tkcepis jgtkouis dis ejsigcs cstjljg ildkoj`is j pcrtcgcacr j
dj rcdkokñg `iekgjgtc cg su pjås, aujdqukcrj quc mucrc, sc
aigsk`crj biy euabi eês aigvcgkcgtc ildkojrdis tjg sidi j
primcsjr jqucddj rcdkokñg quc ti`i bielrc jacptj, `cfjg
`cfjg`i
`i j aj`j
ugi dklrc cg sus kg`kvk`ujdcs ipkgkigcs8 cs `cakr, quc bjg `c scr
bielrcs prilis y rcatis `c bigir y bigrj`cz, aujdqukcrj quc
scj cd Arc`i i `cgiekgjakñg quc dis `kstkgoj. @c cstj sucrtc dj
Ejsigcråj cs cd Acgtri `c Sgkñg y cd ec`ki `c aigakdkjr
vcr`j`crj mrjtcrgk`j` cgtrc pcrsigjs quc bulkcrjg pcrejgcak`i
pcrpctujecgtc
pcrpctujec gtc `kstjgakj`js".
`kstjgakj`js".
Jgtcs `c cstj mcabj, dis @clcrcs u Ildkojakigcs `cd
Mrjgaejsñg quc jpjrcaåjg cg djs Aigstktuakigcs `c Jg`crsig,
gi mucrig gugaj ei`kmkaj`is, aiei bjlåj iaurrk`i aig dis
\codjecgtis Ocgcrjdcs, quc sumrkcrig guecrisjs
ei`kmkajakigcs y jorcoj`is quc bkakcrig sulkr su göecri `c 1;
quc crjg cg :?<1, bjstj ddcojr j :13 cg dj qukgtj y ödtkej c`kakñg
`cd júi :?20 (cg dj Orjg Diokj Sgk`j, sc cdcvjg jatujdecgtc j

;1

eês `c 1>>).

^uogj cgtrc `cåsei y tcåsei

Cd @cåsei jdajgzñ orjg prcpig`crjgakj aig dj jpjrkakñg

`c dj Ejsigcråj Cspcaudjtkvj i Mrjgaejsigcråj. @kmkcrc `cd
Pcåsei, jd gi jacptjr dj arccgakj cg ug @kis Arcj`ir, Quprcei
\catir `c ti`i di quc cxkstc cg cd eug`i y ögkai rcspigsjldc `c
aujgti iaurrc cg cd Sgkvcrsi.
Cd @cåsei `csajrtj j ug Qcr Quprcei aiei rcspigsjldc
`c dj vk`j cspkrktujd y `c dj trjycatirkj bkstñrkaj `cd Bielrc y
gi j`ektc quc cddjs quc`cg suek`js cg cd ejd y cg cd pcaj`i,
aiei di prc`kaj cd Pcåsei. Cg aigscaucgakj, cd @cåsei sc
ajrjatcrkzj pir gi jacptjr dj @kvkgj ^rivk`cgakj y su airidjrki,
dj Orjakj8 cgaigtrêg`isc, pir di tjgti, cstrcabjecgtc dkoj`j jd
dklrc pcgsjekcgti `c dj ëpiaj, eitkvi pir cd aujd muc
kgfustjecgtcc jausj`i `c kr
kgfustjecgt rcdkokisi y jtci:0.
krrcdkokisi
Cd ^cgsjekcgti @cåstj, eês mkdisñmkai quc rcdkokisi, gi
pu`i, gjturjdecgtc,
gjturjdecgtc, cstjr juscgtc `cd cspårktu `c Jg`crsig,
prc`kaj`ir prcslktcrkjgi,
prcslktcrkjgi, quc aigiaåj euy lkcg di quc
cstjldcaåjg djs jgtkoujs
ildkoj`i j scr aigstktuakigcs
mkcd j @kis y j dj QjgtjcgKodcskj
quc cd yejsñg cstjlj
ëd kgtri`ufi
ei`kmkajakigcs cg su Aigstktuakñg `c :?<1, jd suprkekr dj
kgviajakñg
kgviajak ñg j dj Qjgtåskej Prkgk`j` y cd furjecgti `c mk`cdk`j` j
dj Qjgtj Kodcskj, sustktuycg`i cd ajrêatcr rcdkokisi `c dj
Ildkojakñg pir ugj Ildkojakñg Eirjd.
^ir csi sc aieprcg`c dj kg`kogj`j pritcstj aig quc dis
ejsigcs ajtñdkais kgodcscs, aiei cd bcrejgi Air`cr, rcaklkcrig
djs ei`kmkajakigcs quc kgtri`ufi Jg`crsig. Cddi skogkmkajlj dj
prisarkpakñg `c dj aigacpa
aigacpakñg
kñg arkstkjgj Pcåstj, ljsj`j cg cd
prkgakpki `c ug @kis ^crsigjd, ]kvi, rcvcdj`i, y ^rivk`cgakjd,

:0
Qbjrpc \jöd. "Dj Aigtrivcrskj ejsñgkaj `cd Qkodi R]KKK " Jgujrki G¾1
Júi :;2?. ^jo.:2?. C`kakigcs ^cgtjdpbj.

;0

aiei `ioej y `iatrkgj `c dj Kgstktuakñg.

ajtñdkaiEkrêg`idi
y cd @cåseilkcg, dj qucrcddj
pritcstjgtc, quc cg
gi crj, sistcgåjg
cd mig`i,cd skgi
Pcåsei
quc
ugj vjrkjakñg eês "kdustrj`j" `c dj puogj quc `urjgtc cd skodi
R]K bjlåjg ejgtcgk`i pritcstjgtcs y ajtñdkais ljfi djs ljg`crjs
`c dj \cmirej y `c dj aigtrj \cmirej y quc sc pridigoñ bjstj
djs pistrkecråjs `cd Qkodi R]KK. Dj \cviduakñg `c :=22-:=2;
muc, prcaksjecgtc su audekgjakñg. Dj ajå`j `c Fjaili KK, cd \cy
fcsuktj, y cd j`vcgkekcgti
j`vcgkekcgti jd trigi kgodës `j Oukddcrei `c
Irjgoc, pritcstjgtc, bidjg`ës, `c dj `kgjståj `c dis Bjggivcr,
aigsidk`ñ cd trkugmi `c dj \cmirej.
Jd jepjri `c dj dklcrtj` aigqukstj`j y mug`j`i cg djs
gucvjs airrkcgtcs `c dj mkdisimåj, cd @cåsei gi tjr`ñ cg
aigvcrtkrsc cg dj \cdkokñg `c dj Kdustrjakñg:3.
Gi cs mêakd prcaksjr djs mucgtcs `cd @cåsei, pcri cs
kg`u`jldc quc cd \jakigjdksei mkdisñmkai, kgkakj`i pir
@csajrtcs, cg Mrjgakj, aigtrkluyñ pi`crisjecgtc j su `kmuskñg
y `csjrriddi.
Qkg celjroi, gi muc gk pu`i scr Mrjgakj cd pjås `ig`c
prcg`cråj cd
cd @c
@cåsei.
åsei. Dj rcviajakñg
rcviajakñg `cd C`kati ``cc Gjgtcs,
Gjgtcs, cd júi
:=23 y dj sjgorkcgtj
dis pritcstjgtcs, pcrscauakñg
mucrig quc dj Kgqukskakñg
dis ajusjgtcs Kgqukskak
quc cstjñg airrkcgtc
`csjtñ aigtrj
`cd
pcgsjekcgti
pcgsjekc gti dklrc gi prispcrjrj
prispcrjrj..
Cd pripki @csajrtcs, tcecrisi `c dj Kgqukskakñg, gi sc
:3
Cd júi :=;3, Fibg Diahc, ddjej`i cd mkdñsimi `c dj \cviduakñg, bjlåj
puldkaj`i —Cg \jakigjlkdk`j` `cd Arkstkjgks
Arkstkjgksei",
ei", y jd júi skoukcgtc, itri
`cåstj, Fibg Pidjg`, `ki j dj pu
puldkak`j`
ldkak`j` su jlrj "Arkstkjgksei Qkg Ekstcrkis",
Cg :?:1, aujtri júis jgtcs `c dj mug`jakñg `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Dig`rcs,
Jgtigki Aiddkgs, jekoi `c Diahc, puldkañ su "@ksaursi silrc dj Dklcrtj` `c
^cgsjekcgti
Qcatj y dis Dklrcpcgsj`ircs",
`c —dklrcpcgsj`ircs―. csarktjQbcrdiah,
J su vcz, aig eitkvi `c dj mirejakñg
tcñdioi irti`ixi, ugj
gi
vjakdjlj cg sistcgcr quc "dj \cdkokñg `cd Cvjgocdki cs dj vcr`j`crj \cdkokñg
`c dj \jzñg y dj Gjturjdczj8 sus prcacptis, gis bjacg aigiacr quc cstj
\cdkokñg cs tjg jgtkouj aiei dj Arcjakñg ".

;3

ajgsjlj `c jscourjr euy ajutjecgtc, "quc su gucvi eëti`i

jmcatjljjd tjg
rcmkcrc sidi jd`cdQjlcr,
`iekgki `ioejpcri gi j dj`cadjrj
tcidñokai, Mc, y cgcxprcsjecgtc
ti`i di quc su
sc
suekskñg j dj jutirk`j` `c dj Lkldkj y `c dj Kodcskj".
Euy `kstkgti muc cd pjgirjej quc cgaigtrñ cd @cåsei cg
Kgodjtcrrj. Cd `kviraki `cd ajtidkaksei kgodës `c dj Kodcskj
riejgj, cg dj ëpiaj `c Cgrkquc ]KKK, prkecri, y dj pridkmcrjakñg
`c scatjs quc pri`ufi dj \cmirej aiei aigscaucgakj `cd dklrc
cxjecg, `cspuës, aigtrkluyñ j quc cd @cåsei rcljsjrj dis
dåektcs `c di purjecgtc mkdisñmkai j kgvj`kcrj cd tcrrcgi
rcdkokisi. Ljsj`i cg dj \jzñg y gi cg dj Mc8 cg dj Gjturjdczj y
gi cg cd Ekdjori, cd eivkekcgti @cåstj gi tjr`ñ cg aigvcrtkr jd
arkstkjgksei cg ugj \cdkokñg \jakigjd.
Dis `cåstjs kgodcscs arcåjg quc cxpurojg`i ti`is dis
crrircs y mjdsc`j`cs jaueudj`is cg cd trjgsaursi `c dj bkstirkj,
pi`råj rctirgjrsc jd Arkstkjgksei prkektkvi. Dj cxëocsks
cxëocsks låldkaj
y cd cxjecg bkstñrkai `c dis `ioejs, jlrkcrig pjsi j dj
mireudjakñg `c cstj rcdkokñg `cpurj`j quc cg su cscgakj irkokgjd
sc k`cgtkmkajlj aig dj sjlk`uråj `c dj Gjturjdczj. Cg
aigtrjpiskakñg `cd Jtcåsei, quc di gcojlj, y cd Pcåsei quc
aigaclåj
ug j @kis `c
@kis ajrcgtc aiei pcrsigj, diseês
pcrsigjdk`j`, `cåstjs pripigåjg
i ecgis dj k`cjaig
aigmug`k`i `c
dj Gjturjdczj.
Dj acrtczj `cd priorcsi `cd bielrc jvjdj`j pir djs
Akcgakjs Gjturjdcs y cd iptkeksei `cåstj, aigstktuycrig dis
mug`jecgtis prkgakpjdcs `c dj mkdisimåj `cd skodi R]KKK.
@csorjakj`jecgtc, jd @cåsei prcscgtjlj su tjdñg `c Jqukdcs,
`clk`i j quc su `csecsurj`i ajrêatcr jlstrjati, dj aigvcrtåj
piai ecgis cg ug pdjgtcjekcgti
pdjgtcjekcgti kgjaacskldc, pjrj cd aieög `c
dis eirtjdcs y aig ejyir rjzñg pjrj dj orjg ecsj pipudjr :=.

:=
\i`råoucz _. ^jtrkaki. "Diahc y cd @cåsei" Jgujrki G¶3, júi :;;>.
C`kakigcs ^cgtjdpbj. Qjgtkjoi.

;=

Mc`crk`i KK `c ^ruskj, cg su ilrj "Bkstirkj `c ek tkcepi"

gis
`cd imrcac
@cåseiugytcstkeigki quc rcsudtj
quc gisitris aiei scr ug skogkmkajtkvi
ejsigcs cdioki
gi `clkërjeis
kogirjr6 —Cd ocgki buejgi bj sjau`k`i cd yi `c dj supcrstkakñg,
y sc bj jtrcvk`i j cxjekgjr di quc cg su cgvkdcakekcgti bjlåj
j`irj`i. @c csti gjakñ cd @cåsei, scgakddi audti jd Qcr Quprcei,
quc bj sjlk`i `csprcg`crsc `c djs prciaupjakigcs y crrircs `c
dj eudtktu`. Cg Kgodjtcrrj cs `ig`c rcsk`c y dj ejyiråj `c djs
pcrsigjs quc sc
sc jtrcvcg j pcgsj
pcgsjr,
r, sig sus j`cptis".
—J dis priorcsis `c cstj \cdkokñg Gjturjd, `clceis cd
cspårktu `c Pidcrjgakj quc
quc sufctj cd murir `cd mjgjtksei y `cd
acdi rcdkokisi ejd cgtcg`k`i8 j dis priorcsis `cd @cåsei
`clceis quc jrouakjs y aigaduskigcs cqukviaj`i
cqukviaj`iss gi puc`cg
yj jrejr jd bcrejgi aigtrj cd bcrejgi, jd aku`j`jgi cg aigtrj
`cd aku`j`jgi y aigvcrtkr j Curipj cgtcrj cg tcjtri sjgorkcgti
`c djs arucd`j`cs eês kgbuejgjs. Biy cd @cåsei vcgoj j dj
\jzñg Gjturjd
Gjturjd `c dis udtrjfcs quc bj
b j tcgk`i quc sipirtjr ljfi cd
`iekgki `cspñtkai `c djs supcrstkakigcs eês rcakjs y `c dis
crrircs eês jlsur`is. Kgodjtcrrj cs dj sc`c vcr`j`crj `c dj
Mkdisimåj. Cd ocgki vjrigkd `c cstj gjakñg, su tcgjak`j`
kg`cstruatkldc, dc `jg ug tjdcgti supcrkir, vjdir y pcrscvcrjgakj
pjrj `c`kajrsc
`c`kajrsc j dj kgvcstkojakñ
kgvcstkojakñgg `kmåakd `c dj ]cr`j
]cr`j`` jlstrjatj".
Cg cd pcgsjekcgti `c Mc`crkai KK cstjlj prcscgtc, skg
`u`j, cd rcaucr`i `c Fibg Diahc, qukëg, ug skodi jgtcs, bjlåj
`kabi6 "J dj suprcejaåj `c dj Mc silrc dj \jzñg, `clceis
jtrklukr orjg pjrtc `c dis jlsur`is quc ddcgjg ajsk ti`js djs
rcdkokigcs quc `kvk`cg j dj Buejgk`j`".
Cs, pucs, `kmåakd gi vcr cg dj \cviduakñg kgodcsj `c
:=22-2;, y cg cd eivkekcgti kgtcdcatujd quc tuvi aiei
aigscaucgakj, cspcakjdecgtc
mucgtcs `iatrkgjrkjs cd kgkakj`i
quc skrvkcrig `c ljsc cgpirdj mug`jakñg
dis `cåstjs,`cdjs
dj
Orjg Diokj `c Dig`rcs.

;?

Dis Jgtkouis Dåektcs i Djg`ejrhs

^jrj kg`jojr cg dj ugkvcrsjdk`j` `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj,
`clceis cepczjr pir cstjldcacr auêdcs sig djs aig`kakigcs
kg`kspcgsjldcs quc pcrektcg k`cgtkmkajrdj aiei Kgstktuakñg8
aujdcs sig djs ajrjatcråstkajs cscgakjdcs quc dj bjacg `kmcrcgtc
`c ti`j itrj irojgkzjakñg siakjd, y skg djs aujdcs gi scråj
rcaigiak`j aiei tjd.
Jquå cs aujg`i jpjrcacg djs rcmcrcgakjs j dis Jgtkouis
Dåektcs i Djg`ejrhs `c quc bjldjg cstu`kisis y trjtj`kstjs, skg
quc diorcg pigcrsc `c jaucr`i. Aujg`i qucrceis sjlcr auêdcs
sig y cg quc aigskstcg cstis djg`ejrhs, gis cgaigtrjeis quc
ti`i sc vucdvc vjoi j keprcaksi. ^jrcac
^ jrcac scr quc dj k`cj ejsñgkaj
`c djg`ejrhs vkcgc `c dj Lkldkj. Cg ^rivcrlkis, RRKK, <2, sc
kg`kaj "Gi rceucvjs dis jgtkouis dåektcs quc vucstris pj`rcs
puskcrig" y cg cd @cutcrigieki RR]KK, :?, jpjrcac dj
ejd`kakñg "Ejd`kti cd quc eucvj dis dåektcs `c su vcakgi ".
Cd ejsñg rctriac`c j dj k`cj låldkaj `c dj riaj quc gi
puc`c scr eivk`j y vc j sus djg`ejrhs aiei ugj bkstirkj i
trj`kakñg88 aiei ugj dcy, ugj rcodj i ug rcodjecgti8 aiei ug rkti
trj`kakñg
i ugj aistuelrc8 aiei ug skstcej8 aiei ugj prcrriojtkvj i ug
`crcabi8 aiej jdoi mug`jecgtjd pjrj ëd.
Aj`j ugi y ti`is cddis cxkstcg cg cd prcscgtc y bjg
ddcoj`i j ëd `cs`c tkcepis kgeceirkjdcs. Gi puc`cg scr
jdtcrj`is gk ei`kmkaj`is pir gkgougj jutirk`j` gk jorupjakñg `c
kgstktuakigcs ejsñgkajs.
Dj prkecrj vcz quc cgaigtrjeis cstc tërekgi tjg "suk
ocgcrks" cs cg cd jrtåaudi RRRKR `c dis \codjecgtis Ocgcrjdcs
aiepkdj`is pir Ociroc ^jygc y puldkaj`is j aigtkgujakñg `c
dis "@clcrsc `cd Mrjgaejsñg" cg cd Dklri `c djs Aigstktuakigcs
`c Jg`crsig.
"¹Zuë sig cstis mjeisis djg`ejrhs, `c quc ti`i cd
eug`i bjldj y quc gj`kc aigiac9 Cs lkcg `kmåakd pjrj ug ejsñg
djtkgi `iauecgtjrsc jd rcspcati", `caåj Fudcs Dcepcrcur, cg ug

;2

`ksaursi quc prigugakñ cg dj Aigvcgakñg Ejsñgkaj

Cxtrjir`kgjrkj acdclrj`j cg Okgclrj cd 0 `c Iatulrc `c :;<3. [
jorcojlj6 "Qig dis ^rkgakpkis quc ejsigcs kgodcscs bjg cxtrjå`i
`c djs jgtkoujs dcycs, csarktjs i gi, `c dj Airpirjakñg, jså aiei
`c djs prêatkajs scaudjrcs, trjsektk`js `c ocgcrjakñg cg
ocgcrjakñg pir ec`ki `c jatjs, rktujdcs, y cspcakjdecgtc pir dj
trj`kakñg, quc mkfjg scoög cddis, `c ugj ejgcrj kgjeivkldc djs
aig`kakigcs `c dj cxkstcgakj `c dj mrjgaejsigcråj―
mrjgaejsigcråj ―.
—Cg gucstris `åjs, cg Kgodjtcrrj y Girtcjeërkaj,
jutirk`j`cs y csarktircs ejsñgkais dis kgviajg j aj`j pjsi y
aig ugj`cscourk`j`
añ`koi tjd, quc yugi
dcycs pisktkvjs ajsk ddcoj
`iatrkgjs j arccr quc silrc
mug`jecgtjdcs cxkstc djs
ug
aujdcs ti`is dis ejsigcs `cd eug`i cstêg `c jaucr`i8 skg
celjroi, pir piai quc sc qukcrj prcaksjr dis bcabis y quc
kgtcgtc mjekdkjrkzjrsc aig tjdcs djg`ejrhs, ugi ddcoj j `jrsc
aucgtj `c quc, `c ti`js djs aigvcgakigcs quc rkocg j dj Ir`cg,
gkgougj cs ecgis `ctcrekgj`j gk ecgis cmcatkvj".
Cxkstc dj ipkgkñg ugêgkec cgtrc bkstirkj`ircs y
trjtj`kstj, cg cd scgtk`i `c quc cs kepiskldc cstjldcacr cg mirej
prcaksj, auêdcs sig dis vcr`j`crjs djg`ejrhs, cs `cakr, jqucddjs
dcycs quc, pjrtkakpjg`i `c dj trkpdc ajrjatcråstkaj `c jgtkoôc`j`,
ugkvcrsjdk`j` c krrcviajlkdk`j`, cgakcrrjg cg så dj cscgakj
eksej, `c dj Ejsigcråj.
Qkg celjroi, j pcsjr `c cstj ugkmirek`j` `c arktcrki - cg
cd scgtk`i `c quc dis djg`ejrhs sig `kmåakdcs `c prcaksjr - sc bj
arcå`i gcacsjrki j`iptjr jdougj cguecrjakñg, pir jrlktrjrkj i
ajprkabisj quc pjrczaj, cg mkg, `c tcgcr ugj ljsc silrc dj aujd sc
puc`c mireudjr aiecgtjrkis c kgtcrprctjakigcs,
kgtcrprctjakigcs, quc pcrektjg
`kduak`jr cd cgkoej.
Cd prkecri
girtcjecrkajgj quc "ai`kmkañ"
Jdlcrti disqukcg
O. Ejahcy,
djg`ejrhs muc cd csarktir
cg su ilrj "Ejsigka
Furkspru`cgac", puldkaj`j cd júi :23;, cstjldcac vckgtkakgai
Dcycs Mug`jecgtjdcs.
Ëstj akmrj bj sk`i kepuogj`j pir `kvcrsis jutircs6

;;

• Fiskjb @rueeig`, cg su ilrj "Ejkgc Ejsigka Liih"

jgjdkzj dj kepisklkdk`j` `c cstjldcacr ugj dkstj `cmkgktkvj
`c djg`ejrhs, `clk`j j su ajrêatcr vjoi c kg`cmkgk`i.
• Bcgry L. Orjgt, cg su "Liih im Aigstktutkig" jpjrcak`j
jpjrcak`j cg
:;:>, cguecrj akgaucgtj y trcs djg`ejrhs.
• Jurcdki Jdecy`j, lcgceërkti ejsñg auljgi, cg su ilrj
"Cd aigsudtir `cd Ejsñg", puldkaj`j cg cd júi :221,
aiepjrtc dj ipkgkñg `cd jutir ejsñgkai Cgrkquc J.
Dcacrmm, quc cstjldcakñ vckgtkgucvc Ejrajs i Djg`ejrhs.
•
Duhj J. Diahwii`, cg su ilrj "Ejsigka Djw jg`
^rjatkac" cstjldcac
cstjldcac :;.
• \ilcrt Eirrks, cg su dklri "J Ai`c Im Ejsigka Djw",
puldkaj`i cg :23=, scújdj
scújdj `kcakskc
`kcakskctc
tc djg`ejrhs.
• Fibg _. Qkeigs, cg su "Ejsigka Furkspru`cgac" jpugtj
qukgac djg`ejrhs.
• J.Q. Ea. Lrk`c, cg su ilrj "Qpcaudjtkvc Ejsigry8 Kts
Eksskig, Kts Cvidutkigs jg` Kts Djg`ejrhs", Odjsoiw,
:;:0, cguecrj aujtri `kvkskigcs aig igac djg`ejrhs.
djg`ejrhs.
•
Ajrdis M. Lctjgaiurt, kdustrc ejsñg auljgi, cg su ilrj
"Dis Jgtkouis Dkektcs", Dj Bjljgj, :;<?, cguecrj skctc
 djg`ejrhs.
• \isais ^iug`, cekgcgtc trjtj`kstj jgodisjfñg, tjelkëg
rcaigiac sñdi skctc djg`ejrhs.
• Cd airigcd Jdcxjg`cr Ljaig, cg ug middcti `c trckgtj
pêokgjs puldkaj`i
puldkaj`i cg Gucvj
Gucvj [irh, cd júi :;:2
:;:2,, dis rc`uac
j sñdi trcs djg`ejrhs:?.
• ^ir ödtkei, cd `cstjaj`i ejsñg Ecdvkg E. Fibgsig
`cmkcg`c dj tcsks
mug`jecgtjd `c dj`c dj arccgakj cg @kis aiej dj ejraj
Ir`cg.

:? Ivkc`i Lcgfjeåg.
Lc gfjeåg. "Mug`je
"Mug`jecgtis
cgtis Ejsñgkais" :;1>. ^jo. =?

:>>

Cd cru`kti bcrejgi `c gucstrj Diokj, C`ujr`i ^bkddkps

Eôddcr, cg su ilrj "J Djs ^ucrtjs @cd Pcepdi", ^jo.?>, bj `j`i
j aigiacr dj yj mjeisj aigtrivcrskj cgtrc dis csarktircs
girtcjecrkajgis Jdlcrt O. Ejahcy y Jdlcrt ^khc, silrc dj dkstj
`c dis vckgtkakgai djg`ejrhs, cstjldcak`js pir cd prkecri y
aiecgtj`is pir cd scoug`i.
Gisitris, pir gucstrj pjrtc, `jrceis j aigiacr dj
ipkgkñg silrc cstis vckgtkakgai djg`ejrhs, `c itri prcstkokisi

ejsñg, euygis
ejsñgkais, aigiak`i `c ti`is
rcmcrkeis pir sus
j Iswjd` dklrisCstc
_krtb. `c cstu`kis
csarktir
ejsñgkai puldkañ cg su rcvkstj "Dc Qyelidkse", cg fudki `c
:;<?, ^jo.:=;, ug kgtcrcsjgtc cstu`ki `cstkgj`i j aiecgtjr dj
krrcviajlkdk`j` (kgeutjlkdk`j`) `c `kabis djg`ejrhs.
@kac jså6 "Gucstris bcrejgis jgodisjfigcs jskogjg
cxtrcej kepirtjgakj j dj `cdkektjakñg rkourisj `c dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj. Jbirj lkcg, ¹bjstj `ñg`c ddcoj cd `iekgki `c
dj Kgstktuakñg9 ¹Auêdcs sig jqucddis dåektcs, eês jddê `c dis
aujdcs gi bjy Ejsigcråj, skgi itrj aisj quc gi `clc scr
aigmug`k`j aig dj mrjtcrgk`j` jutëgtkaj `c dis mrjgaejsigcs9
Cstis dåektcs `csorjakj`jecgtc gi bjg sk`i mkj`is skgi `c ugj
ejgcrj euy jrlktrjrkj, di quc gi kepk`c quc sus pjrtk`jrkis
trjtcg `c kepigcrdis
kepigcrdis tkrêgkajec
tkr êgkajecgtc.
gtc.
Gi qucrceis rcmcrkrgis j Mrjgakj,
Mrjgakj, `ig`c tcgce
tcgceis
is cd
aigiakekcgti `c quc, dj Ejsigcråj pjrtkakpj jdoi `c di kgmkgkti
y quc, pir tjgti, gi puc`c scr cstrcabjecgtc dkektj`j.
Cg rcjdk`j` ¹`ñg`c aiekcgzj9 Di kogirjeis. ¹@ñg`c
tcrekgj9 Itri ekstcrki. Qñdi bceis pi`k`i aigstjtjr quc gi
skceprc ybj aigfcturjeis
pjsj`i sk`i di quc cs8
aigfcturjei quc jög
s quc bj cxpcrkecgtj`i ajelkis`ccg su
gi cstê jd tërekgi cd
ectjeirmisks.

:>>

:>:

Bjy ug prkgakpki vkvi `c cviduakñg y `c j`jptjakñg quc

priskouc su ilrj skg `cfjrsc `ctcgcr, pir dcy gi csarktj `c
aistuelrc prctcg`cg scr kgeceirkjdcs.

@kis y dj kgeirtjdk`j` `cd jdej

@cspuës `c rcmcrkrgis j dis Djg`ejrhs i \codjs

prkeir`kjdcs silrc djs aujdcs sc mug`j ti`j dj cstruaturj
irojgkzjtkvj y `iatrkgjrkj `c dj kgstktuakigjdk`j` ejsñgkaj,
bceis arcå`i gcacsjrki
gcac`c
dj Sgkvcrsjdk`j` sjrki
dj -Ir`cg
cg gucstri
- `jrjmêg `c jvcrkoujr
j aigiacr eês silrc
dj `kvcrocgakj
pri`uak`j cgtrc dj Orjg Diokj Sgk`j `c Kgodjtcrrj y cd Orjg
Irkcgtc `c Mrjgakj, pri`uati `kmcrcgtcs cgmiqucs silrc dis
prkgakpkis mug`jecgtjdcs
mug`jecgtjdcs y `kstkgtjs kgtcrprctjakigcs
kgtcrprctjakigcs cstjtutjrkjs
`c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj.
Dj Ejsigcråj jpjrcakñ cg Mrjgakj jdrc`c`ir `cd júi
:?<0, trjå`j `cs`c Kgodjtcrrj pir ejsigcs quc vcgåjg buycg`i
`c dj pcrscauakñg cg aigtrj `c dis pjrtk`jrkis `c Fjaili KK, cd rcy
fcsuktj, pir di quc sc prcsuec quc cg sus kgkakis crj
primug`jecgtc rcdkokisj
rcdkokisj y tcåstj.
Cd Orjg Irkcgtc, cs dj Airpirjakñg ejsñgkaj eês
jgtkouj cxkstcgtc cg Mrjgakj, jugquc sc dj aigiac aig cstc
gielrc sñdi j pjrtkr `cd júi :??1. @cs`c su mug`jakñg bjstj
:20;, dj Aigstktuakñg `cd Orjg Irkcgtc, gi aigtcgåj rcmcrcgakj
jdougj silrc dj Arccgakj cg @kis y cg dj Kgeirtjdk`j` `cd Jdej,
skg celjroi, `urjgtc ti`is csis júis gi tuvi prildcejs `c
rcaigiakekcgti `c pjrtc `c gkgougj `c djs Orjg`cs Diokjs.
Cd :> `c joisti `c :20;, cd Orjg Irkcgtc kgscrtñ i
jorcoñ, dj skoukcgtc
Mrjgaejsigcråj tkcgc piradêusudj
prkgakpkiscgdj su Aigstktuakñg6
cxkstcgakj `c @kis y"Dj
dj
Kgeirtjdk`j` `cd Jdej". Cd :0 `c scptkcelrc `c :2??, `kabj
`cadjrjakñg muc sulstktuk`j pir dj skoukcgtc6 "Pkcgc pir

:>:

:><

prkgakpkis dj tidcrjgakj eutuj, cd rcspcti j dis `ceês y j så

eksei, dj dklcrtj` jlsidutj `c aigakcgakj".
"Aigsk`crjg`i djs aigacpakigcs ectjmåskajs, aiei `cd
`iekgki cxaduskvi `c dj jprcakjakñg pcrsigjd, rcabjzj ti`j
jmkrejakñg `ioeêtkaj".
"Dj Jsjeldcj, aigsk`crjg`i quc dj Mrjgaejsigcråj gi
cs ugj rcdkokñg, quc gi tkcgc, cg aigscaucgakj, quc jmkrejr cg su
Aigstktuakñg,
Aigstktuak ñg, `iatrkgjs i `ioejs, j`iptj dj suprcskñg `c dis `is
prkecris tërekgis `cd Kgaksi <.> `cd Jrtåaudi :¶ `c dj Jgtkouj
Aigstktuakñg,
prkgakpkis y qucakj`caåjg6
dj cxkstcgakj
cxkstcg `c @kis yDjdj Kgei
Mrjgaejsigcråj
Mrjgaejsigcr
Kgeirtjdk`j` åj Jdej
rtjdk`j` `cd tkcgc ".pir
Jdej".
Cstc ajelki bjaåj rctriac`cr jd Orjg Irkcgtc j dj eksej
sktujakñg quc tcgåj `urjgtc dis júis jgtcrkircs j :20;, aig cd
rcaigiakekcgti `c ti`i cd eug`i ejsñgkai `c csc tkcepi.
Cd ajelki di bjlåj pripucsti j dj Jsjeldcj, cd bcrejgi
@cseig`, ekgkstri `c dj Kodcskj Cvjgoëdkaj, skg quc di
aigsk`crjrj, `c ei`i jdougi, aiei ugj gcojakñg `c dj eksej.
Gj`kc puc`c gcojrdc jd Orjg Irkcgtc `c Mrjgakj cd
`crcabi `c ei`kmkajr su Aigstktuakñg y cdkekgjr ugj `cadjrjakñg
quc bjlåj jorcoj`i vckgtkiabi júis jgtcs, rcstktuycg`i su
Aigstktuakñg
Aigstktuakñg jd cstj`i quc tcgåj jgtcs, eês cg aig aigmirek`j`
mirek`j` aig
dj ^rkecrj Aigstktuakñg `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Kgodjtcrrj, quc gj`j
`caåj jacraj `c dj arccgakj cg @kis y cg dj kgeirtjdk`j` `cd jdej.
J pcsjr `c cddi, ti`j dj Ejsigcråj Jgodisjfigj pritcstñ,
sistcgkcg`i,
sistcgkcg`i, `cs`c su pugti `c vkstj, quc sk,
sk , cg cmcati, ti`js djs
arccgakjs crjg j`ektk`js cg dj Kgstktuakñg, cddjs `clcråjg tcgcr
ug ^rkgakpki cscgakjd, aigmirec di cxprcsj cd tcxti `c Jg`crsig6
"Cd ejsñg gi scrê fjeês ug cstöpk`i jtci gk ug dklcrtkgi
krrcdkokisi".
^jrj dj ejyiråj `c dj Ejsigcråj cxtrjgfcrj, gi tiejr cg
aucgtj jd Orjg Jrquktcati `cd Sgkvcrsi, gi sñdi aigstktuåj ugj
vkidjakñg `c ugi `c dis prkgakpjdcs djg`ejrhs `c dj Ir`cg, skgi

:><

:>1

quc cqukvjdåj j ugj primcskñg `c jtcåsei y jd aigsk`crjr quc cd

Orjg Irkcgtc `c Mrjgakj bjlåj `cscrtj`i `c dj Aieugk`j`
Ejsñgkaj, pir dj iekskñg cmcatuj`j cg su `cadjrjakñg
Aigstktuakigjd,
Aigstktuak igjd, riepkcrig sus rcdjakigjs mrjtcrgjdc
mrjtcrgjdcss aig ëd.
Cd Bcrejgi F.O. Mkg`cd, kepirtjgtc bkstirkj`ir
ejsñgkai jdceêg, cg ajrtj j dj rcvkstj "Mrccejsig" G¶ :3, `c
`kakcelrc `c :2??, `j su kdustrj`j ipkgkñg silrc dj ejtcrkj, `c
dj quc aktjrceis sñdi dis pêrrjmis aigsk`crj`is
aigsk`crj`is `c ejyir kgtcrës.
"\cspcati dj rcsiduakñg `cd Orjg Irkcgtc `c Mrjgakj,
aigsk`crjeis quc gucstris bcrejgis mrjgacscs
mrjgacsc s gi bjg `cscrtj`i
`c dj arccgakj cg dj cxkstcgakj `c @kis y cg dj kgeirtjdk`j` `cd
jdej, jd quktjr djs pjdjlrjs tjg `ksautk`js `cd Jrtåaudi :¶ `c su
Aigstktuakñg sidjecgtc bjg `cadjrj`j quc scecfjgtc primcskñg
`c mc gi `clc kgairpirjrsc cg dj Dcy Ejsñgkaj. Cd Orjg Irkcgtc
mrjgaës ögkajecgtc bj bcabi aig ëstj, ugj `cadjrjakñg cg mjvir
`j dj Dklcrtj` `c Aigakcgakj, quc gi, dcskigj cg jlsiduti
gkgougj mc rcdkokisj. Cd vcr`j`cri pugti `c vkstj `c dj
Aigstktuakñg mrjgacsj cs quc jatujdecgtc aj`j ejsñg puc`c
arccr
`cak`kri gi arccr,
sk ug y qucpuc`c
primjgi aj`j diokj
j gi, mrjgacsj cs cd Dj
scr kgkakj`i. ögkai fucz pjrj
cxaieugkñg
`cd Orjg Irkcgtc `c Mrjgakj `carctj`i pir djs Orjg`cs Diokjs
cxaieudojtrkacs, cs, cg aigscaucgakj, ug kgtidcrjldc jati `c
"pjpksei"8 dj gcojakñg. `c dis vcr`j`cris prkgakpkis `c dj
Ir`cg8 cd aiekcgzi `cd mkg `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj Sgkvcrsjd" :2.
Cd júi :220, dj Jsjeldcj Ocgcrjd `cd Orjg Irkcgtc, jd
rcvksjr su Aigstktuakñg, jprilñ cd skoukcgtc tcxti6 "Dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj tkcgc pir prkgakpkis dj tidcrjgakj eutuj, cd
rcspcti `c dis itris y `c så eksei, dj dklcrtj` jlsidutj `c
aigakcgakj. Aigsk`crjg`i, djs aigacpakigcs ectjmåskajs aiei

:2
Ivkc`i, Lcgfjeåg.
Lcgfjeåg. Mug`jecgtis E
Ejsñgkais.
jsñgkais. Júi :;1>. ^jo.::<-::3.

:>1

:>0

pcrtcgcakcgtcs jd `iekgki cxa

pcrtcgcakcgtcs cxaduskvi
duskvi `c
`c dj jprcakjakñg
jprcakjakñg kg`kvk`ujd
`c sus ekcelris, rcbösj ti`j jmkrejakñg `ioeêtkaj ".
Cd Orjg Irkcgtc `c Mrjgakj pusi cstj `cakskñg y sus
jrouecgtis, cg aigiakekcgti `c djs `kstkgtjs Ilc`kcgakjs cgtrc
cddjs, dj `c Kgodjtcrrj. trjgsarklkeis jdougis pjsjfcs `c dj
rcspucstj6 "Dj Orjg Diokj `j Kgodjtcrrj gugaj bj supucsti quc
cd Orjg Irkcgtc bjyj bcabi primcskñg mirejd `c jtcåsei i `c
ejtcrkjdksei8 gi ilstjgtc, dj Orjg Diokj `c Kgodjtcrrj sistkcgc
y skceprc bj sistcgk`i, quc dj arccgakj cg @kis cs dj prkecrj
aig`kakñg `c ti`j vcr`j`crj y jutëgtkaj Ejsigcråj. [ quc mucrj
`c cstj arccgakj, primcsj`j aiei cd prkgakpki cscgakjd `c su
cxkstcgakj, gkgougj jsiakjakñg tkcgc `crcabi j rcadjejr dj
bcrcgakj `c djs trj`kakigcs y djs prêatkajs `j dj Jgtkouj y purj
Ejsigcråj".
"Cd jljg`igi `c cstc Djg`ejrh, scoög ipkgkñg `c dj
Orjg Diokj `j Kgodjtcrrj, suprkec
suprk ec dj pkc`rj Mug`jecgtjd `c ti`i
cd c`kmkaki ejsñgkai":;.
Bceis csauabj`i j gucstri bcrejgi C`ujr`i ^bkddkps,
quc dj Ejsigcråj
Kgodjtcrrj pjrj quc"Cs
ëstjeuy jgtcrkirsujejtcrgk`j`".
sc jrriouc dj Orjg Diokj Sgk`j `c
[ j pcsjr quc dj Ejsigcråj gi cs Ilrj cxaduskvj `c
gkgougj ëpiaj gk `c gkgoög pjås, yj quc pcrtcgcac j ti`js djs
ëpiajs y j ti`is dis pjåscs, dj mjdtj `c ugj jutirk`j` quc
rcdjakigc y jejdojec j dj Ejsigcråj Sgkvcrsjd, bj sk`i supdk`j
pir dj prccekgcga
prccekgcgakjkj `c dj Orjg Diokj Sgk`j `c Kgodjtcrrj,
`clk`i j su jgtkoôc`j` y bjlcr sk`i, su mug`j`irj. Cddj cs dj
rcatirj quc `ctcrekgj y rcaigiac dj dcoktkek`j` i rcoudjrk`j` `c
djs `ceês Orjg`cs Diokjs y cstjldcac djs pjutjs pir djs quc
`clcg rcokrsc.
Pjgti cs jså, quc cd 0 `c scptkcelrc `j :;<;, cstjldcakñ
dis rcquksktis gcacsjrkis pjrj itirojr pjtcgtc `c rcoudjrk`j` j ug
:; Ivkc`i, Lcgfjeåg. Ilrj aktj`j. ^jo.::;.

:>0

:>3

^i`cr Ejsñgkaj, jd puldkajr "Dis \cquksktis `c \caigiakekcgti

`c dj Orjg Diokj―, quc aigstj `c iabi pugtis6

:.-Dj \coudjrk`j` `c su Irkocg, cs `cakr, quc aj`j Orjg Diokj

`clcrê scr mug`j`j pjr itrj Orjg Diokj rcaigiak`j pir trcs
diokjs, pir di ecgis, rcoudjrecgtc aigstktuk`js
aigstktuk`js
<.-Zuc dj arccgakj cg cd O∰J∰@∰S∰ y cg su vidugtj` rcvcdj`j
scrêg aig`kakigcs cscgakjdcs pjrj dj j`ekskñg `c sus ekcelris.
1.-Zuc ti`is dis kgkakj`is prcstcg su furjecgti silrc cd Dklri
Qjorj`i.
0.-Zuc dj aiepiskakñg `c dj Orjg Diokj y `c djs diokjs, scj
cxaduskvjecgtc `c bjelrcs y quc gi ejgtcg`rêg rcdjakigcs aig
diokjs ekxtjs.
3.-Zuj dj Orjg Diokj cfcrzj silcrjgåj pdcgj silrc djs diokjs `c
su Ilc`kcgakj y quc gi cstjrê sulir`kgj`j, `c ejgcrj jdougj, j
ug Quprcei Aigscfi.
=.-Zuc cd Dklri, dj Csauj`rj y cd Aiepês cstëg cxpucstis
`urjgtc dis trjljfis, skcg`i dj prkgakpjd `c cstjs duacs, cd Dklri
`c dj DcyscQjorj`j.
?.-Zuc prisarkljg djs `ksauskigcs `c ir`cg pidåtkai i
rcdkokisi.
2.-Zuc sc rcspctcg dis jgtkouis dåektcs i Djg`ejrhs.

\csuekcg`i, cd tërekgi `cd Orjg Aksej Kgodës cgtrc

"jgtkouis" y "ei`crgis", aiec yj bceis rcdjtj`i, sc pri`ufi
rcakëg cd júi :2:1, `jg`i vk`j j ugj gucvj Aigstktuakñg quc muc
puldkaj`j cg :232, cg dj aujd dj gcutrjdk`j` rcdkokisj priadjej`j
pir dj jgtcrkir, jg`crsigkjgj,
jg`crsigkjgj, crj rccepdj
rccepdjzj`j
zj`j pir dj ildkojakñg
ildkojakñg
`c dj arccgakj cg ug Qcr Quprcei, jaiei`êg`isc jd scgtkekcgti
rcdkokisi jgodi sjfñg y sirtcjg`i aig cddi ug ilstêaudi pjrj cd
cgtcg`kekcgti `c bielrcs c k`cidioåjs. Mkfñ dj tcg`cgakj
Jgodisjfigj
Jgodisjfi gj `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj Sgkvcrsjd.

:>3

:>=

Cg dj gjakñg mrjgacsj
mrjgacsj sc pri`ufi jdoi `kmcrcgtc,
`km crcgtc, yj quc dj
Ir`cg sc vki jdcfj`j `c dj rcdkokñg imkakjd `cd cstj`i quc dj
pcrskoukñ y jgjtcejtkzñ, cspcakjdecgtc
cspcakjdecgtc `c pjrtc `cd pi`crisi y
mjgêtkai pjpksei riejgi, skcg`i jrrjstrj`j, skg qucrcrdi, j ugj
duabj quc gi pi`åj rcbukr, skg aigtrj`cakrsc j cd eksei, pir scr
dj rcprcscgtjgtc
rcprcscgtjgt c y `kvudoj`irj `c usj gucvj audturj8 dj pritcatirj
`c djs k`cjs dklcrjdcs gjakcgtcs y dj `cpisktjrkj ocgukgj `cd
Buejgksei.
^jrj diorjrdi y bjacrdi prcvjdcacr, dj Kgstktuakñg gi
j`iptjlj cg Mrjgakj, Ktjdkj y `ceês pjåscs djtkgis, ugj piskakñg
jgtkajtñdkaj, skgi quc jgtkadcrkajd, mkfjg`i jså dj Pcg`cgakj
Djtkgj `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj Sgkvcrsjd.
Dj Mrjgaejsigcråj, pir su cscgakj eksej, gi pjrtc, gi
puc`c pjrtkr,
pjrtkr, `c gkgoög prkgakpki
prkgakpki mkdisñmkai
mkdisñmkai prccstjldcak`i,
prccstjldcak`i, Cddj,
pir scr `cpisktjrkj
`cpisktjrkj,, pir jså `cakrdi, `c ti`j dj cxpcrkcgakj
mkdisñmkaj y rcdkokisj `c dj Buejgk`j` `c ti`is dis tkcepis,
t kcepis, sjlc
euy lkcg quc mrcgtc j dj kgañogktj kg`csakmrjldc `cd irkocg `cd
eug`i y `c djs aisjs, gkgougj `cmkgkakñg bj sk`i cstjldcak`j aig
vjdk`cz ^ir
ugkvcrsjd
csi, djpcrejgcgtc.
Mrjgaejsigcråj pistudj dj lösquc`j `c dj
]cr`j` y cg csc jmêg, dj prêatkaj `c dj ]krtu`. Cg cstj
kepistcrojldc lösquc`j, `clc `jr cd cfcepdi `c tidcrjgakj y
rcspcti pir ti`js djs arccgakjs `clc rcaigiacr dj koujd`j` `c
ti`is dis bielrcs skg `kstkgakñg `c adjscs, aidir, rjzj i rcdkokñg.
Cd ugkvcrsjdksei ejsñgkai gi cs tjg sidi mirejd, skgi
quc cstê akecgtj`i cg primug`is prkgakpkis y pistudj`is, auyj
`kmuskñg y cxtcgskñg jd cgaigtrjr sucdi mcrjz, bkzi piskldc dj
arcjakñg `c diokjs quc tuvkcrig ajrjatcråstkajs `kmcrcgtcs, `c
jaucr`i aig djs aig`kakigcs `cd ec`ki, dj rjzj, dj rcdkokñg, djs
aistuelrcs8 di quc jtrkluyñ, j su vcz, j j`iptjr ugj `kvcrsk`j`
`c \ktis, aig djs tcg`cgakjs quc aj`j ugi `c cddis kgviduarjlj.
Sgis crjg eês cspkrktujdkstjs, itris eês eåstkais y csitërkais,

:>=

:>?

itris eês mkdisñmkais c kgtcdcatujdcs, itris eês supcrmkakjdcs y

eug`jgis.

Jdougjs `ksarkekgjakigcs kgcxpdkajldcs

Cg cd jepdåi ejrai `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj Sgkvcrsjd, cs

`idirisi rcaigiacr quc cg jdougjs Orjg`cs Diokjs bjg
kepucsti prcfukakis y sktujakigcs aigtrjrkjs j dis adjris
ejg`jtis `c dis prkgakpkis ejsñgkais, aiei iaurrc, pir
cfcepdi, cg dis Cstj`is Sgk`is `c Girtcjeërkaj, `ig`c gi sc
pcrektc cd kgorcsi `c gcoris c kg`kis cg djs diokjs `c ldjgais,
pri`uakëg`iscc dj cxtrjúj pjrj`ifj quc jd dj`i `c kgstktuakigcs
pri`uakëg`is
pidåtkajs quc sc `cstjajg pir su jacgtuj`i dklcrjdksei, jpjrcac
ugj Ejsigcråj eês scatjrkj quc cg dj pripkj Kgodjtcrrj8 y sk cg
ëstj, cd Dklri `c dj Dcy Qjorj`j cs pjrtc cscgakjd `cd \ktujd, cg
Girtcjeërkaj gi bjy diokj skg Lkldkj y cs `ioej `c mc dj
@kvkgk`j` `c cstj Dklri, pcri skg quc cxkstj aigscaucgakj aig su
cgscújgzj, quc cstjldcac quc ti`is dis bielrcs, ti`js djs rjzjs
privkcgcg `cd eksei trigai J`jektj
J`jektj..
Gi sc pcrektc, rcpctkeis, quc dis gcoris kgorcscg
kgorcscg j djs
diokjs, ildkoêg`idcs j mirejr tkcg`j jpjrtc, aicxkstkcg`i `is
ejsigcråjs, `jg`i duojr j dj jelkouj sktujakñg quc ekcgtrjs cg
dj Orjg @ceiarjakj `cd Girtc, sc gkcoj j akcrtis bielrcs, pir
su rjzj y aidir, cd jepjri `c dj Mrjtcrgk`j`, cg dj jrkstiarêtkaj y
eigêrqukaj Kgodjtcrrj, cstis oizjg `c dis ekseis `crcabis y
prcrriojtkvjs quc cd rcsti `c dis ejsigc
ejsigcs.
s.
Cg akcrtj ëpiaj pjsj`j, dj Orjg Diokj `c _jsbkgotig
trjtñ,
cg su `c cstkeudjr
Cstj`i, aig cddj pripñskti
mirejakñgquc
`c sc
diokjs `c ejsigcs
mirejrj ugj Orjg`cDiokj,
aidir
pcri cstj dju`jldc kgkakjtkvj dc skogkmkañ cd riepkekcgti `c
rcdjakigcs mrjtcrgjdcs `c pjrtc `cd rcsti `c djs Orjg`cs Diokjs `c
su pjås y tjelkëg `c Ajgj`ê.

:>?

:>2

Dis ejsigcs girtcjecrkajgis bjg tcgk`i `cstjaj`j

pjrtkakpjakñgg cg eivkekcg
pjrtkakpjakñ eivkekcgtis
tis pidåtkais
pidåtkais `c dklcrjakñ
dklcrjakñg,
g, tjgti cg su
pjås aiei cg cd rcsti `cd eug`i, skcg`i dis prkecris cg
kgairpirjr
kgairpir jr djs @crcabis `cd Bielrc y `cd Aku`j`jgi cg su
Ajrtj Mug`jecgtjd, pcri, j pcsjr `c cddj, y `cd aieög irkocg
`kvkgi `c dj cspcakc buejgj, cstjldcak`j cg ugi `c dis
djg`ejrhs quc mucrig tjelkëg dis prkejris cg ai`kmkajr, dis
Pcepdis Ejsñgkais bjg scouk`i acrrj`is pjrj dis bielrcs `c
aidir. Cg Jdcejgkj, jd aigtrjrki
aig trjrki `c di quc suac`c cg dis Cstj`is
Sgk`is, dj Ejsigcråj tkcgc piai `c eåstkaj, pcri euabi `c
mkdisimåj y dis ejsigcs quc dj kgtcorjg pisccg ug jdti rjgoi
kgtcdcatujd. Qkg celjroi, tjelkëg sc pri`ufcrig sktujakigcs y
jatktu`cs rcúk`js aig dis jdtis prkgakpkis ejsñgkais, `kvk`kcg`i
j dj Ejsigcråj Ocrejgj cg `is airrkcgtcs ugj buejgkstj y itrj
arkstkjgj. Dj prkecrj cstjlj kgtcorj`j pir scks Orjg`cs Diokjs
quc prjatkajljg cd Jgtkoui \kti Kgodës y trjljfjljg sñdi dis Prcs
Pr cs
Orj`is Qkelñdkais ugkvcrsjdcs.
Dj scoug`j, sc aiepigåj `c trcs jgtkoujs diokjs `c
^ruskj, cg djs aujdcs sñdi sc j`ektåj j qukcgcs primcsjljg dj
rcdkokñg arkstkjgj. Cg aigscaucgakj, gi cstjlj pcrektk`i cd
kgorcsi `c dis fu`åis. Dj tcg`cgakj arkstkjgj `c cstjs Orjg`cs
Diokjs, cstjlj rcprcscgtj`j
rcprcscgtj`j pir dj Orjg Diokj "Prcs Odilis", cg
dj mireudjakñg `c dj skoukcgtc `cadjrjakñg `c prkgakpkis6 "Dj
Ir`cg vc dj eês jdtj ejgkmcstjakñg `kvkgj cg dj vk`j y cgscújgzj
`cd Ejcstri `c Gjzjrctb. Gi gkcoj gk jmkrej gkgoög `ioej
tcidñokai, skgi quc sc mug`j cg djs cgscújgzjs `c Fcsös".
^jrcakcrj quc FFcsös
pcrajtj`i quc cstjs``ccOrjg`cs
csös Ojdkdcj, Diokjs
Ojdkdcj, auyjs cxaduycgtcs,
auyjs `iatrkgjs `kacggi sc bjg
scoukr,
scoukr, crj
fu`åi.
Djs orjg`cs diokjs `c Qucakj, Girucoj, @kgjejraj, quc
prjatkajg cd \kti Qucai, arkstkjgj-eåstka
arkstkjgj-eåstkai,
i, tkcgcg k`ëgtkaj

:>2

:>;

piskakñg `iatrkgjrkj quc djs jdcejgjs arkstkjgjs y sc

ajrjatcrkzjg, j`ceês pir su jksdjakigksei `cd rcsti `cd eug`i
ejsñgkai, aig cxacpakñg `c Kgodjtcrrj, Csaiakj, Krdjg`j,
@kgjejraj, Girucoj, Mkgdjg`kj y jdougjs Orjg`cs Diokjs
girtcjecrkajgjs.
Cstjs `ksarkekgjakigcs pir eitkvis rcdkokisis i rjakjdcs,
rcmcrk`js j dj kgairpirjakñg i kgorcsi cg djs diokjs ejsñgkajs,
gis pjrcacg quc aigstktuycg mdjorjgtcs aigtrj`kaakigcs aig cd
jepdki cspårktubcrejgjr
quc prctcg`åj cstjldcak`i cg djsdis
j ti`is Aigstktuakigcs
bielrcs cg `c
ugjJg`crsig
rcdkokñg
ögkaj, silrc dj aujd "ti`is pu`kcrjg cstjr `c jaucr`i" y cstjeis
mkrececgtc aigvcgak`is quc sñdi aig dj mkcd ilscrvjgakj `c tjg
cdcvj`js k`cjdcs ejsñgkais, prjatkaj`is aig ågtkej aigvkaakñg
y pcrscvcrjgakj, sc pi`rê pigcr tërekgi, jdoög `åj, j tjg orjvcs
y `idirisjs trjgsorcskigcs `iatrkgjrkjs quc ejgtkcgcg `kvk`k`i
jd eug`i ejsñgkai, kepk`kcg`i dj mcdkz rcjdkzjakñg `cd tjg
"sucdi `c dj Mrjtcrgk`j` ejsñgkaj Sgkvcrsjd― <>.
jgbcdj`i "sucdi

¹Dj Ejsigcråj Mcecgkgj9

Qcourjecgtc, jdougis `kdcatis bcrejgis, cstkejrêg quc
cstc tcej gi airrcspig`c trjtjrdi cg cstj kg`jojakñg quc cstjeis
bjakcg`i silrc dj Sgkvcrsjdk`j` `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj, pir
aigsk`crjr quc sc rcmkcrc j ugj irojgkzjakñg krrcoudjr, jfcgj,
cxtrjúj, gi rcaigiak`j pir gucstrj Kgstktuakñg.
^cri `csorjakj`jecgtc, cstc cs ug prildcej, ugj
rcjdk`j`, quc cstê jbå prcscgtc, jd dj`i gucstri, orjvktjg`i, skg
quc di qucrjeis,
jpjrcakcrig silrc diokjs
djs prkecrjs cd qucbjacr
y quc scejsñgkai
bjrê aj`j`cs`c quc
vcz eês
istcgskldc c kgsisdjyjldc, j ec`k`j quc jvjgac dj cejgakpjakñg
<>
Oigzêdcz ^jri`k Qcroki. \cvkstj Ejsñgkaj G¶ : y <. Júi :;32 ^êo.:2.

:>;

::>

`c dj eufcr y su pjrtkakpjakñg cg dj vk`j audturjd y caigñekaj `c

dj siakc`j` aigtcepirêgcj scj aj`j vcz eês rcdcvjgtc. Gi
pi`ceis, pir di tjgti,
tjgti, cdu`krdi.
^jrj cgtrjr cg ejtcrkj, cepczjrceis aktjg`i cd
Djg`ejrh G¶ :2 `c dj dkstj `c Jdlcrt Ejahcy quc di trjtj
cspcaåmkajecgtc6 "R]KKK.- Cstj ejraj cxkoc `cd ajg`k`jti j dj
kgkakjakñg akcrtjs aujdk`j`cs6 quc `clc scr bielrc, gi eutkdj`i,
`c dklrc gjakekcgti y `c c`j` j`udtj i ej`urj ".
Csti skogkmkaj
ug kelcrlc, quc ugj eufcr,
cstêg `csajdkmkaj`is pjrjug kgvêdk`i,
rcaklkr ug csadjvi
Kgkakjakñg, scoögy
dis rktis `c dj Ejsigcråj skelñdkaj.
Dj Kodcskj Ajtñdkaj, j pcsjr `c quc, cstc ödtkei tkcepi,
sc bj `c`kaj`i j cxjdtjr dj mkourj `c dj eufcr j trjvës `c dj aj`j
vcz ejyir prcpig`crjgakj quc dj Mc cstê jskogjg`i jd audti
Ejrkjgi, aigtkgöj kepdjgtjg`i acdkljti `c sus sjacr`itcs y
ekgkstris y ipigkëg`isc dj aigsjorjakñg sjacr`itjd `c sus
rcdkokisjs, scourjecgtc pirquc skouc aigsk`crjg`i quc di
mcecgkgi cs pcajekgisi y cg su arccgakj rcdkokisj, vc cg dj
eufcr, dj mucgtc, cd eitkvi `cd pcaj`i, cd irkocg `cd ejd y dj
ajusj, `c dj ajå`j c`ëgkaj. "Qcoög cd ekti låldkai, Cvj muc dj
ajusjgtc `c dj ajå`j i pcaj`i irkokgjd y J`êg, cg vcz `c jsuekr
su rcspigsjlkdk`j` cg cd cpksi`ki, prcmkrkñ cabjrdc dj audpj j su
pjrcfj"<:.
Qiakc`j`cs scarctjs quc trjtjljg `c kektjr j dj
Ejsigcråj, aig dj kgaduskñg `c eufcrcs, mucrig arcj`js y
irojgkzj`js `cs`c dis kgkakis. Cg jgtkouis jgjdcs sc bjg
cgaigtrj`j cvk`cgakjs quc, `urjgtc cd júi :==1, tjelkëg djs
eufcrcs kgorcsjljg j dj Aiepjúåj `c Ejsigcs `c Dig`rcs
(Dkvcry Aiepjgy) quc tuvi su ejyir juoc cg cd skodi RK].

<:
^bkddkps Eôddcr, C`ujr`i. "J djs ^ucrtjs @cd Pcepdi" ^êo. :20.

::>

:::

Dj vku`j Ejrojrct _kd`, muc ugi `c sus ekcelris cg cd

júi kg`kaj`i. Kgadusi cg cd júi :?:1, sc cgaucgtrj cd ajsi
gitjldc `c Ejrkc Ljgkstcr, bkfj `cd ljrlcri `c \jrhkgo, quc muc
jprcg`kz ejsñg `urjgtc skctc júis y pjoñ `clk`jecgtc sus
`crcabis `c akgai abcdkgcs j dj Aiepjúåj<<.
Sgj jgtkouj aistuelrc, jrj dj j`ekskñg cg dj Aiepjúåj
`c Ejsigcs pir rjzigcs `c pjrcgtcsai. Dis bkfis c bkfjs `c ug
bcrejgi, pi`åjg scr j`ektk`is cg dj Aiepjúåj, jugquc gi
cfcrakcrjg cd imkaki.
Jså, `cs`c euabi jgtcs, pu`kcrig kgorcsjr cg djs oukd`js,
aiepjúåjs i diokjs ipcrjtkvjs, pcrsigjs quc gi, crjg jdljúkdcs
gk pkajpc`rcris. Cstc bigir crj ai`kakj`i pirquc cd kgorcsi j dj
Aiepjúåj `c dis Ejsigcs, skogkmkajlj dj iltcgakñg `c
<1
prkvkdcokis siakjdcs
siakjdcs .
Cd júi :??0, cd Orjg Irkcgtc `c Mrjgakj, pjtriakgñ ug
gucvi skstcej quc `cgiekgñ "\kti `c J`ipakñg", aidiaêg`idi
ljfi su aigtrid, itirojg`i ugj pjtcgtc aigstktutkvj j dj prkecrj
diokj
gielrcmcecgkgj `c J`ipakñg
`c "Diokj quc sc
Cd Ajg`ir". J mug`ñ
pjrtkr cg
`c ^jrås, aig dj
cgtigacs, cd
Ejsigcråj `c J`ipakñg, quc gi `clc scr aigmug`k`j aig dj
Ir`cg Ekxtj "Dc @rikt Buejkg", j`qukrkñ aigsk`crjldc
`csjrriddi tjgti cg Mrjgakj aiei cg cd rcsti `cd Irlc.
Cg dis Cstj`is Sgk`is `c Girtcjeërkaj, bjg prcvjdcak`i
vjrkis skstcejs `c J`ipakñg, pcri gkgougi bj tcgk`i tjgti ëxkti,
aiei cd ddjej`i "Cstrcddj `c Irkcgtc", quc aucgtj aig ug orjg
göecri `c jmkdkj`js.
Cstjs irojgkzjakigcs mcecgkgjs adjg`cstkgjs quc fjeês
scrêg rcaigiak`js pir dj Mrjgaejsigcråj,
Mrjgaejsigcr åj, `c tjr`c cg
cg tjr`c bjacg
<< Lcrgjr` C. Figcs. Ouåj y Aiepcg`ki `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj. Piei K ^êo.
=1
<1 Lcrgjr` C. Figcs. Ouåj y Aiepcg`ki `c dj Mrjgaejsigcrå
Mrjgaejsigcråj.
j. Piei K
^jo.32.

:::

::<

gitkakj. Cg ug jrtkaudj `c prcgsj jpjrcak`i cg6 Dig`rcs, quc

kgaduåj mitiorjmåjs `cd diajd `c rcugkñg y `c jdougjs `jejs
rcvcstk`js aig sus ejg`kdcs y irgjecgtis ejsñgkais, sc
kgmirejlj di skoukcgtc6 "Cd jati airrcspig`c j ugj rcugkñg `j dj
"Bigirjldc Mrjtcrgk`j` `c dj Jgtkouj Ejsigcråj", ugj
irojgkzjakñg cxaduskvj pjrj eufcrcs. @c koujd ejgcrj aiei j
djs eufcrcs dcs cstê vc`j`i kgorcsjr cg dj Orjg Diokj Sgk`j `c
Kgodjtcrrj, koujdecgtc, dcs cstê kepc`k`i j dis bielrcs kgorcsjr
cg cstj Qiakc`j`, `c dj aujd cd orucsi pöldkai gi sjlåj gj`j `c
su cxkstcgakj, bjstj
bjst j dj rcjdkzjakñg `c cstj acrceigkj quc priviañ
jepdkj jtcgakñg `c dj prcgsj"<0.
^ir gucstrj pjrtc, `jeis j aigiacr ugj aurkisj
kgmirejakñg jpjrcak`j cg dj Qcaakñg "Ajrtjs jd @kjrki" `c "Cd
Ecraurki " cd `åj @iekgoi :? `c fugki `c :;;>, mkrej`j pir
Cdkjgj Airljdêg Ljrlkcr, ajrgct `c k`cgtk`j` G¶3=0.=?1-:, quc
`kac jså6 "Cd :: `c cgcri `c :;?>, gjakñ cg Qjgtkjoi, dj prkecrj
Diokj Ejsñgkaj Mcecgkgj, arcj`j pir ug orupi `c eufcrcs
vkskigjrkjs
cspkrktujdcs,quc `cscjljg
siújg`i qucjdoi
di eês quc ddcgjrcgsusdiskgqukctu`cs
cgaigtrjråjg Pcepdis
Ejsñgkais. Zucråjg lusajr jddå dj Duz `c dj Qjlk`uråj y `c dj
]cr`j`, quc bjråj eês rkaj, eês scgskldc y eês buejgj, su
ajdk`j` `c Eufcr. Jatujdecgtc cxkstcg vjrkjs diokjs mcecgkgjs
j di djroi `cd pjås, quc aigmirejg dj Orjg Diokj Mcecgkgj `c
Abkdc.
Cg aujgti j dj irojgkzjakñg cspurkj ddjej`j Ir`cg
Ejsñgkaj Ekxtj Kgtcrgjakigjd "Dc @rikt Buejåg", j ejgcrj `c
kgmirejakñg `jrceis dis skoukcgtcs `jtis6 Aiei su gielrc di
kg`kaj, tkcgc ajrêatcr ekxti y sc dj aigiac tjelkëg aiei ai-
ejsigcråj, tuvi su irkocg cg Mrjgakj y su gjakekcgti, iaurrkñ cd
0 `c jlrkd `c :2;1, mcabj cg quc sc mug`ñ dj Orjg Diokj
Qkelñdkaj Ekxtj, jgtcacsirj `cd jatujd Quprcei Aigscfi
<0 \cvkstj Ejsñgkaj. G¶ ;-:> júi :;3=. ^êo. <?3-=

::<

::1

Sgkvcrsjd Ekxti. Cstc eivkekcgti scu`i ejsñgkai, muc kgkakj`i

pir Ociroc Ejrtåg, `cd Orjg Irkcgtc `c Mrjgakj aujg`i
aujg`i sc `ki
"duz ejsñgkaj" cg dj diokj "Dcs Dklrcs ^cgscurs" `c dj aku`j` `c
^jrås, Mrjgakj, j ugj eufcr `c orjg prcstkoki y vjdir kgtcdcatujd,
ddjej`j Ejråj @crjksecs.
Cstj Ir`cg Ekxtj, trjljfj aig rktujdcs aipkj`is `cd \CJ
y J. y j`jptj`is jd trjljfi ejsñgkai ekxti y sc bj `kmug`k`i
pir ti`is dis aigtkgcgtcs.
aigtkgcgtcs. Cg Abkdc cxkstcg jdrc`c`ir
jdrc`c`ir `c :3
diokjs skelñdkajs.
Dj Mc`crjakñg Abkdcgj, muc mug`j`j cd <3 `c mclrcri `cd
júi :;<;, pir cd mkdñsimi bkg`ö A. Fkgjrjfj`jsj y su prkecr Orjg
Ejcstri muc Jdlcrti Eirjdcs Eugkzjoj, quc`jg`i aigstktuk`j
imkakjdecgtc cd `åj <> `c `kakcelrc `c :;10 y mkfjg`i su sc`c
acgtrjd cg ajddc Ajtc`rjd <>;: j`ekgkstrj`j pir ugj siakc`j`
akvkd ddjej`j Acgtri Qjgtkjoi.
Cd júi :;30 sc pri`uac ugj `kvkskñg cg dj Mc`crjakñg
Abkdcgj, jd mirejrsc dj Orjg Diokj Ekxtj `c Abkdc pir ug orupi
cgajlczj`i
gucstri, y djpir Dcigk`js
Ir`cg @urêg
Ejsñgkaj Lcrgjdcs,
Ekxtj quc muc"Dc
Kgtcrgjakigjd bcrejgi
@rikt
Buejkg" tuvi quc jljg`igjr cd diajd y trjsdj`jrsc j dj, ajddc
Ajrecg G¾=2, pripkc`j` quc muc j`qukrk`j pir ug orupi `c
j`cptis j cstj ödtkej irojgkzjakñg.

Aigaduskigcs

Dj giakñg `c Sgkvcrsjdk`j` Ejsñgkaj, jpjrcakñ, cg cd

eiecgti cg quc sc mug`ñ dj Orjg Diokj `c Dig`rcs. Jgtcs,
aj`j diokj crj jutñgiej y euy acdisj `cmcgsirj `c su
kg`cpcg`cgakj y `c sus prcrriojtkvjs pjrj tiejr sus pripkjs
`cakskigcs, scdcaakigjr j sus j`cptis y acdclrjr jug rktis `c
jaucr`i j sus usis y aistuelrcs.

::1

::0

Dj ugkvcrsjdk`j` quc pripkakj dj Ir`cg gi sc rcmkcrc j

ugj irojgkzjakñg acgtrjdkzj`j aig ugj ugk`j` `c pcgsjekcgti y
jaakñg pripucsti i kepucsti pir ug Irojgksei i ugj Orjg
Diokj `c ug pjås `ctcrekgj`i.
Qcoög ipkgkñg `cd K.¿. B.¿. \cgë Ojraåj ]jdcgzucdj, dj
"ugkvcrsjdk`j` `c dj, Mrjgaejsigcråj rj`kaj cscgakjdecgtc, cg
sus pistudj`is y prkgakpkis, pir csi gi puc`c cxkstkr gk ugj
rcdkokñg ejsñgkaj, gk ugj mkdisimåj ejsñgkaj, gk ugj akcgakj, gk
ugj ëtkaj, gk ugj pidåtkaj ejsñgkaj".
Pjepiai gucstris såelidis, puc`cg tcgcr ugj
kgtcrprctjakñg ögkaj, cxaduskvj, skgi quc jqucddj quc dc jtrkluyc
aj`j ejsñg cg su "kgtcrkirk`j`" cspkrktujd, aigmirec su audturj,
su k`kiskgarjskj, su kgtcrës y su prcmcrcgakj.
Jså aiei aj`j ejsñg cs ug bielrc dklrc quc mrcaucgtj
ugj diokj cg lusaj `cd jdkecgti cspkrktujd gcacsjrki pjrj diorjr
su cejgakpjakñg y pcrmcaakigje
pcrmcaakigjekcgti,
kcgti, skg jacptjr gk rcaklkr
ñr`cgcs gk aigskogjs quc dc kepk`cg jatujr scoög dis
kepcrjtkvis `c su pripkj aigakcgakj, jså tjelkëg aj`j diokj cs
dklrc pjrj `ctcrekgjr su pripki `cstkgi y pjrj scr rcaigiak`j
aiei ugj diokj rcoudjr, pir sus aigoëgcrcs, `clc rcaklkr ajrtj
aigstktutkvj `c ugj Orjg Diokj
Diokj,, ljstêg`idc
ljstêg`idc pjrj kgstjdjrsc, cd
aieprieksi `c rcspctjr djs \codjs Prj`kakigjdcs `c dj
Bcrejg`j`.
Sgj Orjg Diokj, j su vcz, cstê aigstktuk`j pir vjrkjs
diokjs, eês `c trcs, oizjg`i tjelkëg `c silcrjgåj c
kg`cpcg`cgakj. Gi cxkstc, pir di tjgti, gkgoög Irojgksei
Qupcrkir
`c j djs Orjg`cs
su tcrrktirki Diokjs, djs
furks`kaakigjd, `cdquc tkcgcg dj tukakñg
ejgtcgkekcgti mkcd `cgtri
`c dj
Prj`kakñg Kgkakêtkaj y `c dj priycaakñg `c su jaakñg cg cd ec`ki
quc dj akraug`j.
Gi sc j`ektc, vjdc rcpctkrdi, quc ug pi`cr ejsñgkai
kgtcrgjakigjdd kgtcrvcgoj `krcatj i kg`krcatjecgtc, cg cd qucbjacr
kgtcrgjakigj

::0

::3

kgtcrgi `c ugj Orjg Diokj, auyj prkgakpjd ekskñg aigskstc cg

ugkr j dis mrjgaejsigcs quc tkcgcg ug irkocg kgkakêtkai aieög,
ug eëti`i skelñdkai aieög, skg prctcg`cr aigstrcúkr, `c ei`i
jdougi, dj kg`kvk`ujdk`j` `c djs diokjs quc dj kgtcorjg, euy pir
cd aigtrjrki, `clc csecrjrsc cg pritcocrdjs, cgjdtcacrdjs y
ojrjgtkzjrdcss sus pjrtkaudjrcs `crcabis
ojrjgtkzjrdc `crcabis y prcrriojtkvj
prcrriojtkvjs.
s.
Dj Mrjgaejsigcråj gi tkcgc gkgoög ilfctkvi `c ir`cg
pidåtkai, mkdisñmkai
aigvcrtkrsc cg ugj gk^itcgakj
rcdkokisi`cy rjkojelrc
pir gkgoögkgtcrgjakigjd8
eitkvi dc kgtcrcsj
sñdi
jgbcdj scr ugj Ir`cg Sgkvcrsjd auyi cfcepdi y ögkai pi`cr
rj`kaj cg su jdtj eirjdk`j` y primug`j cspkrktujdk`j`.
 Qu mkgjdk`j` gi cs itrj quc dj `c mirejr "rcjdecgtc"
vcr`j`cris kgkakj`is,
kgkakj`i s, cs `cakr, bielrcs kg`cpcg`kcgtcs, dklrcs `c
dis prcfukakis quc `iekgjg jd vudoi, kgstruk`is cg ejtcrkjs quc
gi cstêg jd jdajgac `c ti`is.
Cstkej quc cg cd eug`i bjacg mjdtj pcgsj`ircs y quc dj
cgscújgzj ugkvcrsktjrkj supcrkir gi cs dj ögkaj quc puc`c
mirejrdis. ^cri cstc pcgsj`ir quc prctcg`c mirejr dj Kgstktuakñg
Ejsñgkaj, gi cs cd bielrc quc "sjlc euabi", skgi quc cd
cspårktu scdcati j qukcg gi di eucvc gkgoög pripñskti `c
j`iatrkgjekcgti, gk ecgis dj kgtcgakñg, `c ajtcqukzjr j gj`kc.
Euy pir cd aigtrjrki, di kgacgtkvj dj gildc ekskñg `c cgscújr j
pcgsjr lkcg, pjrj `cakr
`cakr lkcg y pjrj bja
bjacr
cr lkcg.
Cg cstc jspcati aikgak`keis aig gucstri Bcrejgi
Crgcsti Lcbghc aujg`i cxprcsj6 "Cd aigiakekcgti rjakigjd gi
ljstj... sk qucrceis
qucrceis quc dj Buejgk`j` gi pkcr`j su `kogk`
`kogk`j`,
j`, gk
dj scourk`j` `c su cxkstcgakj,
Cd K.¿.B.¿. gk su jdcoråj
Kogjaki Oigzêdcz `c vkvkr".quc pjsñ j
Okgiuvës,
@.¿.C.¿.I.¿.C.¿. cd ? `c joisti rcakëg pjsj`i, prigugakñ ug
kgtcrcsjgtc `ksaursi<3 bjac jdougis júis. Aiei ugj ejgcrj `c
<3
Kogjaki Oigzêdcz Okgiuvës. "^jsj`i, ^rcscgtc y Muturi `c dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj. Aktcrtir
Aktcrtir G¶ 0 Au
Aujrti
jrti trkecstrc Júi :;?;. ^.
^. :=0-3

::3

::=
rcg`krdc ug biecgjfc, gis bj pjrcak`i pcrtkgcgtc rcpri`uakr
jdougis `c sus pjsjfcs6
"Cg dis `is skodis y ec`ki quc bjg trjgsaurrk`i `cs`c
quc dj Ir`cg tieñ su mirej jatujd y sc `kmug`kñ pir cd eug`i,
su kgmducgakj y su prcstkoki - pcsc j cgcekstj`cs, pcrscauakigcs
y aig`cgjakigcs - bj arcak`i y sc bj aigsidk`j`i.
aigsidk `j`i. Qig pruclj `c
cddi, euabis priorcsis c kgkakjtkvjs quc gjakcrig cg djs diokjs8
dj
qucjaakñg `cstjaj`j
dj bkstirkj `c lkcg
ugkvcrsjd pöldkai
rcaucr`j aig`cj`ekrjakñg
kgguecrjldcs ejsigcs
y dj jtcgakñg
y rcspcti aig quc dj bjg csauabj`i y trjtj`i bielrcs y
oilkcrgis gi cgacoucak`is pir cd i`ki, dj kgtidcrjgakj y dj
pjskñg".
"@cspuës `c dj ödtkej oucrrj eug`kjd, dj Mrjgaejsigcråj
pcrscouk`j y jpdjs
jpdjstj`j
tj`j pir dis rc
rcoåecgcs
oåecgcs titjdktjrkis rcvkvkñ aig
kgusktj`i vkoir, gi sñdi cg dis pjåscs `c Curipj, skgi quc cg
ti`is dis aigtkgcgtcs
aigtk gcgtcs y dis auj`ris sc rcaigstruycrig y djs diokjs
sc eudtkpdkajrig".
"@csjmirtugj`jecgtc, dis ajelkis, dj jgjrquåj y dj
`csirkcgtjakñg quc sc bjg jljtk`i silrc dj Buejgk`j` cg dis
ödtkeis júis, aig su scaucdj
scaucdj `c vkidcgakj, csacptkaksei, për`k`j
`c dis vjdircs trj`kakigjdcs y ajelkis cg djs aistuelrcs, bjg
sk`i dcskvis pjrj dj Mrjtcrgk`j` quc, sk lkcg sc ejgtkcgc kgtjatj,
vc quc dj fuvcgtu`, jtrjå`j pir itrjs prciaupjakigcs, gi dj ekrj
gk dj lusaj aig cd kgtcrës `c jgtcs y quc sus ekcelris sig prcsjs
`cd csacptkaksei y cd `cskgtcrës.
Cd prildcej gi cs gucvi pjrj ugj kgstktuakñg quc, cg
piai eêsquc
vjkvcgcs `cdcfis
`isakcgtis akgaucgtj
akgaucg
`c `cstrukrdj, djtjbjg
júis bj sumrk`i
Mirtjdcak`i, euabis
pcri cs `c
ejogktu` aiei pjrj prciaupjrdj, cspcakjdecgtc pir aujgti cd
bielrc jatujd, dj buejgk`j`, cd eug`i, gcacsktjg, biy aiei
gugaj, ugj kgstktuakñg aiei dj Ejsigcråj, quc kgmug`j vjdir y

::=

::?
aigmkjgzj, quc rcirkcgtc, quc rcjatujdkac dj vjdk`cz `c akcrtis
prkgakpkis c k`cjdcs ëtkais y buejgis, quc kgmug`j `ksakpdkgj y
ddjec j dis kg`kvk`uis j dj rjzñg, j dj ec`ktjakñg y j dj air`urj.
[ `clc prciaupjrdj tjelkëg pirquc cstj tjrcj, cstj
rcspigsjlkdk`j` rcgivj`j dj ildkoj j mireudjrsc ugj aråtkaj, j
prcougtjrsc j så eksej quë pu`i
pu`i bjlcr idvk`j
idvk`j`i,
`i, quë mjdtj pu`i
bjlcr aiectk`i pjrj quc su kgmducgakj sc `clkdktc8 y j ceprcg`cr
aig rcsiduakñg y vjdcgtåj, dj tjrcj `c cgecg`jr jqucddi quc scj
ecgcstcr".
"Qk gucstri pjpcd cs jtrjcr bielrcs, mirejrdis y
`ksakpdkgjrdis, kgaudajrdcs bêlktis, vjdircs eirjdcs,
aieprieksis y `clcrcs aåvkais y ^crsigjdcs y prcpjrjrdis pjrj
quc sjdojg jd eug`i j `kmug`krdis y `cmcg`crdis, qukëg sjlc sk
`clcråjeis jatujdkzjr gucstris eëti`is y utkdkzjr jqucddis quc
biy sig eês cmkajacs, quc biy sig aieprcg`k`is, quc biy sig
ajpjacs `c ddcojr j dj aigakcgakj y `cspcrtjr cd kgtcrës `c dis
bielrcs".
^ir ti`i di cxpucsti, sc aigaduyc quc dj ekskñg y dj
rcspigsjlkdk`j` quc djs akraugstjgakjs jatujdcs dc cstêg
scújdjg`i j dj Mrjgaejsigcråj Sgkvcrsjd sig djs `c vcdjr y
`cmcg`cr aig acdi, mcrvir y aigstjgakj, dis eês cxacdsis
pistudj`is `c dklcrtj` `c pcgsjekc
pcgsjekcgti,
gti, `c tidcrjga
tidcrjgakj
kj y `c
mrjtcrgk`j` cgtrc dis bielrcs, prkgakpkis quc rcaklkeis aiei
prcakisi dcoj`i `c ejgis `c jqucddis ju`jacs
ju`jacs vkskigj
vkskigjrkis
rkis quc
mug`jrig gucstrj Kgstktuakñg.
Qk jdoög `åj, gucstrj Juoustj Ir`cg `cfj `c scr
cxprcskñg mkcd `c cstis prkgakpkis mug`jecgtjdcs, dj Buejgk`j`
bjlrê pcr`k`i cd ögkai eitkvi pir cd aujd cd scr buejgi puc`c
scgtkrsc rcjdecgtc irouddisi6 dj dklcrtj` `c pcgsjr y `c cxprcsjr
dklrcecgtc su pcgsjekcgti.
pcgsjekcgti.

::?

::2
 ::2

::;

Cd Orj`i `c Ejcstri, audekgjakñg `cd

priacsi kgkakêtkai

Jgtcac`cgtcs
"Qñdi jd Bielrc dc cs `j`i cd prkvkdcoki `c ug qucbjacr
 aigsakcgtc, csti cs, jskogjr mkgcs, ectjs i pripñsktis
j aj`j ugi `c dis jatis quc rcjdkzj.
Di jgtcrkir gis cstê kg`kajg`i
kg`kajg`i quc dj jatkvk`j` kgstktuakigj
kgstktuakigjdd
ejsñgkaj, j`ceês `c aigsakcgtc,
`clc `csajgsjr cg ug aucrpi `c prkgakpkis y `iatrkgjs quc dj
skgoudjrkacg pir silrc aujdqukcrj itrj.
Dj jatkvk`j`
jatkvk`j` ejsñgkaj
ejsñgkaj `clc scr dj aigscaucgakj
aigscaucgakj `c`c ug dkgcjekcgti
dkgcjekcgti
`iatrkgjd, pir auyj rjzñg gi sc keprivksj,
gi sc trjgskoc gk sc pispigc cg lcgcmkaki `c kgtcrcscs pcrsigjdcs,

"@clceis rcaigiacr`c aåraudis

quc i `c aujdqukcrj
cd Mrjgaejsñg gjturjdczj..."
bj `c scr ug bielrc
audti, êokd y `cspkcrti ajpjz `c irkcgtjr djs
airrkcgtcs `c ipkgkñg y aigtrklukr j dj ecfir siduakñg
`c dis vjrkj`is y orjvcs prildcejs `cd eug`i cxtcrkir."
" Dj Ir`cg `clc cstjr cg cd acgtri `ig`c dj ]k`j tkcgc su
cgaruakfj`j y gi jd ejrocg `c cddj...―.

(Orjg Ejcstri Birjaki Oigzêdcz Aigtcssc

Pcgk`j Qidstkakjd `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc
<= `c fugki `c :;?=).

Cg dj \cvkstj Ejsñgkaj G¾1-0 `c dis ecscs `c

Ejrzi-Fugki `cd júi :;?0, jpjrcacg aujtri jrtåaudis quc
aigstktuycg dis cdcecgtis lêskais `c cstc priycati `c cstu`ki
quc kgtcgtj rcjmkrejr dj tcsks `cd cpåorjmc, quc sistkcgc quc cd

::;

:<>

Orj`i `c Ejcstri Ejsñg cs dj audekgjakñg `cd priacsi

kgkakêtkai `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj
Mrjgaejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj Sgkvcrsjd.
Cddis sig6

• "Cd \kti Csaiaës y dj Ejsigcråj Jzud" `cd Z ∰B∰ @kctcr

Gculuro, ekcelri `c ugj Diokj `c Ocdscgh
Ocdscghkrabcg,
krabcg, `c dj
Jdcejgkj Mc`crjd y trj`uak`i `c dj \cvkstj "Cdcusks",
ñrojgi imkakjd `cd Quprcei Aigscfi `c Jdcejgkj, pir cd
 Z∰B∰ Mrjgaksai Qibr.

• "Dj Pcrrktirkjdk`j` Ociorêmkaj, @iacgtc y Cspkrktujd `c dj

Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc. Cg quc sc `j j aigiacr cd Gucvi Pcxti
`cd Prjtj`i `c ^jz y Jekstj`, susarkti cgtrc cd Qkelidksei
(Ejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj) y cd Csaiacsksei (Ejsigcråj
Ajpktudjr).

•
"Ecgsjfc Jgujd `cd Orjg Ejcstri \cgë Ojraåj ]jdcgzucdj",
puldkaj`i cg scpjrjtj jgcxj j dj \cvkstj Ejsñgkaj y dcå`i
cg Pcgk`j `c Orjg Diokj acdclrj`j cd << `c Fugki `c :;?0,
aig iajskñg `cd trjspjsi `cd Ejddctc \catir y cg cd quc
jpjrcacg dis skoukcgtcs pêrrjmis rcdjakigj`is aig cstc Pcej6
Ecgsjfc j dis Ejcstris - Dj Qilcrjgåj `cd
Ejcstri -Aigfurjg`i ugj Arksks y Jprivcabceis dj
Csitcrkj.

•
"Sg
Orjg ddjej`i
Ejcstri Mcrvirisi j dj Ejcstråj",
Birjaki Oigzêdcz mireudj`i
Aigtcssc, pir cd
jd kgjuourjr
Lkcg Ocgcrjd `c dj Ir`cg cg dj Pcgk`j `c dj Orjg Diokj `c
Abkdc `cd @iekgoi <1 `c fugki `c :;?0.

J`ceês, bc rcaurrk`i j itrjs mucgtcs lkldkiorêmkajs quc

krêg skcg`i scújdj`js cg cd trjgsaursi `c cstc trjljfi y auyjs

:<>

:<:

aktjs bjg sk`i trjgsarktjs cg mirej tcxtujd `j`j dj vcrsjakñg y

jutirk`j` `c sus cxpisktircs y dj trjsacg`cgakj `c dj ejtcrkj cg
cstu`ki.
Cxcepdk Orjtkj6
:. "Aigtrkluak
"Aigtrkluakñg
ñg jd Cstu`ki `c dj Bkstirkj `cd Quprcei Aigscfi
`c Abkdc" `cd Kdustrc y ^i`crisi Bcrejgi \cgë Ojraåj
]jdcgzucdj, Cx Qilcrjgi Orjg Aiecg`j`ir `cd Quprcei
 Aigscfi `c Abkdc.

<. "@ksaursi `cd Cx Qilcrjgi Orjg Aiecg`j`ir, Orj`i 11¾,

^i`crisi Bcrejgi Kogjaki Oigzêdcz Okgiuvës".

1. "Gjakekcgti, @csjrriddi y Qkogkmkaj`i `cd Orj`i `c

Ejcstri". Auj`crgi Qkelñdkai G¾: `c dj Orjg Diokj y auyi
jutir cs cd @r. Juoust ^juds, Qilcrjgi Orjg Aiecg`j`ir
`cd Quprcei Aigscfi `c Jdcejgkj.

0. "Cd Irkocg `cd Orj`i `c Ejcstri". Auj`crgi Qkelñdkai G¾<

`c dj Orjg Diokj, csarkti pir Cuocgki Oildct @'Jdvkcddj,
Qilcrjgi Orjg Aiecg`j`ir `cd Quprcei Aigscfi `c
Lëdokaj.

3. "Dj Mrjgaejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj Ljsc Orjgåtkaj `c dj

Mrjgaejsigcråj Sgkvcrsjd". Auj`crgi Qkelñdkai G¶0 `c dj
Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc y su jutir cs cd Cx Orjg Ejcstri \cgë

Ojraåj ]jdcgzucdj.
=. "Cd Dklri `cd Ejcstri" `c gucstri aigiak`i Bcrejgi
Iswjd` _krtb.

?. "@iacgakj Ejsñgkaj" `cd Cx Orjg Ejcstri Isajr ^crckrj

Bcgråqucz.

:<:

:<<

2. "Cd Orj`i `c Ejcstri, Audekgjakñg Qkelñdkaj `cd ^riacsi

Kgkakêtkai". Auj`crgi Qkelñdkai G¶; `c dj Orjg Diokj,
csarkti pir cd Cx ]cgcrjldc Ejcstri `c "^cgtjdpbj" Crgcsti
Lcbghc Ejgisjdvj.

Kgtri`uaakñg
 Cg cd prkecr jrtåaudi yj aktj`i "Cd \kti Csaiaës y dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj Jzud" (cgtcg`këg`isc pir \kti Csaiaës, dj
Ejsigcråj Ajpktudjr, quc jljraj dis Orj`is K] jd RRRKKK,
kgaduskvc), cd jutir Z.B. @kctcr Gculuro, rcdjtj quc pir ugj
kgmk`cgakj suyj, jdougjs bcrejgjs `c su Diokj (cspisjs `c sus
bcrejgis) supkcrig quc pcrtcgcaåj
pcrtcgcaåj jd \kti Csaiaës i Ejsigcråj
Ajpktudjr y csjs bcrejgjs prcougtjrig j sus cspisis pir quë ug
bcrejgi puc`c pcrtcgcacr jd \kti Csaiaës y cd itri gi y quc
prigti surokcrig `cljtcs cgifisis, kepiskldcs `c pjsjr pir jdti
cg cd aåraudi `c bcrejgis quc sc cstkejg.
Aigmkcsj quc pdjgtcj cstis jsugtis mjekdkjrcs c ågtkeis,
pirquc arcc quc tcgceis quc iaupjrgis `c tjdcs aigtrjrkc`j`cs
aigtrjrkc`j`cs
quc sig kgcvktjldcs, ti`j vcz quc cxpcrkcgakjs skekdjrcs `clcg
vkvkrsc cg euabjs itrjs diokjs y cg jrjs `c dj pjz mrjtcrgjd sc
`clc pcgsjr cg di quc sc pi`råj bjacr pjrj jekgirjrdjs y sk cs
piskldc cvktjrdjs
cvktjrdjs `cd ti`i.
Cxpdkaj cd priac`kekcgti scouk`i pjrj pjsjr jd aujrti
orj`i, qucquc`cfj
csajdigcs vjg `c scr jutieêtkai,
`cd orj`i `c Jprcg`kzaiei
jd `c iaurrc
Ejcstri,aig
aigdis
cd
quc sc jajlj lrusajecgtc cstc jutiejtksei y dis Ejcstris
Qcarctis usjg cg ocgcrjd ec`k`js euabi eês cstrkatjs. Cdkocg
Ejcstris `cd Pcracr Orj`i, aig euabj prcajuakñg, pjrj cd \kti
Csaiaës. Cxkocg vcr`j`crj aiipcrjakñg, kgtcrës skgacri y

:<<

:<1

csmucrzi aigtkgui `c primug`kzjr jög eês cd pcgsjekcgti `c dj

Mrjgaejsigcråj.
Jbirj lkcg ¹Auêd scrê cd cmcati `c cstj scdcaakñg, cg dj
orjg ejyiråj `c dis Ejcstris quc gi sig kgvktj`is j j`bcrkrsc j
dis Ajpktudjrcs9 Qc prcougtj y cd eksei rcspig`c6 Euabjs
vcacs sc iyc j bcrejgis akcrtjecgtc euy jatkvis, pcri quc gi
sig ddjej`is
rcpriabc `c skj kgorcsjr j dis gucvis
gi sc qukcrc orj`is, djsumkakcgtc
rcaigiaërscdcs prcougtj ddcgj `c
cspårktu
ejsñgkai. Qk cddis sñdi mirejg dj kgmjgtcråj ejsñgkaj. Qk dis
Ejcstris Qcarctis `cd Aujrti Orj`i aigstktuycg ugj "ëdktc"... y
euabjs aisjs eês.
@cspuës `c ugj scrkc `c aigsk`crjakigcs, sc prcougtj6
¹Zuë pi`ceis bjacr, cmcatkvjecgtc, pjrj quc jelis - cd
Qkelidksei y cd Csaiacsksei - trjljfcg dj Ejsigcråj `c
aigsugi9 ^ripigc trcs pugtis pjrj aigscoukrdi6

:.- @clc trjtjrsc cstc tcej aig dis Ejcstris, di eês

mrjgajecgtc piskldc, quc cs ecfir quc dj eureurjakñg
jgtkmrjtcrgjd. @clcråjeis - sc rcmkcrc j dis bcrejgis
ajpktudjrcs - `cakr adjrjecgtc quc cg gucstri \kti gi vceis ugj
Mrjgaejsigcråj "supcrkir"8 gi cs ugj "ëdktc", skgi ug
aiepdcecgti gcacsjrki ec`kjgtc ugj primug`kzjakñg
skstceêtkajj `cd pcgsjekc
skstceêtka pcgsjekcgti
gti ejsñgkai.
<.- @clcråjeis bjacr sjlcr j gucstris bcrejgis, quc gi
gis aidiajeis j ug dj`i, jmucrj, y ecgis jög, eês jdti, yj quc
rcaigiaceis quc djtiEjsigcråj
ljsc y cd mug`jecgti
mug`jecg Jzud itcgceis
y pjrj priljrdi Qkelñdkaj
quc aigstktuyc
scr jatkvisdjy
cstjr `kspucstis j jyu`jr j mirejr cscgakjdecgtc dj vk`j `c dj
Diokj `cd ^rkecr bjstj cd Pcracr Orj`i.
1.- @clcråjeis rcaiecg`jr skceprc `c gucvi j gucstris
bcrejgis `cd \kti Csaiaës quc, fugti aig ti`js sus jspkrjakigcs
`c priorcsi, gi `clcg idvk`jr cd sktki `ig`c vkcrig pir prkecrj

:<1

:<0

vcz dj Duz. Sg ejsñg, auêg dcfis bjyj isj`i jvjgzjr

cspkrktujdecgtc, gi puc`c idvk`jr j sus bcrejgis quc
cepczjrig fugti aig ëd, cd ajekgi csmirzj`i y qukcgcs - adjri
quc aig dj eksej ectj - di rcairrcg `c `kstkgti ei`i.
 Pcrekgj rcaigiakcg`i quc cstc tcej cs cxpdiskvi pjrj
jdougis
adjrk`j` -y bjstj
quc, `ig`c
j pcsjrdc `c
muccddi, di bj
piskldc cxpucsti
- pirquc arccaig
qucti`j
djs
"ec`kjs vcr`j`cs" gi gis skrvcg `c gj`j.
Aigmkcsi quc aujg`i dcå cstc jrtåaudi, vkgkcrig j ek
eceirkj akcrtjs sktujakigcs
sktujakigcs skekdjrcs quc bjlåj ilscrvj`i cg ek
Diokj. ]jrkjs vcacs ec bjlåj tiaj`i prcscgakjr j bcrejgis
ajpktudjrcs quc sc scarctcjljg y auabkabcjljg cgtrc cddis.
Aujg`i ugi sc jacrajlj, `cfjljg `c aigvcrsjr, oujr`jljg
skdcgaki i ajelkjljg `c aigvcrsjakñg. Bc pi`k`i aiepriljr
quc cg djs `kvcrsjs sktujakigcs quc sc susaktjg cg cd trjljfi
kgtcrgi `cd Pjddcr, jatöjg ugk`is, aig orjg cspårktu `c aucrpi, y
jdougis, istcgskldcecgtc, prctcg`cg `krkokr y supcrvkokdjr dis
`cstkgis `c dj Diokj, jd ejrocg y pir cgakej `c dj Aêejrj `cd
Ec`ki.
Jskeksei, bc pi`k`i aigstjtjr quc jdougis yj gi jskstcg
tjg jsk`ujecgtc j djs rcugkigcs `c su Diokj, scourjecgtc
`clk`i j sus gucvjs jatkvk`j`cs, y quc itris gi pjrtkakpjg aig cd
eksei cgtuskjsei `c jgtcs, cg dis trjljfis priorjeêtkais `cd
Pjddcr. ^cri, j mucrzj `c scr skgacri, bc ilscrvj`i tjelkëg, dj
cxkstcgakj `c jdougis
rkg`cg pdcktcsåj ]cgcrjldcs
j Bcrejgis Bcrejgis
Ajpktudjrcs `c eês Ejcstris
jdti orj`i,quc dc
qukzê
aig cd kgaigmcsjldc pripñskti `c bjacr eërktis pjrj scr kgvktj`is
j kgorcsjr jd Csaiacsksei. @c tjd jatktu`, gjturjdecgtc, dis
bcrejgis ajpktudjrcs gi tkcgcg gkgougj audpj, aig cxacpakñg,
aiei skceprc, `c jdougis quc arccg - cmcatkvjecgtc - quc sig
"supcrkircs".

:<0

:<3

^jrj cvktjr ejdcgtcg`k`is, `cli rcaigiacr quc dj

ejyiråj `c dis bcrejgis ajpktudjrcs `c ek Diokj, quc
aieprcg`cg airrcatjecgtc y cg su vcr`j`cri jdajgac, cd êelkti
quc jljraj su itri skstcej `c
` c cgscújgzj y `c oilkcrgi, gi tkcgcg
cstj jatktu` `c prcpitcgakj y suprcejaåj quc bc scújdj`i y sk
jatöjg cg aigfugti, aiei aucrpi, di bjacg cg dj mirej eês
gjturjd8 aiei
pcrtcgcac
pcrtcgcacg priac`cg,
g jd \itjry Adul, pir
j ugcfcepdi, dis bcrejgis
Aidcoki ^rimcskigjd i j quc
ugj
Jsiakjakñg
Jsiakja kñg Orcekjd.
^ir di tjgti, ec jprcsuri j jadjrjr, quc cstc cstu`ki i
rcaipkdjakñg `c jgtcac`cgtcs, gi prctcg`c ecgisajljr dis
Orj`is Ajpktudjrcs, pirquc cddi gi airrcspig`c, pucsti quc
cstis bcrejgis tkcgcg ug skstcej `c `iacgakj pjrjdcdi jd
gucstri, kgtcorj`ir y aij`yuvj`ir cg dj mirejakñg `cd Ejcstri
Ejsñg y cg cd aigiakekcgti `c dj @iatrkgj Ejsñgkaj. pcri cg
gkgoög ajsi "cdktkstj" gk "supcrkir", aiei jdougis prctcg`cg.
Cstê `c`kaj`i y `krkok`i j dis Bcrejgis Ejcstris, cg ug
kgtcgti skgacri `c `jr j aigiacr ugj kgqukctu` sulyjacgtc quc
cstê prcscgtc y djtcgtc cg djs jatkvk`j`cs y cg cd qucbjacr
aitk`kjgi `c dis Pjddcrcs y quc scourjecgtc orjvktjrê cg dj vk`j
muturj `c dj Ir`cg sk gi sc dc cgaucgtrj ugj prigtj siduakñg.
Cs ugj sktujakñg quc gi sc `cljtc jlkcrtjecgtc, skgi quc
sc aiecgtj cg viz ljfj, cgtrc dis Ejcstris, ekgjg`i dj pjz
kgtcrgj `c djs diokjs skelñdkajs, cspcakjdecgtc cg djs privkgakjs,
`ig`c sc bjac eês pjtcgtc `clk`i, tjd vcz, jd rc`uak`i göecri
`c sus aiepigcgtcs.
Cs dj ajusj iaudtj, gi aigmcsj`j, quc kepudsj j euabis
bcrejgis quc bjg jdajgzj`i cd Pcracr Orj`i y ödtkei `c dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj, jd gi scr prieivk`is j dj Ejsigcråj
Ajpktudjr - `cgtri `c ug pdjzi quc aj`j ugi cstkej aiei
sumkakcgtc - j `cscrtjr `c gucstrjs mkdjs skg jtrcvcrsc j aigmcsjr
aig skgacrk`j`, cd vcr`j`cri eitkvi quc dis kepcdc j su

:<3

:<=

jdcfjekcgti, `jg`i, cg ajelki, cxausjs y prctcxtis quc

`kskeudjg y jdtcrjg dj rcjd ejogktu` `cd prildcej.
^ir csi, rcpkti, cstc cstu`ki cstê `krkok`i j dis Ejcstris
`cd Pcracr Orj`i, aig dj ågtkej cspcrjgzj `c aigvcgacrdis pjrj
quc gi tiecg dj gcojtkvj rcsiduakñg
rcsiduak ñg `c jdcfjrsc `c dj Ir`cg8 pjrj
quc ajelkcg `c jatktu`8 pjrj quc gi sc skcgtjg `ksarkekgj`is i
ecgisprcakj`is pir cd bcabi `c gi scr pripucstis pjrj cd Aujrti
Orj`i, Ejcstri Qcarcti (aigmirec aig cd skstcej `c csj
furks`kaakñg, gi ti`is puc`cg jaac`cr j dis `kmcrcgtcs Orj`is i
gkvcdcs).
^jrj aigvcgacrdis, cg mkg, quc cd Ejcstri Ejsñg `clc
scgtkrsc pdcgjecgtc rcjdkzj`i jd jdajgzjr cd Pcracr Orj`i y
ödtkei `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj y quc `clc scoukr
cstu`kjg`i y pcrmcaakigêg`isc pjrj pi`cr `cscgtrjújr dis
vcdj`is scarctis `c dj Qkelidioåj Ejsñgkaj, skceprc tjg rkaj y
tjg suocrcgtc,
scdcaakigc i didiorjg`i
pistudc,pir
dj pripkj kgkakjtkvj,
aig`kakñg skg quc gj`kc
`c vcr`j`cri di
Ejcstri
Ejsñg, `c Ejcstri ^crmcati. Cstj y gi itrj cs dj kgtcgakñg `c
cstc trjljfi.
Pi`is sjlceis quc cgtrc jdougjs `c djs ajrjatcråstkajs
quc skgoudjrkzjg j gucstrj Ilc`kcgakj, cstêg djs `c scr ugj
Kgstktuakñg ëtkaj, eirjdkstj c kgkakêtkaj, di quc qukcrc skogkmkajr
quc gi cs priscdktkstj. Cddj cdkoc y scdcaakigj j dis primjgis quc
ecrcacg kgorcsjr j sus mkdjs y jså aiei dis primjgis quc gi sig
ddjej`is gi puc`cg scgtkrsc `cmrju`j`is, jså tjepiai dis
ejcstris ejsigcs `clceis scgtkrgis `ksarkekgj`is pirquc gi
sieis cdcok`is pir gucstris pjrcs `cd Orj`i Pcracri, pjrj
kgorcsjr jd Csaiacsksei.
^ir ugj mkrec aigvkaakñg y gi pir ecri aigmireksei,
bc rcjdkzj`i cstc cstu`ki quc prctcg`c aigmkrejr ug
pdjgtcjekcgti
pdjgtcjekc gti mireudj`i pir `cstjaj`is
`cstjaj`is trjtj`kstjs, cstu`kisis
y cru`ktis ejsñgkais `c `kstkgtjs ëpiajs y djtktu`cs, tcg`cgtc j

:<=

:<?

rcjdzjr dj ajdk`j` quc kgvkstc cd Orj`i `c Ejcstri cg dj

Mrjgaejsigcråj Sgkvcrsjd y pjrj bjacrdcs aieprcg`cr j dis
ejcstris ejsigcs `kscekgj`is pir djs `kmcrcgtcs diokjs j di
djroi `cd pjås, quc gi gcacsktjeis ejyircs orj`is pjrj
priorcsjr cg gucstrj mirejakñg kgkakêtkaj, skgi quc `clceis
csmirzjrgis cg pcrmcaakigjr, aj`j vcz eês, cd quc tcgceis, pjrj
ddcojr j scr ejsigcs j ajljdk`j` y aieprcg`cr ecfir cd Jrtc
\cjd pjrj priycatjrdi jd eug`i primjgi j trjvës `c gucstrj
jaakñg y `c gucstri cfcepdi, aig cd dju`jldc pripñskti `c
aigscoukr, jdoög `åj, dj c`kmkajakñg `c csc Pcepdi Kgejtcrkjd
quc rcprcscgtj ugj siakc`j` eês fustj, eês sidk`jrkj y eês
mrjtcrgj.
Aig cd pripñskti `c rcmirzjr cstc ddjej`i mcrvirisi
mireudj`i j dis bcrejgis Ejcstris, bc rcaurrk`i j cdiaucgtcs
cxprcskigcs `iatrkgjrkjs, rcdjtkvjs j cstc tcej, prigugakj`js pir
gucstri Kdustrc
aigstktuk`i, B.¿.ek\cgë
scoög Ojraåj
ei`csti ]jdcgzucdj,
pjrcacr, qukcg sc
cg cd pjdj`åg `c bj
dj
`kogkmkajakñg `cd Orj`i `c Ejcstri Ejsñg6
"Gi gis ajgsceis `c rcpctkr quc dj Mrjgaejsigcråj
Qkelñdkaj i Jzud, cg trcs Orj`is, lkcg cstu`kj`j y ecfir
prjatkaj`j,, bjstj pjrj ddcgjr dj kgqukctu` kgkakêtkaj
prjatkaj`j kgkakêtkaj `cd
Mrjgaejsñg `cd Pcracr Orj`i, "cd Orj`i `c dis Orj`is".
"Aujdqukcr skstcej `c cgscújgzj, pjrjdcdi y cg gkgoög
ajsi supcrkir, `clc aigvcrocr, skg êgkei `c prccekgcgakj, j su
rcjdkzjakñg kgtcorjd".
"Dj Ejsigcråj cs ugj sidj", sc `kac y rcpktc cg
puldkajakigcs
puldkajak igcs quc bceis tcgk`i j dj vkstj. @csorjakj`je
@csorjakj`jecgtc,
cgtc,
dis tcxtis quc cxprcsjg, rcpktcg y sistkcgcg tjd jpitcoej, di
`cs`kacg eês j`cdjgtc aujg`i bjldjg `c orj`is, cgscújgzjs y
bjstj `c ëdktcs".
"^ir csi bceis `cscj`i prcaksjr j gucstris bcrejgis
quc mirejg dis auj`ris `c dj Ejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj, di quc cs dj

:<?

:<2

Furks`kaakñg j dj quc pcrtcgcacg y, aig cd rcdjtkvksei `c gucstri

dcgoujfc csitërkai, sistcgcr quc dj Ejsigcråj cs ugj cg su
`kvcrsk`j` y `kvcrsj cg su Sgk`j`".
 "Qk kgskstkeis silrc cstc pjrtkaudjr cs pirquc bjy
bcrejgis quc cg cd scgi `c gucstrjs diokjs Qkelñdkajs prctcg`cg
`jr j cgtcg`cr, `krcatj i kg`krcatjecgtc, quc sig piscc`ircs `c
ug orj`i supcrkir jd `c Ejcstri Ejsñg".
"Cs ugj ejdj aistuelrc quc `clceis `cstcrrjr cg
`cmkgktkvj cg cd trjti bjlktujd `c gucstrjs Diokjs Qkelñdkajs".

Bkstirkj. Ctjpjs `c ug priacsi

^jrj ugj ecfir aieprcgskñg `cd tcej cg cstu`ki, qukzês

scj gcacsjrki rceigtjrsc j dis iråocgcs i j djs mucgtcs `c
gjakekcgti `c cstc Pcracr Orj`i, quc scoög gitjldcs trjtj`ks
trjtj`kstjs
tjs
cstê jög pir rcsidvcrsc
rcsidvcrsc.
. Cg ug trjljfi dcå`i cg dj Diokj
Airigjtk" `c Dig`rcs, quc cs ugj diokj `c Kgvcstkojakñg
" Zujtiur

Ejsñgkaj, cd Z∰B∰ Jxcd F. J. ^ikogjut `cmkgc di quc sc

cgtkcg`c pir Ejraj i Djg`ejrh, `kakcg`i quc cs "jdoi quc
mirej pjrtc mug`jecgtjd `c dj Ejsigcråj y quc gi cs piskldc
`criojr gk jlidkr skg jgudjr dj k`cgtk`j` `c dj Ejsigcråj".
Cd Kdustrc y cru`kti bcrejgi Jdlcrt O. Ejahcy
rcmkrkëg`isc j djs Ejrajs i Dcy Prj`kakigjd, djs rcsuec cg <3
ejrajs ajrjatcråstkajs,
ajrjatcråstkajs, skcg`i dj Qcoug`j, dj skoukcgtc6
"Dj `kvkskñg `c dj Ejsigcråj, cg Prcs Orj`is cs ugj
Ejraj quc sc bj aigscrvj`i ecfir quc itrj jdougj, jugquc
tjelkëg `cfñ cg cddjs sus bucddjs cd cgrc`j`ir cspårktu `c
kggivjakñg y pir `ksrupakñg `cd Pcracr Orj`i `c Ejcstri8 y cd
\cjd Jrai `c Kgodjtcrrj, Csaiakj, Krdjg`j y Cstj`is Sgk`is, y dis
"orj`is supcrkircs" `c Mrjgakj y Jdcejgkj, `kmkcrcg ti`is cg dj
ejgcrj `c aig`uakr j dj mkgjd aigsuejakñg `c dj Ejsigcråj
Qkelñdkaj. Cd júi :2:1, dj Orjg Diokj `c Kgodjtcrrj vkg`kañ
vkg`kañ j dj

:<2

:<;

jgtkouj Ejraj `carctjg`i quc dj Jgtkouj Ir`cg Ejsñgkaj

aigskståj cg dis trcs orj`is `c Jprcg`kz, Aiepjúcri y Ejcstri
Ejsñg, kgaduycg`i cd \cjd Jrai. ^cri gi bj sjgj`i ti`jvåj dj
bcrk`j ajusj`j
ajusj`j pir cd `csojrri y dj Ejraj skouc vkidj`j,
vk idj`j, jugquc
ti`is rcaigiacg su kgtcork`j`".
Cd rcair`j`i bcrejgi Duks Qjg`ivjd Qejrt, cg su
kgtcrcsjgtc ilrj "Dis Prcs Orj`is Qkelñdkais", cxprcsj di
skoukcgtc6 "Qc bj prctcg`k`i pir jdougis jutircs, bkstirkj`ircs
`csjprcgskvis `c dj Ir`cg, quc dis Prcs Orj`is cxkståjg tjd
aujdcs `cs`c dis tkcepis låldkais y jög jgtcs. ^cri dj vcr`j` cs
euy itrj".
"^jrj cd kdustrc ejsñg y csarktir Jdlcrt ^khc, dj jgtkouj
ejsigcråj ipcrjtkvj tcgåj ug sñdi orj`i8 cd `c Aiepjúcri. @kac
tcxtujdecgtc "Cd Orj`i `c Ejcstri tkcgc ug piai eês `c :3>
júis `c jgtkoôc`j` (csarklåj j mkgcs `c :2>>), sk cg rcjdk`j` bj
sk`i ug orj`i y gi ugj ecrj kgvcstk`urj `c dj Ir`cg".
"@c dj eksej ipkgkñg cs cd Kdustrc ejsñg ocrejgi
Mkg`cd, qukëg arcc quc bjlåj sñdi ugj acrceigkj `c Kgkakjakñg y
gj`j eês8 pcri jeljs ipkgkigcs, euy rcspctjldcs, pir akcrti, gi
tiejg cg aucgtj bcabis bkstñrkais euy skogkmkajtkvis. Cs sjlk`i
quc dis Ejgusarktis `c dj C`kglurob \cokstcr Biusc `c :=;= y
`c "Qdijgc" `c :=3;, bjacg rcmcrcgakj j `is orj`is. Cd júi :?:?,
mcabj `c dj mug`jakñg `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Dig`rcs, sc trjljfjlj
cg `is orj`is y jdougjs diokjs di bjaåjg cg trcs. J cstis
aiepjúcris, quc cspcakjd,
j ugj acrceigkj iptjljg jd
qucajroi `c ]cgcrjldc,
`cspuës sc dcs
muc `cadjrj`j siectåj
eigipidki
`c dj Orjg Diokj. Ejcstri, cgtigacs, bjlåj ugi sidi pir diokj y
crj cd ]cgcrjldc, i scj, ug Aiepjúcri cxjdtj`i j csc sktkjd".
"Cg :?1<, dj Orjg Diokj rcviañ cd Jrtåaudi RKKK
airrcspig`kcgtc,
airrcspig`k cgtc, `cfjg`i j dj `ksarcakñg `c dis Ejcstris `c diokj
dj mjaudtj` `c cxjdtjr jd Ejcstri. ^cri jquå jpjrcac ugj gucvj
aigmuskñg, yj quc di quc dj Orjg Diokj pcrektåj jbirj, crj dj

:<;

:1>

cxjdtjakñg jd Pcracr Orj`i Qkelñdkai, auyi trjljfi cg diokj sc

bjlåj ocgcrjdkzj`i `cs`c :?<1 j :?1<. Dj dcycg`j `cd Orj`i
bjlåj tiej`i su mirej jatujd, silrc dj ljsc `c dcycg`js eês
jgtkoujs y jög `c \ktis jgtcrkircs. @c cstj ejgcrj, dj eucrtc y
dj rcsurrcaakñg jpjrcacg cg csacgj".

Pcej quc ^irgis

aigsk`crjrdi
kgtcrcsj, bcaiei ugpcrtkgcgtc
arcå`i vjdkisi jpirtc jd cstu`ki
rcpri`uakr pjrtc`cd
`c
ug `ksaursi `cd Kdustrc y ^i`crisi Bcrejgi Kogjaki Oigzêdcz
Okgiuvës, Cx Qilcrjgi Orjg Aiecg`j`ir, prigugakj`i cg ugj
tcgk`j `c ^rkecr Orj`i cg su Diokj Ej`rc "^jz y Aigair`kj"
G¾:1 `cd ]jddc `c Aigacpakñ
Aigacpakñg, g, cg cd júi :;??6
"Dj Ejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj, quc `crkvñ `c djs diokjs
ipcrjtkvjs kgodcsjs cg :?:? jd mug`jrsc dj Orjg Diokj `c
Dig`rcs, sñdi tcgåj `is orj`is6 Jprcg`kz y Aiepjúcri. J piai
jg`jr, dj gcacsk`j` bkzi arcjr cd Orj`i `c Ejcstri, aig di aujd
jqucddis sc cdcvjrig j trcs. Cd Ejcstri aiepdctñ cd akadi
kgkakêtkai y pjrcakñ quc gi crj gcacsjrki eês.
"@kvcrsjs akraugstjgakjs bkstñrkajs, skg celjroi,
bkakcrig quc kg`cpcg`kcgtcecgtc `c dj Ejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj,
gjakcrjg, ajsk skeudtêgcjecgtc aig cddj, Diokjs `c Orj`is quc,
jög aujg`i aigmcsjljg su mkdkjakñg ejsñgkaj y dj k`cgtk`j` `c
sus eëti`is c k`cjdcs, gi `crkvjljg su Qkelidioåj `c dj
Ejsigcråj `c Ilrj u Ipcrjtkvj, skgi `c mucgtcs rcdkokisjs y
ajljddcrcsajs. Jug aujg`i cgtrc djs `is buli gcacsjrkjecgtc
ejdcgtcg`k`is
eksei ti`i `cs`cy `csaigmkjgzj,
cd eiecgti cgsc quc,
rcaigiaåjg aieij dis
pjrj jspkrjr pjrtcs `cd
orj`is
"csaiacscs", aiei sc ddjeñ j dis supcrkircs jd Pcracri, crj
rcqukskti kg`kspcgsjldc
kg`kspcgsjldc scr Ejcstri Ejsñg.
"Dis orj`is ajpktudjrcs, csaiacscs i mkdisñmkais, skg
celjroi, jg`uvkcrig `urjgtc jdoög tkcepi j dj `crkvj, bjstj quc
cg :2>: cg Abjrdcstig, Cstj`i `c Ajridkgj `cd Qur, Cstj`is

:1>

:1:

Sgk`is, sc diorñ `jrdcs mirej, arcjg`i cd quc sc ddjeñ \kti

Csaiaës Jgtkoui y Jacptj`i .
"Dis trcs prkecris sig dis `c Jprcg`kz, Aiepjúcri y
Ejcstri y aigstktuycg dj Ejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj i Jzud, quc
`cpcg`c j`ekgkstrjtkvjecgtc `c djs Orjg`cs Diokjs. Dis trckgtj
rcstjgtcs
Aiecg`j`ir,`cd 0¾
sigjd`krkok`is
11¶, auyi
pir prcsk`cgtc cs cdddjej`i
ug Irojgksei Qilcrjgi Orjg
Quprcei
Aigscfi `cd Orj`i 11¶. Djs `is cgtk`j`cs, Orjg`cs Diokjs y
Quprceis Aigscfis, sig kg`cpcg`kcgtcs cg su ocstkñg, pcri, jd
eksei tkcepi aigstktuycg sñdi `is jspcatis, `is ajrjs `c ugj
eksej ec`jddj. Sg \codjecgti i Prjtj`i `c Jekstj` rcoudj
cstjs rcdjakigcs―
rcdjakigcs―.
"¹Zuë ilfcti i scgtk`i tkcgcg, prcougtjrêg ustc`cs, dis
orj`is supcrkircs9"
—^kcgsc quc, sk lkcg dj Ejcstråj `j jd Ejsñg djs
bcrrjekcgtjs quc prcaksj pjrj scoukr trjljfjg`i cg su
pcrmcaakigjekcgti
pcrmcaakigj ekcgti y pir sus k`cjdcs y prkgakpkis, dj cviduakñg `c
dj vk`j, `cd sjlcr y `c djs k`cjs, fustkmkaj quc csc Ejcstri, sk tkcgc
ajpjak`j`, `cscis, aurkisk`j`, cgtuskjsei y tkcepi, skoj
pcrmcaakigêg`isc
pcrmcaakigê g`isc cg su sjlcr kgkakêtkai,
kgkakêtkai, primug`k
primug`kzjg`i
zjg`i di quc
dis orj`is skelñdkais dc rcvcdjrig, bjakëg`isc, sk ustc`cs ec
pcrektcg dj cxprcskñg,
cxprcskñg, eês Ejcstri y eês Ejsñg".
Ejsñg".
"[ csti fustkmkaj dj cxkstcgakj `cd Csaiacaksei y cd juoc
quc bj j`qukrk`i cg djs ödtkejs `ëaj`js".
"Dj ugj
bcrejgis, Ejsigcråj
cspcakcAjpktudjr bj vcgk`i
`c pistorj`i `cdj sjlcr
scr jså,ejsñgkai.
qucrk`is
\cpjrcg quc bjldi `c "sjlcr ejsñgkai", gi `c "tåtudis" gk `c
"`kogk`j`cs" aiei euabis ejsigcs ejd kgmirej`is dj
kgtcrprctjg. Dj Ejsigcråj Csaiacsj, dis Orj`is ddjej`is
"supcrkircs",
"supcrkircs ", gi aigmkcrcg itrj `kogk`j` quc dj `cd Qjlcr. [ pjrj
ecfir kgmirejakñg `c S`s. bc `c jorcojr quc, pir ug dj`i, aiei
cg aujdqukcr jprcg`kzjfc, sc cs aj`j `åj eês cxkocgtc cg dj

:1:

:1<

ajpjak`j` `c jprcg`cr y jprivcabjr `c dis quc j cddj ddcojg, quc

gj`kc ddcoj eês jddê `c di quc dc pcrektcg su `c`kajakñg y su
ajpjak`j`8 y pir cd itri, cd ejsñg ajpktudjr j`qukcrc, pir cd
bcabi `c scrdi, cd aieprieksi y dj ildkojakñg - quc gi ti`is
auepdcg ajljdecgtc pir `csorjakj - `c jskstkr jsk`ujecgtc j sus
diokjs skelñdkajs
pru`cgakj, y scr jddå
su sjlk`uråj,
su cfcepdi yymjatir
ssuu buekd`j` su ai `c priorcsi
aiipcrja kñg j djpir
ipcrjakñg su
djlir
`iacgtc `cd Pjddcr―.
—@clc, cg rcsuecg, `cvidvcr j dj Ejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj,
cg duacs y sjlcr, di quc ëstj dc `ki jd aig`uakrdi `cs`c dj
isaurk`j` primjgj bjstj dj Duz y cd Ejokstcrki".
Bjstj jquå dis pêrrjmis eês rcdjakigj`is aig cd tcej,
cxtrjå`is `cd cxtcgsi c kgtcrcsjgtc trjzj`i `c jrquktcaturj
tktudj`i6 "\caucr`is `c Kgkakjakñg quc sc ^riycatjg bjakj cd
Muturi `c dj ^jtrkj y `c dj Ir`cg", `cd K∰^∰B∰ Oigzêdcz
Okgiuvës.
Pjelkëg ec bj pjrcak`i pcrtkgcgtc trjgsarklkr ugj
ipkgkñg `c ^jud Gju`ig, jpjrcak`j cg dj \cvkstj Ejsñgkaj
G¶;-:> `c givkcelrc-`kakcelrc
givkcelrc-`kakcelrc `cd júi :;?;, tktudj`j "Dis
Jdtis Orj`is cg cd eiecgti prcscgtc"6
"Cg prkgakpki, j`ektkcg`i su purczj `c irkocg, `c
trjgsekskñg y `c cxprcskñg, dis Jdtis Orj`is jorcojg jspcatis
kgkakêtkais i aujg`i ecgis skelñdkais j jqucddis aigtcgk`is cg
dis trcs prkecris orj`is `cd imkaki. Cstc jpirtc, rkai cg priecsjs
y prcsugakigcs, cs su ecfir fustkmkajakñg―
fustkmkajakñg ―.
—@cspuës `c dj Ejcstråj, rcjdkzjakñg titjd `c dj
Kgkakjakñg y `c sus mkgjdk`j`cs, ug aiepdcecgti csitërkai puc`c
pjrcacr ipirtugi pjrj silrcpjs
silrcpjsjr
jr cd pdjgi `c dj aigakcga
aigakcgakj
kj
rjakigjd, jqucddi quc tiaj j dj kgtukakñg cspkrktujd, j sktujr dj
Kgkakjakñg Ejsñgkaj cg dj aj`cgj kgeceirkjd `c dj trj`kakñg, j
bjacr pcraklkr dis prkgakpkis y `csaulrkekcgtis cg ug ajepi
`kvcrsi `ig`c dj pcrsigj buejgj cstê ddjej`j j vkvkr, j pcgsjr

:1<

:11
y j cxpjg`krsc. Cstj fustkmkajakñg, pcrmcatjecgtc `cmcg`kldc
tkcgc, pir di tjgti, ug dåektc. Dis Jdtis Orj`is aigaclk`is jså,
aiei `csjrriddi
`csjrridd i i aiepdcecgti, gi `clcg cg gkgoög ajsi airrcr
cd rkcsoi `c cgtrjr cg aigmdkati aig dis Orj`is Qkelñdkais jd
bjacr jpjrcacr j ëstis cg piskakñg `c mdjquczj kgkakêtkaj".
"Mrjgqucj`i cstc dåektc, quc`j j dj vkstj dj prkecrj
`csvkjakñg6 sk cd aiepdcecgti `c dj dcycg`j `c Bkrje aigtcgk`j
cg dis Orj`is ddjej`is `c ^crmcaakñg, prctcg`c kepdkajr ugj
kgsumkakcgakj `c dj Dkturokj `cd Pcracr Orj`i, ti`i cd vjdir
trj`kakigjd `cd Imkaki `cd quc gjakñ dj Mrjgaejsigcråj6 ¹gi
skogkmkajråj cstjr `u`jg`i `c ëd9".
"Cstc rkcsoi `c `csvkjakñg sc bjac eês scgskldc aig djs
mñreudjs kgkakêtkajs jorcoj`js y rcjmkrej`js, silrc ti`i aig
dis ejgujdcs ei`crgis, aêljdj, pscu`i arkstkjgksei, jdqukekj,
ogisks, —pscu`i trj`kakñggi
Dj Kgkakjakñg tcepdjrkj...
tcepdjrkj
cs itrj...――aisj quc ugj aigacpakñg
ugktjrkj cg su mkgjdk`j` `c jprcbcgskñg `c di `kvkgi, pcri gugaj
ugj suej mrjoecgtjrkj `c kgkakjakigcs8 di aigtrj`kac
aigacptujdecgtc ugj "pctkakñg `c prkgakpkis". Cs akcrti quc dj
kgkakjakñg `cd Jrtc gi cs dj ögkaj våj kgkakêtkaj, pcri cs dj `cd
mrjgaejsñg y jqucddj quc sc ljstj j så eksej. Cs crrñgci pcgsjr
quc cddj scrê eês pcrmcatj aig ugj j`kakñg, ugj yuxtjpiskakñg `c
tjdcs mñreudjs trj`kakigjdcs. Csti cs rc`uakr aj`j ugj j dj
aigtkgocgakj
aigtkgocga kj `c ug jspcati akraugstjgakjd,
akraugstjgakjd, `kabi `c itrj ejgcrj,
`c rc`uakr di Jlsiduti j di \cdjtkvi".
"Cstc jorcoj`i `c dis Jdtis Orj`is, yj arktkajldc cg su
prkgakpki, sc bjac eês aig`cgjldc
aig`cgjldc aujg`i cstis Jdtis Orj`is,
prcscgtj`iss ljfi mirejs trj`kakigjdcs,
prcscgtj`i trj`kakigjdcs, cstêg, cg cmcati, vjauis
`c ti`i aigtcgk`i kgkakêtkai y bjg sk`i arcj`is sñdi pir djs
gcacsk`j`cs `c ajusjs `kvcrsjs y suljdtcrgjs. Cd crrir prkeir`kjd
ddcoj jd aidei, y gi puc`c scr `c itrj ejgcrj, sk cg duojr `c ugj
yuxtjpiskakñg, sc vc cg dis skstcejs `c Jdtis Orj`is ug

:11

:10
`csjrriddi, ugj csajdj kgkakêtkaj cg dj quc dj pdcgj duz gi sc
iltkcgc skgi quc cg cd ödtkei csajdñg. Aj`j mñreudj trj`kakigjd,
cg dj quc sc prctcg`c kgkakjr jd j`cpti, gi cs, pjrj jdougis, skgi
quc ugj kgsumkakcgakj, ugj kgsjtksmjaakñg quc sc tirgjrê cg
cgvk`kj aigtrj dis "jdtis" y ugj mucgtc `c irouddi y vjgk`j` pjrj
itris quc ekrjg aig aig`csacg`cgakj
aig`csacg`cgakj bjakj jljfi. [ aj`j ctjpj
cs cd rcscrvirki y cd `cscabi `c dis Bcrejgis fuzoj`is aiei
kgjptis pjrj priscoukr cd jsacgsi rcscrvj`i j djs "ëdktcs"8 cd
"aigiakekcgti" quc tiej cd sktki `cd jeir mrjtcrgjd aig jqucd
`cd Aigiakekcgti―
Aigiakekcgti―.
"Dj `csvkjakñg suprcej cstê, cgtigacs, acrajgj. \csudtj
`c dj aigmuskñg `c dj Ir`cg i, ecfir `kabi, `c dj Mrjtcrgk`j` y
dj Ilc`kcgakj. Cg dis Jdtis Orj`is... dj csajdj, `c jgtcejgi
mjdsj, sk sc dj aigsk`crj aiei ugj csajdj `c vjdircs kgkakêtkais,
eczadj cd pdjgi`ckgtcdcatujd
eigstruisk`j` y cspkrktujd djy aig`uac
dj Aigtrj-Kgkakjakñg8 fcrjrquåj jcgtrc
dj pcir
dis
bielrcs. Dj Bucstc y dj J`ekgkstrjakñg... sc trjgsmirejg, si
prctcxti `c jrkstiarjakj, `c ei`cdis, cg dj isjecgtj y cd mkg `c
ugj irojgkzjakñg pjrj dj viajakñg `c ug ir`cg kgkakêtkai. Cs dj
j`irjakñg `c mjdsis å`idis cg ugj Aigtrj-Kodcskj".
Bjstj jquå, dj ipkgkñg `cd Bcrejgi ^jud Gju`ig, aktj`j
pir @jgkcd Dkoiu cg su ilrj "Dj Mrjgaejsigcråj"
Mrjgaejsigcråj"..
J su vcz, gucstri aigiak`i bcrejgi Iswjd` _krtb, jd
mkgjdkzjr su ilrj "Cd Dklri `cd Ejcstri" quc dj Orjg Diokj `c
Abkdc bj j`iptj`i aiei tcxti `c cstu`ki pjrj sus Ejcst Ejcstris,
ris, gis
`kac di skoukcgtc, rcmrkëg`isc j dis Jdtis Orj`is6
"Dj Ejcstråj cs ugj auelrc, tërekgi mjtjd `c ti`j
jsacgskñg6
jsacg skñg6 cd quc sc skcgtc Ejcstri gi tkcgc eês qu qucc jelkakigjr.
^cri gi ti`is dis quc bjg `cscepcúj`i cd rid `c Bkrje sc bjg
pcgctrj`i `cd cspårktu
cspårktu `c
`cdd \kti. Cddis bjg
bjg sipirtj`i
sipirtj`i pjskvjec
pjskvjecgtc
gtc
ug acrceigkjd jd aujd gi sc dkoj gkgougj orjakj sjgtkmkajgtc,

:10

:13
tjgti quc, gi bjlkcg`i
bjlkcg` i sjlk`i pigcr cg cddi gj`j `c su pjrtc, bjg
pcrejgcak`i
pcrejgca k`i `cspuës di eksei quc ccrjg
rjg jgtcs".
"Pi`j dj Ejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj gi cs ¡jy! skgi cd såelidi
`c di quc `clcråj scr rcjdecgtc. Aigstjtjg`i quc dis quc sc
`caåjg Ejcstris gi di crjg, dis quc arcåjg scrdi cg akcrtj
akcrtj ec`k`j,
skgtkcrig dj gcacsk`j` `c `csjrriddjr dj Ejcstråj cg Pjddcrcs
mug`j`is cspcakjdecgtc
cspcakjdecgtc pjrj cddi".
"Cs jså aiei ugj ecfir scdcaakñg `clåj scr rcjdkzj`j pir
dis Ejcstris Csaiacscs quc surokcrig bjakj :?0> aig dj
jelkakñg `c mirejr cg ug 0¶ orj`i, quc bjaåj mjdtj cg djs Diokjs
Jzudcs, dis Ejcstris cmcatkvis. ^cri aiei cd 0¶ orj`i gi muc
eês mcdkz, prêatkajecgtc, quc cd 1¶, buli lkcg prigti pufj cg dj
eudtkpdkajakñgg `c dis orj`is".
eudtkpdkajakñ
"¹^ir quë bjlråj `c `ctcgcrsc cg 0 aujg`i ? cs ug
göecri eês
pcrmcaakigj
pcrmcaakigjrr dj prcstkokisi9
Ejsigcråj
Ejsigcråj y `c Cg rcjdkzjr
dj cxacdcgtc
vcr`j`kgtcgakñg
dj vcr`j`crj `c
crj Ejcstråj,
guecrisis rktujdkstjs sc puskcrig j dj ilrj y aielkgjrig
fcrjrquåj `c orj`is, pir `cakrdi jså, bjstj cd kgmkgkti. Pi`is
P i`is dis
jutircs quc bjg primug`kzj`i cd Pcrgjrki Mug`jecgtjd `c dj
Ejsigcråj, bjg aig`cgj`i aig scvcrk`j` dj "celrkjoucz `c dis
Jdtis Orj`is" cduaulrjakigcs mjgtêstkajs quc gi aigtrkluycg
skgi j cxtrjvkjr cd cspårktu y j bjacr aigiacr ejd jd Ejsigksei
puri".
"Cstj aråtkaj cs jepdkjecgtc fustkmkaj`j, pirquc sk cd
\ktujd `c dis trcs orj`is "skelñdkais" ddcvj vkskldcecgtc dj
ejraj `c dis Ejcstris, gj`j, pir cd aigtrjrki, cs ecgis
ejokstrjd quc cd skelidksei `c dis orj`is ddjej`is
"mkdisñmkais".
"Dis Jdtis Orj`is bjg tcgk`i, cg cmcati, cd orjvåskei
kgaigvcgkcgtc `c `csvkjr j euabis Ejsigcs `cd cstu`ki
pcrscvcrjgtc
pcrscvcrj gtc `c dj sågtcsks tcrgjrkj prkeir`kjd. ^cri, orjakjs j
guecrisis bcrejgis csadjrcak`is, sc bj ipcrj`i ugj cviduakñg

:13

:1=
cg cd scgi `cd Csaiacsksei, qukcg, rcgugakjg`i j prctcgskigcs
kgfustkmkaj`js, yj gi sc csmucrzj, cg Mrjgakj, cg Qukzj y cg
Lëdokaj, pir di ecgis, skgi cg vidvcr j tiejr cd priorjej
kgkakêtkai `c dis Prcs ^rkecris Orj`is". Bjstj jquå Iswjd`
_krtb.

\cdjakigcs kgtcrpitcgakjdcs cgtrc cd Qkelidksei y cd

Csaiacaksei

Jgtcs `c cgtrjr cg ejtcrkj, rcair`ceis jdougis

cpksi`kis kgtcrcsjgtcs prcvkis, rcscúj`is pir cd Kdustrc Bcrejgi
\cgë Ojraåj ]jdcgzucdj cg su Ilrj `c Kgvcstkojakñg Bkstñrkaj
"Cd Irkocg Jpjrcgtc `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj cg Abkdc y dj
\cspctjldc Diokj Qkelñdkaj "Mkdjgtripåj Abkdcgj".
Qistkcgc aig `iauecgtis kgë`ktis quc cstc irkocg
jpjrcgtc `c dj Ir`cg cg Abkdc, aig dj mug`jakñg, ljfi dis
juspkakis `cd Orjg Irkcgtc G. Aidielkjgi, `c dj \cspctjldc
Diokj "Mkdjgtripåj Abkdcgj" pir cd Z ∰B∰ Orj`i :2¶ Ejgucd
Ldjgai Cgajdj`j, cd :3 `c ejrzi `c :2<?, vkcgc j cabjr pir
tkcrrj ug bcabi bkstñrkai ocgcrjdecgtc jacptj`i rcmcrcgtc jd
gjakekcgti `c dj Ejsigcråj cg Abkdc, j pjrtkr `c dj mug`jakñg cg
]jdpjrjåsi `c dj \cspctjldc Diokj "Ctikdc `u ^jakmkquc", pir
jdougis ejsigcs mrjgacscs aigorcoj`is pir cd Z∰B∰ Fcjg
Ljptkstc
Orjg @ulrckd,
Irkcgtc cd ? `c joisti `c :23> y ljfi dis juspkakis `cd
`c Mrjgakj.
\cair`ceis tjelkëg, quc dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc muc
mug`j`j cd <0 `c ejyi `c :2=<, cg cd ]jddc `c ]jdpjrjåsi, aig
cd aigaursi `c aujtri diokjs, jd koujd quc dj Orjg Diokj `c
Dig`rcs6 "Sgkñg Mrjtcrgjd" `c ]jdpjrjåsi, `krkok`j pir Ejgucd
`c Dkej, "Jurirj `c Abkdc" `c Aigacpakñg, `krkok`j pir Cgrkquc
^jstir, "Ir`cg y Dklcrtj`" `c Aipkjpñ, `krkok`j pir Oukddcrei
Oistabjdh y "^riorcsi" `krkok`j pir Ldjs Aucvjs, `c ]jdpjrjåsi.

:1=
 :1?

Cd :2 `c `kakcelrc `c :2=< muc prieudoj`j dj ^rkecrj

Aigstktuakñg aig dj mkrej `cd Orjg Ejcstri Fujg `c @kis
Jrdcouk, orj`i 1>¶ y cd bcrejgi E. Ec`kgj, orj`i 1¶ aiei Fcmc
`c dj Orjg Qcarctjråj `c dj Ir`cg. Cd 1> `c `kakcelrc `c :2=3

aig dj mkrej
bcrejgi `cd eksei
Ejgucd Orjg Ejcstri
`c Dkej, Fujg sc
orj`i :2¾, `c @kis Jrdcouk ydis
prieudojrig cd
Cstjtutis Ocgcrjdcs aiepucstis `c 0=3 jrtåaudis.
^jrj jscourjr dj mk`cdk`j` y jutcgtkak`j` bkstñrkaj `c dis
kepirtjgtcs jaigtcakekcgtis quc sc rcdjtjrêg j aigtkgujakñg, bc
jau`k`i cg aigsudtj j dj vjdkisj Ilrj `c Kgvcstkojakñg
Bkstñrkaj - ögkaj cg su oëgcri cg Abkdc - tktudj`j "Aigtrkluakig
jd Cstu`ki `c dj Bkstirkj `cd Quprcei Aigscfi `c Abkdc. ^rkecrj
Ëpiaj (:2?>-:;<0) y auyi jutir cs cd Kdustrc Bcrejgi \cgë
Ojraåj ]jdcgzucdj, tjgtjs vcacs ecgakigj`i y aktj`i.
"Cd ^rkecr Quprcei Aigscfi `cd Orj`i 11¶ pjrj Abkdc,
muc mug`j`i pir cd Z∰.B∰ 11¾, Fujg `c @kis Ecrkgi Lcgjvcgtc,
cd 2 `c fudki `c :2?>, ljfi cd pjtriakgki `cd Aigscfi Quprcei `c
Kgodjtcrrj. Cg rcspucstj jd `iauecgti aig quc cstc ^rkecr
Aigscfi Quprcei dc `jlj j aigiacr su aigstktuakñg y sus
prctcgskigcss bcoceñgkajs
prctcgskigc bcoceñgkajs j trjvës `c dj mug`jakñg `c ug Orjg
Irkcgtc Gjakigjd, dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc, `cspuës `c ug cstu`ki
`ctcgk`i `cd @iauecgti, jair`ñ cg su scskñg `cd :? `c iatulrc
`c :2?:6 "rcaigiacr dj mug`jakñg y cxkstcgakj `cd Quprcei
Aigscfi
`cadjrjg`ircakëg
quc, cgcstjldcak`i,
su aigacpti,aiei ugcdAucrpi
ddcoj`i `ioeêtkai
ajsi `c arcjr Pjddcrcsy
`c Orj`is Qupcrkircs jd Pcracri, sc aigmkcrc j `kabi Aigscfi dj
`krcaakñg y vkokdjgakj `c dis Pjddcrcs y Ajpåtudis `c dis Orj`is
K] jd RRRKKK, rcscrvêg`isc dj Orjg Diokj su jutirk`j`
kg`cpcg`kcgtc y silcrjgj, aiei ögkai ^i`cr \coudj`ir y
Dcoksdj`ir `c dj Ir`cg cg ti`i cd tcrrktirki `c dj \cpöldkaj y
Diokjs `c su `cpcg`cgakj, cg dis trcs prkecris orj`is".

:1?
 :12

"Pi`i csti priviañ gucstrj prkecrj arksks `c Orjg

Ejcstri jd rcgugakjr cd Bcrejgi Fjvkcr ]kddjgucvj, 11¾, j su
Jdtj Fcrjrquåj Qkelñdkaj, aiepriectk`i aiei cstjlj, aig cd
Quprcei Aigscfi. J pjrtkr `c cstj ëpiaj, cstc ^rkecr Aigscfi
sc csmueñ `c gucstri
"Bjstj pjgirjej
cd `åj <2 `c joistibkstñrkai".
`c :2;? cg quc cg Aêejrj `c
Ejcstris `cd Pcepdi Ejsñgkai `c ]jdpjrjåsi, ljfi dj
prcsk`cgakj
prcsk`cga kj `cd Qilcrjgi
Qilcrjgi Orjg
Orjg Kgspc
Kgspcatir
atir Ocgcrjd,
Ocgcrjd, 11¶,
11¶, ^i`crisi
Bcrejgi C`ujr`i `c dj Ljrrj, sc rcugkcrig dis Kdustrcs
Bcrejgis auyis gielrcs, pir ir`cg `c kgsarkpakñg cg cd
\cokstri, sig6 Lcgkaki Êdjeis Oigzêdcz, Jdcfi ^jdej Ouzeêg,
Lucgjvcgturj Aê`kz ^jtkúi, @kcoi @uldë Jdecy`j, Fujg Fisë
Djtirrc, @kcoi D. Lcggct, Fujg E. Listcdejg y _kddkje
Lcttcdcy \jvcgarimt. [ jaucr`jg `jr kepudsi y cstjldcacr cg
ti`i su `csjrriddi, dj Ir`cg Ejsñgkaj cg Abkdc y jtcg`kcg`i j
pi`crisjs rjzigcs, bj rcsucdti, cg usi `c djs mjaudtj`cs
kgbcrcgtcs j su jdti orj`i y pir aiekskñg cspcakjd quc dc bj
aigmcrk`i cd Orjg Irkcgtc Jrocgtkgi, cstjldcacr ug Quprcei
Aigscfi `c Orj`i RRRKKK, quc mugakigc aig jutigieåj pripkj
y rkfj j dj Ejsigcråj Abkdcgj cg csc ajrêatcr, `c aigmirek`j` j
djs Aigstktuakigcs `cd \kti Jgtkoui Csaiaës Jacptj`i,
prieudoj`js cg :?2= y ei`kmkaj`js cg cd Aigvcgti Ejsñgkai
`c Djusjgj `cd júi :2?3―
:2?3―.

tjgti `cd—Qkg celjroi,

Quprcei pir `kmcrcgtcs
Aigscfi aigtrjrkc`j`cs,
cg kgstjgakj aiei `c pjrtcaig
`cd audpj
Orjg
Irkcgtc Jrocgtkgi, quc gi cs `cd ajsi scújdjr cg cstc cstu`ki,
sidjecgtc cstj \cmug`jakñg `cd Quprcei
Qupr cei Aigscfi `c Abkdc pu`i
scr furå`kajecgtc jmkgj`j cg Jlrkd `c :2;;, cs `cakr, `is júis
eês tjr`c".
"Cg su scskñg `cd = `c fugki `c :;><, dj Orjg Diokj tieñ
aigiakekcgti `c ug @carcti `cd Qcrcgåskei Orjg Ejcstri, pir
cd aujd sc `kspigåj quc, j mkg `c irojgkzjr aujgti jgtcs dis

:12
 :1;

Pjddcrcs `c Orj`is Qupcrkircs, dis ]cgcrjldcs Ejcstris `c ti`js

djs diokjs `c dj Ilc`kcgakj cgvkjråjg j dj Orjg Qcarctjråj ugj
gñekgj `c dis bcrejgis Ejcstris quc sc aigsk`crjrjg `kogis `c
scr prieivk`is j ug orj`i supcrkir.
"Cd jrtåaudi
Orjg Ejcstri :0 `c `c
cd `crcabi dis aigmcrkr
CstjtutisdisOcgcrjdcs, itirojlj jdj
Orj`is Qupcrkircs
tåtudi `c rcaiepcgsj
rcaiepcgsj ejsñgkaj, pjrj prcekjr scrvkakis prcstj`is
j dj Ir`cg".
"^istcrkirecgtc, cg dj scskñg `cd << `c joisti `c :;><,
dj Orjg Diokj tieñ aigiakekcgti, aig cd ajrêatcr `c bcabis
aigsuej`is, `c `is "priycatis" `c @carctis `cd Qcrcgåskei
Orjg Ejcstri, cg cd prkecri `c dis aujdcs sc arcjljg Pjddcrcs `c
Orj`is Qupcrkircs y cg cd scoug`i sc irojgkzjlj cd pcrsigjd
gcacsjrki pjrj ugj Diokj `c ^crmcaakñg `cd Orj`i K]".
"Jprilj`i cd priac`kekcgti pir dj Orjg Diokj sc `katñ
aig pistcrkirk`j`, cd :¶ `c scptkcelrc `c :;><, cd @carcti G¶=,
cgtrc auyis aigsk`crjg`is sc cstjldcac quc cd Qcrcgåskei Orjg
Ejcstri, cg jaucr`i aig cd Aigscfi, `cspuës `c ej`uri
cxjecg, bj rcsucdti kgstjdjr Pjddcrcs `c Orj`is K], KR, RK],
R]K, R]KKK y RRR, `êg`isc pir aieugkajakñg dis Orj`is
kgtcrec`kis, cg cd Irkcgtc `c ]jdpjrjåsi. ^ir cd eiecgti y
ekcgtrjs gi sc irojgkzjrcg dis trjljfis cg itris ]jddcs, ti`is dis
bcrejgis jorjakj`is aig Orj`is Qupcrkircs kgorcsjråjg j cstis
Pjddcrcs"Cg
lêskais cg ajdk`j`G¶:3
cd @carcti `c Mug`j`ircs".
`cd <; `c jlrkd `c :;>1, cd
Qcrcgåskei Orjg Ejcstri `c dj Ir`cg cg Abkdc (tjd crj su
vcr`j`cri tåtudi) rcaigiakñ rcakëg jd Jdti Aucrpi cg auyi
gielrc, `cskgtcrcsj`jecgtc,
`cskgtcrcsj`jecgtc, pcri jd ejrocg `c djs girejs `c dj
Ejsigcråj Csaiacsj, bjlåj vcgk`i jatujg`i, skg aigsk`crjr dis
pcdkoris quc su jatktu`
jatktu` cgtrjújlj".
cgtrjújlj".
^ir trjtjrsc `c ug `iauecgti `c tjg jdti vjdir bkstñrkai,
di trjgsarklkeis " kg cxtcgsi"6

:1;
 :0>

"Gis, Lucgjvcgturj
Lucgjvcgturj Aê`kz, Qcrcgåskei Orjg Ejcstri `c
dj Ir`cg cg Abkdc. ]kstj dj pdjgabj `krkok`j pir cd Qilcrjgi
Orjg Aiecg`j`ir `cd Quprcei Aigscfi, Orj`i 11¶, pjrj dj
\cpöldkaj `c Abkdc, mcabj`j cg cstc Irkcgtc cd ? `c Iatulrc `c
:2;;, cg quc jgugakj cd bcabi `c bjlcrsc aigstktuk`i
rcoudjrecgtc cg cstc Orjg Irkcgtc, prcvkis dis trêektcs quc
prcsarklc dj Aigstktuakñg y Cstjtutis Ocgcrjdcs `c dj Ir`cg, ug
Quprcei Aigscfi Orj`i 11¶ `cd \kti Jgtkoui Csaiaës
Jacptj`i8 "Bjlkëg`isc cxbklk`i irkokgjd `c dj Orjg Ajrtj
Aigstktuakigjd cxpc`k`j cd <? `c Jlrkd `c :2;; C6.]6. pir cd
Quprcei Aigscfi Orj`i 11¶ pjrj dj \cpöldkaj Jrocgtkgj, pir dj
aujd sc `cadjrj dcojdecgtc kgstjdj`i cd cxprcsj`i Quprcei
Aigscfi Orj`i 11¶ `cd \kti Jgtkoui Csaiaës Jacptj`i pjrj dj
\cpöldkaj `c Abkdc8
"Pcgkcg`i prcscgtcs
prcscg tcs djs rcsiduakigcs
rcsiduakig cs `c dj Orjg Diokj `c
Abkdc quc jutirkzjg dj crcaakñg `c Jdtjrcs `c orj`is supcrkircs
cg cstc Irkcgtc aigmirec jd \kti Jgtkoui Csaiaës Jacptj`i8
[ cg vkrtu` `cd `crcabi quc gis itiroj cd jrtåaudi 11 `c
dj aigstktuakñg
aigstktuakñg,,
@cadjrjeis6
:¶ \caigñacsc aiei rcoudjrecgtc kgstjdj`i cg cd ]jddc
`c ]jdpjrjåsi cd Quprcei Aigscfi Orj`i 11 `c dj \cpöldkaj
`c Abkdc mug`j`i pir cd Quprcei Aigscfi `c dj \cpöldkaj
Jrocgtkgj, aigmirec j sus Orjg`cs Ajrtjs Aigstktuakigjdcs `c
mcabj <? `c Jlrkd `c :2;; C6.]6.
<¶ \caigñacsc jskeksei aiei rcvcstk`is rcoudjrecgtc
`cd Orj`i 11¶ `cd cxprcsj`i \kti, j dis Kdustrcs Bcrejgis
mug`j`ircs `c cstj Quprcej Imkakgj quc cg djs cxprcsj`js
Ajrtjs Aigstktuakigjdcs sc gielrjg y j dis itris Kdustrcs
Bcrejgis quc `kabis mug`j`ircs bjyjg cdcvj`i j dj `kogk`j`
`cd Orj`i 11 bjstj cstj mcabj.

:0>
 :0:

Lucgjvcgturj Aê`kz, Qcrcgåskei Orjg Ejcstri `c dj

Ir`cg.
C. ^ikrkcr, Orjg Qcarctjrki Ocgcrjd".

@c jaucr`i aig `kabi tcxti gis pcrektkeis mireudjr dis

skoukcgtcs aiecgtjrkis6
j) ^jsjrig ajsk aujtri júis jgtcs quc dj Orjg Diokj
tiejrj imkakjdecgtc aigiakekcgti `c ug bcabi tjg kepirtjgtc
aiei dj mug`jakñg `cd Quprcei Aigscfi, aig dj jorjvjgtc quc
dis Orjg`cs Ejcstris6 Jdcfi ^jdej, Lcgkaki Êdjeis y
Lucgjvcgturj Aê`kz, crjg ekcelris mug`j`ircs y jatkvis y
Orjg`cs @kogjtjrkis u Imkakjdcs `c cstc Jdti Aucrpi y quc dis
@kputj`is Orjg`cs Ejcstris C`ujr`i `c dj Ljrrj y Jrturi M.
Adcecgt bjlåjg
bjlråj sk`i pcrtcgcak`i
eês scgakddi i pcrtcgcaåjg
qu c rcaigiacr
quc koujdecgtc
dj cxkstcgakj `cdjQuprcei
ëd. Gj`j
Aigscfi aujg`i ëstc muc kgstjdj`i y bjlcrdi `cfj`i ilrjr cg su
gielrc y aig sus dcycs.
Gi bjy itrj cxpdkajakñg
cxpdkajakñg pjrj tjg kgsñdkti bcabi
bcabi quc dj yj
cxpdjyj`j6 crj eês mêakd `csjrriddjr dj gjakcgtc Ejsigcråj
Csaiacsj `cs`c dj Orjg Diokj quc yj aigtjlj aig ugj
irojgkzjakñg.
l) Cd @carcti `c ug Orjg Ejcstri, skcgtj furkspru`cgakj
furkspru`cgakj
y cd quc cstjeis jgjdkzjg`i vkgi j rcaigiacr, mkgjdecgtc, aiei
vêdk`j, dj `iatrkgj sjlkjecgtc jprilj`j cg :2?<, pir dj Orjg
Diokj `c Abkdc (rcmcrcgtc jd prkecr Aigscfi Quprcei, mug`j`i
cd júi :2?> pir cd Kdustrc Bcrejgi Fujg `c @kis Ecrkgi
Lcgjvcgtc)".
"J pcsjr `c ti`i, quc`ñ suspcg`k`j cg cd jelkcgtc cstj
`ujdk`j` `c ejg`i6 pir ug dj`i, cd Qilcrjgi Orjg Aiecg`j`ir,
auyi `crcabi sc rcaigiaåj cg cd @carcti8 pir cd itri, cd
Qcrcgåskei Orjg Ejcstri `c dj Ir`cg quc gi sc `csprcg`kñ `c
gkgougj `c djs `csec`k`js jtrkluakigcs quc dj Aigstktuakñg dc

:0:
 :0<

aigmcråj y quc vidvåjg j bjacrsc aigstjr cg cd @carcti

jgtc`kabi".
a) Cstc cquåviai pcrskstkñ, cg djtcgakj, bjstj quc dj
rcmirej pjrakjd `c :;>; y dj Aigstktuakñg Cwkgo `c :;:<, vkgi
j scpjrjr gåtk`jecgtc jeljs furks`kaakigcs. "Cs adjri quc dis
jaigtcakekcgtis quc sc prjatkajrig `cs`c fugki `c :;>1 y djs
piskakigcss quc muc ecgcstcr j`iptjr, ddcvjrig `c gucvi j dj
piskakigc
Ejsigcråj
Ejsigc råj Csaiacsj j scoug`i pdjgi".
"Di jgtcrkir cxpdkaj pir quë cd bkstirkj`ir ejsñgkai,
pjrj rcdjtjr
rcdjtjr dis prkgakpjdcs
prkgakpjdcs ja
jaigtcakekcgtis
igtcakekcgtis csaiacscs, tkcgc
tkcgc quc
kgaurskigjr `c aigtkgui cg dj bkstirkj `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj
Qkelñdkaj `c Abkdc".
"Cs kepiskldc `jr aibcrcgakj j dj bkstirkj `c dj rjej
Ajpktudjr
cvcgtis `cdskgQkelidksei.
kgtcgtjr aigtkgujs rcmcrcgakjs
Qkrvj cstc aigacptij dis prkgakpjdcs
`c pcrejgcgtc
cxpdkajakñg pjrj di yj csarkti y pjrj dis bcabis quc pjsjeis j
rcsuekr aiei ug aigmdkati mrjtcrgjd quc `csceliañ cg cd ögkai
Aksej `c dj Ejsigcråj Abkdcgj. Cddis sc suac`cg cg jqucd djpsi
quc sc cxtkcg`c cgtrc cd Aksej (júi :;>1) y cd trjsdj`i `c dj
Qc`c Ejsñgkaj `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc, `c ]jdpjrjåsi j
Qjgtkjoi, aiei rcsudtj`i `cd tcrrceiti `c Joisti `c :;>=, quc
`cstruyñ dj Ajsj Ejsñgkaj (ulkaj`j cg dj ajddc ]katirkj `cd
vcakgi ^ucrti) aig su kgacg`ki pistcrkir y quc audekgñ aig cd
mjddcakekcgti cg Iatulrc `c :;>=, `clk`i j ugj jmcaakñg
ajr`kjaj, `cd Bcrejgi Lucgjvcgturj Aê`kz, j dj sjzñg Orjg
Ejcstri `c dj Orjg Diokj y Qilcrjgi Orjg Aiecg`j`ir `cd
Quprcei Aigscfi".

Kgtcgti `c Kgtcrprctjakñg Ejsñgkaj `cd Cpksi`ki Akseêtkai.

Qkouc cd Bcrejgi \cgë Ojraåj6

:0<
 :01

—]idvceis j rcpctkr quc dj bkstirkj cs jaigtcakekcgti.

@c gj`j skrvc aigsk`crjr sk dis bcabis pu`kcrig cvktjrsc i bjlcr
suac`k`i `c itrj ejgcrj. Di kepirtjgtc cs sjajr `c cddis djs
cgscújgzjs ötkdcs quc kepk`jg su rcpctkakñg, aj`j vcz quc ug
jgêdksks rctrispcatkvi dis skg`kquc aiei `kogis `c cgekcg`j. Cs
cstc pripñskti cd quc ouåj mug`jecgtjdecgtc, cd kgtcgti `c
kgtcrprctjakñg quc skouc j aigtkgujakñg".
aigtkgujakñg".
"Sg aksej ejsñgkai cs skceprc ug bcabi `c cgirec
orjvc`j` `cgtri `c dj Ejsigcråj. Cs ildkojakñg kgkakêtkaj `c
aujdqukcr ejsñg i orupi `c bcrejgis cvktjrdi. Gj`j fustkmkaj
ddcvjrdi j`cdjgtc. ^uc`cg scr euy rcspctjldcs djs rjzigcs `c
aigtrivcrskj. @cfjg `c scrdi aujg`i sc pdjgtcj dj scorcojakñg `c
ug orupi orjg`c i pcqucúi, `c bcrejgis. Dj ejyir
rcspigsjlkdk`j`
Cd aksej j`qukcrc rcajcejyir
silrc orjvc`j`
qukcgcs diypcrpctrjg aiei
joitj ti`i jutircs.
kgtcgti `c
fustkmkajakñg aujg`i
aujg`i skouc j ug jati cdcaakigjrki
cdcaakigjrki――.
"Cg cd ajsi quc gis iaupj ug orupi `c bcrejgis
aigaurrkñ aig sus ajg`k`jtis j dj cdcaakñg `c Jutirk`j`cs `c dj
Orjg Diokj. Cxtcrkirkzñ, `c pjrtk`j, jdougjs rcscrvjs silrc dj
dcojdk`j` quc jskståj j jdougis `c sus bcrejgis pjrj cfcraktjr su
`crcabi `c cdcatircs i pjrj scr cdcok`is. Cd prildcej muc
`ksautk`i y `ksarkekgj`i pir ugj Jsjeldcj ejsñgkaj silcrjgj.
Dis bcrejgis cg `csjaucr`i, aigvcgak`is i gi, prcstkokjrig
aig su prcscgakj y su viti rcsidutkvi (gi buli jlstcgakigcs) dj
dcojdk`j` `c dj cdcaakñg―
cdcaakñg―.
Qñdi ugj vcz aigiak`i cd rcsudtj`i kgtcgskmkajrig su
`ctrjaakñg dj quc ejgtuvkcrig cg jatktu`cs pistcrkircs bjstj
audekgjrdj aig dj kg`ksakpdkgj y dj juti scorcojakñg, jd mrcgtc `c
Oukddcrei Eôggkab. @cs`c cstc pugti `c vkstj dj piskakñg `c
`kabis bcrejgis cs, ejsñgkaj
ejsñgkajecgtc,
ecgtc, kgjacptjldc.
"Ekrj`i cd cpksi`ki cg su aigfugti, `ksarkekgjg`i su
ljdjgac cg
cg cd sktki quc dc airrcspig`c cg pripkc`j` - dj Bkstirkj

:01
 :00

`c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj cg Abkdc - gi ajlc `u`j quc dj

ejyir ajgtk`j` `c rjzñg cstuvi `c pjrtc `c dj airrkcgtc quc gis
bceis j`cdjgtj`i cg k`cgtkmkajr aiei rcoudjr. ^cri `cakr quc dc
jskstkñ dj ejyir ajgtk`j` `c rjzñg gi skogkmkaj jtrklukrdc dj
titjdk`j` `c cddj. Cs aig dj irkcgtjakñg `c cstj pisturj prcvkj quc
`cscjeis aiepdcecgtjr cd fukaki bkstñrkai quc bj k`i quc`jg`i
cxprcsj`i pjrakjdecgtc cg dis Ajpåtudis jgtcrkircs―
jgtcrkircs―.
"Cg jqucddj pjrtc quc tiaj cd prildcej `c dis Orj`is
Qupcrkircs, dis bcrejgis akseêtkais tuvkcrig kg`u`jldcecgtc
ecfircs jrouecgtis `iatrkgjdcs quc dis rcoudjrcs, cg aujgti j
kgtcrprctjakñg kgkakêtkaj, furå`kaj c bkstñrkaj `c dis bcabis―
bcabis―.
"]cr`j` cs quc puskcrig cxacsi `c tkgtj cg jdougis `c
sus trjzis, pcri cs kg`u`jldc quc su aigfugti jpjrcac aiei
`itj`i `c ejyir aibcrcgakj".
"Cs cstc jspcati `cd `kmcrcg`i, purjecgtc k`cidñokai, cd
quc ecrcac ug ejyir cspjaki cg cstj ilrj. Aiei eês j`cdjgtc
gucstris rcatircs rcatkmkajrig ruelis, gis bj pjrcak`i
pjrcak`i dåakti usjr
cstj arksks `c gucstrj Ir`cg aiei cd vcbåaudi `c ug jgêdksks `c
aigfugti, jd cxjekgjr dj jrouecgtjakñg cg pri y cg aigtrj.
\jzñg tuvkcrig dis bcrejgis akseêtkais jd aigsk`crjr aiei ugj
`c djs eês trjsacg`cgtjdcs rcsiduakigcs `cd Oilkcrgi Qkelñdkai,
cg `cmcgsj `c dj furks`kaakñg cspkrktujd y ociorêmkaj `c dj Orjg
Diokj
cgtrc `c
dj Abkdc,
ñrlktj djskelñdkaj
`kvkskñg quc
y sc
dj bkakcrj cg jqucddj
csaiacsj. Crj ug ipirtugk`j`
prkgakpki
prcaursir quc cgcg dis júis vcgk`cris bjlråj
bjlråj `c jlrkrsc
jlrkrsc ajekgi cg
ti`i cd eug`i ejsñgkai, tjelkëg cgtrc gisitris y j aistj `c
`idircs――.
`idircs
Furå`kajecgtc
Furå`kajecg tc aigsk`crj`i, vcgåj j aigstktukr ug dkg`cri
quc ildkojlj j dis gucstris j rcspctjrdi aiei ug prkgakpki
furkspru`cgakj) quc j gj`kc dc crj dåakti `csaigiacr
`csaigiacr cg dj
trjycatirkj pistcrkir `c gucstrj Juoustj Kgstktuakñg. Jug aujg`i
ëd gi muc aigarctj`i cg ugj rcmirej aigstktuakigjd, cd prkgakpki

:00
 :03

scgtj`i pir ugj Jsjeldcj `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc, rcktcrj`i

y pcrmcaakigj`i pistcrkirecgtc, rulrkaj`i pir dj prkecrj arksks
`c Orjg Ejcstri, cxpdåakti aiei piais, gi ei`kmkaj`i
tjxjtkvjecgtc
ajrêatcr `c ugjaig pistcrkirk`j`,
Dcy tcgåj - jsåpir
`katj`j, gk skqukcrj di pcgsjeis -ti`i cd
ug Orjg Ejcstri,
skgi quc pir cd eês `kmcrcgakj`i ^i`cr \coudj`ir y Dcoksdj`ir
`c su Ilc`kcgakj.
Qkouc cd Bcrejgi Ojraåj6
—Dcs jskstc pdcgjecgtc dj rjzñg j dis bcrejgis
akseêtkais jd aigsk`crjr cstc prkgakpki aiei dj eês
trjsacg`cgtjd rcmirej
rcm irej aigstktuakigjd
aigstktuak igjd cg cd pcråi`i quc jljraj dis
júis :2=< j :;>1. [ aigstc quc dj Orjg Diokj bjlåj sk`i di
sumkakcgtcecgtc jepdkj cg su jaucr`i, jd j`vcrtkr quc dj
ejgtcgakñg `c su prkektkvj rcsiduakñg aigstktuåj cd ögkai
ajekgi dcojd y cd ecfir ec`ki "`c cvktjr i`kisjs `kmkaudtj`cs
pjrj ddcojr j dj aigstktuakñg
aigstktuakñg `c ug Orjg
Orjg Irkcgtc Gjakigjd".
Gjakigjd".
"Cs adjri quc dj cxpiskakñg `c dis bcrejgis akseêtkais,
cg cstc jspcati, `clc scr cxpuroj`j `c ti`j cxjocrjakñg y `c
jqucddis pêrrjmis - skg euabj rcmdcxkñg - `c mcrkj `c orj`is y
itrjs jscvcrjakigcs pir cd cstkdi. @c cstj ejgcrj, cd aigtcgk`i
`iatrkgjd `cd prkgakpki furå`kai, `c dj trjycatirkj bkstñrkaj y `c dj
kgtcrprctjakñg csitërkaj jpjrcac aiei ajsk kgilfctjldc―
kgilfctjldc―.

Ecgsjfc"Cddi cxpdkaj
`cd Orjg dj `clkdk`j`
Ejcstri `c dj rëpdkaj
Aê`kz (:;>0) aigtcgk`j
quc sisdjyj cg cd
bêlkdecgtc
cd prildcej. Cd quc dj kepdjgtjakñg `c dis Orj`is Qupcrkircs
Qupcrkir cs dis
bulkcrj jair`j`i dj Orjg Diokj cg dj ëok`j `cd Orjg Ejcstri
^jdej, skg ipiskakñg `c gj`kc y aig rcpctk`js aigmkrejakigcs8
cd quc bulkcrjg sk`i rcaklk`i pir jdougis `c dis bcrejgis
akseêtkais8 cd quc dis Ajpåtudis Qupcrkircs gi mugakigjrjg
jatkvjecgtc8 sig bcabis quc gi rcstjg mucrzj j dj keputjakñg `c
dis bcrejgis `ksk`cgtcs―
`ksk`cgtcs―.

:03
 :0=

—Cddis arktkajrig `urjecgtc gi tjgti jd Orjg Ejcstri

Aê`kz, aiei j dj tcg`cgakj `krcatkvj quc, j pjrtkr `c ug
`ctcrekgj`i kgstjgtc, bjlåj pripuogj`i dj kgkakjtkvj `c
cgtrigkzjr
furå`kai `cd cd skstcej `c
Qkelidksei qucJdtis Orj`is
yj bjlåj
bjlåj `cgtri adjrjecgtc
ejgkmcstj`i `cd rëokecgsu
kgtcgakñg `c prcsakg`kr `c cddis, arcêg`idc dj furks`kaakñg
kg`kspcgsjldc, jd ejrocg `c dj quc dj Orjg Diokj sc rcscrvjlj
pjrj så, jutñgiej y silcrjgj".
silcrjgj".
"[ cs ug orjvc crrir furå`kai cd `cd Orjg Ejcstri Aê`kz
jd jmkrejr quc "sk gi cstê aigaduk`j dj Irojgkzjakñg, gk
mugakigjg jatkvjecgtc csis Jdtjrcs cs pirquc cd jatujd Orjg
Ejcstri, `cscjg`i ejrabjr pir cd ajekgi `c dj eês cstrkatj
dcojdk`j`, bj qucrk`i quc dj Orjg Diokj jaucr`c prcvkjecg
prcvkjecgtctc dj
rcmirej `c su Aigstktuakñg pjrj `jr duojr cg cddj j dj
irojgkzjakñg aiepdctj `cd \kti Jgtkoui Csaiaës y Jacptj`i y,
cgtigacs, jatkvjr cd mugakigjekcgti `c dis Jdtjrcs `c Orj`i
Qupcrkir".
Aucstj aieprcg`cr cd vcr`j`cri scgtk`i `c cstj
jscvcrjakñg
jscvc rjakñg pirquc6
:¶ Dj Aigstktuakñg vkocgtc pjrj cd Qkelidksei j`idcaåj
`cd pcaj`i irkokgjd `c kgadukr kg`clk`jecgtc cg sus
`kspiskakigcs, bcrc`j`js `cd Orjg Irkcgtc `c Mrjgakj, dj
j`ekgkstrjakñg `c dis Orj`is quc sc cxtkcg`cg pir cgakej `cd
`c Ejcstri Ejsñg8
<¶ Cd jaucr`i `c dj Orjg Diokj, tjgtjs vcacs aktj`i, sc
bjlåj `csprcg`k`i cspigtêgcjecgtc, cg ug pdjuskldc kepudsi `c
`cpurjakñg furå`kaj, `c ti`i di quc tuvkcrj quc vcr aig orj`is
quc, trj`kakigjdecgtc, gugaj trjljfñ cd Qkelidksei8
1¶ Pi`j rcmirej aigstktuakigj
aigstktuakigjdd `clåj tcg`cr j kgairpirjr
y jacgtujr cstc prkgakpki furå`kai `cgtri `c dj dcy csarktj pjrj cd
ajsi `c quc dis dcoksdj`ircs ejsñgkais di aigsk`crjrjg
kgsumkakcgtc i piai adjri y, cg gkgoög ajsi, j kgaurrkr cg dj
 :0=

:0?

rc`ug`jgakj dcojd `c pcrskstkr cg quc -`kac cd Bcrejgi Ojraåj -

"dj Orjg Diokj jaucr`c prcvkjecgtc dj rcmirej `c su
Aigstktuakñg pjrj `jr duojr cg cddj j dj irojgkzjakñg aiepdctj
`cd \kti Csaiaës
mugakigjekcgti `c Jgtkoui
dis Jdtjrcsy `c
Jacptj`i y cgtigacs jatkvjr cd
Orj`i Qupcrkir".
"Bjy quc pcgsjr quc dj Orjg diokj bjlåj bcabi su
`cadjrjakñg prcaursirj cd júi :2?:. Euabjs aisjs bjlåjg
suac`k`i cg cd eug`i ejsñgkai aiei pjrj gi pcrmcaakigjr tjg
dåepk`i prkgakpki trckgtj y trcs júis `cspuës. Qc bjlåj
jaueudj`i ug jprcakjldc aigtkgocgtc `c cxpcrkcgakj c
kgmirejakñg――.
kgmirejakñg
"^ir itrj
itr j pjrtc, mjdtj adjrk`j` jd pêrrjmi `cd Orjg Ejcstri
Aê`kz cg quc bjaåj rcmcrcgakj jd Quprcei Aigscfi `cd Orj`i
RRRKKK pjrj Abkdc. Muc rcaigstktuk`i pir dj airrkcgtc
csaiacskstj `c dj Ejsigcråj abkdcgj, cd júi :2;;, aig dj
aigaurrcgakj `c dis bcrejgis ^jdej, Êdjeis y Aê`kz, pjrj gi
ecgakigjr skgi quc j dis trcs ödtkeis Orjg`cs Ejcstris.
Aieugkaj`i cd cvcgti j dj Orjg Diokj cg iatulrc `c :2;;, cd
rcaigiakekcgti imkakjd `c cstc Jdti Aucrpi sc pri`ufi trcs júis
y ec`ki `cspuës. Gñtcsc quc dis trcs gielrj`is tuvkcrig cg
`kabi Quprcei Aigscfi ajrois `cstjaj`is cg dj Orjg Qcarctjråj
i aiei Qilcrjgis Orjg`cs Aiecg`j`ircs―
Aiecg`j`ircs―.
—Cxprcsñ cd Orjg Ejcstri Aê`kz quc sk cd Quprcei
Aigscfi `c Abkdc gi bjlåj cmcatuj`i trjljfis jatkvis bjlåj sk`i
"pir rcspcti j dis mucris `c dj Orjg Diokj aig dj quc cstê
ågtkejecgtc dkoj`i, cspcrjg`i quc ëstj cmcatöc dcojdecgtc dj
rcmirej quc bj `c `jrdc cd pucsti jatkvi quc dc airrcspig`c".
"Pjepiai cstj `cadjrjakñg rcsudtj mêakd `c aieprcg`cr
`c jaucr`i aig di yj `kabi jgtcrkirecgtc. ^jrj jatujr, cd
Quprcei Aigscfi gi gcacsktjlj skgi quc sus pripkjs dcycs―
dcycs ―.
[ sk dj kgtcgakñg yj cslizj`j cg cd pêrrjmi jgtcrkir `cd
Ecgsjfc crj dj `c irojgkzjr `cgtri `c dj Orjg Diokj ti`j dj
 :0?

:02

csajdj orj`ujd `cd \kti - crrir yj cdkekgj`i `c su tcxti

aigstktuakigjd
aigstktuaki gjd y cstjtutjrki - gi sc vc quë cs di quc rcstjlj, aiei
furks`kaakñg, jd Jdti Aucrpi Csaiaës rcakëg mug`j`i. Dj Orjg
Diokj mug`jlj dis Aucrpis Qulir`kgj`is `cd Quprcei Aigscfi.
Cd Orjg Ejcstri aigac`åj dis Orj`is Csaiacscs j
pripiskakñg `c djs akgai prkecrjs duacs `c djs Diokjs Qkelñdkajs
y `cd Cx ]cgcrjldc Ejcstri, priac`kekcgti kgsñdkti j ti`js
duacs. Cstis Aucrpis Qulir`kgj`is cxkståjg cg cd pjpcd y gi cg
cd bcabi. Gk bjlåjg sk`i rcoudjrecgtc aigstktuk`is, gk trjljfjljg
trjljfjl jg
dktörokajecgtc. Sg Quprcei Aigscfi cg cstjs aig`kakigcs gi
pjsjlj `c scr
scr ugj cgtk`j` purjecg
purjecgtc
tc jlstrjatj.
"Gkgougj jduskñg ‑ `kac cd Bcrejgi Ojraåj - bkzi cstj
vcz
¹^ircdquë,
Orjgaujg`i
EjcstricsiAê`kz
crj cdjdeês
kgtcgti `c mug`jr
jr`kcgtc ug Orjg
pripñskti Irkcgtc.
`c gucstris
aig`uatircs9 Di kogirjeis, di quc gi gis kepk`c ugj ödtkej
kgtcrprctjakñg silrc cstc pjrtkaudjr".
"Cg ti`is dis tigis y cg rcpctk`js ipirtugk`j`cs dj k`cj
`c kr j dj mug`jakñg `c ug Orjg Irkcgtc bjlåj sk`i rcktcrj`jecgtc
jgugakj`j j dj Ilc`kcgakj abkdcgj. Cd bcrejgi ^jdej cg ugi `c
sus Ecgsjfcs, cd bcrejgi Êdjeis cg su `ksaursi priorjej y cd
bcrejgi Aê`kz cg su Ecgsjfc `c Fugki `c :;>1, bjlåjg
cxjocrj`i sus vcgtjfjs pjrj sjajr j dj Ejsigcråj abkdcgj `c su
pistrjakñg――.
pistrjakñg
^jrj mug`jr cd Orjg Irkcgtc sc gcacsktjlj `c ug Quprcei
Aigscfi aig sus Aucrpis Qulir`kgj`is y `c ugj Orjg Diokj
quc, mc`crjdkzj`j cg akcrti göecri `c Orjg`cs Diokjs
^rivkgakjdcs i \cokigjdcs, trjspjsjrj dj ilc`kcgakj `c dis
Pjddcrcs Qkelñdkais j dj Jutirk`j` `cd Orjg Irkcgtc,
cgajlczj`i pir cd Quprcei Aigscfi aiei supcrkir irojgksei
cfcautkvi y rcoudj`ir
r coudj`ir..
Cg ug aiekcgzi sc pcgsñ cg iltcgcr `cd Quprcei
Aigscfi `c dj \cpöldkaj Jrocgtkgj dj aigstktuakñg `cd Orjg
 :02

:0;

Irkcgtc `c Abkdc pjrj di quc crj kg`kspcgsjldc mug`jr cd

Quprcei Aigscfi y iltcgcr dj ilc`kcgakj j ëd `c dis Pjddcrcs
Qkelñdkais. Dj aiepdcfk`j` `c cstc priacsi y sus piskldcs
`kmkaudtj`cs bkakcrig vjrkjr dis prkektkvis pripñsktis
skepdkmkaêg`idi aig dj mug`jakñg `c ug Quprcei Aigscfi silrc
cd aujd jscgtjr eês tjr`c cd Orjg Irkcgtc.
Aig dcgtktu` sc klj auepdkcg`i cstc pripñskti, aujg`i
krruepkñ cg su girejd `cscgvidvkekcgti cd cpksi`ki akseêtkai
quc bceis rcsuek`i y quc vkgi j rctrjsjr kg`u`jldcecgtc su
aigstktuakñg.
"^cgsjeis quc ëstj cs dj adjvc `c ti`i di suac`k`i ‑
cxprcsj cd Z∰B∰ Ojraåj -. Pcgåjeis ugj Orjg Diokj quc
iaupjlj ti`i
prkecris cd tcrrktirki
orj`is. Qc mug`ñ ug`c Quprcei
dj \cpöldkaj `c Abkdc
Aigscfi jd quccgbjlåj
dis trcs
bjlåj quc
cgtrcojr dj furks`kaakñg `c dis Orj`is K] jd RRRKKK. Csti gi
bjlråj skogkmkaj`i ejyircs kgaigvcgkcgtcs aig cd skepdc
auepdkekcgti `cd prkgakpki furå`kai cstjldcak`i pir dj Orjg
Diokj cg :2?:8 oilkcrgi
oilkcr gi `c dis orj`is csaiacscs pir
pi r cd Quprcei
Aigscfi8 oilkcrgi `c dis orj`is skelñdkais pir dj Orjg Diokj,
Muc dj k`cj `cd Orjg Irkcgtc - aigsiraki `c oilkcrgi skelñdkai
y ajpktudjr - dj quc vkgi j aiepdkajr cstc pdjg `c kgtcorjakñg
ejsñgkaj, jpjrtêg`igis `c ugj siduakñg mêakd y bjac`crj―
bjac`crj ―.
—Cd rëokecg `c scpjrjakñg furks`kaakigjd gi eidcstjlj j
gj`kc. Cd rëokecg `c bklrk`jakñg furks`kaakigjd rcpuogjlj j ug
orupi `c bcrejgis quc `cscjljg ugj Orjg Diokj kg`cpcg`kcgtc,
silcrjgj y jutñgiej, trjljfjg`i cg trcs orj`is - Jprcg`kz,
Aiepjúcri y Ejcstri - dj Ejsigcråj `c Dklrcs y Jacptj`is
Ejsigcs".
Cg dj Jsjeldcj Cxtrjir`kgjrkj `cd <0 `c iatulrc `c
:;>;, dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc jprilñ cd priycati `c rcmirej `c
dj Aigstktuakñg Ejsñgkaj (júi :2=<) y `c dis Cstjtutis
Ocgcrjdcs `c dj Ir`cg (júi :2=3) y mkfc prieudoj`j pir @carcti
 :0;

:3>

G¾ <0 `cd <3 `c iatulrc `c :;>;, `cd Orjg Ejcstri ]åatir

Oukddcrei Cwkgo.
Bjy quc `cakr j cstc rcspcati quc gi sc trjtjlj `c ugj
rcmirej titjd skgi quc pjrakjd, prcaksjecgtc cg cd jspcati quc
eês kgtcrcsj j dj mkgjdk`j` `c cstc trjljfi, aiei pi`ceis
aiepriljrdi aig dj trjsarkpakñg `c pjrtc `c su tcxti6 "Dj
rcmirej ‑ aigtkgöj cd Z∰B∰ Ojraåj - quc, `c jaucr`i aig
gucstri Aigscfi, aigtcepdj cd priycati quc prcscgtjeis j
vucstrj aigsk`crjakñg, jugquc sc rcmkcrc j vjrkis jrtåaudis `c
gucstrj Aigstktuakñg
Aigstktuakñg v `c gucstris Cstjtutis, gi sc pripigc eês
quc `cfjr `csdkg`j`js aig adjrk`j` djs jtrkluakigcs `c dj Orjg
Diokj `c Abkdc silrc cd oilkcrgi `c djs Diokjs Qkelñdkajs aig
cxaduskñg,
jlsiduti `c jså eksei, `cAigskstirkis
dis Ajpåtudis, dj Orjg Diokj,
y itrispjrj iaupjrsc`ccg
Irojgkseis dj
Ejsigcråj Csaiacsj―
Csaiacsj―.
"@c cstj rcmirej bceis fuzoj`i, cg gucstri Aigscfi,
quc cg orjg pjrtc `cpcg`c cd `csjrriddi aiepdcti y cmkajz `c djs
cgscújgzjs y trjljfis `c dj Ejsigcråj Csaiacsj cg Abkdc. Cg dj
prêatkaj sc bj vksti quc ugj cstcrkdk`j` ajsk jlsidutj bj
ajrjatcrkzj`i
ajrjatcrkzj`i aujgtis cepcúis
cepcúis sc bjg bcabi pjrj `jr vk`j j dis
Pjddcrcs u Imkakgjs Qupcrkircs y cddi sc bj `clk`i j quc cg dj
mirejakñg `c ëstis bjg tcgk`i pjrtc j dj vcz Dj Orjg Diokj `c
Abkdc y cd Quprcei Aigscfi `c dis Qilcrjgis Orjg`cs
Kgspcatircs Ocgcrjdcs `cd \kti aigstktuk`i pjrj gucstri pjås.
Sgj vcz cgajroj`i cd Quprcei Aigscfi `c dj mug`jakñg y
oilkcrgi `c dis Pjddcrcs Qupcrkircs, skg gkgougj kgtcrvcgakñg `c
dj Orjg Diokj, pi`rêg dis Irojgkseis `csjrriddjrsc aig ti`j
jepdktu` aig ejgkmkcsti privcabi pjrj dj Ir`cg Ejsñgkaj".
"Cg rcsuecg, ekrjg`i pir cd priorcsi `c dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj cg Abkdc, cstkejeis quc dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc
`clc ögkajecgtc `krkokr aig jlsidutj kg`cpcg`cgakj djs Diokjs
 :3>

:3:

Qkelñdkajs y quc cd Quprcei Aigscfi `clc bjacr itri tjgti aig

dis Pjddcrcs Qupcrkircs jd Pcracri".
Cstc priycati `c jaucr`i muc ugêgkececgtc jaiok`i pir
dj Orjg Diokj, cg di quc j scpjrjakñg furks`kaakigjd sc rcmkcrc.
Cd :3 `c ejyi `c :;:<, cg @carcti G¶0:, cd Orjg
Ejcstri ]åatir Oukddcrei Cwkgo prieudoñ dj gucvj
Aigstktuakñg
Aigstktuak ñg Ejsñgkaj `cadjrêg`idj cg mucrzj y vkoir, `cspuës
`c dj jpriljakñg quc dc prcstjrj dj Orjg diokj, cg Jsjeldcj
Cxtrjir`kgjrkj `cd :< `cd eksei ecs.
Dj Aigstktuakñg Cwkgo, aiei sc dj aigiac, rcmug`kñ cg
ug sidi tcxti dj Aigstktuakñg Ejsñgkaj y dis Cstjtutis Ocgcrjdcs
`c dj Ir`cg. Dcoksdñ cxaduskvjecgtc pjrj dj furks`kaakñg `c dj
tkrjg Diokj, ejgtcgkcg`i dj cdkekgjakñg `c ti`j rcmcrcgakj j dis
Orj`is Qupcrkircs. \csudtj adjri, pucs, quc dj Aigstktuakñg
Cwkgo rcjmkreñ dj scpjrjakñg furks`kaakigjd cgtrc Orjg Diokj y
Quprcei Aigscfi.
Cd 1: `c ejyi `c :;:0, aig eitkvi `c su Ecgsjfc Jgujd,
cd Orjg Ejcstri Duks J. Gjvjrrctc Dñpcz, aigskogñ aig cd
skoukcgtc tcgir, su ipkgkñg pcrsigjd silrc cd pjrtkaudjr6
"^ir jaucr`i `cd Aigscfi `cd Orjg Ejcstri, `clc
trjektjrsc
trjektjr sc y susarklkrsc ug Prjtj`i cgtrc cd Quprcei Aigscfi `cd

Orj`i RRRKKK
`kmkaudtj`cs pjrj
quc, sk Abkdc
biy giy gucstrj
cxkstcg,Orjg Diokj,
puc`cg j mkgcgtrc
surokr `c prcvcgkr
jelis
^i`crcs. Sgi y itri Aucrpi tkcgcg ajepi pcrmcatjecgtc
`cdkektj`i y `kstkgti cg sus rcspcatkvjs Aigstktuakigcs8 pcri
aiei cd pcrsigjd `cd Quprcei Aigscfi mirej pjrtc `c dj Orjg
Diokj i `c sus Diokjs, cs prcaksi prcvcr `kmkaudtj`cs j quc puc`j
`jr ejrocg dj akraugstjgakj `c vcrsc sufctis j `is furks`kaakigcs
jekojs y bcrejgjs, dis ejsigcs quc mkourjg cg jeljs".
Bjstj jquå jdougis `c dis `jtis bkstñrkais, rcdjtkvis j dj
Ejtcrkj cg cstu`ki, cxtrjå`is
cxtrjå `is `c jdougis pjsjfcs `c dj kgtcrcsjgtc
y vjdkisj Ilrj, aktj`j jd aiekcgzi, `cd Kdustrc Bcrejgi \cgë

:3:

:3<

Ojraåj ]jdcgzucdj, auyj `cstjaj`j pcrsigjdk`j` fugti j ugj

vjstj cru`kakñg ejsñgkaj bj ejraj`i ug bkti y bj ddcgj`i ugj
ëpiaj cg gcråj
dis ödtkeis
Mrjgaejsigcråj
Mrjgaejsi Abkdcgj.akgaucgtj júis `c dj bkstirkj `c dj
Prcs vcacs Orjg Ejcstri `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc8
Qilcrjgi Orjg Aiecg`j`ir `cd Quprcei Aigscfi `c Abkdc8
Fcmc `cd @cpjrtjecgti `c \cdjakigcs Cxtcrkircs `c dj Orjg
Diokj8 @cdcoj`i cg vjrkjs ipirtugk`j`cs cg rcprcscgtjakñg `c
dj Mrjgaejsigcråj Abkdcgj j cvcgtis Kgtcrgjakigjdcs8 @krcatir
`c dj \cvkstj Ejsñgkaj `c Abkdc. Qig jdougis `c dis ajrois
`cscepcúj`is cg bigir y lcgcmkaki `c dj Ir`cg Ejsñgkaj
Abkdcgj.
Bëatir Liaajr`i Lcgvcguti, `ëakei scxti Orjg
Ejcstri `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc, muc `cskogj`i Orjg Ejcstri
J`fugti cd 1 `c @kakcelrc `c :;<0, pir cd K ∰B∰ Duks Gjvjrrctc
Dñpcz quc bjlåj jacptj`i trjgsktirkjecgtc dj Fcmjturj `c dj
Kgstktuakñg. Pieñ `c kgec`kjti piscskñg `c su ajroi y sus
prkecrjs jatkvk`j`cs sc cgajekgj
cgajekgjrig
rig j rcsidvcr dis jsugtis quc
cstjljg pcg`kcgtcs.
Cgtrc ëstis mkourjlj dj mirejdkzjakñg `c ug trjtj`i `c
^jz y Jekstj` cgtrc dj Orjg Diokj y cd Quprcei Aigscfi `cd
Orj`i
vkocgtc,11¶ pjrj dj \cpöldkaj
dcoksdjlj `c Abkdc.
cxaduskvjecgtc pjrjDjdjAigstktuakñg
Orjg Diokj `cEjsñgkaj
Abkdc y
Diokjs `c su Ilc`kcgakj, i scj, pjrj dj Ejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj.
@cfjlj cg aigscaucgakj, jd Quprcei Aigscfi `cd Orj`i 11¶, cd
Oilkcrgi `c dj Ejsigc
Ejsigcråj
råj Csaiacsj, Mkdisñmkaj i Ajpktudjr.
^jrj prcvcgkr piskldcs `kmkaudtj`cs, quc mcdkzecgtc cg
Abkdc gi sc bjlåjg pri`uak`i, pcri så cg itris pjåscs `ig`c cd
Quprcei Aigscfi bjlåj cstjldcak`i diokjs skelñdkajs y arcj`i
aig cddi, jgtjoigksei cgtrc csjs diokjs y djs `cpcg`kcgtcs `c dj
Orjg Diokj cxkstcgtc, sc cstkeñ aigvcgkcgtc `cfjr adjrjecgtc
 :3<

:31

cstjldcak`j cstj `cdkektjakñg `c jtrkluakigcs y mjaudtj`cs `c

aj`j ugi `c dis ^i`crcs Ejsñgkais.
J cstj
y Jekstj` qucajusj
muc ilc`cakñ dj jpriljakñg
susarkti cd :; `c cgcri`cd`cPrjtj`i
:;<3, `c
pir^jz
cd
Bcrejgi Bëatir Liaajr`i cg rcprcscgtjakñg `c dj Orjg Diokj
y pir cd Bcrejgi ]åatir Oukddcrei Cwkgo, j gielrc `cd
Quprcei Aigscfi `cd Orj`i 11¶ pjrj Abkdc y auyi tcxti
aiepdcti rcpri`uakeis pir su jdti y pcrejgcgtc vjdir
ejsñgkai6

"\cugk`is cg cd Ojlkgctc `cd Orjg Ejcstri `c dj Orjg

Diokj `c Abkdc, cd Kdustrc y ^i`crisi Bcrejgi ]åatir Oukddcrei
Cwkgo Jauúj, Qilcrjgi Orjg Aiecg`j`ir `cd Quprcei
Aigscfi `c dis Orjg`cs Kgspcatircs `cd Orj`i RRRKKK pjrj dj
\cpöldkaj `c Abkdc, cg rcprcscgtjakñg `c `kabi Aucrpi, y cd
Kdustrc Bcrejgi Bëatir Liaajr`i Lcgvcguti, Orjg Ejcstri
J`fugti `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc y cg su `clk`j
rcprcscgtjakñg, aigvkgkcrig cg acdclrjr cd skoukcgtc Prjtj`i `c
^jz y Jekstj` cgtrc dis ^i`crcs dcoåtkeis y rcoudjrecgtc
rcprcscgtj`is6

:¶ Cd Quprcei
cg cd Pcrrktirki Aigscfi
`c \cpöldkaj sc aiepriectc
`c Abkdc itri ^i`crjEjsñgkai
gi rcaigiacr
aig,
furks`kaakñg silrc dis trcs prkecris Orj`is Q Qkelñdkais
kelñdkais,, quc j dj
Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc8 y, j su vcz, dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc, gi
rcaigiacrê itri ^i`cr aig furks`kaakñg silrc dis Orj`is
aieprcg`k`is cgtrc cd 0¶ y cd 11¶, quc jd Quprcei Aigscfi `cd
Orj`i 11¶ pjrj Abkdc.

<¶ Djs Jdtjs ^jrtcs aigtrjtjgtcs sc aiepriectcg j gi

eczadjrsc pir gkgoög eitkvi
eitkv i cg dj furks`kaakñ
furks`kaakñgg `c dj itrj. Jeljs
sig jutñgiejs c kg`cpcg`kcgtcs.

:31

:30

1¾ Cd Quprcei Aigscfi sc aiepriectc j gi mug`jr

Diokjs Qkelñdkajs cg cd tcrrktirki `c dj furks`kaakñg `c dj Orjg
Diokj `c Abkdc.
0¶ Dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc, gk gkgoög Pjddcr `c su
Ilc`kcgakj pi`rêg rcaiecg`jr jd Quprcei Aigscfi, gk j
gkgougi `c dis Aucrpis `c su furks`kaakñg, j gkgoög bcrejgi
pjrj quc sc dc aigac`j
aigac`j Orj`is Qupcrkircs.
Qupcrkircs. Qkg celj
celjroi,
roi, cd Orjg
Orjg
Ejcstri `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc, j pctkakñg `cd Quprcei
Aigscfi, pi`rê kgskgujr dis gielrcs `c dis bcrejgis quc cstkec
gcacsjrkis pjrj quc sc dcs aigac`jg orj`is supcrkircs.

3¶ Cd Quprcei Aigscfi y dis Aucrpis `c su furks`kaakñg

sc aiepriectcg, pir su pjrtc, j gi cfcracr kgmducgakj jdougj cg
dis Pjddcrcs Qkelñdkais, skgi jqucddj quc cd Orjg Ejcstri `c dj
Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc jutirkac.

=¶ Cg ajsi `c scr suspcg`k`i, lirrj`i, rjyj`i, i

cxpudsj`i ug bcrejgi `c Orj`i Qupcrkir jd Pcracri, cd
Quprcei Aigscfi y dis Aucrpis `c su furks`kaakñg, di
aigsk`crjrêg
aigsk`crjrêg tjelkëg suspcg`k`i, lirrj`i, rjyj`i i cxpudsj`i.
Dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc y djs Diokjs Qkelñdkajs `c su
Ilc`kcgakj
Ilc`kcga kj aigsk`crjrêg tjelkëg suspcg`k`i. lirrj`i, rjyj`i i
cxpudsj`i j aujdqukcr bcrejgi quc scj suspcg`k`i, lirrj`i,
rjyj`i i cxpudsj`i pir cd Quprcei Aigscfi i aujdqukcr Aucrpi
`c su Furks`kaakñg.

?¶ Dis Bcrejgis `c Orj`is Qupcrkircs jd Pcracri gi

tcg`rêg cg dis Prjljfis `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc i `c dis
Pjddcrcs Qkelñdkais itris bigircs y prccekgcgakjs quc dis quc
dcs jaucr`c dj Aigstktuakñg Ejsñgkaj `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc.

:30

:33

2¶ Pi`i Bcrejgi `c Orj`i Qupcrkir jd Pcracri, tkcgc dj

ildkojakñg `c pcrtcgcacr j ugj Diokj Qkelñdkaj `c dj
furks`kaakñg `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Abk
Abkdc.
dc.
Cstc Prjtj`i cgtrjrê cg vkocgakj ugj vcz quc scj
jprilj`i pir cd Aigscfi `cd Orjg Ejcstri.

Cg aigstjgakj `c di aujd sc mkrejg `is `cd eksei tcgir8

tkelrj`is aig dis scddis quc usjg cstis ^i`crcs. Sgi quc`jrê cg
pi`cr `cd Qilcrjgi Orjg Aiecg`j`ir
Aiecg`j`ir `cd Quprcei
Q uprcei Aigscfi y
cd itri cg cd `cd Orjg Ejcstri `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc.

(M`i.) Bëatir Liaajr`i. (M`i.) ]åatir Oei. Cwkgo.

Jprilj`i pir cd Aigscfi `cd Orjg Ejcstri cd :: `c

mclrcri `c :;<3.Jprilj`i pir cd Quprcei Aigscfi cg scskñg `c
<0 `c ejyi `c :;<?.

Gucvi Prjtj`i `c ^jz y Jekstj`

Cd 1 `c ejyi `c :;?1, cd Aigscfi `c dj Orjg Diokj `c

Abkdc prcstñ su jpriljakñg jd Gucvi Prjtj`i `c ^jz y Jekstj`
quc cg di suacskvi rcokrê cd rëokecg `c aigvkvcgakj mrjtcrgjd
cgtrc cd Qkelidksei Ejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj y cd Csaiacsksei
(Ejsigcråj
(Ejsigc råj Ajpktudjr).
^ir dj kepirtjgakj quc tkcgc cstc `iauecgti tjelkëg di
trjgsarklkeis kg cxtcgsi.
"\cugk`is cg dj Qc`c Acgtrjd `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj
Abkdcgj, cd Kdustrc y ^i`crisi Bcrejgi ^c`ri Ajstcdldjgai
Joôcri, 11, Qilcrjgi Orjg Aiecg`j`ir `cd Quprcei Aigscfi
`c dis `cd
ödtkei Orjg`cs Kgspcatircs
\kti Csaiaës Ocgcrjdcs
Jgtkoui `cd Orj`i
y Jacptj`i, pjrj dj RRRKKK
\cpöldkajy

:33

:3=

`c Abkdc, cg rcprcscgtjakñg `c `kabi Jdti Aucrpi Csaiaës8 y cd

Kdustrc y ^i`crisi Bcrejgi \cgë Ojraåj ]jdcgzucdj, Orjg
Ejcstri `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc, cg rcprcscgtjakñg `c `kabi
Jdti Aucrpi Qkelñdkai, aigvkgkcrig pcrmcaakigjr cd Prjtj`i `c
^jz y Jekstj`, bjstj biy vkocgtc cgtrc jelis pi`crcs, cg dis
skoukcgtcs tërekgis6

:¶.- Cd Quprcei Aigscfi sñdi rcaigiac cg cd tcrrktirki `c

dj \cpöldkaj `c Abkdc, aiei furks`kaakñg rcoudjr pjrj dis trcs
orj`is skelñdkais, j dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc. J su vcz, dj Orjg
Diokj `c Abkdc, sñdi rcaigiac jd Quprcei Aigscfi `c Abkdc, aig
dj `cgiekgjakñg
aiei aiepdctj
cd ögkai Jdti Aucrpiyjaig
cgugakj`j cg cdrcoudjr
furks`kaakñg pêrrjmisilrc
jgtcrkir,
dis
Orj`is K] jd RRRKKK, kgaduskvc, `cd \kti Csaiaës Jgtkoui y
Jacptj`i.

<¾.- Djs Jdtjs ^jrtcs aigtrjtjgtcs sc aiepriectcg j

aigsk`crjrsc rcaåpriajecgtc aiei dcoåtkejs, jutñgiejs,
kg`cpcg`kcgtcs y silcrjgjs cg dis jspcatis `c j`ekgkstrjakñg y
`c oilkcrgi, jug aujg`i pjrjdcdjs y aikgak`cgtcs cg dis
prkgakpkis c k`cjdcs mrjgaejsñgkais
mrjgaejsñgkais..

1¶.- Pi`i Ejcstri Ejsñg, aujdqukcrj quc scj su orj`i

cg dj Ejsigcråj Csaiacsj, tkcgc dj ildkojakñg `c pcrtcgcacr,
aiei ekcelri jatkvi, u bigirjrki, j ugj Diokj Qkelñdkaj `c dj
Furks`kaakñg `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc.

0¶.- Dj suspcgskñg i për`k`j, pir aujdqukcr ajusj, `c dis

`crcabis `cgtri `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj, ipcrj `c
kgec`kjti, cg k`ëgtkaj mirej, cg cd scgi `c dis Aucrpis
Ajpktudjrcs `cd Quprcei
Mrjgaejsigcråj CsaiacsjAigscfi
rcsidvcr`csilrc
Abkdc.
dj Cs `cd rcsirtc `c cg
rckgairpirjakñg dj

:3=

:3?

dis ajsis `c rcbjlkdktjakñg cg cd scgi `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj

Qkelñdkaj.

3¶.- Ejcstri Ejsñg quc mucrc eitkvi `c dj për`k`j `c

sus `crcabis `cgtri `c jdougis `c dis Aucrpis Ajpktudjrcs `cd
Quprcei Aigscfi `c Abkdc pir scgtcgakj `c sus Prklugjdcs,
pcr`crê `c kgec`kjti sus `crcabis `cgtri `c dj diokj i Diokjs
Qkelñdkajs j quc pcrtcgczaj. Cg ajsi `c rcbjlkdktjakñg cg dj
Ejsigcråj Csaiacsj, dj Mrjgaejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj cstu`kjrê dj
priac`cgakj
priac`cga kj `c su rckgairpirjakñg.

=¾.- Cstc `c
pir cd Aigscfi Prjtj`i cgtrjrê
dj Orjg Diokjcg`c
vkocgakj
Abkdc yugj
pirvcz
cd jprilj`i
Quprcei
Aigscfi `c dis Orjg`cs Kgspcatircs Ocgcrjdcs `cd Orj`i
RRRKKK y ödtkei `cd \kti Csaiaës Jgtkoui y Jacptj`i pjrj dj
\cpöldkaj `c Abkdc.

Jprilj`i quc scj, sc dc aigsk`crjrê pjrtc kgtcorjgtc `cd

\codjecgti Ocgcrjd `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc, `c jaucr`i aig
di cstkpudj`i cg cd Jrtåaudi :.2 `c `kabi \codjecgti.

^jrj aigstjgakj `c di aujd, sc mkrejg `is cfcepdjrcs `c

ug eksei tcgir8 tkelrj`is aig dis scddis quc usjg cstis ^i`crcs
ugi quc`jrj cg pi`cr `c dj Orjg Diokj y cd itri cg pi`cr `cd
Quprcei Aigscfi".

^jrj mkgjdkzjr cstc ajpåtudi, gis pjrcac pcrtkgcgtc

rcpri`uakr dis jrtåaudis airrcspig`kcgtcs `cd \codjecgti
Ocgcrjd6

dj OrjgJ\PKASD
J\PKASDI I :.1.-cs@cgtri
Diokj `c Abkdc `cdJutirk`j`
dj ögkaj PcrrktirkiAcgtrjd
`c dj \cpöldkaj,
\cpöldkaj
Quprcej,

:3?

:32

pjrj dis orj`is jzudcs, skelñdkais y ugkvcrsjdcs `c dj

Mrjgaejsigcråj. Oilkcrgj aig pdcgj kg`cpcg`cgakj y silcrjgåj
`kabis orj`is skg aiepjrtkr gkgougi `c sus `clcrcs y
jtrkluakigcs aig aujdqukcr itri irojgksei. J`ceês `c su
@crcabi `c Pcrrktirkjdk`j` ociorêmkaj, jsuec su @crcabi `c
Pcrrktirkjdk`j` `iacgtc, pjrj dj mirejakñg kgtcorjd `c sus
rcaursis buejgis.

J\PKASDI :.2.- Dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc rcaigiac

imkakjdecgtc jd Quprcei Aigscfi `cd Orj`i RRRKKK y ödtkei
`cd \kti Csaiaës Jgtkoui y Jacptj`i pjrj dj \cpöldkaj `c Abkdc,
tjgti aiei
oilkcrgi skstcej
`c dis orj`is`c
`cdcgscújgzj
\kt iaujgti
eksei \kti aiei skstcej
aieprcg`k`is `c
cgtrc cd K]
y RRRKKK kgaduskvc.

Djs rcdjakigcs mrjtcrgjdcs cgtrc jelis pi`crcs quc`jg

rcoudj`js pir ug Prjtj`i `c pjz y Jekstj`".

^ir dis mucris `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj

Jgtcs `c rcmcrkrgis j di ec`udjr `cd Pcej, qukzê scj

gcacsjrki rcair`jr y prcaksjr jdougjs aigsk`crjakigcs y
aigacptis
aigacp tis yj cektk`is.
@c ei`i ocgcrjd, dj Kgkakjakñg puc`c `cmkgkrsc aiei ug
priacsi `cstkgj`i j rcjdkzjr
rcjdkzjr pskaidñokajecgtc
pskaidñokajecgtc cg cd kg`kvk`ui cd
pjsi `c ug cstj`i rcputj`i Kgmcrkir `cd Qcr, j ug cstj`i Qupcrkir8
j ug cstj`i psåqukai "eês pcrmcati" quc cd cstj`i primjgi. Cs
pucs, ugj rcjdkzjakñ
rcjdkzjakñgg purjecgtc kgtcrkir `cd scr buejgi, dj
rcjdkzjakñg `c ugj pisklkdk`j` quc cd kg`kvk`ui ddcvjlj cg så, cg
cstj`i vkrtujd.
^cri pjrj scr "kgkakj`i" `clc cstjr privksti `c akcrtjs
`kspiskakigcs mjvirjldcs, `c jptktu`cs gjturjdcs quc di bjojg

:32

:3;

"kgkakjldc" y skg djs aujdcs, dis rktis y cgscújgzjs scråjg dctrj

eucrtj. Qcoög cd cekgcgtc ejsñg F. Liuabcr6 "Dis \ktis ilrjg
pir ugj sucrtc `c keprcogjakñg
keprcogjakñg `cd sulaigsa
sulaigsakcgtc
kcgtc jd quc `jg ug
pi`cr y cmkakcgakj rcjdcs".
Cg suej, cd priacsi kgkakêtkai tkcgc trcs aig`kakigjgtcs6
Jptktu` kgbcrcgtc jd kg`kvk`ui - Keprcogjakñg `cd
sulaigsakcgtc - Prjljfi `c "rcjdkzjakñg" quc cd kg`kvk`ui `clc
auepdkr.
^ir dj Kgkakjakñg, cd scr sc \cjdkzj, `c ugj ejgcrj
Jutëgtkaj8 bjac pjsjr sus pisklkdk`j`cs djtcgtcs `c dj pitcgakj jd
jati. Sgj vcz jdajgzj`j, dj kgkakjakñg sc bjac "pcrejgcgtc",
skouc skcg`i ug cstj`i j`qukrk`i `c ugj vcz pir ti`js, y quc
gj`j gk gj`kc pi`rê lirrjr fjeês y sk jdoög j`cpti trjtjrj pir
vidugtj` pripkj `c bjacrdi, cstjråj skogkmkajg`i quc dj kgkakjakñg
rcaklk`j gi muc rcjd, gugaj sc rcjdkzñ.
Cg cd Auj`crgi Qkelñdkai G¶;, cd Z.¿.B.¿. Crgcsti
Lcbghc gis `kac6 "Cd sjlcr pisktkvi gi sjtksmjac ti`js djs
kgqukctu`cs `cd cspårktu buejgi. Cd sjlcr j trjvës `c aigacptis
akcgtåmkais cs vjdkisi8 pcri `clc scr cgrkqucak`i pir
prciaupjakigcs
prciaupja kigcs ectjmåskajs y eirjdcs quc jpugtjg jd skogkmkaj`i
cekgcgtcecgtc
"Qistkcgccspkrktujd `c dj ]k`j Buejgj.
quc gcacsjrkjecgtc gi `clceis aigsk`crjr
jgtjoñgkais pir cxacdcgakj. cd sjlcr pisktkvi aig cd sjlcr
kgkakêtkai pir dj eksej rjzñg quc cd eug`i lkidñokai gi cs
jgtjoñgkaii aig cd eug`i cspkrktujd, skgi jd aigtrjrki. dc skrvc `c
jgtjoñgka
sipirtc".
"Cd bielrc iaupj`i, cs jqucd quc vkvc jlsirlk`i pir dis
prildcejs quc irkokgj cd `csjrriddi `c su jatkvk`j` primcskigjd
y siakjd, cstjg`i, j`ceês, aig`kakigj`i pir dis ec`kis `c
kgmirejakñg y pripjojg`j. Cd bielrc prciaupj`i, cs jqucd quc,
fugti aig `csjrriddj
`csjrriddjrr sus jatkvk`j`cs
jatkvk`j`cs primcskigjdcs
primcskigjdcs aiei ug
ec`ki, pkcgsj quc dj vk`j buejgj tkcgc itrjs ectjs eês

:3;

:=>

vjdkisjs. Cd Kgkakj`i `clc trjsacg`cr "cd aisksei" `cd primjgi.

Cg cd eug`i
iaupj`i, jatujd,
sjturj`i ti`i cd primjgi
su scr. pir cdsceug`i
cgaucgtrj
`c djspdcgjecgtc
aisjs, gi
cxkstkcg`i pjrj ëd itrj `kecgskñg. Cg ajelki, gis pjrcac quc cg
cd Eug`i Kgkakêtkai dj cxpcrkcgakj buejgj gi sc joitj aig cd
sjlcr `c dis ilfctis, `cgtri `cd aujd sc aigsk`crj jd pripki
Bielrc. Gi, cd kgkakj`i sc prciaupj `c itrjs rcjdk`j`cs quc
aigsk`crj supcrkircs y quc sig arcjakigcs `c dj cviduakñg `c dj
cspkrktujdk`j` buejgj. Cg cd "sjlcr csitërkai" sc jacptj quc dj
ectj `c dj vk`j buejgj gi sc tcrekgj `cgtri `c dj vk`j airrkcgtc
y djs ceiakigcs kg`kvk`ujdcs, skgi quc cd bielrc sc skcgtc dkoj`i
j jdoi quc trjsakcg`c su kg`kvk`ujdk`j` y quc pir csi eksei,
jepdåj y cgrkqucac su birkzigtc vktjd.
"Qu fcrjrquåj cs supcrkir, irkcgtj y cgjdtcac cd sjlcr
rjakigjd, jd oukjrdi bjakj ectjs quc di buejgkzjg,
aigvkrtkëg`idi cg mjatir `c dklcrjakñg buejgj y gi cg
kgstruecgti `c `iekgki y sifuzojekcgti `cd bielrc".
"Cd Ecgsjfc `cd Ejcstri Bkrje gis irkcgtj bjakj ugj
"Qjlk`uråj ]ktjd" quc vj eês jddê `cd sjlcr pisktkvi y `c dj
cxpcrkcgakj airrkcgtc `cd bielrc, quc sñdi dkektj su qucbjacr jd
eug`i "Dj
`c djs aisjs". `c Bkrje cxjdtj cd vjdir eirjd `c dj vk`j
Dcycg`j
buejgj. Cd Ejcstri Bkrje cs cd såelidi `c ti`is dis scrcs quc
"suauelcg
"suauel cg skrvkcg`i j dj Buejgk`j`". Cd Ejcstri Ejsñg `clc
cstjr irkcgtj`i pir cstc "pugti `c vkstj Bkrêekai". Csti pi`råj
skogkmkajr quc cd bielrc cspkrktujd, kgspkrj`i pir cd k`cjd, sc
trjsakcg`c y jugquc cs ug scr kgecrsi cg dj aigtkgocgakj `c dj
ëpiaj bkstñrkaj quc dc tiaj vkvkr, `clkcg`i cgmrcgtjrsc j dis
prildcejs `c su cxkstcgakj `kjrkj kgec`kjtj
kgec`kjtj,, cs ajpjz `c
trjsacg`cr y prciaupjrsc `c djs cscgakjs, `c dis vjdircs, quc
fustkmkajg cd `cstkgi cspkrktujd
cspkrktujd `c dj ]k`j Buejgj.

:=>

:=:

"Djs rcmdcxkigcs jgtcrkircs gi skogkmkajg quc cd Kgkakj`i,

cd ejsñg,
vkvj jfcgicgj gucstri ajsi, scj
dis orjg`cs ug sigêeludi
prildcejs quc bjg`cprciaupj`i
su ëpiaj, qucjd
bielrc j trjvës `c su djroj trjycatirkj bkstñrkaj".
—Cd Ejcstri Ejsñg gi cs, gk puc`c prctcg`cr scr ugj
pcrsigjdk`j`` `c tjg cdcvj`i aiturgi quc puc`j sustrjcrsc
pcrsigjdk`j
titjdecgtc j euabis mjatircs gcojtkvis `cd eug`i jatujd―.
^ir su pjrtc cd Cx Orjg Ejcstri Isajr ^crckrj B., cg su
" @iacgakj Ejsñgkaj" gis scújdj di skoukcgtc6
"Cd k`cjd cs mruti `c dj mjgtjsåj arcj`irj `cd bielrc. Dis
k`cjdcs gi vkcgcg `c djs rcokigcs mråjs `c dj \jzñg, skgi quc
gjacg `c dj mucrzj jr`kcgtc `c dj mjgtjsåj. Qkg mjgtjsåj arcj`irj
gi bjy k`cjdcs.
Cd `csjrriddi `c ugj j`cauj`j `iacgakj kepigc dj
cxkocgakj `c ug k`cjd `c mirejakñg, pucs sidjecgtc jså cs
piskldc `ctcrekgjr aig adjrk`j` dis mkgcs i ectjs quc sc
pcrskoucg cg cd priacsi c`uajtkvi. Cg dj cxprcskñg "k`cjd `c
mirejakñg" bjy `is pjrtcs ågtkejecgtc dkoj`js. Cg sus iråocgcs,
cd aigacpti `c mirejakñg cstjlj sñdi jpdkaj`i j dj mirej
cxtcrgj, vkskldc
vk skldc `cd bielrc. Aig pistcrkirk`j`
pistcrkirk` j` sc jpdkañ
jpdkañ j dj vk`j
kgtcrkir,lrutj).
pkc`rj j dj mirej `cd jdej. Mirejr skogkmkajlj jdksjr, pudkr (dj
Jatujdecgtc gi sñdi dj jpdkajeis aiei ugj mirej
kgtcrgj, jdej lcddj, skgi quc dj cgtcg`ceis cg ug scgtk`i eês
jepdki, eês primug`i, jqucd quc jlrjzj cd ajepi `c djs
cxkocgakjs ëtkajs, `c dj jatktu` eirjd y, `cd scgtk`i `c
rcspigsjlkdk`j`. Cstc cs cd skogkmkaj`i `c `csljstjr dj pkc`rj
lrutj".
"@cs`c tkcepis rceitis sulskstc ug pcgsjekcgti quc
jpjrcac `c gucvi y cg `kstkgtjs mirejs j trjvës `c djs `kvcrsjs
ëpiajs. Cg ëd sc jskogjg jd bielrc `is jdejs, auyi cgdjac gi
skceprc rcsudtj mcdkz yj quc sk j vcacs ejrabjg `c jaucr`i, j

:=:

:=<

ecgu`i sc ulkajg cg mrjgaj ipiskakñg, aujg`i gi cg duabj

`cadjrj`j.
y, gi puc`cSgjiaudtjr
`c cstjssujdejs aigstktuyc
pjrcgtcsai aigcd dj
QcrPkcrrj.
rcjd `cdDj
bielrc
itrj,
aigstktuyc cd Qcr k`cjd `cd Bielrc, su cspårktu girejtkvi, su
cscgakj――.
cscgakj
—J dj Ir`cg Ejsñgkaj, skg quc cddi kepdkquc
ecgisprcakjr
ecgisprca kjr jd scr rcjd `c dj cxkstcgakj buejgj, dc kgtcrcsj y dc
prciaupj, cg mirej euy cspcakjd,
cspcakjd, cd K`cjd `cd Bielrc. Gi sc
arcj, skg celjroi, quc cxkstc ug sidi k`cjd pcrsigjd. Dis bjy,
tjgti aiei kg`kvk`uis8 pucs aj`j aujd tkcgc cd suyi. Cd ajrêatcr
kepcrjtkvi cg quc sc prcscgtj cd K`cjd sc `krkoc sñdi j ugj
pcrsigj. "Qidjecgtc tö `clcs scr jså", cxprc cxprcskñg
skñg i prkgakpki
`iatrkgjd quc dj Mrjgaejsigcråj `clc rcspctjr aujd gkgougi,
pucs jquå rj`kajg djs `kmcrcgakjs kg`kvk`ujdcs y aig cddjs cd
prkgakpki `c Pidcrjgakj rcspcati `c k`cjs y fukakis jfcgis y cd
sjorj`i `crcabi `c `kscgtkr".

Cd Orj`i `c Ejcstri, audekgjakñg `cd priacsi kgkakêtkai

Aiecgzjrceis cstc ajpåtudi rcpri`uakcg`i jdougjs

cxprcskigcs `c gucstri cru`kti Bcrejgi C`ujr`i ^bkddkps
Eôddcr, pir aigsk`crjr quc sig prcvkjs j ti`i pdjgtcjekcgti
pistcrkir6
"Pcgoi pjrj eå, y di bc `kabi eês `c ugj vcz, quc ugi
`c dis ejdcs eês gitirkis
gitirk is quc jqucfj j gucstrj Ir`cg, cs cd piai
aigiakekcgti quc tcgceis `c cddj, cg aujgti j su gjturjdczj y j
sus mkgcs. Qk tuvkërjeis ug aigiakekcgti adjri jacraj `c di quc
cs gucstrj Kgstktuakñg, tcg`råjeis dñokajecgtc,
dñokajecgtc, ugj k`cj tjelkëg
pcrmcatjecgtc
pcrmcatjec gtc adjrj jacraj `c aauêdcs
uêdcs sig sus mkgcs
mkgcs y `c auj
aujdcs
dcs su
ñrlktj `c
Qkjaakñg".
bjy jdoi quc ajrjatcrkzj, `cmkgc y `kstkgouc j dj
Mrjgaejsigcråjj `c ti`j itrj Kgstktuakñg, cs su ajrêatcr kgkakêtkai.
Mrjgaejsigcrå

:=<

:=1

Jmkrejrceis csti aiei aisj mug`jecgtjd y prcvkj. Cs cd

ajrêatcr kgkakêtkai di quc bjac quc dj Ejsigcråj scj di quc cs y
quc, aiei `koi y rcpkti, dj `kstkgouc `c ti`j itrj Kgstktuakñg
Kgstktuakñg..
Sgj `c djs `cmkgkakigcs eês jgtkoujs quc sc aigiac `c
gucstrj ir`cg y quc jpjrcac, cg aujgti j tcstkeigki, cg ugi `c
dis ejgusarktis kgodcscs `cd Qkodi R]K, gis `kac quc cs "ug
pcaudkjr skstcej `c Eirjd, vcdj`i pir jdcoiråjs c kdustrj`i pir
såelidis".
Pjd `cmkgkakñg gis pripirakigj, `cs`c ducoi,
ducoi, dj ad
adjvc
jvc c dj
ajrjatcråstkaj mug`jecgtjd `c gucstrj Kgstktuakñg6 dj `c scr ugj
Kgstktuakñg
`cakr, `c ug`cti`i
ajrêatcr eirjd.
ir`cgj`i Qc trjtj, pucs,
aig`uacgtc `c yuggiskstcej,
j ug mkg cs
ugj ecrj
jgtidioåj `c eêxkejs i prcacptis eirjdcs8 kepirtj tjelkëg
scújdjr quc cstc Qkstcej cstê cxcgti `c ti`i aigtcgk`i rcdkokisi
y quc sus cdcecgtis cstêg vcdj`is cg jdcoiråjs c kdustrj`is pir
såelidis.
Pcrekgj jmkrejg`i quc ugi `c dis Djg`ejrhs eês
cscgakjdcs y mug`jecgtjdcs `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj. cs cd quc
`cadjrj quc cs ugj Kgstktuakñg Kgkakêtkaj, cd quc gi bj sk`i
aigsk`crj`i gk pir Jdlcr Ejahcy gk pir Jdlcrt ^khc cg su
aigiak`j aigtrivcrskj".
Pjelkëg aktj j Duaki Jpudcyi, jutir `c "Cd Jsgi `c
Iri", quc cg ug pjsjfc `cd Dklri RK `c su Ilrj, gis `kac6
—^iai `cspuës,
`cspuës, cg mirej sirprcskvj y, euy ejrjvkddisj,
dj @kvkgk`j` ec kgtcrpcdñ `c gucvi pjrj vcr sk cstjlj `kspucsti
j sumrkr ugj tcracrj kgkakjakñg. Dj kgqukctu` y dj jgskc`j` sc
jpi`crjrig `c ek y ec cabjrig j ug ejr `c aigmuskigcs. ¹Bjstj
auêg`i aigtkgujrêg- ec prcougtjlj yi- cstjs kgstjgakjs gucvjs
c kgju`ktjs `c dis `kiscs9 ¹cs quë tjd vcz Ektrj y Jskgki bjg
auepdk`i su ekgkstcrki
vcr`j`crjecgtc cg mirej
cg cgtrc`kabi su piai `kdkocgtc9
skgacrk`j`9 Jså ¹Bc `c pigcr,
ec joktjlj yi
cg ugj kg`cakskñg pjrcak`j jd `cdkrki, aujg`i ugj giabc sc ec

:=1

:=0

jpjrcakñ dj acdcstc kejocg y ec `kfi6 Cstj guecrisj scrkc `c

aigsjorjakigcs gi `clc jdjrejrtc gk bjacrtc sispcabisi `c djs
jgtcrkircs.
Cd kgtcrës quc dis `kiscs sc `kogjg mirejr cg tk, cs, pir cd
aigtrjrki, sumkakcgtc pjrj ddcgjr tu airjzñg `c oizi y jdcoråj.
Qcrês trcs vcacs di quc dis itris puc`cg scrdi ugj. Qk, trcs vcacs,
y cstc göecri, prcaksjecgtc, `clc kgspkrjrtc aigmkjgzj. pir di
`ceês, dj acrceigkj quc sc tc pk`c cs yj dj ödtkej".
"Ilsërvcsc, quc cg Jpudcyi djs suacskvjs cgajrgjakigcs
sig skelñdkajs y ipcrjg cg tjd ajrêatcr, gi j trjvës `c eucrtcs
rcjdcs, skgi
Cstiskelñdkajecgtc
cstê `ceistrjg`i,cg cgtrc
dj vk`j `cdaisjs,
itrjs ekseiquc
kgkakj`i.
dj mkgjdk`j`
kgkakêtkaj sc auepdc `c ddcgi cg cd Pcracr orj`i.
Prj`kakigjdecgtc, y gi `koi ugj givc`j`, ustc`cs di sjlcg, dj
Orjg Diokj Sgk`j `c Kgodjtcrrj, `c ejgcrj kgvjrkjldc bj
sistcgk`i quc dj Ejsigcråj aigskstc cg sñdi trcs orj`is6
Jprcg`kz ‑ Aiepjúcri y Ejcstri―.
Ejcstri―.
"¹^ir quë9 ^irquc dj mkgjdk`j` kgkakêtkaj sc auepdc cg cd
Pcracr Orj`i. Eês Jddê `cd Pcracr Orj`i gi bjy mkgjdk`j`
kgkakêtkaj jdougj―
jdougj―.
"[i së lkcg quc sc bjac ug `kstkgoi cgtrc dj Ejsigcråj
ejd ddjej`j, j ek fukaki, Qkelñdkaj y dj tjelkëg ejd ddjej`j
Ejsigcråj
Ejsigc råj Ajpktudjr, pirquc di akcrti cs quc tjg skelñdkaj cs dj
Ejsigcråj `c dis trcs
tr cs prkecris orj`is, aiei dj quc vj `cd aujrti
jd trckgtj y trcs i, sk sc qukcrc, tjg mkdisñmkaj cs ugj aiei dj itrj.
^ir csi yi skceprc bc sistcgk`i quc, quc , sk bjy ug gielrc j`cauj`i
pjrj dj Ejsigc
Ejsigcråjråj Jutëgtkaj,
Jutëgtkaj, ocgukgj y trj`kakigjd `c dis Prcs
Orj`is, cs dj Ejsigcråj Kgkakêtkaj. Gi ejsigcråj skelñdkaj,
pirquc gi dj `kstkgouc, pucsti quc dj Ejsigcråj Ejsigcråj Ajpktudjr
tjelkëg^ir
di cs".
su Bjstj
pjrtc,jquå
cd cdCxZ.¿.Orjg
B.¿. C`ujr`i
Ejcstri ^bkddkps.
Isajr ^crckrj
Bcgråqucz sistkcgc6

:=0

:=3

"Dj Ir`cg Ejsñgkaj piscc ug skstcej pcaudkjr pjrj

kepjrtkr su `iacgakj.
Cstc skstcej i eëti`i `k`êatkai sc mug`jecgtj cg dis
vjdircs skelñdkais rcprcscgtj`is pir djs bcrrjekcgtjs `c trjljfi
usj`js cg cd Jrtc \cjd, susacptkldcs `c cxprcsjr cg aj`j tkcepi
y duojr, vjdircs pdcgjecgtc vkocgtcs, `c jaucr`i aig dj
cviduakñg bkstñrkaj quc jdajgac dj Buejgk`j` cg ug tkcepi
`j`i――.
`j`i
—Jd `cscgtrjújr cstis såelidis, dis rcsudtj`is quc sc
iltkcgcg gi airrcspig`cg j ug pj`rñg i ei`cdi stjg`jr`,
ugkmirec, yj quc
kgtcrprctjtkvi qucaj`j
cstê aujd jskogj iaig
`c jaucr`i aigmkcrc jd såelidi cdaig
su pcrsigjdk`j`, vjdir
su
audturj y cviduakñg cspkrktujd. Jquå rj`kaj dj vcr`j`crj rjzñg `c
pir quë cd Kgstruatir ejsñgkai cg su ejokstcrki gi puc`c gk `clc
kepjrtkr rcactjs, vcr`j`cs i `ioejs, gk aigiakekcgtis eês i
ecgis `kocrk`is".
"Dj rcprcscgtjakñg orêmkaj `cd såelidi ocgcrjdecgtc gi
sumrc vjrkjakigcs kepirtjgtcs, pcri su vjdir kgtrågscai, su
kgtcrprctjakñg, cxpcrkecgtj djs jdtcrjakigcs pripkjs `c dis
tkcepis. Pi`i såelidi tkcgc dj pjrtkaudjrk`j` `c priviajr dj
suocrcgakj j`cauj`j j aj`j kg`kvk`ujdk`j`, `c jaucr`i jd orj`i
`c cviduakñg cspkrktujd, audturj y scgsklkdk`j` quc piscj. Cd
Qåelidi Ejsñgkai cs suocrcgtc sñdi pjrj qukcgcs bjg rcaklk`i
dj Duz `c dj Kgkakjakñg y diorjg aieprcg`cr su dcgoujfc iaudti―
iaudti―.
—Dj orjg`czj y pcrcggk`j` `c gucstrj Juoustj Ir`cg sc
ljsjg cg dj dklcrtj` quc aigac`c j aj`j ugi `c sus ekcelris
pjrj kgtcrprctjr dis såelidis
såelidis aigmirec j dj pcrsigjdk`j
pcrsigjdk`j`` `c aj`j
aujd. ^ir cstc eitkvi. cd pri`uati mkgjd `c ug lkcg `cdkgcj`i
priacsi `c @iacgakj
@iacgakj Ejsñgkaj y cd rcsudtj`i ödtkei `c dis
jmjgcs `c `csljstjr
`csljstjr dj ^kc`rj Lrutj, gi pi`rêg scr dis ekseis cg
ti`is dis Mrjgaejsigcs, pucs gi sc trjtj `c ugj pri`uaakñg cg
scrkc, mråj y `csbuejgkzj`j―
`csbuejgkzj`j―.

:=3

:==

—Jd aigtrjrki, gucstrj `iacgakj ejsñgkaj, rcjdkzj`j aig

ajdir `c buejgk`j` cg dj pkc`rj `c ajgtcrj `c bielrcs
csaiok`is, rcg`krê sus mrutis `c jaucr`i j dj pcracpakñg `c
vjdircs c k`cjdcs ejsñgkais quc aj`j Kgkakj`i jdajgac y diorc8
cd pri`uati mkgjd quc sc jdajgac cg djs tjrcjs `c kgstrukr,
kg strukr, cgscújr
y c`uajr ejsñgkajecgtc, cstjrê cg cstrcabj y `krcatj rcdjakñg
aig dj pcrsigjdk`j`, pdjstkak`j`, audturj, mcrvir y aigstjgakj quc
aj`j jduegi y aj`j Kgstruatir `ceucstrcg cg dj jmjgisj tjrcj `c
ti`is dis `åjs pir jprixkejrsc eês y eês j dj kejocg k`cjd `c
Bielrc aigaclk`i pir dj Mrjgaejsigcråj
Mrjgaejsigcråj Sgkvcrsjd".

\cvktjdkzjakñg `cd Pcracr Orj`i

Cg Pcgk`j `c Orjg Diokj `cd <1 `c fugki `c :;?0 cd Cx

Orjg Ejcstri, Kdustrc Bcrejgi Birjaki Oigzêdcz Aigtcssc, aig
iajskñg `c bjacrsc ajroi `cd Ejddctc @irj`i, mireudñ cd
skoukcgtc ddjej`i mcrvirisi j dj Ejcstråj6
"Arcjr ugj Ejcstråj ñptkej aigstktuyc dj suprcej
jspkrjakñg `c dj Ir`cg Ejsñgkaj. Di cs, pirquc dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj jatöj ycgvjdc
orjvktjakñg quc cxbklc suspir di quc
ec`kis cs su Ejcstråj
kgkakêtkai y pir dj
y scaudjr".
"Cd Bcrejgi `cd Pcracr Orj`i bj `c scr skgñgkei `c
csdjlñg ej`uri y bj `c `kstkgoukrsc gi sñdi pir su kgtcdkocgakj
adjrj y scúcrj, skgi quc bj `c cfcracr su cdcvj`j ajdk`j` `iacgtc
y `cstjajrsc aiei j`jdk` `c ceprcsjs gildcs, ocgcrisjs y
`kogjs, ajpjacs `c ddcvjr `cgtri y mucrj `c gucstris Pcepdis cd
scddi kgaigmug`kldc `c dj jlgcojakñg y cd jeir bjakj dj ^jtrkj y
dj Buejgk`j` ".
"Cg cd êrlid `c dj Mrjtcrgk`j`, jsuec cd pjpcd `c sjvkj
vktjd quc cecroc `c djs primug`k`j`cs `c djs rjåacs `c dj
trj`kakñg csitërkaj y `c dis prkecris prkgakpkis8 jsakcg`c pir cd
trigai `c djs cstruaturjs y `c dj irojgkzjakñg pjrj jdajgzjr dj

:==

:=?

vktjdkzjakñg
trjljfi `c dj jatkvk`j`
cejgakpj`ir arcj`irj,
pir cd audtkvi qucaigakcgakj
`c ugj bj `c trj`uakrsc cg
y vidugtj`
csadjrcak`js".
"Dj Ejcstråj - gi idvk`ceis cd scgtk`i kgaigmug`kldc `c
su ctkeidioåj- aigvkcrtc di pitcgakjd, djrvjrki i ocrekgjd, cg
jatktu`cs, aig`uatjs, cg jaakigcs y ilrjs pdcgjs `c skogkmkajakñg
y aigtcgk`i. Diorj tjdcs rcsudtj`is pirquc cddj sc pri`uac pir dj
aigfugakñg mcdkz `c dj scvcrj scdcaakñg, cd eês `cpurj`i priacsi
`c c`uajakñg y mirejakñg quc aieprcg`c dis scatircs `c audturj
y eirjd `c jdti gkvcd, `c lig`j`, fustkakj y lcddczj".
"Cstj jaakñg, auepdk`j ec`kjgtc ugj cgscújgzj
ectñ`kaj y orj`ujd, bj `c rcjdkzjrdj cd Ejcstri aig dj eês
jeirisj `c`kajakñg, ugj ocstjakñg kgtcdkocgtc y `kgêekaj, ugj
`cpurjakñg cmcatkvj y aigstjgtc, ugj ajdkmkajakñg prêatkaj `c
vkrtu`cs y ugj jsacgskñg jdajgzj`j eês pir eërktis y scrvkakis
quc pir ugj ecrj jgtkoôc`j` i ugj jatktu` aiepdjakcgtc y
airriskvj c kgocgui jgbcdi `c mirejakñg jutieêtkaj ec`kjgtc
ug cstjtus `j`i. Pjg sñdi jså dj Ejcstråj scrê skgñgkei `c
bigcstj scdcaakñg. scrê ilc`cak`j pir sus aujdk`j`cs ëtkajs, su
`csci `c jskstcgakj
pcrmcaakñg pripkj y `cdy aigfugti
su cgtrcoj, aigstjgtc y pdcgj, j dj
ssiakjd".
iakjd".
"Cg dj "^krêek`c Csitërkaj" dj Ejcstråj cs dj aöspk`c, cd
cstj`i akecri, cd ojdjr`ñg ojgj`i aig rcatktu`. Cstc, su ajrêatcr,
ajrêatcr ,
dj jarc`ktj aiei rcprcscgtjgtc ocgukgj y vcr`j`crj, `c dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj".
"Gucstrj Kgstktuakñg `kmkcrc cscgakjd y, vkskldcecgtc `c
aujdqukcrj itrj, pucs dj skgoudjrkzjg sus rjsois kgkakêtkais, su
bkstirkj scaudjr skg eêaudj8 su irojgkzjakñg y eëti`is8 sus
aieprilj`is lcgcmkakis j dj Buejgk`j`8 su mkdisimåj y `iatrkgj8
su cfcepdjr y pcrcggc mrjtcrgk`j`8 su ddjecjgtc pjskñg pir cd
buejgksei trjsacg`cgtc y vcrjz y su kgcxtkgoukldc jeir pir dj
Dklcrtj`, dj
d j @ceiarjakj êurcj, pir cd kepcrki `c dj Fustkakj y pir

:=?

:=2

dj `kmuskñg
`c `c djyAudturj,
dis bielrcs `c dj ^jz y `cd rcspcti pir dj `kogk`j`
`c dis pucldis".
"Cd prcstkoki y jsacg`kcgtc `c dj Ejsigcråj Abkdcgj, cd
jprcaki y rcspcti quc iltcgoj `cd eug`i cxtcrkir scrê dj
aigscaucgakj `c di quc vjdcg y vjd`rêg sus Ejcstris, pucsti quc
cddis sig y scrêg cd mruti eêxkei `c su scr, `c su vk`j, `c su
k`kiskgarjskj".
Sg júi eês tjr`c, cg su Eceirkj-Ecgsjfc `c iatulrc `c
:;?3 cstc K.¿.
K.¿ . B.¿.,
B.¿ ., scújdjlj6 "Bceis
"Bceis kgskstk`i bjs
bjstj
tj cd ajgsjgaki
cg dj gcacsk`j` `c ugj jajlj`j y ocgukgj mirejakñg ejsñgkaj
pjrj gucstris j`cptis y bceis sistcgk`i, aig cgmêtka cgmêtkajj y bjstj
jaigoifj`j pcrskstcgakj, quc cd Ejcstri Ejsñg tkcgc cd
kgcdu`kldc `clcr `c jsuekr ugj jatktu` quc trjgsmirec cg scúcrj
su jaakñg ejokstrjd".
—Gi cs piskldc idvk`jr quc Ejcstri
Ejcstri cs cd quc ouåj,
ouåj, `krkoc,
aig`uac, c`uaj y cg gucstri ajsi, cd Bcrejgi `c Pcracr Orj`i
cs jqucd quc bj rcaklk`i - fugti aig dj cxjdtjakñg jd Quldkec
Orj`i `c Ejcstri - dj jpistñdkaj ekskñg `iacgtc, ekskñg quc bj
`c cfcracr, prkecri, aigskoi eksei, y, cg scouk`j, aig dis
Jprcg`kacs y Aiepjúcris,
Bcrejgi Ejcstri, cd cfcepdiquc bjg `cy vkvi
kgaktjgtc vcr cg
`c ëd
ugjy `iacgakj
cg aj`j
jatkvj y mcaug`j .
"Djs Aêejrjs `cd Ec`ki y sus ekcelris, bjg `c tcgcr
adjrj aigakcgakj `c dj rcspigsjlkdk`j` ejokstrjd quc dcs
kgauelc, y gi `clcg idvk`jr quc aj`j Pcgk`j cs ug ec`ki i
rcaursi `cd eês prcakj`i y trjsacg`cgtc vjdir c`uajtkvi. ^ir
cddi, cs gcacsjrki rcjaakigjr jgtc cd mugcsti bêlkti `c
akraugsarklkr i dkektjr djs Pcgk`js j ecris kgstjgtcs `c
trjektjakñg j`ekgkstrjtkvj―
j`ekgkstrjtkvj―.
—Jd aigtrjrki, aj`j Pcgk`j quc acdclrc dj Aêejrj `cd
Ec`ki bj `c scr ugj ipirtugk`j` kgsisdjyjldc `c cgscújgzj
kgkakêtkaj y `c kgtcgsi jprcg`kzjfc jd scrvkaki `c ugj Ejcstråj

:=2

:=;

aj`j vcz `ceês

prcúj`js cmkakcgtc
muturjs y sprimkauj
aiscabjs
aiscabj cg sus
y mrjtcrgjdcs tjrcjs cscgakjdcs,
odirkjs".
"Dis ejdcs quc jqucfjg j gucstrj Ir`cg, gi tkcgcg itri
irkocg quc gi scj dj kgj`cauj`j y `cmkakcgtc mirejakñg kgkakêdkaj
kgkakêdka j
`c djs trcs Aiduegjs. Ec jtrcvcråj j scújdjr, skg celjroi, quc,
mug`jecgtjdecgtc, cs dj Arksks `c dj Ejcstråj pir ugj
kgsumkakcgtc mirejakñg, `crkvj`j `cd `csojgi y, `cd `cskgtcrës
pir auepdkr, aig prcpjrjakñg,
prcpjrjakñg, bigcstk`j` y cgtus
cgtuskjsei,
kjsei, dis
pdjgcs y priorjejs `c `iacgakj
`iacgakj ejsñgkaj
ejsñgkaj――.
—Aig `csaigiakekcgti c krrcspigsjlkdk`j` quc jlksejg,
bceis csauabj`i euabjs vcacs, dj ipkgkñg krrcmdcxkvj `c quc
scråj aigvcgkcgtc quc dj Orjg Diokj gi sc prciaupjrj tjgti `c
dis jspcatis csitërkais, skelñdkais y rktujdåstkais, skgi quc
acgtrjrj su kgtcrës y su jaakñg cg cd j`iatrkgjekcgti `c dis
Bcrejgis, cg prildcejs quc luddcg y joktjg cd eug`i cxtcrkir.
Idvk`jg, dis quc jså pkcgsjg, quc, pjrj cd cstu`ki y dj siduakñg
kgec`kjtj y ec`kjtj, pjrakjd i titjd `c dis prildcejs `cd eug`i
primjgi, bjy ekd ec`kis i priac`kekcgtis
priac`kekcgtis quc djs Akcgakjs,
Akcgakjs, dj
Pëagkaj y dj Mkdisimåj imrcac j `ksarcakñg, y idvk`jg jd eksei
tkcepi, quc, pjrj sjlcr `c ejsigcråj, sñdi bjy ugj sidj Csaucdj
i kgstktuti `iacgtc6 dj Mrjgaejsigcråj".
 ^istcrkirecgtc, cg dj Pcgk`j Qidstkakjd `c dj Orjg Diokj
cmcatuj`j cd <= - <? `c fugki `c :;?=, cd Orjg Ejcstri Birjaki
Oigzêdcz, cxprcsj cg "Mug`jecgtis @iatrkgjrkis `c gucstrj
Jatkvk`j` Kgkakêtkaj"6
"Dj Mrjgaejsigcråj Sgkvcrsjd sñdi j`qukcrc vjdk`cz y
rcakc`uelrc aig su djlir `cgtri `c dj Diokj Qkelñdkaj,
ec`kjgtc cd usi `cd tjldcri `c trjzjr, quc aigstktuyc dj

juti`ctcrekgjakñg
dktörokais `c sus `cd Jrtcquc
orj`is \cjdaudekgjg
aig dis jspcatis skelñdkais y
cg dj EJCQP\ÅJ.
@ceucstrj su ugkvcrsjdk`j` aigacptujd cg cd tcrrcgi `c dj
kgtcrprctjakñg csitërkaj `ig`c ajlc ti`j dj ojej `cd

:=;

:?>

pcgsjekcgti buejgi. Gi bjy, vcr`j

pcgsjekcgti vcr`j`cs
`cs gucvjs mucrj `c dj Diokj
Qkelñdkaj, pucs mucrj `c cddj cgaigtrjrceis cståeudis,
cxpdkajakñg y primug`kzjakñg `c di yj j`qukrk`i cg cd Pjddcr
Qkelñdkai, aig cd pripñskti `c vidvcr ecfir `itj`is j gucstrj
Diokj, sk cmcatkvjecgtc sieis ajpjacs `c supcrjr cd irouddi, dj
vjgk`j` y dj ai`kakj".
"^ir di `ceês, cs `c ti`j cvk`cgakj quc cd ec`ki eês
kepirtjgtc pjrj jdajgzjr ugj mirejakñg ejsñgkaj jutëgtkaj, cs
jqucd kgsustktukldc priacsi ågtkei `c Kgkakjakñg Kgtcrgj quc

jdoukcg, aig ti`j

cg dj cscgakj `cdrjzñg, `cgiekgñ
Kgkakj`i vkvkr jutiejcstråj , pirquc
cg pcrejgcgtc trjgaccstêg
`c
jutimirejakñg, `c cviduakñg, `c priorcsi y ecfirjekcgti eirjd
y cspkrktujd".
Jd tërekgi `c su ejg`jti cspkrktujd, cd Orjg Ejcstri
Birjaki Oigzêdcz Aigtcssc, gis cxbirtjlj cg cd Ecgsjfc
aigsidk`j`i `cd auj`rkcgki :;?0 - :;?2, cg jdougis pêrrjmis
aigacrgkcgtc jd tcej6 "Jög j rkcsoi `c rctcgcr dj jtcgakñg `c eks
Kdustrcs Bcrejgis eês `c di quc pjrcakcrj aigvcgkcgtc, `csci
scújdjr dj cscgakj `c dj ejsigcråj Sgkvcrsjd. Cs cddj ugj csaucdj
`cd eês jdti rjgoi y aiei Kgstktuakñg
Kgstktu akñg mirej`irj y `iacgtc, tkcgc
ugj ekskñg kgcdu`kldc quc auepdkr. Airrcspig`c j cddj pdjsejr
ug tkpi k`cjd `c Bielrc audti, sidk`jrki, mrjtcrgjd, jejgtc `cd
priorcsi8 duabj`ir kgajgsj
kgajgsjldc
ldc trjs dj aigqukstj `c dj ^jz, dj
Fustkakj, dj Dklcrtj` y dj @kogk`j`".
"Gucstrj Juoustj Ir`cg rcprcscgtj ug bjz `c vidugtj`cs
y, cg aigscaucgakj, dj orjvktjakñg y prcstkoki `c cddj cs cd
rcsudtj`i `c dj ajdk`j` eirjd v audturj kgkakêtkaj `c sus
ekcelris. Dj rjzñg `c scr `c dj Ir`cg Ejsñgkaj rcsk`c cg dj
cxkstcgakj `cd bielrc
aig`uatj buejgj. y `c dis vjdircs
Gi pcrektkrê, c k`cjdcs
pir tjgti, quc dj quc girejg`cd
aigakcgakj dj
bielrc scj utkdkzj`j aiei skepdc kgstruecgti, gk jög j prctcxti
`c dis eês ocgcrisis eitkvis, pucs, sistkcgc quc cd scr buejgi

:?>

:?:

cs `ucúi `c su aigakcgakj quc gi puc`c scr supc`kt

supc`ktj`j
j`j j gkgougj
cgtk`j`".
"Cstj jatktu` `c dj Ir`cg, quc bceis `c ejgtcgcr
kgvjrkjldc j trjvës `c dis tkcepis, aigstktuyc ugj `c djs ljscs
mug`jecgtjdcs `c su mkdisimåj. ^rcscrvjr dj dklcrtj` `cd bielrc
cs su prkeir`kjd tjrcj, pucs, `c cstc ei`i `cmkcg`c jd kg`kvk`ui
`c dj csadjvktu`, `cd scrvkdksei cspkrktujd y `cd jljg`igi `c dj
`kogk`j`. Dj Mrjgaejsigcråj jspkrj j quc aj`j scr buejgi
j`qukcrj ugj pcrsigjdk`j` y rcaigiac y `cmkcg`c cg ëd ugj
aigakcgakj jutñgiej.
eirjd, su pripkj C gpucs
Cg
girej, dj kgtkek`j` `cd bielrc
cs silcrjgi. sc `j su pripkj
Gi idvk`ceis quc cd
bielrc j`qukcrc ti`i cd rjgoi, `kogk`j` y prcstjgakj sñdi
aujg`i cg su airjzñg, cg su ecgtc y cg su jdej `cmkcg`c y
aigscrvj ug rkgañg `c kgtkek`j`, pirquc jddå cstê su orjg`czj,
quc gi cs itrj aisj quc su pripkj dklcrtj` pcrsigjd―
pcrsigjd ―.
—Qidjecgtc dj aigakcgakj `c aj`j aujd puc`c y `clc
`cak`kr rcspcati `c dis pripkis aiepirtjekcgtis, pucs, aiei
sjlcrgis, dj eirjd gi cs ugj, gi cs kgvjrkjldc gk sñdk`j i råok`j
aiei ugj riaj, yj quc skceprc cgakcrrj ugj zigj `c
kgacrtk`uelrc y `ksarcpjgakjs, cg dj quc aj`j aigakcgakj cs fucz
y dcoksdj`ir. Dj Ejsigcråj, aigscaucgtc aig cd jgtk`ioejtksei
quc primcsj, cxkoc `c sus ekcelris quc scjg eirjdcs, pcri gi
dcs kepigc ugj pjutj `c eirjd skgi quc rcspctj dj aigakcgakj
kg`kvk`ujd y sñdi cxkoc quc aj`j aujd priac`j `c jaucr`i aig su
aigakcgakj. Cd ti`i ejsñgkai gis kgspkrj bjakj ugj jdtj
aigakcgakj
aigakcga kj eirjd".
"Dj Ir`cg Ejsñgkaj, aiei Kgstktuakñg Kgkakêtkaj. cs
rkourisjecgtc scdcatkvj, di quc gis cstê scújdjg`i quc cg cddj
bjg `c mk`cdk`j`
dcjdtj`, prcvjdcacry jajtjekcgti
dj ajdk`j` jarksidj`j
`c ëstis j`c
dissus ekcelris
orjg`cs y dj
^rkgakpkis
oukj`ircs quc dj rcoudjg. @cscjeis
@cscjeis quc cd ejsñg, ljfi cd kgmdufi
`c ugj j`cauj`j `iacgakj sc trjgsmirec cg ug jutëgtkai ilrcri

:?:

:?<

`c pjz, pirtj`ir `c ug ecgsjfc `c mrjtcrgk`j`, `c fustkakj y `c

jeir bjakj sus scecfjgtcs".
"Cs `c ti`is aigiak`i cd csmucrzi quc bceis
`csjrriddj`i pjrj ddcvjr dj `iacgakj
`iacgakj aiei jatkvk`j` skstceêtkaj
skstceêtkaj
jd Orj`i `c Ejcstri y ti`is, scourjecgtc, aiepjrtcg gucstrj
ipkgkñg `c quc bceis jdajgzj`i ljstjgtc, jugquc gi di
sumkakcgtc, pucs jög quc`j euabi pir bjacr. Cs quc dj Ejcstråj
aigstktuyc dj audekgjakñg `cd priacsi mirejtkvi y dj pdcgktu`
ejsñgkaj, cxprcsj`j aiei pdcgktu` `c `crcabis y pdcgktu` `c
`clcrcs.
Ir`cg y Airrcspig`c jd Ejcstri`cvcdjr
pir cd ejgtcgkekcgti pir dj aigscrvjakñg
dj `ksakpdkgj `c dj
cg dis trjljfis.
Zukcgcs bjg jdajgzj`i dj Ejcstråj tkcgcg cd `clcr y dj
rcspigsjlkdk`j` `c cgscújr y c`uajr, pucs sidjecgtc cs Ejcstri
cd quc cgscúj, kgstruyc i c`uaj pir su sidj prcscgakj, pir su
cfcepdi y prilk`j` kgilfctjldc".

Dj silcrjgåj `cd Ejcstri y `c dj Quldkec Aêejrj `cd Ec`ki

Sgi `c dis eitkvis quc ec kepudsñ j rcjdkzjr dj

rcaipkdjakñg `c djs aktjs y jgtcac`cgtcs quc jligjg dj Pcsks
sustcgtj`j cg cstc trjljfi, mkfj dj dcaturj `c djs cxprcskigcs
vcrtk`js pir cd Orjg Ejcstri \cgë Ojraåj ]. cg su qukgti y
ödtkei Ecgsjfc `cd júi :;?0, aig iajskñg `c dj cgtrcoj `cd
ejddctc \catir `c dj Ir`cg, j su suacsir, y quc trjgsarkli j
aigtkgujakñg6

"@cgtri `cd Pcrrktirki `c dj \cpöldkaj, dj Orjg Diokj `c

Abkdc cs dj Jutirk`j` Quprcej pjrj cd oilkcrgi y aig`uaakñg `c
dis orj`is jzudcs, skelñdkais y ugkvcrsjdcs `c dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj. Cfcrac cstc pi`cr aig pdcgj kg`cpcg`cgakj y
silcrjgåj, skg aiepjrtkr gkgougi `c sus `clcrcs y jtrkluakigcs
aig aujdqukcr itri irojgksei. J`ceês `c su `crcabi `c

:?<

:?1

tcrrktirkjdk`j` ociorêmkaj, jsuec cd `crcabi `c tcrrktirkjdk`j`

`iacgtc y cspkrktujd pjrj dj mirejakñg kgtcorjd `c sus rcaursis
buejgis――.
buejgis
—Cstis prkgakpkis trj`kakigjdcs `c gucstrj Dcy, sig
`kstkgtkvis `cd dcgoujfc ejsñgkai. Aucstj cxpdkajrsc pir quë gi
skceprc bj cgaigtrj`i dj airrcatj trj`uaakñg cg dj ecgtc `c
gucstris bcrejgis, cd aigtcgk`i ugkvcrsjd c kgtcorjd `c su
cgscújgzj――.
cgscújgzj
—Aig tjd scgtk`i, `clc scr kgtcrprctj`i dj titjdk`j` `cd
tcxti `cd gucvi Prjtj`i `c ^jz y Jekstj`, rcakcgtcecgtc
susarkti aig cd Quprcei Aigscfi `cd Orj`i RRRKKK y ödtkei `cd
\kti Csaiaës Jgtkoui y Jacptj`i quc sñdi ei`kmkaj cd jgtcrkir
cg aujgti j ugj ejyir purczj `cd dcgoujfc kgkakêtkai, ugj ecfir
`ceistrjakñg `c dj lucgj mc quc `clc cxkstkr cgtrc bcrejgis y
dj rcatktu` `c djs dågcjs `cd trjzj`i `cd Ejcstri―
Ejcstri―.
—Dcoktkek`j`, jutigieåj, kg`cpcg`cgakj y silcrjgåj, cg
ejtcrkjs `c j`ekgkstrjakñg y `c oilkcrgi, skogkmkajg pjrj dj
Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc cd auepdkekcgti `c dj dklcrtj` `cd Ejcstri
cg
y cdsurcaigiakekcgti
Aêejrj `cd Ec`ki,
`c sucdpitcstj`
jgbcdi ëtkai
`iacgtc`c ysucspkrktujd―
pripkj mirejakñg
cspkrktujd ―.
—Cd tcrgjrki aigstktutkvi `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj
cs kgaduskvi pjrj aigsk`crjr
aigsk`cr jr dis rktis aigi skstcejs `c cgscújgzj
pcri cgcg di quc j cddj sc rc
rcmkcrc,
mkcrc, dcvjgtj
dcvjgtj aiei eirjd `c jspkrjakñg
dj rctriorj`jakñg ejokstcrkjd, dj silcrjgåj `cd Ejcstri, dj
kgvkidjlkdk`j` c kgtjgoklkdk`j` `c dj Aêejrj `cd ec`ki y dj
dcycg`j `c Bkrje aiei trjsugti `c dj kgkakjakñg skelñdkaj. Cg
suej, dj cxjdtjakñg pir så eksei jd orj`i `c Ejcstri y cd
priacsi kgkakêtkai
kgkakêtkai `c dj pripkj Ejcs
Ejcstråj".
tråj".
"Jmkrejg dis irti`ixis puris quc dj Mrjgaejsigcråj cs
ug såelidi j auyj rcjdkzjakñg `clceis jspkrjr. @cgtri `c dis
dåektcs `c cstc suprcei jgbcdi ajlc `cakr, aig bigrj`cz y
buekd`j`, quc gucstrj Aêejrj `cd Ec`ki cs cd acgêaudi cg cd

:?1

:?0

quc gi bceis diorj`i aiepdctjr cd acrceigkjd y cg`crczjr j

BK\JE aig dis akgai pugtis `c jpiyi `c dj Ejcstråj―
Ejcstråj ―.
—@cs`c bjac júis vcgoi bjldjg`i `c ugj Arksks `c dj
Ejcstråj, kg`kspcgsjldc `c aigfurjr. Gcacsktjeis aigvcgacr j
dis csaëptkais quc cddj cxkstc. jugquc gis `ucdj rcaigiacrdi. Gi
arci quc scj gcacsjrki vidvcr cg `ctjddc silrc dj eudtkpdkak`j`
`c sus sågtiejs6 `cmcatuisj mirejakñg `cd Aiepjúcri8
cxjdtjakñg rutkgjrkj j dj Ejcstråj8 juscgakj `c cgscújgzj `cd
Orj`i8 mjdsj k`cj `c bjlcr jdajgzj`i ugj ectj8 vjgk`j`
ejokstrjd8 juscgakj `c prcpjrjakñg y viajakñg pjrj cfcracr cd
ejokstcrki6 jtrimkj `cd Ejcstri cg dj Aêejrj `cd Ec`ki y mjdtj
`c jprivcabjekcgti `c itrjs j`qukskakigcs kgkakêtkajs―
kgkakêtkajs ―.
—Bc usj`i `c aujdqukcr trklugj, `cgtri y mucrj `c gucstrj
Ilc`kcgakj,
Ilc`kcga kj, pjrj bjacr prcscgtc cstc prildcej". "@kacg gucstris
eês sjlkis Kgstruatircs - j auyj kdustrjakñg ejsñgkaj ec jaifi
aig rcaiokekcgti - quc dj rctriorj`jakñg aiei ejrabj j dj
kgvcrsj, ildkoj jd Aiepjúcri, fuzoj`i aiei `kogi `c dj
Quprcej Kgkakjakñg, j vidvcr silrc sus pjsis, pjrtkcg`i `c dj
Cstrcddj
ejrabjs \j`kjgtc,
quc jgtcs pjrj skelidkzjr
auepdkñ, su rcjd di skelidkzj`i8
skogkmkajakñg8 `jr j jög
cstkdkzjr djs
eês cd usi `c djs bcrrjek
bcrrjekcgtjs
cgtjs aig dj jyu`j `cd cspårktu8 jdajgzjr
su pripki aigiakekcgti, `iekgki y cggildcakekcgti8 scr
Ejcstri `c så eksei y ekrjr sñdi aiei ec`kis aij`yuvjgtcs,
eês gugaj aiei mkgcs, dis orj`is, dis rktis, djs tcg`cgakjs
tcg`cgakjs y dis
skstcejs quc dc aig`uzajg j dj suldkec jspkrjakñg `c dj
Jutiejcstråj".
—Cs prcaksi tjelkëg quc cd muturi Ejcstri, y pir
aigskoukcgtc dis quc yj di sig, jprcg`jg j ejg`jr, ejgcfjg`i
cd Ejzi quc oidpcj cd Akgacd. \cpktjeis aig Iswjd`i _krtb6
"'ti`j Ejcstråj aiekcgzj pir så8 scr su pripki Ejcstri jlrc dj
våj j ti`js djs Qilcrjgåjs".

:?0

:?3

"Cg eês `c ugj iajskñg sc ec bj arktkaj`i ek cxacskvi

jpcoi jd "csitcrksei". Cs vcr`j` quc di bc audtkvj`i aig
csecri. Gugaj pjrj cgacrrjrdi cg ugj Ajstjdkj coiåstj y
prcsakg`cgtc.
prcsakg`cg tc. Cs piskldc quc cg cstj `cspc`k`j bjyj cxjocrj`i
cxjocrj`i
ug tjgti dj mug`jecgtjakñg kgkakêtkaj. Ifjdê djs k`cjs quc j
aigtkgujakñg cxprcsi skrvjg `c jdougj jyu`j―
jyu`j―.
—Gucstri eug`i cxtcrkir cstê cgmcrei. Pjelkëg di cstê
gucstrj Ir`cg, cg di quc sc rcmkcrc j sus bkfis. Dj `iatrkgj cstê
cg pkc y gugaj bj sk`i eês gcacsjrkj. Gcacsktjeis vidvcr j cddj.
Cstê kgtjatj, pcri oujr`j`j cg cd mig`i `cd sjrañmjoi `c Bkrje.
Gk jgtcs, gk `cspuës,
`cspuës, dj bceis sjlk`i usjr. Jgtcs y `cspuës
bceis sjdk`i jd eug`i primjgi cg lusaj `cd pêfjri jzud y gi
bceis sk`i ajpjacs `c j`vcrtkrdi cg gucstrj pripkj ajsj.
Qcoukeis prciaupj`is `c dis prildcejs aigtkgocgtcs y sus
siduakigcs. ^cri gj`j bjaceis pir jprivcabjr gucstrj
cgscújgzj, pir kogirjgakj, ^ir `cs`ildjekcgti, pir jaakigcs
kg`clk`js i pir iekskigcs kgajdkmkajldcs―
kgajdkmkajldcs―.
 —Kgsksti cg jaigscfjr cd rcpdkcouc kgkakêtkai, cg gkgougj
mirej
gucstrjpjrj csaig`crgis,
sjlk`uråj vkocgtc, skgi quc ypjrj
prcscgtc prcpjrjrgis
jatujd j usjr
cg mjvir `c `c
gucstrj
^jtrkj y `c dj Buejgk`j`. \corcsceis j dj Aêejrj `cd Ec`ki
pjrj cstu`kjr, pjrj `cdklc
`cdklcrjr,
rjr, pjrj vcr ejgcrj `c bjacr ugj
rcjdk`j` `c gucstri trj`kakigj
trj`kakigjdd buejgksei".
Cg cd —Dklri `cd Ejcstri―, Iswjd` _krtb,
_krtb, jd rcmcrkrsc j
"Dj Qilcrjgåj `c dis Ejcstris" `kac di skoukcgtc6 "Cg Ejsigc
Ejsigcråj
råj
gkgougj jatkvk`j` cs supcrkir j dj `cd Ejcstri. ^ir silrc cd
Ejcstri gi bjy gj`j. Cd quc `krkoc dis trjljfis
tr jljfis gi cs supcrkir
supcrkir cg
gj`j j dis itris Ejcstris y dcs `clc aucgtj `cd `cscepcúi `c su
mugakñg. Cd eksei Orjg Ejcstri gi cs skgi ug `cdcoj`i `c dis
Ejcstris y cs cg gielrc `c cddis y ljfi su aigtrid quc cd
oilkcrgj ugj Mc`crjakñg `c Diokjs―
Diokjs―.

:?3

:?=

—Sg oilkcrgi ejsñgkai gi piscc, pir itrj pjrtc, gkgoög

pi`cr pir så eksei. Ëd cs cd cfcautir puri y skepdc `c dj vidugtj`
`c sus aiektcgtcs y su pjpcd sc dkektj j dj ocstkñg `c dis kgtcr
kgtcrcscs
cscs
aidcatkvis. ^cri djs diokjs gi tkcgcg quc rcaklkr gkgougj
kepudskñg `c ugj j`ekgkstrjakñg aieög. Qk ëstjs skgtkcrjg dj
gcacsk`j` `c scr `krkok`js, gi scråjg ti`jvåj skgi celrkigcs `c
Diokjs, Pjddcrcs quc gi sjlcg trjljfjr pir så ekseis, `c jbå dj
gcacsk`j` `c scr `krkok`js y ejgtcgcrdjs ljfi tutcdj―
tutcdj ―.
—Gi suac`c
suac`crêrê gugaj csi cg ugj vcr`j`crj Diokj, quc
oilkcrgcg Ejcstris jgkej`is pir cd cspårktu `c Bkrje, pirquc
cd trjljfi gi mjdtjrê gugaj jddå y jdajgzjrê ti`is dis mrutis quc
bjy cd `crcabi `c cspcrjr, pir silrc ti`j cstkeudjakñg cxtcrkir".
—^ir ödtkei, ec bj pjrcak`i cdiaucgtc, ug jrtåaudi
jpjrcak`i cg dj \cvkstj Ejsñgkaj G¶:-< `cd júi :;?2, quc gi bc
rcskstk`i aipkjrdi "kg cxtcgsi".
Aigaduskigcs

EcBcrejgi
cstu`kisi bj pjrcak`i gcacsjrki
C`ujr`i aktjr,Eôddcr,
^bkddkps gucvjecgtc. j gucstri
mug`j`ir `c dj
\cspctjldc Diokj "^cgtjdpbj" y su prkecr ]cgcrjldc Ejcstri,
quc cg su Prjzj`i tktudj`i. Dis Gucvis "Ejsigcs Jacptj`is"
gis aiecgtjlj6
"Dj eês jgtkouj `cmkgkakñg quc sc aigiac, aiei di
bceis `kabi itrjs vcacs, `csarklc j dj Mrjgaejsigcråj
Mrjgaejsigcrå j aiei "ug
pcaudkjr skstcej `c Eirjd, vcdj`i pir jdcoiråjs c kdustrj`i pir
såelidis".
—Cxpdkaj`j cg tërekgis eês cxpdåaktis, cddj gis `kac quc
dj Ir`cg aigskstc cg ugj @iatrkgj auyi aigiakekcgti cstê sñdi
jd jdajgac `c dis Kgkakj`is, cs `cakr, `c jqucddis quc aigiacg cd
dcgoujfc cg quc cstê cxprcsj`j. Qkg celjroi, gj`kc puc`c gcojr
cd bcabi `c quc, aj`j `åj, jlug`jg eês cg dj Mrjgaejsigcråj dis
di s

:?=

:??

Kgkakj`is quc gi sñdi gi aigiacg cstc dcgoujfc, skgi quc gi

eucstrjg gkgoög kgtcrës pir aigiacrdi, y bjstj di aigsk`crjg
aiei ugj `c djs júcfcacs `c gucstrj Ir`cg―
Ir`cg ―.
—Bj jpjrcak`i, jså, ugj gucvj adjsc `c "ejsigcs
jacptj`is", aig dj `kmcrcgakj quc dis quc jgtkoujecgtc mucrig
"jacptj`is" aiei ejsigcs, skg pcrtcgcacr jd imkaki,
rckvkg`kajrig pjrj dj Ir`cg ugj Prj`kakñg Kgkakêtkaj yj ajsk
`csjpjrcak`j6 cg ajelki, cstis, pir skepdc y puri
`csaigiakekcgti, trjljfjg, kgaigsakcgtcecgtc, pjrj quc
`csjpjrczaj
`csjpj rczaj pir aiepdcti".
Jskeksei, aktjeis gucvjecgtc jd Bcrejgi Iswjd`
_krtb, quc cg dj pêokgj 21 `c su "Dklri `cd Ejcstri", gis scújdj
tcxtujdecgtc6 "Gkgougj cgscújgzj kgkakêtkaj cs piskldc sk dis
såelidis silrc dis aujdcs cgscúj gi cxkstcg―.
—\jakigjdkzj`j, scoög cd ousti `c dis jgtkskelidkstjs, dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj gi scråj skgi ugj csaucdj cg dj quc dis Jduegis
quc gi sjlcg dccr bulkcrjg `carctj`i dj suprcskñg `cd Jdmjlcti―
Jdmjlcti ―.
—^cri dj cstrcabcz `cd airjzñg cs pcir jög quc dj `c dj
kgtcdkocgakj. Dj Ejsigcråj cgscúj j dis bielrcs j jejrsc j
pcsjr `c ti`i di quc dis `kvk`c. @clceis cdcvjrgis pir cgakej
`c djs `kvkskigcs pjrj aieudojr cgtrc gisitris pir cd cmcati `c
cstj eutuj tidcrjgakj. skg dj aujd gi bjy Mrjgaejsigcråj. ¹Zuë
pcgsjr, `cspuës `c di `kabi, `c csis prctcg`
prctcg`k`is
k`is Ejsigcs quc,
arcyëg`isc cddis sidis cg piscskñg `c dj ]cr`j` Ejsñgkaj,
tiejg i`ki j aujdqukcrj quc gi pkcgsc aiei cddis9―
cddis9 ―
—Aiei sk sc priadjejscg kgmjdkldcs cg sus ipkgkigcs,
cstis pigtåmkacs djs crkocg cg `ioejs y mudekgjg kgacsjgtcs
cxaieugkigcs aigtrj
vcr. Cddis tkcg`cg dis "bcrëtkais"
j `csirojgkzjr ipucstis jjsucstrcabjrdj
dj Ejsigcråj, ejgcrj `cj
djs `kecgskigcs `c ugj kodcskj rcstrkgok`j, ekcgtrjs quc dj Diokj
`clc cxtcg`crsc `c Irkcgtc j Iaak`cgtc y `c Qur j Girtc, pjrj

:??

:?2

cxprcsjr bjstj quc pugti sc kepigc dj ugkvcrsjdk`j` j gucstrj

Kgstktuakñg cscgakjdecgtc jgtk scatjrkj―
scatjrkj―.
—Jså, kgmkdtrêg`isc cgtrc gisitris, ljfi aujdqukcr `ksmrjz
quc scj, cd cspårktu `cd scatjrksei rc`uac j pidvi dis akekcgtis
`c gucstrj Mrjtcrgk`j`
Mr jtcrgk`j` Sgkvcrsjd".
Sgkvcrsjd".
"@csprcg`c djs pkc`rjs `cd C`kmkaki prctcg`kcg`i vidvcr
j tjddjrdjs eês cxjatjecgtc. Cs, pucs, aig dj Csauj`rj `c su
aigacpakñg pjrtkaudjr `c di fusti, quc dis kgtidcrjgtcs, dis
scatjrkis
Bkrje". y dis mjgêtkais oidpcjg cg cd airjzñg jd Ejcstri
^jrj `csjrriddjr cstc trjljfi `c kgvcstkojakñg, ec bc
dkektj`i j aigsudtjr y trjgsarklkr, dktcrjdecgtc, djs ipkgkigcs,
`cadjrjakigcs, tcstkeigkis y jscvcrjakigcs, mireudj`js y
sistcgk`js pir `kstkgtjs jutirk`j`cs y trjtj`kstjs ejsñgkais,
qukcgcs jd rcmcrkrsc jd tcej cg aucstkñg, aig orjg cru`kakñg y
cxtrjir`kgjrki pi`cr `c sågtcsks, bjg rcsuek`i ti`i di quc, j ek
ei`csti fukaki, dc airrcspig`c sjlcr y aigiacr jd Ejcstri
Ejsñg cg su mirejakñg kgkakêtkaj y pjrj pi`cr `jrsc aucgtj, jd
eksei tkcepi, `c dj kepirtjgakj quc tkcgc su djlir `iacgtc y
jaakñg ejsñgkaj priycatj`j jd ec`ki cg quc vkvc y aigvkvc
^riycaakñg quc cs jvjdj`j pir cd Orjg Ejcstri Birjaki
Oigzêdcz Aigtcssc cg su Ecgsjfc Jgujd prigugakj`i cg dj
Pcgk`j `c Orjg Diokj `c mcabj <: `c Fugki `c :;?36
"Dj Mrjgaejsigcråj sjlc quc gi cs piskldc aigaclkr ugj
Qiakc`j` fustj, sk gi mkgaj su kgtcrës y su jaakñg cg dj mirejakñg
`c rcakjs kg`kvk`ujdk`j`cs, dklrcs, audtjs, bigcstjs y `kogjs. Qk
cs vcr`j` quc dj siakc`j` primjgj mirej jd Bielrc, tjelkëg di
cs
Cs quc cd Bielrc
cg cstc priacsimirej y trjgsmirej
`c kgtcrjaakñg y `c jeutujs
dj Qiakc`j` cg quc`ig`c
kgmducgakjs, vkvc.
sc vj bjakcg`i dj vk`j `cd Bielrc
Bielr c cg så eksei y cg rcdjakñg aig
dis `ceês".

:?2

:?;

^ir di tjgti, cstj rcaipkdjakñg `c jgtcac`cgtcs quc tkcg`c

j rcjmkrejr dj tcsks quc "cd Orj`i `c Ejcstri cs dj Audekgjakñg
`cd ^riacsi Kgkakêtkai", ajrcac `c ti`j irkokgjdk`j` y cd ögkai
eërkti quc puc`c tcgcr, sk cs quc di tkcgc, cs cd `c cvktjrdcs
për`k`j `c tkcepi y `c csmucrzi j dis ]cgcrjldcs
]cgcrjldcs Bcrejgis
Ejcstris quc gi `kspigcg `c di prkecri y qukcrcg jbirrjrsc di
scoug`i.
Qk jdougj sktujakñg jgñejdj iaurrc cg jdougis Pjddcrcs
`c dj Ilc`kcgakj,
Bcrejgis pir dj
Ajpktudjrcs, gicqukviaj`j
cs audpj `cpjrtkakpjakñg `c cs
ëstis, skgi quc jdougis
`c dj
rcspigsjlkdk`j` ögkaj y cxaduskvj `c dis Ejcstris Ejsigcs y `c
su rcspcatkvj Aêejrj `cd Ec`ki, quc gi bj sjlk`i ajutcdjr,
vjdirjr y cgjdtcacr cd Quldkec Orj`i `c Ejcstri pjrj `jrdc dj
`kogk`j`, dj kepirtjgakj y dj fcrjrquåj quc dc airrcspig`c pir
scr cd ^kgêaudi `cd Pcepdi Kgejtcrkjd cdcvj`i pir dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj Sgkvcrsjd cg lcgcmkaki `c dj
Buejgk`j`.
^ir trjtjrsc `c ug tcej `c suyi `cdkaj`i y `c `kstkgti
cgmiquc cg cd scgi `c gucstrj Juoustj Kgstktuakñg, ec bc
dkektj`i, sidjecgtc, j aktjr y rcpri`uakr `kmcrcgtcs tcstkeigkis
`c rcaigiak`js y vcrsj`js jutirk`j`cs ejsñgkajs, cg su ejyiråj
gjakigjdcs, pirquc aigsk`cri quc cs ug prildcej quc dc kgtcrcsj
y jtjúc j dj Ejsigcråj Abkdcgj lusajr dj ejgcrj `c rcsidvcr.
^ir csti eksei, bc trjtj`i `c cvktjr, cg di piskldc, `c
cektkr fukakis pcrsigjdcs silrc tjg `cdkaj`i jsugti quc orjvktj
têaktjecgtc cg cd qucbjacr ågtkei `c gucstrjs Diokjs, pir gi scr
ugj jutirk`j` cg dj ejtcrkj y aig cd mkg `c cvktjr rcmutjakigcs i
ejdjs kgtcrprctjakigcs.
Aig cstc jaipki `c ipkgkigcs y cxprcskigcs vcrtk`js pir
tjg Kdustrcs Ejsigcs, cspcri pi`cr aigvcgacr j eks Zucrk`is
Bcrejgis Ejcstris, `c dj suej kepirtjgakj quc rcvkstc cd
Quldkec Orj`i `c Ejcstri quc istcgtjg, cg su mirejakñg

:?;

:2>

kgkakêtkaj, y `c dj gkgougj quc skogkmkaj cd bcabi `c gi scr

scdcaakigj`is pir sus pjrcs `cd Pcracr Orj`i, pjrj kgorcsjr jd
Csaiacsksei.
Dis Ejcstris Ejsigcs quc gi jacptjg dj sktujakñg `c
pcrejgcacr
pcrejgca cr cg su Pcracr Orj`i, skg scr prieivk`is,
prieivk`is, "skg
jsacg`cr", j dis orj`is supcrkircs `cd Csaiacsksei y sc jdcfjg
`c dj Ir`cg pir cstc ögkai eitkvi, gi ecrcacg quc sc dcs
aigsk`crc aiei tjdcs.
Zukcgcs
cstêg ejd pkcgsjg
ulkaj`is, `c cstj ejgcrj,
cqukviajrig `idirisi
cd ajekgi, cs lkcg
y bjacg `cakrdi,
cg
rctirgjr jd Eug`i ^rimjgi `cd quc, cg rcjdk`j`, gugaj `clkcrig
bjlcr sjdk`i.
 :2>

:2:
Cstu`kis bkstñrkais

:2:

:2<
 :2<

:21

Cd Irkocg `cd Pcracr Orj`i y su

kgtri`uaakñg cg dj Ejsigcråj
Ejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj

Dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc, bj puldkaj`i `is kgtcrcsjgtcs y

`k`êatkais "Auj`crgis Qkelñdkais" silrc cstc tcej. Cd júi
:;2<, puldkañ ugi auyi jutir cs cd @r. Juoust ^juds, Qilcrjgi
Orjg Aiecg`j`ir `cd Quprcei Aigscfi `c Jdcejgkj, aig cd
tåtudi `c "Gjakekcgti, `csjrriddi y skogkmkaj`i `cd Orj`i `c
Ejcstri y cd scoug`i, cd júi :;?=, quc tkcgc pir jutir jd Aig`c
Cuocgki Oildct @'Jdvkcddj. Qilcrjgi Orjg Aiecg`j`ir `cd
Quprcei Aigscfi `c Lëdokaj, y auyi tåtudi cs "Cd irkocg `cd
Orj`i `c Ejcstri―.
Ejcstri―.
Cg cstis `is "Auj`crgis Qkelñdkais" sc bjac jaipki `c

jgtcac`cgtcs, `iauecgtis,`cdy eug`i

csarktircs c kgvcstkoj`ircs aigaduskigcs `c tcg`kcgtcs
ejsñgkai, prcstkokisisj
cstjldcacr dis iråocgcs `cd Pcracr Orj`i y su kgairpirjakñg cg
dj Ejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj.
Cs jså aiei, cg cd prkecri `c cddis, cgtrc itris
jrouecgtis, sc jmkrej6 "Dj prcougtj silrc dj mirejakñg y
jpjrkakñg `cd Orj`i `c Ejcstri y dj Dcycg`j `c Bkrje, sc
aigtcstj, aig ugj priljlkdk`j` rjyjgj cg dj acrtczj, quc djs
jgtkoujs diokjs ipcrjtkvjs `c Kgodjtcrrj gi aigiaåjg gk cd orj`i
`c Ejcstri gk dj Dcycg`j `c Bkrje Jlkm".
^cri csti gi puc`c ddcvjr j dj aigmuskñg `c quc gi sc
aigiakcrj dj ^jdjlrj `cd Ejcstri cg cstjs diokjs ipcrjtkvjs,
pucsti quc, `cs`c mkgcs `cd skodi R]K, jprixkej
jprixkej`jecg
`jecgtc,
tc, ëstj
crj "Ejbjlyg", scoög cd @r. Juoust ^juds8 pcri scoög cd Aig`c
Cuocgki Oildct, ëstj crj "Ejuoblkg", kgtcrprctjg`i cd
Ajtcaksei `cd Ejgusarkti `c Qdijgc G¶ 11<; `cd júi :?>>, pcri

:21

:20

tjelkëg pi`åj scr "Ejtsbkpkg―

"Ejtsbkpkg―,, scoög cd Ajtcaksei `cd
Ejgusarkti `cd Prkgkty Aiddcoc `c @uldåg, `cd júi :?::.
Qkg celjroi, sc bjac cvk`cgtc dj kepisklkdk`j` `c
prctcg`cr ljsjrsc cg dj cxkstcga
cxkstcgakj
kj `c dj pjdjlrj `cd Ejcstri, pjrj
ddcojr j dj aigaduskñg `c dj cxkstcgakj `cd Pcracr Orj`i, cg csis
tkcepis.
Cg cd "Auj`crgi Qkelñdkai" G¶<, cgtrc itris
jgtcac`cgtcs, sc cxpigc6 "Gi puc`c `ksautkrsc quc sc `clc j dis
ejsigcs cspcaudjtkvis,
cspcaudjtkvis, dj kgtri`uaakñg, scourjecgtc orj`ujd, `c
dj Dcycg`j `c Bkrje".
—Dj Mrjgaejsigcråj cspcaudjtkvj pusi `cs`c sus
aiekcgzis, cg duojr scaug`jrki, djs vkcfjs trj`kakigcs `c dj
Ejsigcråj Ipcrjtkvj `c Kgodjtcrrj y Csaiakj, rcdjtkvjs jd Jraj
`c Gië8 j dj Pirrc `c Ljlcd8 j Djecab8 j Gceri`8 Bcrecs8
Cuadk`cs8 cxtrjycg`i `c dj aigstruaakñg `cd Pcepdi `c
Qjdieñg, ti`i su Qkelidksei.
Qkelidksei.
Muc cg dj scoug`j c`kakñg `c :?12 `c djs Aigstktuakigcs
`c Jg`crsig, `ig`c jpjrcakñ cd pjsjfc quc mjdtjlj cg dj prkecrj
c`kakñg `cd júi :?<1, quc `kac6 "@cspuës `c dj aidiajakñg `c dj
pkc`rj auelrc quc mucrj acdclrj`j pir dj Mrjtcrgk`j`,
Mrjtcrgk`j`, su jdcoråj
jdcoråj
muc lkcg prigti kgtcrruepk`j pir dj eucrtc `c su qucrk`i
Ejcstri Bkrje Jlkm, jd quc cgtcrrjrig cg dj diokj, acraj `cd
Pcepdi, skoukcg`i dj jgtkouj aistuelrc".
Cg rcjdk`j`, bj quc`j`i cstjldcak`i yj, quc cd Pcracr
Orj`i gi muc ilrj prcec`ktj`j `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Dig`rcs,
skgi quc sc kgtri`ufi prkecri cg ugj i vjrkjs diokjs
kg`cpcg`kcgtcs,
Pjddcrcs pripjoêg`isc
`c dj Ilc`kcgakj. orj`ujdecgtc
^cri, pjrj j piai
jacrajrgis ug dis eês
`ceêsjd
csadjrcakekcgti `c cstc jsugti quc gis prciaupj, ec bj pjrcak`i
pcrtkgcgtc `cstjajr
`cstjajr djs kgvcstkojakigcs
kgvcstkojakigcs rcjdkzj`js
rcjdkzj`js pir `is
`kstkgouk`is y cstu`kisis ecfircs abkdcgis, ekcelris
mug`j`ircs `c dj \cspctjldc Diokj "^cgtjdpbj".

:20

:23

Ec rcmkcri, cg prkecr tërekgi, jd Z.¿.B.¿. C`ujr`i

^bkddkps Eôddcr, quc pdjgtcj ugj irkokgjd y jtrcvk`j tcsks silrc cd
piskldc irkocg ksdêekai `c dj Dcycg`j `c Bkrje Jlkm, cg ug scrki
scrki
y `iauecgtj`i cstu`ki
cstu`ki quc rcsuec y aig`cgsj ti`i di quc sc bj
csarkti y aigfcturj`i silrc cstc cgkoej ejsñgkai.
Cg cd pjsjfc quc sc rcmkcrc j dj dcycg`j `cd Keje
Ecskêgkai, csarklc di skoukcgtc6 "Cd kgstkgti `c aigscrvjakñg gi
sñdi pigc yj trjsa
pcrejgcgtc sjdvi gucstrj
trjsacg`cgtjd
cg`cgtjd cs djcxkstcgakj
jaakñg qucmåskaj.
jaakñg Euabi
cfcrac ssilrj eês
ilrj gucstri
ecajgksei psåqukai, pjrj pigcr j sjdvi, kdusirkjecgtc, pir
akcrti, gucstrj pripkj cxkstcgakj jgåekaj j dis vjdircs
cspkrktujdcs quc aig cddj sc k`cgtkmkajg".
"Ecrac` j tjd ecajgksei cs quc, mrcgtc j dj acrtk`uelrc
`c dj eucrtc, jmdirj aiei dcgktkvi, dj aigvkaakñg `c ugj vk`j
ctcrgj, quc vcgac j dj eucrtc, i quc, mrcgtc jd mrjajsi i jd k`cjd
mrustrj`is, gis jdkcgtj aig dj cspcrjgzj `c vcrdi auepdk`i cg ug
dcfjgi c kg`ctcrekgj`i muturi. Dis orjg`cs eivkekcgtis
rcdkokisis quc bjg joktj`i j dis pucldis irkcgtjdcs,
cspkrktujdecgtc eês `cgsis quc dis `c Iaak`cgtc, bjg
`csceliaj`i y mkfj`i su ödtkej rjzñg `c scr, fustjecgtc, cg csj
aigvcrskñg `cd mrjajsi cg cspcrjgzj―
cspcrjgzj―.
"Cg cd ajsi `cd pripki arkstkjgksei, trklutjrki, `cs`c cd
pugti `c vkstj rcdkokisi, `cd Ec`ki Irkcgtc sceåtkai. Arksti bj
`c vidvcr j auepdkr su ekskñg rc`cgtirj cg dj aigsuejakñg `c
dis skodis..."
^ir su pjrtc, cd Z.¿.B.¿. Ajrdis Ojyêg Qjdkgjs, cg ug
trjljfi `c kgvcstkojakñg
"^cgtjdpbj", jpjrcak`i
ljfi cd gielrc `c cg cd Auj`crgkddi
"Aiekcgzi G¶ 01 `c
`cd Orj`i `c
Ejcstri cg dj Ejsigcråj kgodcsj" `kac6 "Cgtrc, djs diokjs quc gi
rcaigiakcrig j dj Orjg Diokj `c Dig`rcs, aujg`i sc mug`ñ,
mkourj tjelkëg ugj jorupjakñg mirej`j pir eåstkais quc crjg
ejsigcs, quc tcgåj pir gielrc, "^bkdi Euskajc ct Jrabktcaturjc

:23

:2=
Qiakctjs―, quc j pcsjr `c bjlcr tcgk`i ugj vk`j euy
Qiakctjs―,
cmåecrj - cgtrc cd :2 `c Mclrcri `c :?<0, cg quc gjakñ, bjstj cd
<1 `c Ejrzi `c :?<?, cg quc `csjpjrcakñ skg ajusj aigiak`j - gi
puc`c iektkrsc su kepirtjgakj
kepirtjgakj cg dj bkstirkj `cd Pcracr Orj`i,
pir aujgti juecgtñ `c Qjdjrki j jdougis `c sus ekcelris y
cxjdtñ j Ejcstri j ugi `c cddis, cd :< `c Ejyi `c :?<3, scoög
aigstj cg dj aipkj `cd irkokgjd quc sc cgaucgtrj cg gucstri
EuscidjEjsñgkai,
`cakr, Orjg Diokjcg`c
ugjDig`rcs,
mcabj cgtcgåj
qucsidjecgtc
dj Ejsigcråj
`is Imkakjd,
orj`is6 cs
cd
`c Jprcg`kz y cd `c Aiepjúcri".
 Qcoög cd cekgcgtc ejsñg Jdlcrt ^khc, aig auyj ipkgkñg
aikgak`c cd `cstjaj`i ejsñg jdceêg F.O. Mkg`cd, "dj jgtkouj
ejsigcråj ipcrjtkvj tcgåj sidjecgtc ug orj`i, cd `c Aiepjúcri.
Cd orj`i `c Ejcstri jpjrcakñ j mkgcs `cd skodi R]KK, sk cs quc
crj ug orj`i y gi ugj ecrj kgvcstk`urj `c dj Aimrj`åj".
Cd jaigtcakekcgti
jaigtcakekcgti scújdj`i pir
pir cd ].¿.B.¿
].¿ .B.¿.. Ajrdis O
Ojyêg
jyêg
cs euy kepirtjgtc, pirquc cstjråj kg`kajg`i quc dj ^rkecrj
Cxjdtjakñg jd Orj`i `c Ejcstri cg Kgodjtcrrj, augj `c dj
Ejsigcråj, gi sc bkzi `cgtri `c su mërudj, skgi quc mucrj `c cddj.
Gi sc rcjdkzñ cg ugj diokj rcoudjr, aiei `cakeis jbirj, skgi
quc cg ugj diokj kg`cpcg`kcgtc mirej`j pir ejsigcs jejgtcs
`c dj eöskaj. Cg aujgti jd Orj`i `c Ejcstri itiroj`i cg mirej
rcoudjr cg Kgodjtcrrj, dj kgmirejakñg `c ejyir jgtkoôc`j`
aigiak`j, `jtj `cd <3 `c ejyi `c :?<=, scoög djs Jatjs `c dj
Diokj "@ueljrtig Hkdwkggkgo".
Qkg celjroi, jugquc cstjs mcabjs cstêg jvjdj`js pir
`iauecgtis,
airrcspig`jg jgidjs skogkmkajg cg sc
mcabjs cg quc mirej aigaduycgtc
kgtri`ufi cd Orj`i quc
`c
Ejcstri cg dj Ejsigcråj Kgodcsj.
Kgodcsj. ^u`i scr jgtcs, pcri gi sc bjg
cgaigtrj`i prucljs quc jså di jarc`ktcg y pjudjtkgjecgtc sc bj
k`i ocgcrjdkzjg`i su jacptjakñg, bjstj quc, cg dj Qcoug`j
Aigstktuakñg `c Jg`crsig, puldkaj`j cd júi :?12, sc dc itiroj

:2=

:2?
ug rcaigiakekcgti cxpdåakti.
Jgtcs `c mkgjdkzjr cstj csauctj kgmirejakñg, ec bj
pjrcak`i gcacsjrki
gcacsjrki jadjrjr ugj `kmug`k`j vcrskñg, quc euabis
jutircs bjg vcgk`i rcpktkcg`i, quc jtrkluyc jd jgtkaujrki Cdåjs
Jsbeidc dj arcjakñg `cd Pcracr Orj`i `c Ejcstri y dj dcycg`j
`c Bkrje. ^jrj aigscoukrdi, ec dkektjrë j rcpri`uakr dj
jutirkzj`j ipkgkñg
ipkgk ñg `c Lcrgjr` C. Figcs, quc jpjrcac cg dj pêokgj
:::, `c supir
puldkaj`j Ilrj "Ouåj y"6Aiepcg`ki
"^cgtjdpbj"6
"^cgtjdpbj "Qc susaktj`cdj dj Mrjgaejsigcråj",
kgtcrriojgtc `c quc
Cdåjs Jsbeidc, jdqukekstj y jgtkaujrki, bjyj sk`i ajpjz, yj scj
aiei ejsñg i aiei risjaruz, `c kgvcgtjr ug skstcej i \ktujd
ejsñgkai, aiei cs cd Orj`i `c Ejcstri y dj dcycg`j `c Bkrje,
pjrj kgairpirjrdi cg
cg dj ejsigc
ejsigcråj
råj kgodcsj
kgodcsj――.
—Cg cd ejgusarkti `c su @kjrki, quc sc cgaucgtrj cg dj
Lkldkitcaj Li`dckjg `c Ixmir`, sñdi bjy aigstjgakj `c su
kgairpirjakñg i "jacptjakñg" cg dj Ejsigcråj cg cd júi :=0=, cg
ugj diokj `c _jrrkgotig cg Djgajsbkrc y, pistcrkirecgtc, cd júi
:=2<, ugj kgvktjakñg quc rcaklkñ pjrj jskstkr j dj "jacptjakñg" `c
su jekoi _kddkje _kdsig cg dj Ajsj ejsñgkaj `c Dig`rcs. Dj
Iekskñg `c ti`j rcmcrcgakj j dj Ejsigcråj cg cd `kjrki
ejgusarkti `c Jsbeidc, `urjgtc cstis 1= júis quc ec`kjg cgtrc
:=0= y :=2<, suokcrj quc gi bjlråj tcgk`i gj`j quc vcr aig
gucstrj Kgstktuakñg, cg csc pcråi`i, i lkcg, quc dj Ir`cg
Ejsñgkaj skogkmkajlj euy piai pjrj ëd".
Aiei bceis pi`k`i vcr, cd irkocg akcrti `cd Pcracr
Orj`i y su kgairpirjakñg cg dj Ejsigcråj, cs ug tcej quc, bjstj
dj mcabj ajrcac `c vcr`j`crj rcsiduakñg. Qc bj cspcaudj`i
euabi jacraj `c cddi y cxkstcg vjrkis trjtj`kstjs ejsñgkais quc
bjg kgtcgtj`i adjrkmkajrdi, `jg`i ugj primuskñg `c jgtcac`cgtcs
quc pjrcacg tcgcr akcrtj vcriskekdktu`, pcri quc gi bjg pi`k`i
scr aigmkrej`is mcbjakcgtcecgtc, bjstj jbirj.

:2?

:22
 :22

:2;

Cd Aiepjogiggjoc y dj Ejsigcråj

Djs prkecrjs kgmirejakigcs quc sc tkcgcg `c dj

Ejsigcråj vkjfcrj i ekorjtirkj, aiei tjelkëg sc dj ddjej,
privkcgc `c dis
dis tkcepis `cd
`cd Kepcrki \
\iejgi,
iejgi, aujg`i
aujg`i orupis `c
ejsigcs jaiepjújljg j djs dcokigcs riejgjs cg su jvjgac
kgvjsir j trjvës `c Curipj y `cd Ec`ki Irkcgtc.
Dis `kmcrcgtcs imkakis cg \iej cstjljg irojgkzj`is cg
Aiddcokj y j dj airpirjakñg mirej`j pir ajgtcris, jdljúkdcs y
pkajpc`rcris,
pkajpc`rc ris, sc dcs ddjejlj Aiddcokj Mjlrirue.
^istcrkirecgtc, `urjgtc dj C`j` Ec`kj, tiejrig cd gielrc `c
Oukd`js, cg Kgodjtcrrj, Mrjgakj, Ktjdkj y Jdcejgkj.
@cspuës `c dj ajå`j `cd Kepcrki \iejgi y j ec`k`j quc
sc aigmirejljg cstis pjåscs cg sus rcspcatkvjs muturjs mrigtcrjs
y gjakigjdk`j`cs, cstjs oukd`js mucrig quc`jg`i ljfi dj tutcdj `c
dis ^jpjs, prkecri, y `cspuës, `c dis ajljddcris mcu`jdcs y pir
ödtkei, `c dis rcycs, qukcgcs dcs aigac`åjg prkvkdcokis
pjrtkaudjrcs,, tjgti aidcatkvis aiei kg`kvk`uj
pjrtkaudjrcs kg`kvk`ujdcs.
dcs. Qc dcs
`cgiekgjlj "furjg`cs".
Lcrgjr` C. Figcs, cg su ilrj "Ouåj y Aiepcg`ki `c dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj" scújdj quc "puc`c sirprcg`cr j dis bcrejgis
cstu`kisis,, quc gi sc cgaucgtrcg rcmcrcgakjs j djs aairpirjakigcs
cstu`kisis irpirjakigcs
ktkgcrjgtcs cg dis csarktis jgtcrkircs jd skodi R]KK y quc Julrcy
rcdjtj
:=;>, cg
qucsucg"Bkstirkj
dj ëpiajGjturjd `c _ktsbkrc"
`c Cgrkquc csarktj
KKK, cd ^jpj `katñcgtrc
ugj :=2>
Ludj yi
@kpdiej pjrj ugj Aiepjúåj `c Jrquktcatis ktjdkjgis quc
vkjfjljg aigstruycg`i kodcskjs y ajtc`rjdcs pir ti`j Curipj.
Cstis orupis, jdtjecgtc irojgkzj`is y cxpcrtis ajdkmkaj`is,
piscåjg aigiakekcg
aigiakekcgtistis csitërkais y mirejs `c rcaigiakekcgti
rcaigiakekcgti
scarctis".

:2;

:;>

Cg Ktjdkj,
Ktjdk j, dj trj`kakñg `c dis ejsigcs ktkgcrjgtcs tiej ugj
`kecgskñg cspcakjd, aig dj bkstirkj `c dis "Aiejakgis". Qc
supigc quc dis aiejakgis tiejrig su gielrc `c ug pucldi `c
Dieljr`åj ddjej`i Aiei, jd dj`i `cd djoi `cd eksei gielrc.
Mirejljg ugj Jsiakjakñg i Mrjtcrgk`j` quc prctcg`åj cd
eigipidki `c djs aigstruaakigcs `c ti`j dj arkstkjg`j`, aig dj
jutirkzjakñg `cd ^jpj.
Dj dcycg`j `c dis aiejakgis bj sk`i kgvcstkoj`j pir
`kstkgtis aråtkais bkstñrkais y ekcgtrjs jdougis jmkrejg quc
tiejrig cd gielrc `c su aku`j` `c irkocg, jd dj`i `cd djoi
Aiei, itris jscourjg quc csti gi puc`c scr, pirquc ug bjlktjgtc
`c Aiei cs ug aiecgsks i aiejgus y quc csc gielrc
airrcspig`c j dj Ir`cg `c dis Ejcstris Aiejakgis ( Ejokstrk
Aiejakgk).
@iuodjs Hgiip, pir su pjrtc, jscvcrj quc gkgoög
`iauecgti bj pcrektk`i cstjldcacr dj cxkstcgakj `c cstj
mrjtcrgk`j`
ctkeidñokai8 ekorjtirkj y quc priljldcecgtc
pir aiejakgus ti`i pjrcac scr sc ug crrir
cgtcg`åj6
"aiepjúcri ejsñg" y pir "aiejgjabus" aiepjúcri eigfc",
skg rcmcrkrsc j dj aku`j` `c Aiei.
Cd ejsñg ec`kcvjd muc scourjecgtc cg jdougj iajskñg
ug trjljfj`ir ekorjtirki, yj quc aujg`i gi bjlåj trjljfi cg su
`kstrkti tcgåj quc sjdkr j lusajrdi j itris duojrcs. @clceis
jorcojr, quc cd ddcojr j scr ug ejsñg ktkgcrjgtc, dc pcrektåj
j`qukrkr ejyircs aigiakekcgtis silrc su imkaki quc sk
pcrejgcaåj
pcrejgca åj cgadjustrj
cgadjustrj`i
`i cg su sucdi gjtjd.
Sg csarktir ejsñgkai, C`wjr` Air`cr, bjac rcmcrcgakjs
j cstjs ekorjakigcs y sistkcgc quc dis trjljfj`ircs, `c `kstkgtis
imkakis, tcgåjg tiqucs y pjdjlrjs `c pjsc pjrj mjakdktjr su
trjgsmcrcgakj `c ug ejcstri j itri y cg pjrtkaudjr, j jqucddis
ejsigcs quc cstjljg mucrj `c su oukd`j, sc dcs aigmkjljg
pjdjlrjs `c pjsc y skogis scarctis pjrj jscourjrd
jscourjrdcs
cs cepdci cg

:;>

:;:

aujdqukcr jorupjakñg `c ejsigcs quc cgaigtrjrjg cg su

pcrcorkgjfc.
\csuekcg`i, pjrj ddcojr jd Aiepjogiggjoc, quc cs
tåpkajecgtc mrjgaës, gis bceis rcmcrk`i prkecri j dis Aiddcokj
i aidcokis riejgis, `cspuës j djs oukd`js quc pistcrkirecgtc sc
ddjejrig csaucdjs y cg dj C`j` Ec`kj rcaklkcrig cd gielrc `c
Ajrk`j`css i Mrjtcrgk`j`cs.
Ajrk`j`c
 Djs rcdjakigcs cgtrc cd aiepjogiggjoc y dj ejsigcråj
ipcrjtkvj, bj `j`i irkocg j `kstkgtjs ipkgkigcs mug`jecgtj`js
cg `iauecgtis cgaigtrj`is y quc sig kgtcrprctj`is `c `kstkgtj
ejgcrj pir dis jutircs quc dis bjg cstu`kj`i.
^ir cfcepdi, Ljtbje, `kac quc cd aiepjogiggjoc sñdi
sc aigiakñ cg cd skodi R]K y quc gi bjy vcstkokis `c su
cxkstcgakj jgtcs `c csj mcabj, Ejrkcd, pir su pjrtc, scújdj quc
bjy aigstjgakj quc j pjrtkr `cd júi :1=>, cg \iucg y cgtrc :012
y :003, cg @kfñg, sc ecgakigjg "ilrcris pjsjgtcs" quc puc`cg
bjlcr pcrtcgcak`i jd aiepjogiggjoc y quc gi `clc cxtrjújrgis
cd bcabi `c gi bjlcr cgaigtrj`i `iauecgtis eês jgtkouis
pirquc su cgscújgzj
cgscújgzj crj lêskajecgtc
lêskajecgtc irjd y pirquc,
pirquc, j`ceês,
jaistuelrjljg j qucejr sidcegcecgtc sus `iauecgtis, ugj
vcz jd júi, pjrj cvktjr quc ajycrjg cg ejgis cxtrjújs.
Cg Mrjgakj, gjakcrig cstjs jsiakjakigcs `c ejsigcs
tritjeug`is, rcstis `c jgtkoujs siakc`j`cs scarctjs y csitërkajs
quc prcscgtjljg akcrtj skekdktu` aig djs ejsñgkajs. Dis
aiepjúcris (aiepjogigc), quc djs aigstktuåjg, jscourjljg

`csacg`cr
rcy - scoög
Qjdieñg, itrissus
`cdrcspcatkvjs dcycg`js
Ejktrc Fjaqucs `c irkocg
(ejcstri - ugis,
Fjaili) `cd
y itris,
`cd ^ërc Qiulksc (^j`rc Qiulksc). Aj`j orupi tcgåj su \kti
pripki y sus pjrtkaudjrcs
pjrtkaudjrcs `clcrcs (@cvikrcs).
Dis quc scouåjg dj irti`ixkj Qjdieñgkaj sc ddjejljg
Aiepjúcris `cd @clcr `c Dklcrtj` i Aiepjúcris Cxtrjgfcris.

:;:

:;<

Dis scouk`ircs `cd Ejcstri Fjaili, sc ddjejljg

aiepjúcris "pjscjgtcs" y —aiepjúcris `cvirjgtcs".
Dis prkecris sc `kstkgouåjg pir ddcvjr ug ljstñg
j`irgj`i aig djzis y akgtjs eudtkaidircs y mdirk`js cg cd
sielrcri. Qc ddjejljg cgtrc så "aitcrkc".
Dis scoug`is, dis "`cvirjgtcs", tjelkëg bkfis `cd
Ejcstri Fjaili, sc j`irgjljg aig akgtjs i djzis, cd pcabi y aig
csajrjpcdjs cd ljstñg, ddjeêg`isc cgtrc så "^jys".
Cg aujgti j dis bkfis `cd ^j`rc Qiulksc, sc `cgiekgjljg
"Liu`rkddcs" (lucgis aiepjúcris) y sc `kvk`åjg cg aiepjúcris
y zirris. Jdtis ljstigcs y akgtjs i djzis vcr`cs, ldjgais, rifis y
jzudcs cg tirgi `c dj aipj `cd sielrcri, crjg sus j`irgis
`kstkgtkvis.
Dis trcs orupis tcgåjg, aiei yj di `kfkeis, akcrtis
@clcrcs (`cvikrcs) pir dis aujdcs sc rcoåjg y sc rcaigiaåjg. ^jrj
su kgorcsi, tcgåjg quc auepdkr trcs ctjpjs6 Jmkdkj`i, Aiepjúcri
y Aiepjúcri Mkgk. Jdougis djs `cgiekgjljg6 J`ipakñg,
\cacpakñg y Mkgktkig, i lkcg Jmkdkj`i, Jacptj`i y Pcrekgj`i.
J cstj ödtkej ctjpj sc dc ddjeñ eês tjr`c "Kgkakj`i". Dj
prcpjrjakñg quc sc dcs cgtrcojlj,
cgtrcojlj, crj gi sñdi primcskigjd,
primcskigjd, skgi
quc tjelkëg eirjd.
Sgj Qulir`cg `cd "@cvikr" `c dis "pjscjgtcs", mjeisj
cg Mrjgakj y quc silrcvkvc bjstj jbirj, dj aigmirejrig dis
Aiepjúcris `c dj ]ucdtj `c Mrjgakj (Dc Piur `c Mrjgac), j dj
quc sc bjg rcmcrk`i guecrisis jutircs, cgtrc cddis Djejrtkgc, cg
su dklri "Cd
(Jurirj ^kajpc`rcri
@upkg), cg su `c Qjkgt-^ikgt
Qjkgt-^ikg
ilrj t― y dj csarktirj
"Cd Aiepjúcri `c dj Firoc Qjg`
]ucdtj `c
Mrjgakj".
¹Auêd muc dj kepirtjgakj `cd aiepjogiggjoc, pjrj
`c`kajrdc gucstrj jtcgakñg9 ¹Auêdcs crjg dis mkgcs quc
pcrscouåjg cstjs
cstjs jsiakjakigcs
jsiakjakigcs tjg skgoudjrcs9
skgoudjrcs9

:;<

:;1

^riljldcecgtc `jtjg `c djs Aruzj`js y `c djs

aigstruaakigcs `c djs ajtc`rjdcs oñtkajs, cg quc sc mirejrig
jsiakjakigcs orcekjdcs `c pritcaakñg eutuj, cgaulkcrtjs cg cd
ekstcrki, gi sñdi pjrj rcsoujr`jr dis scarctis `cd Jrtc, skgi quc
tjelkëg pjrj `cmcg`crsc `c dis jtripcddis y jlusis `c dis
Qcúircs.
 @urjgtc eês `c scks skodis bj sk`i cd prkecr `cmcgsir `cd
eivkekcgti ilrcri. Bj prjatkaj`i cd eutujdksei jgtcs quc sc
cstjldcakcrj dj eutujdk`j`8 bj sk`i skg`kajdkstj, jgtcs quc sc
irojgkzjrjg dis skg`kajtis8 bj prjatkaj`i cd aiipcrjtkvksei
jgtcs quc sc mirejrjg djs aiipcrjtkvjs y sc bj prciaupj`i `c dj
scourk`j` siakjd `c sus j`cptis, jgtcs quc sc `katjrjg djs dcycs
quc dcoksdjråjg cg mjvir `c dj scourk`j` siakjd `c dis
trjljfj`ircs.

:;1

:;0
 :;0

:;3

Dj prkecrj Ludj Ejsñgkaj

^jrj euabis ejsigcs cstc cs ug jsugti cxtcepirêgci,

jgjarñgkai, ilsidcti, yj supcrj`i pir dj bkstirkj. ¹Di cs tjelkëg
jgjarñgkai,
pjrj dj Kodcskj Ajtñdkaj \iejgj
\iejgj99 Cs di quc prctcg`ceis
jvcrkoujr y aiepriljr j trjvës `c cstc trjljfi.
@cs`c dj mug`jakñg `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Dig`rcs, cd júi
:?:?, dj ejsigcråj cspcaudjtkvj sc cxtcg`kñ prkecri j ti`j
Kgodjtcrrj y `cspuës j Mrjgakj, Ktjdkj, Cspjúj, Jdcejgkj,
Bidjg`j, bjstj ddcojr j \uskj, orjakjs jd kgorcsi `c cspårktus
scdcatis quc vkcrig cg dj `ksarctj irojgkzjakñg y scrkc`j` `c dj
Ir`cg, ug jelkcgtc pripkaki pjrj bjacr prispcrjr sus k`cjdcs
dklcrtjrkis. Jbirj yj gi sc c`kmkajråjg tcepdis, gk eigjstcrkis,
gk
j djtjgtjs itrjs ilrjs kepigcgtcs, quc pir skodi bjg `csduelrj`i
Buejgk`j`. `csduelrj`i
Dis ejsigcs sc aigsjorjrêg j trjljfjr cg dj aigstruaakñg
`c ug orjg`kisi c`kmkaki Eirjd `cstkgj`i j juecgtjr cd lkcgcstjr
cspkrktujd, kgtcdcatujd y siakjd `c ti`i cd oëgcri buejgi. Jså
tjelkëg vceis quc jpcgjs dj Mrjgaejsigcråj ei`crgj sc
prcscgtj j dj duz `cd `åj, cstjddj arucd ppcrscauak
crscauakñg
ñg cg su aigtrj.
Dis ^i`crcs Akvkdcs skg skqukcrj aigiacr su `iatrkgj, dj
pcrscouåjg `c e ejgcrj
jgcrj kgstkgtkvj, y aiei gcacs
gcacsktjljg
ktjljg ug prctcxti
prctcxti
pjrj prisarklkrdj aigi "arkekgjd", di cgaigtrjrig cg ug jrt jrtåaudi
åaudi
dktcrjrki quc puldkañ ug pcrkñ`kai `c Jestcr`je pir cd quc dis
Cstj`is Ocgcrjdcs `c Bidjg`j sc jsustjrig y pribklkcrig quc
djs diokjs sc skoukcrjg rcugkcg`i (júi :?13) jd eksei tkcepi
quc cd adcri mudekgjlj sus krjs y cgaigi aigtrj dj Ir`cg
Ejsñgkaj quc bjlåj jaiok`i cg su scgi j `cstjaj`is j`cptis `c
rcaigiak`i prcstkoki cg dj pidåtkaj, djs jrtcs, djs dctrjs y djs akcg-
akjs, qukcgcs jd jpjrtjrsc `cd `ioejtksei rcdkokisi kepcrjgtc,

:;3

:;=

arktkajljg y aieljtåjg dj jaakñg rctjr`jråj `c dis pcrsigcris `c

dj Kodcskj Ajtñdkaj.
Ajtñdkaj.
Dj ludj Kg Cekgcgtk Jpistidjtus Qpcaudj
 Muc cg cstc jelkcgtc `c pcrscauakñg cg cd quc sc ocstñ
dj prkecrj Ludj jgtkejsñgkaj `katj`j pir cd ^jpj Mdircgtkgi
Adcecgtc RKK, auyi gielrc crj Dircgzi Airskgk y quc rcjdkzñ
`kvcrsjs ilrjs pöldkajs cg \iej, aiei dj mjeisj Migtjgj `c
Prcvk. Adcecgtc RKK (:?1> ‑ :?0>,) cg su Ludj jgtkejsñgkaj —Kg
Cekgcgtk Jpistidjtus Qpcaudj―, cektk`j cd <2 `c jlrkd `c :?12,
j sñdi vckgtc júis `c mug`j`j imkakjdecgtc dj Ir`cg Ejsñgkaj,
aig`cgñ y pribklkñ pjrj skceprc j djs siakc`j`cs ejsñgkajs
aiei "pcrgkakisjs pjrj dj scourk`j` `c dis Cstj`is y dj
sjdvjakñg `c djs Jdejs", mudekgjg`i aigtrj cddjs dj cxaieugkñg
ejyir y ir`cgjg`i j dis ilkspis quc priac`kcscg aigtrj sus
j`cptis aieipöldkaj,
dj scourk`j` så sc trjtjsc `c vcr`j`cris
pucs airriepcg bcrcfcs, "cgcekois
dis airjzigcs `c
`c bielrcs
scgakddis y dis trjspjsjg aig `jr`is cgvcgcgj`is".
Cg su aig`cgjakñg j dj Ejsigcråj, cstj prkecrj Ludj
jgtkejsñgkaj `kac6 "Pjd cs dj gjturjdczj `cd arkecg quc sc
trjkakigj j så eksei y quc dis pripkis csmucrzis quc sc bjacg
pjrj iaudtjr di bjacg gitjrgitjr ecfir. Js
Jsåå djs siakc`j`cs
siakc`j`cs `kabjs bjg
`cspcrtj`i tjg mucrtcs sispcabjs cg cd cspårktu `c dis mkcdcs, quc
jmkdkjrsc
jmkdkjr sc j cddjs cs, j dis ifis `c djs pcrsigjs scgsjtjs y bigrj`js,
ejgabjrsc aig cd skogi `c ugj aiepdctj pcrvcrskñg. [ cg cmcati,
sk csis bielrcs gi bkakcscg cd Ejd, ¹tcg`råjg tjg orjg`c birrir
j dj duz9"
"@cspuës `c bjlcr rcmdcxkigj`i aig ej`urcz y `c bjlcr
j`qukrk`i cg cstc pugti ugj aiepdctj acrtczj, júj`c cd ^jpj
bceis `cak`k`i, pir fustis y rjzigjldcs eitkvis, pir gis ai-
giak`is, aig`cgjr y pribklkr djs `kabjs siakc`j`cs, rcugkigcs y

:;=

:;?

jsiakjakigcs aigstktuk`js aig cd gielrc `c Mrjgaejsigcråj i

aig aujdqukcr itrj `cgiekgjakñg".
Cstj aigtrj`kaakñg, pir `cakr di ecgis, quc cxkstc cgtrc
dis ajrois quc sc bjacg j dj Ir`cg, pucsti quc cektc ugj orjvc
aig`cgj aigtrj dis quc oujr`jg scarctis, skg cspcakmkajr
aigtcgk`is, y cg scouk`j iaudtj sus pripkis eitkvis pir dis quc
djgzj cstj aig`cgj y pribklkakñg, cs cxpdkajldc, pirquc aujg`i
cektkñ cstj Ludj Adcecgtc RKK crj ug bielrc cgmcrei y akcoi y
muc su Qcarctjrki `c Cstj`i, cd ajr`cgjd Fisë Mkrrji, qukcg sc dj
bkzi mkrejr y jorcojr cg cd C`kati `c puldkajakñg, pjrj quc gi
quc`jsc gkgougj `u`j silrc su kgtcrprctjakñg, "dj aig`cgj j
pcgj `c eucrtc y aigmksajakñg
aigmksajakñg `c lk
lkcgcs
cgcs j aujdqukcr
aujdqukcr pcrsigj quc
sc rcugkcsc aig ekcelris `c tjg pcstkdcgtc siakc`j`,
kepigkcg`i dj ildkojakñg `c `cdjtjrdis."
Sg ^igtåmkac quc cstê cg pdcgj piscskñg `c sus
mjaudtj`cs,
quc bj `kabifjeês sc prkecrj,
cg dj vj j aigtrj`cakr
pucsti cg
qucugj scoug`j
cstjråj mrjsc `c
pcajg`i `c di
di
eksei quc cstê aig`cgjg`i, jd iaudtjr dis eitkvis quc tkcgc
pjrj aig`cgjr
aig`cgjr j dj Ejsigcråj
Ejsigcråj pir iaudtjr su jaakigjr.
jaakigjr.
^cri, aiei skceprc iaurrc, djs kgfustjs jausjakigcs y
ec`k`js rcprcskvjs,
rcprcskvjs, rc`ug`jrig cg pr
privcabi
ivcabi `c dis pcrscouk`is,
bjakj dis aujdcs gjakcrig skepjtåjs `c dis cspårktus eês k-
dustrj`is y scdcatis `c dj ëpiaj, cspcakjdecgtc cg Mrjgakj, pjås
cg cd aujd dj Ludj y cd C`kati sc aigsk`crjrig aiei jatis `c
jorcskñg, pir di quc gi mucrig aigsk`crj`is y cg Krdjg`j `ig`c
cstis `iauecgtis eitkvjrig ugj puldkajakñg jpidioëtkaj silrc
dj ejsigcråj quc muc `cadjrj`j bcrëtkaj pir cd Prklugjd `c dj
Kgqukskakñg `c \iej, ir`cgjg`i qucejrdj cg dj ^djzj Qjgtj
Ejråj pir dj ejgi `cd vcr`uoi. @c pjsi, aigvkcgc rcair`jr quc
muc cd ^jpj ^jldi KKK qukcg mug`ñ cg dj aku`j` `c \iej, cd júi
:30?, dj Aigorcojakñg `cd Prklugjd `c dj Kgqukskakñg aigiak`j
aig cd gielrc `c Prklugjd `cd Qjgti Imkaki.

:;?

:;2

Muc silrc cstj Ludj, rc`jatj`j `c cstj ejgcrj, skg ajroi

cspcaåmkai jdougi, quc sc kepdjgtñ dj eês orjg`c cxaieugkñg
`c dj bkstirkj, silrc gildcs bielrcs kgiacgtcs
kgiacgtcs y quc muc dj ljsc,
cd kgkaki, `c ugj jvjdjgabj `c ajduegkjs, i`kis y vktupcrkis,
aiei vcrceis eês j`cdjgtc.
Lcgc`kati RK] (:?0>‑:?32,) gjturjd `c Lidigkj, auyi
gielrc crj ^rñspcri Djelcrtkgk, ir`cgñ aidiajr ugj orjg Aruz
cg cd acgtri `cd Aidksci `c \iej, `cadjrêg`idi sjgti, cg
eceirkj `c dj sjgorc arkstkjgj `crrjej`j cg csc duojr.

Djs ludjs skoukcgtcs

@katñ dj scoug`j Ludj jgtkejsñgkaj "Jpistidkak

^rivk`js" cd :2 `c ejyi `c :?3:, rcgivjg`i djs pcgjs `c
cxaieugkñg8
cxaieugkñ g8 aig`cgjg`i cd ejtcrkjdksei8 cd ajrêatcr scarcti8 cd
furjecgti8 y djs
—Cgtrc djstcg`cgakjs
tcg`cgakjs
ajusjs euyrcviduakigjrkjs
rcviduaki
orjvcs -gjrkjs
`kac -`c dj bjg
quc Ej
Ejsigcråj.
sigcråj.
kg`uak`i j
gucstri prc`cacsir, Adcecgtc RKK, j pribklkr y j aig`cgjr djs
`kabjs siakc`j`cs, cs dj prkecrj6 quc cg cstj adjsc `c siakc`j`cs
sc rcögcg bielrcs `c ti`j rcdkokñg
rcdkok ñg y `c ti`j scatj, di quc puc`c,
cvk`cgtcecgtc, trjcr dis eês orjg`cs `júis j dj purczj `c dj
rcdkokñg ajtñdkaj―.
ajtñdkaj―.
Dj scoug`j cs cd scarcti rkourisi c kepcgctrjldc aig quc
sc iaudtj ti`i di quc sc bjac cg cstjs jsjeldcjs, `c ei`i quc
sc dcs puc`c jpdkajr lkcg dj pjdjlrj `c Acakdki, rcmcrk`j pir
Ekguaki Mëdkx6 —Djs aisjs
aisjs lucgjs jejg skceprc dj puldkak`j`8
dis aråecgcs, cg ajelki, sc aulrcg aig cd scarcti".
Dj tcracrj cs cd furjecgti quc bjacg dis ekcelris `c
cstjs jsiakjakigcs `c oujr`jr kgvkidjldcecgtc csc scarcti, aiei
sk pu`kcsc scrdcs pcrektk`i jdcojr ugj priecsj i ug furjecgti
aujdqukcrj, pjrj rcbusjr `cadjrjr, aujg`i scjg kgtcrrioj`is pir

:;2

:;;

dj jutirk`j` dcoåtkej,
dco åtkej, di quc sc bjac cg csis aigvcgtåaudis aigtrj
aigtr j
cd ir`cg cstjldcak`i, scj rcdkokisi i pidåtkai.
 Dj aujrtj, cs quc cstjs siakc`j`cs gi sig ecgis
aigtrjrkjs j djs dcycs akvkdcs quc j djs dcycs ajgñgkajs." Dj
qukgtj, cs quc yj cg euabis pjåscs bjg sk`i prisarktjs pir djs
dcycs `c dis prågakpcs scaudjrcs". Dj ödtkej, cg mkg, cs quc cstjs
siakc`j`cs cstêg cg ejdj rcputjakñg jgtc djs pcrsigjs pru`cgtcs
y priljs, y quc jmkdkjrsc cg cddjs cs, j sus ifis, ejgabjrsc aig dj
tjabj `c pcrvcrsk`j`".
Dj aktj quc sc bjac `c dj mrjsc `cd jpidiokstj `cd skodi KKK,
KK K,
Ekguaki Mëdkx, sc aigtrj`kac aig dj Ludj `c Adcecgtc RKK cg dj
pjrtc quc `kac6 "[ pir itrjs rjzigcs,
rjzigcs, quc j Gis sig aigiak`js―.
aigiak`js―.
Gisitris aktjrceis itrj `cd eksei jutir6 @isakcgtis
@isakcgtis y tjgtis
júis `cspuës `c dj eucrtc `c Fcsös, `kac Ekguaki Mëdkx j dis
riejgis8 —visitris is kejokgêks quc is iaudtjeis
i audtjeis cd ilfcti `c
gucstrj j`irjakñg, pirquc gi tcgceis tcepdi gk jdtjrcs8 pcri,
¹quë skeudjari bceis `c aigstrukr j @kis sk cd Bielrc cs cg så
ug skeudjari `c @kis9 ¹Zuë tcepdis vjeis j aigstrukr cg su
bigir sk cd eug`i cgtcri
cgtcr i quc cs ilrj suyj, gi ddcoj j aigtcgcrdi9
¹Gi cs prcmcrkldc quc dc aigsjorceis ug Pcepdi cg gucstri
cspårktu y cg gucstri airjzñg9".
Gi `cfj `c cxtrjújr
cxtrjújr quc jså aiei bjstj cd júi 331 ti`ti`is
is
dis ^jpjs sig aigsjorj`is Qjgtis, cd jpidiokstj Ekguaki Mëdkx,
quc tcgåj cstjs k`cjs tjg orjg`kisjs y suldkec jacraj `c @kis,
ti`jvåj
ugi eêsgi`c bjyj sk`i `c
dis ekdcs ajgigkzj`i
sjgtis qucpir dj Kodcskj ajtñdkaj, aiei
vcgcrj.
^riskoukcg`i arigidñokajecgtc, gis airrcspig`c
prciaupjrgis `cd ^jpj ^åi ]KK, qukëg cg ugj Ludj `c
cxaieugkñg aigtrj Gjpidcñg, cg :2>;, bjlåj jausj`i yj j djs
scatjs "aigfurj`js aigtrj dj Qkddj `c ^c`ri" aiei djs
Kgstkoj`irjs `cd usurpj`ir.

:;;

<>>

"Pjelkëg muc cstc ^jpj cd quc rcstjldcakñ, cd ? `c joisti

`c :2:0, dj Ir`cg Fcsuktj (Aiepjúåj `c Fcsös) quc bjlåj sk`i
mug`j`j pir Kogjaki `c Diyidj cg :310 y `ksucdtj pir cd ^jpj
Adcecgtc RK] cd <: `c Fudki `c :??1. Muc cd eksei quc, cd 1>
`c fudki `c :2:=, cg ugj cgaåadkaj aig`cgjtirkj `c dis
eivkekcgtis
ir`cgj j ti`is`cdis
cejgakpjakñg `c dis"djpjåscs
adërkois priaurjr klcrijecrkajgis,
suekskñg `c ti`is dis
mcdkorcscs j djs jutirk`j`cs supcrkircs (cspjúidjs), fusti y mkrec
i`ki aig quc `clcg ekrjr dj rcviduakñg (dklcrtj`irj), `csjrrjkojr
y `cstrukr aiepdctjecgtc dj akzjúj `cd jdliriti y sc`uaakñg quc
cd bielrc cgcekoi (I'Bkookgs, Qjg Ejrtåg, Lidåvjr) scelrñ cg
csis pjåscs (jecrkajgis)".
^åi ]KK (:2>>‑:2<1,) cg su Aigstktuakñg "Caadcskje j
Fcsuabrksti―, `c mcabj :1 `c scptkcelrc `c :2<:, rcgucvj djs
aig`cgjakigcs jgtcrkircs y scújdj cd mkg y ilfcti `c djs siakc-
`j`cs scarctjs, ejsñgkajs y ajrligjrkjs.
Dcñg RKK (:2<1‑:2<;) cg su Ludj jgtkejsñgkaj "Zui
Orjvkirj" `cd :1 `c ejrzi `c :2<=, aig`cgj jug aig ejyir
sidcegk`j` quc sus prc`cacsircs j dj Ejsigcråj, scújdêg`idj
aiei "cgcekoj ajpktjd `c dj Kodcskj Ajtñdkaj", quc jtjaj aig
ju`jakj skg dåektcs dis `ioejs y dis prcacptis eês sjorj`is `c
dj Kodcskj. "\caiekcg`j j dis mkcdcs bukr `c tjdcs bielrcs aiei
bkfis prkeioëgktis `cd `ceigki", "Qig djs tkgkcldjs `c dj duz y
dj duz `c djs tkgkcldjs".

mrjgaës Ajlc rcair`jr

Lcrtrjg` `c Oit,quc
quceuabis
kgkakj dj júis jgtcs,
suacskñg cd Ajr`cgjd
`c dis ^jpjs `c
Jvkogig, aiei Adcecgtc ] (:1>3 - :1:0) muc qukcg, `iekgj`i
pir cd rcy `c Mrjgakj, Mcdkpc K], Cd B
Bcreisi,
creisi, aig`cgj
aig`cgj j dj Ir`cg
`c dis Ajljddcris Pcepdjrkis aig dj Ludj "]ix Adjejgtks kg
Cxacdsi" y ir`cgj qucejr cg dj bioucrj jd ödtkei Orjg Ejcstrc
Fjaqucss `c Eidjks.
Fjaquc

<>>

<>:

^åi ]KKK (:2<;-:21>), cg su cgaåadkaj jgtkejsñgkaj

 Prj`ktk buekdktjtk gistrjc `cd <: `c ejyi `c :2<;, `kac quc
dis ejsigcs "pir dis ejcstris quc kgtri`uacg cg dis aidcokis y
dkacis, mirejg ugj fuvcgtu` j dj quc sc jpdkajg djs pjdjlrjs `cd
^jpj Dcñg RKK. Dj ecgtkrj cs su girej, Qjtjgês su @kis y dj
kogirjgakj su audti".
Csarklc j dis ^jtrkjrajs, ^rkej`is, y Ilkspis `c ti`i cd
eug`i, scújdêg`idcs
scújdêg`idcs cd `clcr `c mkfjrsc cg "csjs jsiakjakigcs `c
bielrcs mjaakisis, cgcekois `cadjrj`is `c @kis y `c dis
prågakpcs, quc cepdcjg ti`i ssuu csmucrz
csmucrzii cg `c
`csidjr
sidjr dj Kodcs
Kodcskj,
kj, cg
trjstirgjr dis cstj`is, cg pcrturljr ti`i cd Sgkvcrsi y quc,
riepkcg`i cd mrcgi `c dj vcr`j`crj mc, jlrcg cd ajekgi j ti`is
dis aråecgcs".
Orcoirki R]K (:21:-:20=) cg su jgjtcej `c
cxaieugkñg "Ekrjrk ]is" quc `krkoc jd eug`i cgtcri cd :3 `c
joisti `c :21<, aiepjrj j djs siakc`j`cs scarctjs j ugj "adijaj
cg dj aujd - sig sus pjdjlrjs - sc jaueudjg y jodutkgjg djs
kgeug`kakjs `c ti`i di quc bj bjlk`i `c sjarådcoi, `c kgmjec y
`c ldjsmcei cg djs bcrcfåjs y cg djs scatjs eês pcrvcrsjs y gc-
mjstjs quc bjg cxkstk`i cg dj bkstirkj `cd eug`i".
^jrj mirejrsc fukaki silrc di quc cs ug jgjtcej `c
cxaieugkñg, bceis csaiok`i ugi quc gis pjrcac ug jrquctkpi
`c mjgjtksei c kgtidcrjgakj rcdkokisj. Cs cd C`kati
C `kati quc cd Ilkspi
`c Ekabijaêg, Eëxkai, Ejgucd Jlj` y Zucypi, djgzj cd <1 `c
scptkcelrc
@ig Ekoucd`cBk`jdoi,
:2:>, aigtrj
bëric cd`ccxdjaurj `cd pucldi Ecxkajgj
Kg`cpcg`cgakj `c @idircs,y
auyj prkecrj pjrtc, pir di cxtcgsi, trjsarklkeis j aigtkgujakñg6
"^ir dj jutirk`j` `c @kis Pi`ipi`crisi, ^j`rc, Bkfi y
Cspårktu Qjgti, `c dj Kgejaudj`j ]krocg Ejråj, Ej`rc y ^jtrigj
`cd Qjdvj`ir, y `c ti`js djs ]årocgcs acdcstkjdcs, êgocdcs,
jraêgocdcs,
jraêgoc dcs, trigis, `iekgkis, primctjs, jpñstidcs, y cvjgocdkstjs,
cvjgocdkstjs,
`c dis Qjgtis Kgiacgtcs, quc cg dj prcscgakj `cd Air`cri sig

<>:

<><

bjddj`is `kogis `c ajgtjr cd gucvi airi `c dis lcg`ktis eêrtkrcs

y `c dis sjgtis aigmcsircs, `c ti`js
ti` js djs sjgtjs vårocgcs y `c ti`is
dis Qjgtis, fugtjecgtc aig cd lcg`kti cdcok`i `c @kis scj
aig`cgj`i Ekoucd Bk`jdoi y Aistkddj, cx aurj `cd ^ucldi `c
@idircs. Dc cxaieudojeis y jgjtcejtkzjeis `cs`c djs pucrtjs
`cd @kis Pi`ipi`crisi
`cspifj`i y cgtrcoj`i jdcQjtêg
scpjrjeis pjrj quc
y Jlkrñg, scjti`is
y aig jtirecgtj`i,
jqucddis
quc `kac cd Qcúir, jpjrtj `c gisitris, gi `cscjeis tus ajekgis,
aiei cd mucoi sc jpjrtj `cd jouj, jså sc jpjouc dj duz pjrj
skceprc, j ecgis quc sc jrrcpkcgtj y bjoj pcgktcgakj. Jeëg―.

Ejstjk Mcrrctk

^åi KR (:20=-:2?2) ddjej`i Fujg Ejråj Ejstjk Mcrrcttk.

Cs cd ^jpj quc bj oilcrgj`i j dj Kodcskj eês tkcepi, 1< júis, y
sc jscourj quc crj ejsñg. Qñdi aiei aurkisk`j`, jgitjeis quc
cd ^jpj quc bj oilcrgj`i ecgis tkcepi muc pjrj jdougis
Cstcljg K (júi ?3<) qukcg eurkñ rcpcgtkgjecgtc jd tcracr `åj `c
scr cdcok`i. Itris gi di aigsk`crjg ^jpj pirquc gi jdajgzñ j scr
ir`cgj`i Ilkspi. ^jrj itris, cd ^igtkmkaj`i eês airti muc cd `c
Srljgi ]KK quc `urñ sñdi `iac `åjs (júi :3;>).
Pjelkëg aiei aurkisk`j`, jgitjeis quc cd añgadjvc
eês djroi `c dj bkstirkj `urñ `is júis y gucvc ecscs. Qc aucgtj
quc cd oilcrgj`ir `c dj aku`j` `c ]ktcrli, pjrj jprcsurjr dj
cdcaakñg, y skoukcg`i cd aigscfi `c Qjg Lucgjvcgturj cgacrrñ
aig ddjvc j dis ajr`cgjdcs, bkzi sjajr cd tcabi jd rcakgti `ig`c
sc rcugåjg y dcs rcstrkgokñ dis jdkecgtis. Qñdi jså pu`i scr
cdcok`i cd : `c scptkcelrc `c :<?:, cd ^jpj Orcoirki R, `cspuës
`c tjg djroi tkcepi.
^ir cd aigtrjrki,
aigtr jrki, cd ^jpj ^åi RKK muc cdcati cg ug sidi `åj,
cg :;1;, y Fujg RRKKK y ^judi ]K, gcacsktjrig sñdi trcs `åjs pjrj
scr cdcok`is cg :;32, y :;=1, rcspcatkvjecgtc.

<><

<>1
 Cd ^jpj ^åi KR, tjdvcz pjrj `csvkrtujr dj keputjakñg `c
scr ejsñg, quc sc dc bjaåj, `katñ vjrkjs ludjs y jgjtcejs `c
cxaieugkñg cg aigtrj `c dj Ir`cg Ejsñgkaj, `c djs quc
jpugtjrceiss sñdi djs eês kepirtjgtcs Cgaåadkaj "Zuk ^durklus―,
jpugtjrcei
cd ; `c givkcelrc `c :20=. Dj Cgaåadkaj "Zujgti aigmkakjeur
eicrirc ―, aigtrj djs Qiakc`j`cs Qcarctjs, cd júi :2=1.
Dj Cgaåadkaj "Zujgti Aurj", fugti aig su mjeisi
"Qyddjlus" muc prieudoj`j cd 2 `c `kakcelrc `c :2=0. Cd
jludtj`i mjr`i `c dis crrircs ejsñgkais kgtcorj ajsk pir
aiepdcti cd —Qyddjlus― (`cd orkcoi 5 åg`kac `c ug dklri) y cg dj
aig`cgjakñg `c sus pripiskakigcs cstê cgacrrj`j dj sidcegc
aig`cgjakñg `c dj Ejsigcråj cg aucrpi y jdej.
Aig cd mkg `c `kvudojr jd eêxkei su gucvj jatktu` cg
aigtrj `c dj Ir`cg Ejsñgkaj, sc csecrñ cg `jr j aigiacr, cg cd
júi :2=3, dj yskoukcgtc
ejqukgjakigcs ec`kis `c`cadjrjakñg6 "Cgtrc djs
quc dis cgcekois guecrisjs
sc vjdcg pjrj
jtjajr j dj Kodcskj `c @kis y bjg cgsjyj`i, jugquc cg vjgi, pjrj
jljtkrdj y `cstrukrdj, bj `c aigtjrsc, skg `u`j jdougj, jqucddj
pcrvcrsj siakc`j`
siakc`j` ddjej`j vudojrecgtc
vudojrecgtc ejsigcråj".
ejsigcråj".
Cg cd Aigakdki Caueëgkai aigviaj`i cd 2 `c `kakcelrc
`c :2=;, diorñ cdcvjr j dj ajtcoiråj `c `ioejs djs `iatrkgjs `cd
"Qyddjlus", priadjejg`i dj kgmjdklkdk`j` `cd ^jpj, di quc vkgi j
aigstktukr ug rcti j dj akcgakj, ug `csjmåi j dj rjzñg
r jzñg y ug iprilki
j dj dklcrtj`.
Gucstri Bcrejgi Mcrgjg`i ^kgti Djojrrkouc, cg su
kgtcrcsjgtc Ilrj "Dj Ejsigcråj. Qu kgmducgakj cg Abkdc", gis
rcdjtj `c dj ddcoj`j j Abkdc `c ugj Ekskñg Jpistñdkaj prcsk`k`j
pir cd ]kajrki Fujg Euzk Okivjgk c kgtcorj`j pir cd fivcg
ajgñgkoi Fujg Ejråj Ejstjk Mcrrcttk y pir cd djkai @ig Fisë
Qjddustk. Cstc ajgñgkoi kgtcorjgtc `c dj Ekskñg Euzk, cg cd
ajrêatcr `c jscsir aigmk`cgakjd `cd ^igtåmkac Dcñg RKK, muc
ugok`i j su rcorcsi j \iej aiei jrzilkspi
jrzil kspi `c Qpidcti cg :2<?,

<>1

<>0
j dj tceprjgj c`j` `c 1= júis. Cg :21;, cd ^jpj Orcoirki R]K
di gielrj ajr`cgjd y cd júi :20=, cd Qjari Aidcoki di cdcvj jd
trigi `c Qjg ^c`ri.
Euabi sc bj csarkti silrc dj ajdk`j` `c ejsñg quc jd
pjrcacr tcgåj cstc ^igtåmkac y ekcgtrjs jdougis kgvcstkoj`irc
kgvcstkoj`ircss
cstjldcacg su kgorcsi j dj Ir`cg cg su fuvcgtu`, itris jscourjg
su kgkakjakñg cd júi :21;, ecscs jgtcs `c scr gielrj`i ajr`cgjd,
cg dj Diokj "Ctcrgj Ajtcgj" `c ^jdcrei, scoög aigstj cg
`iauecgtis cg pi`cr `c dj Ejsigcråj Lêvjrj, cg Jdcejgkj.
Gisitris gis rcektkrceis j rcpri`uak
rcpri`uakrr dis jgtcac
jgtcac`cgtcs
`cgtcs
quc cxkstcg cg Abkdc `urjgtc su pcrejgcgakj cg cd pjås. "Cg dj
\cvkstj" —Dj Aj`cgj `c Sgkñg― `c mcabj 1> `c givkcelrc `c
:2;3, sc `j aucgtj `c ugj Pcgk`j ldjgaj acdclrj`j cg Qjgtkjoi,
cg dj aujd cd imkakjd `c Ejrkgj @ig Austi`ki Dygab Krwkgo, dcyñ
ug kgtcrcsjgtc
Mrjtcrgjd― trjljfi cgy cg
`c ]jdpjrjåsi rcprcscgtjakñgpj`c dj cxprcsj6
ugi `c sus pjsjfcs
sjfcs Diokj —Sgkñg
" Jddê
pir dis júis :2<1-:2<0,
:2<1-:2<0, cstuvi
cstuvi cg Abkdc, Gjakñg
Gjakñg cg celrkñg, ug
]kajrki Jpistñdkai, Euzk Okivjggk, quc trjfi aiei jscsir jd
fivcg ajgñgkoi Fujg Ejråj Ejstjk ^crrcttk. Crj ëstc ug euy
cgtuskjstj bcrejgi euy jskstcgtc, aiei vksktj`ir, j djs diokjs
quc trjljfjljg cg Abkdc. ^ir jqucd tkcepi, sc cstkdjlj euabi cd
ljutksei ejsñgkai. Ek jlucdi pjtcrgi, @ig Cstjgksdji Dygab,
bkzi ljutkzjr j su bkfi prkeioëgkti, quc muc ek pj`rc, y pir
pj`rkgi `cd jati muc cd
cd ajgñgko
ajgñgkoii Ejstjk Mcrrcttk".
^ir itrj pjrtc, cg ugis jpugtcs ejgusarktis `c puúi y
dctrj `c @ig Duks Gjvjrrctc y Dñpcz, quc mucrj Qcrcgåskei Orjg
Ejcstrc `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc y quc sc aigscrvjg cg dis
jrabkvis `c ëstj, sc bjac dj skoukcgtc rcmcrcgakj silrc cd
pjrtkaudjr6 "Cd <? `c ejrzi `c :;:>, `urjgtc ugj aigvcrsjakñg
aigvcrsjakñg
sistcgk`j aig cd bcrejgi Êdjeis Oigzêdcz, `ig Lcgkaki, ec
rcdjtñ cstis `jtis6―
`jtis6―

<>0

<>3
 "@ig \jeñg Crrêzurkz aigtjlj j su gkcti Ksk`iri
Crrêzurkz, ejsñg, y jd pripki bcrejgi Êdjeis Oigzêdcz, quc dj
prkecrj diokj cstjldcak`j
cstjldcak`j cg Qjgtkjoi - `cspuës `c `ksucdtj dj
Diokj Djutjri, quc bjlåj sk`i kgstjdj`j cd júi :2:?, aig mkgcs
lkcg cspcaåmkais - sc ddjeñ Jurirj y muc mug`j`j pir Ajekdi
Bcgråqucz, cg :2<<. Aujg`i vkgi Ejstjk Mcrrcttk, quc crj
ejsñg, vksktñ dj Diokj, skcg`i ]cgcrjldc Ejcstri Ajekdi
Bcgråqucz8 ^rkecr ]kokdjgtc, Fisë Ekoucd Kgmjgtc8 Qcoug`i
]kokdjgtc, \jeñg Crrêzurkz8 Irj`ir, Mrjgaksai
Mrjgaksai Jgtigki ^kgti
^kgti――.
Eês j`cdjgtc jorcoj6 —Cd bcrejgi Ocgcrjd `c @kvkskñg
@ig Cstjgksdji `cd Ajgti ec jscourj bjlcr vksti cg cd Dklri `c
^rcscgakj `c djs diokjs `c Dkej ^jz y ^crmcatj Sgkñg y Ir`cg y
Dklcrtj`, cg dis `åjs `c dj iaupjakñg pir djs mucrzjs abkdcgjs, dj
mkrej `c Ejstjk Mcrrcttk aiei jskstcgtc j tcgk`js―.

Sruoujy,^irairrcspig`kcgtc
itrj pjrtc, cg cdj Lidctåg Imkakjd
dis ecscs `cd Orjg
`c joisti Irkcgtc `cd
y scptkcelrc `c
:;:3, sc puldkaj, rcmcrk`i jd eksei tcej, di skoukcgtc6 "@cspuës
`c dis `iauecgtis quc rcpri`uakeis, piajs scrêg djs pcrsigjs
quc pi`rêg cg `u`j cd bcabi `c quc Fujg Ejstjk Mcrrcttk, skcg`i
`cdcoj`i `cd ^jpj`i y cg cxaurskñg pir cd \åi `c dj ^djtj,
vksktjrj dj \cspctjldc Diokj Dcs Jekcs `c dj ^jtrkc, cxkstcgtc
bjstj biy cg cd ]jddc `c Eigtcvk`ci".

Djs ludjs eês rcakcgtcs

Gis bceis cxtcg`k`i qukzê `cejskj`i silrc cstc ^jpj
ejsñg pir di quc `clceis rcmcrkrgis jd ödtkei `c dis pigtåmkacs
quc cektkñ ludjs aigtrj dj Ejsigcråj.
Dcñg RKKK (Fijquåg \kaak. :2?2-:;>1), jutir `c dj
aigiak`j Cgaåadkaj Qiakjd "\crue Givjrue―, `katñ cd <> `c jlrkd
`c :220, dj Cgaåadkaj "Buejggue Ocgus", cd `iauecgti eês

<>3

<>=
aiepdcti quc dj Kodcskj bjyj puldkaj`i aigtrj dj Ejsigcråj y
aiepjrj`j pir jdougis rcajdaktrjgtcs, "j dj Djgzj `c Qjg Firoc
bug`k`j cg cd airjzñg `cd @rjoñg kgmcrgjd".
Cg cddj jausj j dj Ejsigcråj aiei audpjldc `cd dklcrjdks-
ei, `cd siakjdksei y `cd aieugksei aiei "cd vcgcgi eirtjd
quc akraudj pir djs vcgjs `c dj siakc`j`". Aig`cgj sidce-
gcecgtc j dis Mrjgaejsigcs ilscskigj`is pir dj Dklcrtj` y
cgtrc djs ajusjs quc ecrcakcrig cstj aig`cgj scújdj quc sig c-
ddis dis quc cgscújg csj pcdkorisj `iatrkgj `c quc "ti`is dis
bielrcs tkcgcg dis ekseis `crcabis y quc sig `c koujd
aig`kakñg".
Cg itri pjsjfc, cxprcsj6 "Cd buejgi dkgjfc, `cspuës `c
bjlcrsc ekscrjldcecgtc scpjrj`i `c @kis, pir cgvk`kj `cd
@ceigki, quc`ñ `kvk`k`i cg `is ljg`is `kvcrsis, `c dis aujdcs
cd ugi aieljtc jsk`ujecgtc pir dj vcr`j` y dj vkrtu`, y cd itri,
pir aujgti cs aigtrjrki j dj vkrtu` y j dj vcr`j`. Cd ugi cs cd
\ckgi `c @kis cg dj Pkcrrj, cs `cakr, dj vcr`j`crj Kodcskj `c
Fcsuarksti8 cd itri cs cd \ckgi `c Qjtjgês, ljfi auyi kepcrki y
pitcstj` sc cgaucgtrjg ti`is dis quc rcbösjg ilc`cacr
ilc`cacr dj dcy
`kvkgj y ctcrgj y jaiectcg aigtrj @kis i prcsakg`cg `c Ëd".
@cs`c cstj Cgaåadkaj, bj pjsj`i euabi tkcepi y euabjs
aisjs mucrig supcrj`js. Euabis sumrkekcgtis c kgfustkakjs
mucrig idvk`j`is, aig cd j`vcgkekcgti `c ugj vk`j eês

priorcskstj yti`jvåj
cxaieugkñg cquktjtkvj,
skoucpcri dj aig`cgj
cg pkc j pcsjr `c`cquc
Dcñg RKKK yFujg
cd ^jpj su
RRKKK sc prigugakñ cg su cgaåadkaj " ^jace kg Pcrrks" aigtrjrki
j cstjs scpjrjakigcs, jd cxprcsjr6 "Pi`i scr buejgi tkcgc
`crcabi gjturjd jd `clk`i rcspcti `c su pcrsigj, j dj lucgj
rcputjakñg, j dj dklcrtj` pjrj lusajr dj vcr`j`, y `cgtri `c dis
dåektcs `cd ir`cg eirjd y `cd lkcg aieög, pjrj ejgkmcstjr y
`cmcg`cr sus k`cjs". Sgis rcodigcs eês j`cdjgtc, `kac cd ^jpj
rcviduakigjrki6 "Cgtrc dis `crcabis `cd Bielrc bjy quc

<>=
 <>?

rcaigiacr tjelkëg cd quc tkcgc `c bigrjr j @kis scoög cd

`katjecg `c su rcatj aigakcgakj".
Fujg RRKKK tcrekgj, cg dj cgaåadkaj aktj`j, jmkrejg`i quc
"cstis prkgakpkis `iatrkgjdcs
`iatrkgjdcs suekgkstrjg jd ajtñdkai, ugj
u gj ljsc `c

cgtcg`kekcgti
scpjrj`is `c sucgQc`c
cd quc puc`c cgaigtrjr
Jpistñdkaj tjgti
aiei j dis scrcsj dis arkstkjgis
buejgis quc
gi cstêg kduekgj`is pir dj Mc `c Arksti, pcri quc cstëg `itj`is
`c dj duz `c dj rjzñg y `c ugj bigrj`cz gjturjd y prêatkaj".
Cstjs jmkrejakigcs `c tidcrjgakj y dklcrtj` `c aigakcgakj,
aigakcgakj,
bkzi supigcr j jdougis quc qukzê dj Kodcskj Ajtñdkaj ajelkjråj
su pidåtkaj `c mjgêtkaj kgtidcrjgakj y pcrscauakñg cg aigtrj `c dj
Ir`cg Ejsñgkaj.
Qupiskakñg quc sc jacgtuñ aig iajskñg `c dj acdclrjakñg
`cd Aigakdki Caueëgkai, ddjej`i ]jtkajgi KK, aigviaj`i cd :<
`c iatulrc `c :;=<, pir Fujg RRKKK jpi`j`i "Fujg Cd Lucgi",
tjdvcz pjrj `kmcrcgakjrdi
`kmcrcgakj rdi `cd itri ^jpj Fujg RKKK, Ljdtjsjr
Ljdtjsjr Aissj,
ug eug`jgi y `csprcfukakj`i ajr`cgjd, dcoj`i `c Lidigkj, quc
muc cdcok`i pigtåmkac cg :0:>, y `cpucsti cg cd Aigakdki `c
Aigstjgzj `c :0:3, aigviaj`i pir cd rcy ocrejgi Qcokseug`i,
`clk`i j sus euabis `csvåis c kgeirjdk`j`cs.
Jgtcs `c scoukr, gis bj pjrcak`i pcrtkgcgtc, pir su
ajrêatcr prceigktirki, trjgsarklkr ugj pjrtc `cd ödtkei Ecgsjfc
j dj Ilc`kcgakj (júi :;=;) `cd Orjg Ejcstri Jrkstñtcdcs
Lcrdcg`ks
"GcacsktjeisQturdj,
tcgcrcgpdcgj
qucaigakcgakj
gis dcoj `cdj quc
skoukcgtc
fjeês djIpkgkñg6
Kodcskj
Ajtñdkaj jacptjrê i sc rcskogjrê j pcr`cr cd aigtrid silrc dis
oilkcrgis y silrc cd ^ucldi. Ajelkjrê djs ljg`crjs, ajelkjrê
sus bielrcs `krkocgtcs, ajelkjrê su cstrjtcokj, ajelkjrê sus
mirejs cxtcrkircs8 pcri cg di sustjgakjd cddj scoukrê kgeutjldc,
aj`j `åj eês bjelrkcgtj `c pi`cr y `c rkquczj. Jycr jpiyjlj j
dis oilkcrgis mcu`jdcs, j dis tkrjgis, j dis `katj`ircs. Biy sc
vkstc `c kzqukcr`kstj, jpjrcac jd dj`i `c dis `csaigtcgtis y `c dis

<>?
 <>2

`cspiscå`is, arcj cd ajis y dj aigmuskñg y skouc rckgjg`i aig cd

`cspiscå`is,
jpiyi y dj j`bcskñg jög `c jqucddis ekseis j qukcgcs aig`cgñ
jycr jd cxtcrekgki y j dj eucrtc".
Aigvkcgc tjelkëg rcair`jr, jgtcs `c priscoukr, quc cd
^jpj ^åi RKK,
Jpistñdkaj `carctjEjtcr
—^rivk`j cd < `cCaadcskj
Mclrcri―, `c
quc:;0?, dj Aigstktuakñg
`j gjakekcgti dcojd
y furå`kai gi sñdi j dj Qiakc`j` Qjacr`itjd `c dj Qjgtj
Aruz - aigiak`j aiei Ipus @ck - skgi j dis quc j pjrtkr `c csc
eiecgti sc vjg j ddjejr "Kgstktutis
"K gstktutis Qcaudjrcs―,
Qcaudjrcs―, quc aigskstcg
cg siakc`j`cs `c adërkois y djkais quc primcsjg cg cd eug`i
primjgi (cd skodi, scoög dis ajgigkstjajgigkstjs)
s) dis prkgakpkis
cvjgoëdkais,
cvjgoë dkais, aig cd pripñskti `c jdajgzjr dj pcrmcaakñg arkstkjgj.
Quroc ugj givc`j` euy kepirtjgtc aig cstj rcmirej `cd
@crcabi Ajgñgkai6 jgtcrkirecgtc, "cd cstj`i `c pcrmcaakñg"
cstjlj rcscrvj`i j dis scodjrcs quc primcsjg`i cg jdej `c djs
ñr`cgcs rcdkokisjs cxkstcgtcs, sc aiepriectjg aig dis trcs vitis
sidcegcs `c ^ilrczj - Ilc`kcgakj - Ajstk`j`.
Jbirj, aig cstj ei`kmkajakñg, tjd —cstj`i `c pcrmcaakñg―
puc`c scr jdajgzj`i
jdajgzj`i tjelkëg pir dis djkais, skg quc sc vcjg
prcaksj`iss j jljg`igjr
prcaksj`i jljg`igjr sus tjrcjs aitk`kjgjs cg cd eug`i
primjgi.

Mcrrcr Lcgkecddk y cd Ai`cx Kurks Ajgigkak

^ir ödtkei, y pjrj tcrekgjr, cg dj Ilrj " Dj Ejsigcråj

Ejsigcråj
`cspuës `cd Aigakdki" cd jutir, sjacr`itc fcsuktj Fisë
Fisë J.
J. Mcrrcr
Lcgkecddk, primcsir `c Bkstirkj Aigtcepirêgcj cg dj
Sgkvcrsk`j` `c Vjrjoizj, rcögc ti`is dis `iauecgtis
pigtkmkakis quc j di djroi `c `is skodis y ec`ki aig
aig`cgjrig
`cgjrig j dj
Ir`cg Ejsñgkaj, `cs`c dj pcrscauakñg quc aiekcgzj cd júi
:?12, aig dj Ludj "Kg Cekgcgtk Jpistidjtus Qpcaudj " `c
Adcecgtc RKK, bjstj audekgjr cd júi :220 aig dj mjeisj

<>2
 <>;

cgaåadkaj "Buejgue Ocgus" `c Dcñg RKKK, ti`i di aujd sc

rcmug`c cg cd Añ`koi Ajgñgkai, prieudoj`i pir cd ^jpj
Lcgc`kati R], cd :; `c Ejyi `c :;:2 y cg auyi jrtåaudi Ajgig
<113, `c`kaj`i j dj Ejsigcråj, sc cstjldcac tcxtujdecgtc di

skoukcgtc6
jsiakjakigcs—Dis
`cd quc `cgoëgcri
eksei su gielrc j dj Ejsigcråj
quc ejqukgjg aigtrj djiKodcskj
j itrjsi
aigtrj djs pitcstj`cs akvkdcs dcoåtkejs, kgaurrcg pir cd eksei
bcabi (kpsi mjati) cg cxaieugkñg skepdcecgtc rcscrvj`j j dj
Qc`c Jpistñdkaj―
Jorcojeis quc cd Ajgig <11= `kac6 "Dis adërkois y dis
rcdkokisis quc `jg su gielrc j dj scatj ejsñgkaj i j itrjs
jsiakjakigcs scecfjgtcs, `clcg j`ceês scr `cgugakj`is j dj Qj-
orj`j Aigorcojakñg `cd Qjgti Imkaki".
Cstc eksei bkstirkj`ir cspjúid Mcrrcr Lcgkecddk cg ug
jrtåaudi jpjrcak`i cg dj \cvkstj "Bkstirkj - :=", `cd ecs `c fudki
`c :;??, rcpri`uac y aiecgtj ug kepirtjgtc `iauecgti cektk`i
cd :> `c fudki `c :;?0, pir cd Ajr`cgjd Qcppcr, ^rcmcati `c dj
Aigorcojakñg pjrj dj @iatrkgj `c dj Mc.
Qcoög ëd, ëstj scråj dj prkecrj `cadjrjakñg `c dj Kodcskj,
`cs`c dj cxaieugkñg
cxaieugkñg djgzj`j cd júi :?12, cg quc dj Qjgtj Qc Qc`c
`c
j`ektc pöldkajecgtc, dj cxkstcgakj `c ejsigcråjs cxcgtjs `c
aigtcgk`i aigtrjrki j dj Kodcskj y quc dj pcrtcgcgakj j cddjs gi
ddcvj aigskoi dj cxaieugkñg `carctj`j bjac `is skodis y ec`ki.

bkakcrigQkepdkmkajg`i sus pugtis

ugj orjg `kvkskñg cgtrc dj`cEjsigcråj
vkstj, disKgodcsj
ajgigkstjs
y dj
tcg`cgakj jgodisjfigj, quc `cadjrj aiei rcqukskti mug`jecgtjd
dj arccgakj cg @kis y cg dj Kgeirtjdk`j` `cd Jdej, y dj Ejsigc-
råj mrjgacsj y dj tcg`cgakj djtkgj, quc j fukaki `c cstis ekseis
ajgigkstjss sig jogñstkajs y jtcjs.
ajgigkstj
Aiei vceis, bjstj jbirj sc trjtj `c cxprcskigcs
kg`kvk`ujdcs, silrcsjdkcgtcs, quc lusajg "jacrajekcgti" `c djs
`is Kgstktuakigcs, `c dis "bcrejgis scpjrj`is", aiei bj `kabi

<>;
 <:>

jdougi, pcri dj viz Imkakjd `c dj Kodcskj cg su rcdjakñg aig dj

Ejsigcråj, sidi dj sjlrceis jd aigiacr dj rc`jaakñg `cmkgktkvj
`cd gucvi Ai`cx Kurks Ajgigkak.
Cd gucvi Añ`koi `c @crcabi Ajgñgkai, muc mkrej`i pir
cd jatujd ^jpj Fujg ^jldi KK, cd <3 `c cgcri `c :;21, y cgtrñ cg
vkocgakj cd <? `c givkcelrc `c :;21, y yj gi kgaduyc dj cxai-
eugkñg jutieêtkaj, quc cd jgtcrkir Añ`koi `cd júi :;:2, cstj-
ldcaåj pjrj dis ajtñdkais
ajtñdkais quc kgorcsjl
kgorcsjljg
jg j dj Ir`cg Ejsñgkaj
D' Isscrvjtirc \iejgi, ñrojgi imkakjd `cd ]jtkajgi, `cd
0 `c `kakcelrc `c :;21, rcpri`uac ug `iauecgti cektk`i cd <=
`c givkcelrc `c :;21, pir dj Qjorj`j Aigorcojakñg pjrj dj
@iatrkgj `c dj Mc, quc cg sus jaêpktcs prkgakpjdcs jgitj djs
skoukcgtcs prcakskigcs6
Qc bj prcscgtj`i dj prcougtj `c sk bj ajelkj`i cd fukaki
`c dj Kodcskj rcspcati
r cspcati `c dj Ejsigcråj, yj quc cg cd gucvi Añ`koi
`c @crcabi Ajgñgkai gi cstê ecgakigj`i cxprcsjecgtc aiei
di cstjlj cg cd Añ`koi jgtcrkir".
—Cstj Qjorj`j Aigorcojakñg puc`c rcspig`cr j dj
akraugstjgakj quc cs `clk`i j ug arktcrki `c rc`jaakñg scouk`i
tjelkëg cg cd ajsi `c itrjs jsiakjakigcs quc tjepiai bjg sk`i
ecgakigj`js, pir cstjr aieprcg`k`js cg ajtcoiråjs eês je-
pdkjs―.
"^ir tjgti, gi bj ajelkj`i cd fukaki gcojtkvi
gcojtk vi `c dj Kodcskj
rcspcati `c djs Jsiakjakigcs ejsñgkajs, pirquc sus prkgakpkis
skceprc bjg sk`i aigsk`crj`is kgaigakdkjldcs aig dj `iatrkgj `c
dj Kodcskj6 cg aigscaucgakj, dj jmkdkjakñg j djs eksejs skouc
pribklk`j pir dj Kodcskj. Dis mkcdcs quc pcrtcgcza pcrtcgczajgjg j
jsiakjakigcs ejsñgkajs sc bjddjg cg cstj`i `c pcaj`i orjvc y
gi puc`cg jacrajrsc j dj Qjgtj Aieugkñg".
Eês j`cdjgtc, sc cxprcsj tcxtujd6 —Cd Quei ^igtåmkac
Fujg ^jldi KK cg dj ju`kcgakj aigac`k`j jd Ajr`cgjd ^rcmcati
jljfi mkrejgtc, bj jprilj`i cstj @cadjrjakñg, `cak`k`j cg

<:>
 <::

rcugkñg ir`kgjrkj `c cstj Qjorj`j Aigorcojakñg, y bj ejg`j`i

quc sc puldkquc―. \iej, cg dj Qc`c `c dj Qjorj`j Aigorcojakñg
pjrj dj @iatrkgj `c dj Mc. <= `c givkcelrc `c :;21. Mkrej`is6
Ajr`cgjd Fiscpb \jtzkgocr, ^rcmcati Fcjg Fcrñec Bjecr i. p.
Jrzilkspi Pktudjr `c Dirkue,
Dirkue, Qcarctjrki―.
Cd Aigakdki ]jtkajgi KK gi jpirtñ, aiei euabis
cspcrjljg, dj siduakñg `c cstc vkcfi jgtjoigksei, y euy pir cd
aigtrjrki, dis ejsigcs cstjeis gitkmkaj`is quc dj Ejsigcråj
skouc aig`cgj`j j dj cxaieugkñg pir dj Qjgtj Ej`rc Kodcskj,
Ajtñdkaj, Jpistñdkaj y \iejgj, quc prc`kaj y priadjej ‑ Srlk
ct Irlk - quc cd —jeir cs eês mucrtc―.

<::
<:<

<:<
 <:1

Dj pcrscauakñg j dj Ejsigcråj
j trjvës `c dj bkstirkj

Dis jtjqucs cg aigtrj `c dj Ejsigcråj `jtjg `cs`c

ec`kj`is `cd skodi R]KK, pcri pjrj dis cmcatis `c cstj
cxpiskakñg, gis rcektkrceis j tiejr aiei pugti `c rcmcrcgakj
dj mug`jakñg `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Dig`rcs, j rjåz `c dj ugkñg `c
djs aujtri diokjs cxkstcgtcs cg Dig`rcs cd júi :?:?.
Krceis rcdjtjg`i, arigidñokajecgtc, cg aj`j pjås, dis
eês `cstjaj`is suacsis y pcrsigjfcs quc bjg pritjoigkzj`i
jatktu`cs jgtkejsñgkajs,
sktujakigcs pjrj tcrekgjr
iaurrk`js cg Abkdc `cs`c surceceirjg`i
kg`cpcg`cgakj,`kstkgtjs
aig dj
mirejakñg `c dj diokj Djutjrkgj.
Cd jgtcac`cgtc eês jgtkoui quc sc aigiac cg aigtrj `c
dj Ir`cg, `jtj `cd júi :=12 y bj scrvk`i pjrj mirejrsc ug fukaki
silrc di quc pcgsjlj cd pöldkai silrc cstj lcgceërktj
kgstktuakñg, cg csj ëpiaj.
Bcgry J`jesig puldkañ cg ^crtb, Kgodjtcrrj, cd júi
:=12, ugis vcrsis cg aigtrj
aigtr j `c dj ejsigcråj y `ig`c jpjrcac pir
prkecrj vcz dj ecgakñg
ecgakñg csarktj `c —d—djj pjdjlrj `cd
`cd ejsñg―
ejsñg―..
Cd júi :?<0, muc cxpudsj`i `c dj Ir`cg gj`j ecgis quc
cd Cx Orjg Ejcstri @uquc `c _bjrtig, qukcg pjrj vcgojrsc `c
cstj ec`k`j sc kgairpirñ j dj Ir`cg `c dis Oireioigcs,
kgtri`uak`j cg Mrjgakj, scoög sc `kac, pir ug ejg`jråg abkgi y
cg dj quc sc rk`kaudkzjlj dj Ejsigcråj.
Cg Jdcejgkj, tjelkëg cg cd Qkodi R]KKK, sc mug`ñ dj
Ir`cg `c dis Eipscs quc crj ekxtj y tcgåj ug rktujd pjrj dj rksj.
Cd eips crj ug pcqucúi pcrrkti euy `c ei`j cgtrc djs `jejs `c
dj siakc`j` `c csc tkcepi. ^jrj kgorcsjr j dj diokj, dis ekcelris
tcgåjg quc rjsouújr dj pucrtj y `jr jdougis dj`rk`is. Cg dj

<:1
 <:0

acrceigkj `c Kgkakjakñg `clåjg lcsjr cd trjscri `c ug eips `c

trjpi.
Cg :?1>, jpjrcakñ ug dklri tktudj`i "Ejsigry @ksscatc`",
auyi jutir muc Qjeucd ^rkabjr`, quc rcpri`ufi `c ejgcrj mkcd cd
\ktujd Ejsñgkai, pir di quc tuvi euabi ëxkti jgtc dj aurkisk`j`
primjgj y sc
sc puldkajrig
puldkajrig vjrkjs c`kakigcs cg piais ec
ecscs.
scs. pcri di
quc pjrcaåj ug pcrfukaki pjrj dj Ejsigcråj sc trjgsmireñ, pir cd
aigtrjrki, cg jdoi mjvirjldc, `clk`i j quc jdougis dcatircs jd
kgmirejrsc `cd vcr`j`cri cspårktu y pripñskti `c dj Ejsigcråj,
sidkaktjrig su kgorcsi j cddj y j`ceês pirquc skrvkñ `c "jyu`j
eceirkj" j dis imkakjdcs `c dis Pjddcrcs quc `clåjg `csjrriddjrdi
`c eceirkj jgtc dj pribklkakñg cxkstcgtc `c rcpri`uakrdi pir
csarkti.
Jd adcri `c Bidjg`j dc airrcspig`kñ cd iprilkisi tåtudi
`c scr dis prkecris, cg cd júi :?10, cg jtjajr j dj ejsigcråj,
ddcojg`i su bistkdk`j` jd cxtrcei `c sidkvkjgtjr djs turljs cg
aigtrj `c cddj. Dc skoukcrig, cd júi :?1? Ktjdkj y Mrjgakj, pcri
skg cd cgsjújekcgti quc j`qukrkñ dj pcrscauakñg cg dis júis
pistcrkircs, aiei di vcrceis
vcrceis eês j`cdjgtc.
j`cdjgtc.
Cg dis Cstj`is Sgk`is, cd júi :?1?, sc audpñ j dj
ejsigcråj `c ug bcabi cg cd aujd gi tuvi gkgougj pjrtkakpjakñg.
Sg fivcg `c Mkdj`cdmkj, ddjej`i @jgkcd \ccvcs, bjlåj
ejgkmcstj`i
`c jekois, su cg `csci `c pcrtcgcacr
aigiakekcgti j dj Kgstktuakñg
`c csti, y ug orupi
sc aigmjludjrig pjrj
fuojrdc ugj lriej eigtêg`idc ug skeudjari `c Kgkakjakñg.
@urjgtc cd `csjrriddi `c dj mjrsj, ugi `c dis lriekstjs quc
ljkdjlj jdrc`c`ir `cd fivcg \ccvc
\ccvcs,s, `crrjeñ jaak`cgtjdecgtc,
jaak`cgtjdecgtc,
ugj mucgtc ddcgj `c rig cgacg`k`i silrc dj fivcg våatkej,
ajusêg`idc orjvcs qucej`urjs quc dc iajskigjrig dj eucrtc `åjs
`cspuës. Jgtc tjg djecgtjldc suacsi y mrcgtc j dis jtjqucs `c dj
prcgsj quc audpjlj j dj ejsigcråj, dj Orjg Diokj `c ^cgsydvjgkj
sc vki cg dj gcacsk`j` `c rcmutjr dj jausjakñg cg dis `kjrkis `c dj

<:0
 <:3

aku`j`, `cfjg`i cstjldcak`i quc dis jutircs `c tjg tcrrkldc y

ejajlrj lriej gj`j tcgåjg quc vcr aig dj Kgstktuakñg Ejs
Ejsñgkaj.
ñgkaj.
Muc cg cd júi :?12 aujg`i iaurrkñ cd suacsi eês
rcdcvjgtc
ejsigcråj.cg Bjlkcg`i
cstc djroi bkstirkjd `c pcrscauakigcs
trjgsaurrk`i jpcgjs <:cgjúis
aigtrj`c`c dj
mug`jakñg `c dj Orjg Diokj `c Dig`rcs, cd ^jpj Adcecgtc RKK
prieudoj cd <0 `c Jlrkd `c :?12, dj cgaåadkaj "Kg Cekgcgtk
Jpistudjtus Qpcaudj" aig`cgjg`i j dj Mrjgaejsigcråj, cgtrc
itris, cg cstis tërekgis6
"Pjd cs dj gjturjdczj `cd arkecg quc sc trjkakigj j så
eksei y quc dis pripkis csmucrzis quc sc bjacg pjrj iaudtjr, di
bjacg gitjr ecfir, jså djs siakc`j`cs `kabjs bjg `cspcrtj`i tjg
mucrtcs sispcabjs cg cd cspårktu `c dis mkcdcs quc jmkdkjrsc j cddjs
cs, j dis ifis `c djs pcrsigjs scgsjtjs y bigrj`js, ejgabjrsc aig
cd skogi `c ugj aiepdctj pcrvcrskñg. [ cg cmcati, sk csis
bielrcs gi bkakcscg cd ejd, ¹tcg`råjg tjg orjg`c birrir j dj duz9
"@cspuës `c bjlcr rcmdcxkigj`i aig ej`urcz y `c bjlcr
j`qukrk`i cg cstc pugti ugj aiepdctj acrtczj - júj`c cd
^jpj - bceis `cak`k`i, pir fustis y rjzigjldcs eitkvis ‑ ^ir
Gis Aigiak`is
Aigiak`is ‑ aig`cgjr y pribklkr djs `kabjs siakc`j`cs,
rcugkigcs y jsiakjakigcs aigstktuk`js aig cd gielrc `c Mrjga-
ejsigcråj i aig aujdqukcr itrj `cgiekgjakñg".
Aiei puc`cg
^jpj Adcecgtc aiepriljr
RKK, aig`cgj - euy mêakdecgtc
y pribålc - dj Ludj pir
dj Mrjgaejsigcråj `cd
tcgcr i ejgtcgcr scarctis y di bjac pir eitkvis fustis y
rjzigjldcs sñdi aigiak`is pir cddis, cs `cakr, scarctis y iaudtis
pjrj cd vudoi. ¡¡]jyj,
¡¡]jyj, quë trcecg`j aaigtrj`kaakñg
igtrj`kaakñg!!
!!
Jså muc aiei pir audpj `c cstj Ludj, prieudoj`j pir ug
^jpj euy cgmcrei, ajsk akcoi (eurkñ `is júis `cspuës, cg
:?0>), rc`jatj`j skg ajroi cspcaåmkai jdougi, sc `ki aiekcgzi j
dj eês tcgjz pcrscauakñg y cxcarjakñg aigiak`j cg dj bkstirkj cg
aigtrj `c bigrj`is, bigcstis c kgiacgtcs aku`j`jgis.

<:3
 <:=

Cg cstj Ludj sc ljsñ cd \cy Mcdkpc ] `c Cspjúj, pjrj

dcoksdjr (`cspuës `c `is júis `c `katj`j) cg aigtrj `c dis
ejsigcs y cg itrjs suacskvjs ec`k`js tiej`js pir `kmcrcgtcs
jutirk`j`cs y pistcrkirecgtc
suacsir Mcrgjg`i ]K mkreñ ug cd`carcti
< `c Fudki `c :?3:,cd su
quc pribklåj bkfi y
cfcrakaki
`c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj, `cgtri `c ti`is sus `iekgkis pir scr
pcdkorisj pjrj cd Cstj`i y pjrj dj rcdkokñg y ajstkojl
ajstkojljj aig dj pcgj
`c eucrtc jd quc dj prjatkajrc <=6
Cg cd ^crö sc aigiac cd prkecr ajsi `c djs aidigkjs, cd
júi :??1, cg quc dc tiañ kgtcrvcgkr j dj Kgqukskakñg
(Aigorcojakñg
(Aigorcoja kñg `cd Qjgti Imkaki) cg aigtrj `cd Akrufjgi Mrjgaës
@kcoi Djorjgoc, jausj`i `cd `cdkti `c pcrtcgcacr j dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj. Ëd bjlåj aiectk`i dj tirpczj `c aigtjrdc j
akcrtj `jej `c dj vcakg`j`, su pcrtcgcgakj j cddj y dc bjlåj
eistrj`i kgskogkjs y `csarkti jdougis skogis ejsñgkais. Cg djs
jatjs `cd priacsi scouk`i cg su aigtrj cstêg `ctjddj`is ti`is
cstis `jtis y scoög dis kgmirecs rcaiok`is pir pir cd Prklugjd
cadcskêstkai, bjlåj 0> bcrejgis ejsigcs cg csj ëpiaj, cg cd
]krrckgjti `cd ^crö<?. @cspuës `c `is júis `c prkskñg y `c
jprcekis, cd @r. Djorjgoc muc cgvkj`i j dj aêracd `c Aê`kz, cg
Cspjúj.
Cg ^irtuojd suac`kñ jdoi skekdjr j ajusj `c cstj Ludj `c
Adcecgtc@jRKK.
Ajr`cgjd Qkcg`i
Augbj, dgquksk`ir
cd kgodës Ocgcrjd
gjak`i cg `c ^irtuojd,
Qukzj, Fibg cd
Aiustis, muc
jprcsj`i y fuzoj`i pir dj kgqukskakñg pirtuoucsj y siectk`i j
tcrrkldcs tirturjs quc dc `ksdiajrig djs euúcajs y dis bielris.
Muc dklcrj`i orjakjs j dj kgtcrvcgakñg `cd Celjfj`ir kgodës.
^cri gi gis j`cdjgtceis cg cstj gjrrjakñg arigidñokaj
quc gis bceis pripucsti, y skojeis aig dj scrkc `c Ludjs y
<= Lcgfjeåg Ivkc`i "K,j Mrjgaejsigcråj cg Abkdc" ^jo. <1
<?
Lcgfjeåg Ivkc`i —Dj Mrjgaejsigcråj cg Abkdc― ^jo. <=
 <:=

<:?

Cgaåadkajs, jugquc cg mirej euy siecrj y skgtctkzj`j, aig quc

cd ]jtkajgi skoukñ aig`cgjg`i y jgjtcejtkzjg`i j dj
Ejsigcråj.

:) Croi6
Lcgc`kati RK]. "^rivk`js \iejgirue" cd :2 `c ejyi
`c :?3:.
<) ^åi ]KK. "Caadcskje j Fcsu-Abrksti" cd :1 `c scptkcelrc
`c :2<:.
1) Dcñg RKK. "Zui Orjvkirj" cd :1 `c ejrzi `c :2<3.
0) ^åi ]KKK. "Prj`ktk Buekdktjtk Gistrjc" cd <: `c ejyi `c
:2<;.
3) Orcoirki R]K. "Ekrjrk ]is" cd :3 `c joisti `c :21<.
Cstê `krkok`j tjelkëg cg aigtrj `c dis crrircs `cd eug`i
ei`crgi.
=) ^åi KR. Jutir `c vjrkjs cgaåadkajs, qukzê pjrj `csvkrtujr
quc bjlåj sk`i ejsñg, aujg`i crj cd ajgñgkoi Fujg
Ejråj Ejstjk Mcrrctk.
"Zuk ^durklus" cd ; `c givkcelrc `c :20=.
"Zujgtj Aurj―
Aurj― y —Qyddjlus" cd 2 `c `kakcelrc `c
:2=0.
"Eudtkpdkacr Kgtcr" cd <: `c scptkcelrc `c :2=3.
"Jpistidkajc Qc`ks" c::< `c iatulrc `c :2=;.
"Cx Cpkstidj" cd <= `c iatulrc `c :2=3.
"Ctsk Eudtj" cd <: `c givkcelrc `c :2?1.
"Ctsk Gis" cd :3 `c mclrcri `c :22<.
?) Dcñg RKKK. "Buejgue Ocgus" cd <> `c jlrkd `c :220. Cg
rcsuecg, cxprcsj di skoukcgtc6 "Dj \jzj Buejgj cstê
`kvk`k`j cg `is orupis6 dj Kodcskj Ajtñdkaj, Jpistñdkaj,
\iejgj. pir ug dj`i y cd Kepcrki `c Qjtjgês pir cd itri.
Dj Mrjgaejsigcråj sc ipigc j dj Dcy y cd Bigir. Cs ug
pi`cr pcdkorisi pjrj cd Cstj`i y pjrj dj Kodcskj. Cs ugj
Qiakc`j` scarctj. Dis mrjgaejsigcs arccg cg cd
 <:?

<:2

Gjturjdksei, cs `cakr, quc dj gjturjdczj

gjturjdczj y cd pcgsjekcgti
pcgsjekcgti
buejgi `clcg oukjr y cgscújr j dj Buejgk`j`, gcojg`i
aig csti
csti dj \cdkokñg
\cdkokñg \c
\cvcdj`j".
vcdj`j". Itrjs Cgaåa
Cgaåadkajs
dkajs `c cstc
cstc
^jpj sig6
"Jl Jpistidkak" cd :3 `c iatulrc `c :2;>.
"^rjcadjrj" cd <> `c fugki `c :2;0.
"Jggue Kgorcssk" cd :; `c ejrzi `c :;><.

^jrj `jr tërekgi j cstc ajpåtudi, gis bj pjrcak`i

aigvcgkcgtc `jr j aigiacr quc D'Isscrvjtirc \iejgi, ñrojgi
Imkakjd `cd ]jtkajgi, `cd 0 `c `kakcelrc `c :;21, rcpri`uac ug
`iauecgti cektk`i cd `åj <= `c Givkcelrc `c :;21 pir dj
Qjorj`j Aigorcojakñg
jaêpktcss prkgakpjdcs
jaêpktc pjrj
jgitj djs dj @iatrkgjprcakskigcs6
skoukcgtcs `c dj Mc, quc cg sus
"Qc bj prcscgtj`i dj prcougtj `c sk bj ajelkj`i cd fukaki
`c dj Kodcskj rcspcati
r cspcati `c dj Ejsigcråj, yj quc cg cd gucvi Añ`koi
`c @crcabi Ajgñgkai Gi cstê ecgakigj`i cxprcsjecgtc aiei
di cstjlj cg cd Añ`koi jgtcrkir… gi bj ajelkj`i cd fukaki
gcojtkvi `c dj Kodcskj rcspcati `c djs Jsiakjakigcs ejsñgkajs,
pirquc sus prkgakpkis skceprc bjg sk`i aigsk`crj`is aigsk`crj`is
kgaigakdkjldcs aig dj `iatrkgj `c dj Kodcskj6 cg aigscaucgakj, dj
jmkdkjakñg j djs eksejs skouc pribklk`j pir dj Kodcskj. Dis mkcdcs
quc pcrtcgczajg j Jsiakjakigcs Ejsñgkajs sc bjddjg cg cstj`i
`c pcaj`i orjvc y gi puc`cg jacrajrsc j dj Qjgtj Aieugkñg".
^cri gi sidjecgtc dj Kodcskj Ajtñdkaj. Jpistñdkaj,
\iejgj, bj pcrscouk`i y jtjaj`i jdj Mrjgaejsigcråj8 tjelkëg
di bjg bcabi oilkcrgis `katjtirkjdcs c k`cidioåjs titjdktjrkjs6
J`idmi Bktdcr, di bkzi `urjgtc cd Oilkcrgi gjzk cg Jdcejgkj,
Lcgkti Eussidkgk, di bkzi `urjgtc cd Oilkcrgi Mjsa Mjsakstj
kstj cg Ktjdkj,
Fisë Qtjdkg di bkzi `urjgtc su Oilkcrgi `katjtirkjd aieugkstj cg
\uskj, Mrjgaksai Mrjgai di bkzi `urjgtc su Oilkcrgi `katjtirkjd
`crcabkstj cg Cspjúj,
 <:2

<:;

Pjelkëg di bjacg dis oilkcrgis pcrsigjdkstjs y

rcdkokisis `cd Jskj y `cd Ec`ki irkcgtc y `c Êmrkaj, scouk`ircs
`cd Mug`jecgtjdksei Ksdêekai.
Jquå cg Abkdc, cd ^jrtk`i Aieugkstj aig`cgñ j dj
Ejsigcråj, cg cd KR ^dcgi `cd Aiektë Acgtrjd acdclrj`i cd :: `c
Givkcelrc `c :;0>). Qu Qcarctjrki Ocgcrjd, cd Ajejrj`j
Ajejrj`j Ojdi
Oigzêdcz `j dcaturj jd skoukcgtc jaucr`i jprilj`i6
—Gucstri ^jrtk`i cs cd ^jrtk`i `cd ^ridctjrkj`i. Gkgougj
itrj k`cidioåj `clc keprcogjrdi, skgi dj pridctjrkj. Cs gcacsjrki
cgtigacs pdjgtcjr j dis ejsigcs quc ekdktjg cg gucstri ^jrtk`i,
quc rcgugakcg pöldkajecgtc jdj Ejsigcråj sk qukcrcg scoukr
ekdktjg`i cg gucstrjs mkdjs. Cd quc gi di bjoj scrê cxpudsj`i

ypöldkajec
pöldkajecgtc
gtc `cd pjrtk`i Aieugkstj. Djs aisjs adjrjs pjrj cddi
pjrj gisitris―
Mcdkzecgtc, cd cmcati `c djs Ludjs quc bceis
ecgakigj`i, muc ecgir quc cd cspcrj`i. Cg Kgodjtcrrj, Mrjgakj
y Jdcejgkj mucrig kogirj`js y sñdi cg Ktjdkj, Cspjúj, ^irtuojd,
Eëxkai y ^crö mucrig jpdkaj`js pir dj Kgqukskakñg aig
cxtrcej`i rkoir.
Cg Ktjdkj, cd ajsi eês aigiak`i cs cd `cd eë`kai Piejssi
Aru`cddk, ].¿. E.¿. `c dj diokj `c Mdircgakj. Cg cd júi :?1;, muc
ddcvj`i j prkskñg pir dj Kgqukskakñg quc di siectkñ j tirturjs pjrj
jrrjgajrdc kgmirejakñg silrc dj ejsigcråj y sus jmkdkj`is. Puvi
quc kgtcrvcgkr dj Orjg Diokj `c Kgodjtcrrj quc dc pk`kñ jd @uquc
`c Dirrjkgc pjrj quc kgtcrac`kcrj
kgtcrac`k crj cg su mjvir, diorjg`i quc mucrj
`cfj`i cg dklcrtj` `cspuës `c `is júis `c prkskñg.
Cg Cstj`is Sgk`is muc mjeisi cd "Jmmjkrc Eirojg".
_kddkjes Eirojg ddcoñ j Gucvj [irh cd júi :2<0 y jscourjlj
scr ejsñg, jugquc cddi gugaj muc aieprilj`i. @cspuës `c `is
júis `c jskstkr j dj diokj, sc jsiakñ aig @jvk` A. Ekddcr,
pripkctjrki `c ug pcrkñ`kai
pcrkñ`kai `c dj diajdk`j`, aig cd pripñskti `c
 <:;

<<>

puldkajr ug dklri cg cd quc sc `cfjråj —jd `csa`csaulkcrti―

ulkcrti― j dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj.
^iai jgtcs `c dj jpjrkakñg `cd dklri, djs aisjs sc
cepczjrig j aiepdkajr. ^rkecri, cgtrjrig j riljr j djs imkakgjs
`c Ekddcr8 `is `åjs eês tjr`c, sc `cadjrñ ug kgacg`ki cg dj
keprcgtj8 jd `åj skoukcgtc Eirojg muc jausj`i `c ug rili
kgskogkmkajgtc. Qjdkñ jlsucdti, pcri muc `ctcgk`i `c gucvi pir
ugj `cu`j krrksirkj. Jd `åj skoukcgtc rcaupcrj su dklcrtj` cg
akraugstjgakjs ljstjgtc cxtrjújs6 Jprivcabjg`i dj juscgakj `cd
ajracdcri, ug `csaigiak`i aigvcgac j su eufcr pjrj `cfjr cg
dklcrtj` jd prcsi, prcvki pjoi `c dj `cu`j. Eirojg jljg`igj dj
aêracd aig cd `csaigiak`i y fugti aig itris sufctis cs ddcvj`i cg
ug aiabcJdbjstj
piaicd Mucrtc
tkcepiGkêojrj,
airrcgduojr `ig`c scquc
rueircs pkcr`c su rjstri.
bjlåj sk`i
"cfcautj`i" pir dis ejsigcs y su siaki Ekddcr, keprkekñ ekdcs
`c vidjgtcs `cgugakjg`i cd scaucstri. Crj tjd cd csaêg`jdi, quc
cd Oilcrgj`ir `cd Cstj`i `c Gucvj [irh, ejsñg priekgcgtc,
priekg cgtc, cx
Orjg Ejcstri, imrcac ugj rcaiepcgsj j qukcg `ë gitkakjs silrc
cd pjrj`cri `c Eirojg.
Sg aj`êvcr cgaigtrj`i cg dis jdrc`c`ircs, bkz
bkzii juecgtjr
dis rueircs cg aigtrj `c dis ejsigcs, pcri prigti sc pu`i
aiepriljr quc cd aucrpi gi crj cd `c Eirojg.
Cd ekstcrki, ti`jvåj gi bj sk`i rcsucdti, j pcsjr quc
jdougis vkjfcris jecrkajgis `kfcrig bjlcr vksti j Eirojg cg
Purquåj, `ig`c sc bjlåj rj`kaj`i aig cd `kgcri ojgj`i aig djs
"rcvcdjakigcs"
"rcvcdja kigcs" puldkaj`j
puldkaj`js.
s.
Dj vcr`j` cs quc cstc ajsi muc cxpditj`i pidåtkajecgtc,
cg mirej `cejoñokaj, yj quc cg cd júi :2<? bjlåj cdcaakigcs
pjrj ^rcsk`cgtc `c Cstj`is Sgk`is y pjrj Oilcrgj`
Oilcrgj`irir `cd Cst
Cstj`i
j`i
`c Gucvj [irh y cd jtjquc cg aigtrj `c dis ejsigcs muc ugi `c
dis jrouecgtis eês `ceidc`ircs.
`ceidc`ircs.
 <<>

<<:

Qc bkzi pcdkorisi pjrj dis bcrejgis cgtrjr cg dj ajsj

ejsñgkaj y euabjs diokjs jljtkcrig aiduegjs. Cg dj aku`j` `c
Gucvj [irh, `c 20> diokjs,
diokjs, quc`jrig
quc`jrig sidjecgtc
sidjecgtc 3> trjljfjg`i
trjljfjg`i y
cstc jelkcgtc jgtkejsñgkai sc `ceirñ acraj `c `kcz júis cg
`csvjgcacrsc
`csvjgc acrsc y `kskpjrsc.
Cg Mrjgakj, jpjrcakñ ug pcrsigjfc cstrjelñtkai y ugi `c
dis eês orjg`cs ekxtkmkaj`ircs `c dj bkstirkj `c dj Ejsigcråj, `c
gielrc Ojlrkcd Jgtikgc Fiojg`-^joës, pcri eês aigiak`i
aiei Dci Pêxkd.
Gjakñ cg Ejrscddj cd júi :230 y j pcsjr `c bjlcr rcaklk`i
cg su fuvcgtu` akcrtj c`uajakñg `c dis fcsuktjs, sc cgcekstñ `c dj
Kodcskj Ajtñdkaj y aujg`i sc rj`kañ cg ^jrås puldkañ ug `kjrki
ddjej`i "Cd Jgtkadcrkajd" cg cd quc `cgugakjlj dj vk`j prkvj`j
`c jdtis fcrjrajs `c dj kodcskj, kgadusi `cd ^jpj ^ki KR. Cd júi
:22:, bjlåj kgorcsj`i j dj ejsigcråj, pcri bjy jgtcac`cgtcs quc
muc rjyj`i jgtcs `c iltcgcr cd scoug`i orj`i.
Jd piai tkcepi aigmcsñ quc sc bjlåj jrrcpcgtk`i,
rctirgjg`i jd scgi `c dj Kodcskj. \cgugakñ j sus bcrcfåjs, rcpu`kñ
sus pripkis csarktis cg aigtrj `c cddj y sc rcaiokñ cg ug
aigvcgti. Aujg`i rcjpjrcakñ j dj vk`j pöldkaj, di bkzi jtjajg`i
j dj Ejsigcråj cg ug dklri tktudj`i "Dis Ekstcrkis `c dj
EjsigcJgugakjlj
Ejsigcråjråj `cvcdj`i
`cvcdj`is".
s". bjlåj aigiak`i j ugj bcreisj `jej
quc
girtcjecrkajgj ddjej`j @kjgj ]juobjg, qukcg dc bjlåj aigtj`i
aig dufi `c `ctjddcs sus cxpcrkcgakjs aiei cx sjacr`itksj `c dj
Jdtj Ejsigcråj Duakmcrkjgj. Dc bjlåj aigtj`i quc aujg`i cddj
bjlåj vkvk`i cg Abjrdcstig, Ajridkgj `cd Qur, aigiakñ j Er.
Jdlcrt ^khc, ugi `c dis ejsigcs eês cekgcgtcs `c Jeërkaj, quc
`krkoåj jddê ug Aigscfi `cd \kti Csaiaës, quc crj cg rcjdk`j` cd
Aujrtcd Ocgcrjd `cd Audti `cd @kjldi cg ti`i cd eug`i. Zuc
ti`is dis vkcrgcs, j djs 1 `c dj tjr`c klj Qjtjgês j vksktjrdi y
jdougjs vcacs prcsk`åj djs scskigcs y aujg`i cstjlj `c lucg

<<:

<<<

bueir sc trjgsmirejlj cg aiai`rkdi y sc pigåj j tiajr cd pkjgi...

(Biy `åj, aucstj arccr quc bjac ugj acgturkj, bjlåj ocgtc quc
arcåj, j Jd
pkccxkokrdc
fugtkddjs,cdcsjs pjtrjújs
pöldkai y tigtcråjs).
dj prcscgakj `c @kjgj ]juobjg,
aigtcstjlj j`uakcg`i quc crj ugj `jej euy `cdkaj`j j qukcg
bjlåj priectk`i gi jrrjstrjrdj j cxbklkakigcs `csjorj`jldcs8
pcri jgtc dj kgskstcgakj `c dj ocgtc, cg cspcakjcspcakjdd `c jdougis
sjacr`itcs, priectkñ quc cd `åj :; `c Jlrkd `c :2;?, prcscgtjråj
j @kjgj ]juobjg cg pcrsigj cg ugj aigmcrcgakj pöldkaj cg dj
quc, prcvkjecgtc, sc rkmjråj ugj eêqukgj `c csarklkr.
Cd `åj scújdj`i, cg cd Qjdñg `c dj Qiakc`j` `c Ociorjmåj
`c pjrås y jgtc dj prcscgakj `c guecrisi pöldkai `ig`c bjlåj
pcrki`kstjs, scúirjs, sjacr`itcs
sjacr`itcs (cd Jrzilkspi `c ^jrås cstjlj
prcscgtc y cd Gugaki jpistñdkai sc bjlåj bcabi rcprcscgtjr) cd
ju`jz celjuaj`ir auepdkñ su priecsj, pcri skg dj `jej
rcqucrk`j, `cadjrjg`i quc `urjgtc `kcz júis bjlåj cstj`i
trjtjg`i `c jvcrkoujr bjstj quë pugti ddcojråj dj arc`udk`j` c
kgsig`jldc cstupk`cz `cd pöldkai, cspcakjdecgtc ajtñdkai.
¹Zucrëks aigiacr j Ekss @kjgj ]juobjg, dj mjeisj
sjacr`itksj duakmcrkjgj9 prcougtñ, y pjsj`i ug eiecgti, sc
rcspig`kñ6 "csj eêqukgj `c csarklkr quc sc bj rkmj`i rcakëg cs
Ekss @kjgj.
ustc`cs". @ceês ^udsjg`i su tcadj`i
cstê jorcojr, ec quc
quc tuvi bc jljg`igjr
lurdj`i `ccd ti`is
diajd
pritcok`i, pjrj cvktj
cvktjrr quc cd pöldkai cgjr`cak`
cgjr`cak`ii di dkgabjrj.
@cs`c cgtigacs gi sc supi eês `c ëd.
Cd rcdjti `c dj pcrscauakñg sumrk`j pir dj Mrjgaejsigcråj
cg Cspjúj, ecrcac gi sñdi ug ajpåtudi jpjrtc, skgi quc ug
jludtj`i viduecg, pcri `j`j dj lrcvc`j` `c cstj cxpiskakñg gis
dkektjrceis j scújdjr dis suacsis y pcrsigjfcs eês `csaiddjgtcs.
Cepczjrceis cstjldcakcg`i quc cd @uquc `c _bjrtig,
`corj`j`i `c su ajroi `c Orjg Ejcstri `c dj Orjg Diokj `c
Dig`rcs cg :?<<, buyñ j Cspjúj y mug`ñ
mug `ñ cg Ej`rk`, cd júi :?<2,

<<<

<<1

dj prkecrj diokj aig cd gielrc `c "Ejtrktcgsc". Cd júi :?3>

ddcoñ j Ej`rk` cd mrjkdc Fisë Pirrulkj, `c trkstc ecei
eceirkj,
rkj, quc sc
kgmkdtrñ cg djpigtkmkakj.
jutirkzjakñg Ir`cg ejsñgkaj aigdjsgielrc
]ksktñ ti`js supucsti
diokjs `c y aigy
dj ^cgågsudj
cgtrcoñ jd Prklugjd `cd Qjgti Imkaki ugj dkstj `c ;? diokjs aig dj
gñekgj `c sus jmkdkj`is.
Jd piai tkcepi `cspuës, cd < `c fudki `c :?3:, Mcrgjg`i
]: `katñ ug @carcti pribklkcg`i dj cxkstcgakj `c dj Ir`cg cg
sus `iekgkis y ajstkojg`i aig dj pcgj `c eucrtc j sus
kgtcorjgtcs. Qkg celjroi, jdougis júis `cspuës, cg :?=?,
`urjgtc cd rckgj`i `c Ajrdis KKK (:?:=-:?22), cs mug`j`j dj Orjg
Diokj `c Cspjúj, skcg`i su prkecr Orjg Ejcstri @ig ^c`ri
^jldi Jljraj `c Lidcj, `ëakei
`ëake i Aig`c `c Jrjg`j y ]kzaig`c `c
\uc`j (jdougis jutircs gkcojg dj cmcatkvk`j` `c cstis
jgtcac`cgtcs).
Cd <? `c mclrcri `c csc eksei júi, muc `carctj`j, pir cd
eksei eigjraj, dj cxpudskñg `c dis Fcsuktjs `cd tcrrktirki
cspjúid.
Cd juoc `c dj Ejsigcråj, aig cd aigskoukcgtc
rcgjakekcgti `c djs akcgakjs, djs jrtcs, djs dctrjs, i scj, dj audturj
bkspêgkaj, muc ljrrk`i pir Ajrdis K] `urjgtc su rckgj`i cgtrc
:?2; y :2>2,
jgoustkjs quc pcri,
dc tiañjögsumrkr
jså, cstj
j dj sktujakñg
sktujakñ
Ejsigcråjg rcsudtñ pêdk`j
cspjúidj jgtc djs
`urjgtc dj
suacskñg `c su bkfi Mcrgjg`i ]KK "qukcg `cs`c fivcg `ceistrñ
jmkakñg j dj kgtrkoj y j dj arucd`j` trjs ug ajrêatcr tjakturgi y
sielråi".
Jd rctirgjr j Cspjúj, cd <0 `c ejrzi `c :2:0, `c su
kogiekgkisi aigmkgjekcgti, gi rcspctñ dj Aigstktuakñg `c :2:<
jprilj`j pir djs Airtcs `c Aê`kz, rcstjldcakñ
rcstjl dcakñ cd pi`cr `c dj aurkj
y `c dis fcsuktjs, y rckgstjdñ
r ckgstjdñ dis Prklugjdcs `c dj Kgqukskakñg
Kgqukskakñg ljfi
cd gucvi gielrc `c Fugtjs `c dj Mc.

<<1

<<0

Cd ; `c iatulrc `c :2<0 cxpk`kñ ugj \cjd Aë`udj

`cadjrjg`i quc —dis ejsigcs, aieugcris y itris scatjrkis,
`clcg scr sufctis
quc`jg`i aigsk`crj`is
j dj pcgj cgcekois
`c eucrtc`cdy Jdtjr y `cd `c
aigmksajakñg Prigi
sus
lkcgcs―..
lkcgcs―
Sgj våatkej `c cstj kgfustj y jrlktrjrkj `ctcrekgjakñg dj
aigstktuyñ cd ocgcrjd cspjúid \jmjcd `cd \kcoi y Göúcz Orjg
Ejcstri `c dj Ejsigcråj cspjúidj y orjg `cmcgsir `c dj
Aigstktuakñg `c :2:<, quc bjlåj sk`i cdcok`i @kputj`i j Airtcs
y ^rcsk`cgtc `c cddjs, cd ? `c mclrcri `c :2<1. Muc cgajracdj`i y
aig`cgj`i j dj biraj pir ejg`jti `c Mcrgjg`i ]KK.
@urjgtc cd rcairrk`i cgtrc dj aêracd y cd aj`jdsi (`c ug
cxtrcei j itri `c Ej`rk`) muc ectk`i cg ug acpi y jrrjstrj`i
pir ug lurri, ekcgtrjs
ekcgtrjs trcs adërkois di jaiep
jaiepjújlj
jújljgg joktjg`i.
joktjg`i. cd
prkecri, ugj ajepjgkddj
ajepjgkddj,, ajrojg`i, cd
cd scoug`i
scoug`i ug orjg
orjg aruakmkfi
y pigkëg`idc cd tcracri, ug aruakmkfi eês pcqucúi fugti j dj liaj
pjrj ildkojrdi j lcsjrdi
lcsjrdi ekcgtrjs ajekgjlj.
ajekgjlj.
Jd auepdkrsc cstj scgtcgakj prcmjlrkaj`j, dj ajlczj `cd
Ocgcrjd \jmjcd `cd \kcoi, scpjrj`j `cd trigai muc ddcvj`j j ug
duojr ddjej`i —djs ajlczjs `c Qjg Fujg― (`ig`c sc bjlåj
suldcvj`i cg `cmcgsj `c dj Aigstktuakñg) y cd aucrpi muc
`kvk`k`i cg aujtri pjrtcs8 ugj `c djs aujdcs quc`ñ cg Ej`rk` y
djs trcs rcstjgtcs mucrig ddcvj`js j Qcvkddj, j dj Ksdj `cd Dcñg y j
Eêdjoj, duojrcs `ig`c bjlåj tcgk`i `cstjaj`j jatujakñg, cstc
eêrtkr djkai, cg aigtrj `cd jlsidutksei rcjd.
Qkoukcg`i cd trjgsaursi `c dj bkstirkj, `clceis scújdjr
aiei bktis kepirtjgtcs pjrj aiepriljr dj pcrscauakñg cg aigtrj
`c dj Ejsigcråj iaurrk`j cg Cspjúj, cd jscskgjti cg djs ajddcs `c
Ej`rk` `cd Ocgcrjd y ejsñg Fujg ^rke quc tuvi `cstjaj`j
jatujakñg cg dj \cviduakñg `c :2=2, prcaursirj `c dj ^rkecrj
\cpöldkaj
mucrig priadjej`j
^rcsk`cgtcs pir djs Airtcs
y Ekgkstris cd júi
`cstjaj`is :2?1 yejsigcs.
bielrcs `c dj aujd

<<0

<<3

Jlusjg`i `cd jacg`rj`i cspårktu `c Buejgk`j` y

Pidcrjgakj `c ejsigcs y dklcrjdcs, cd ocgcrjd Ksjlcdkgi ^jvåj,
`ksidvkñ djs Airtcs aig sus tripjs, scpudtñ dj ^rkecrj \cpöldkaj
y prcpjrñ dj rcstjurjakñg `c Jdmigsi RKK, aig dj pistcrkir
`katj`urj (:;<1 ‑ <;) `c Ekoucd ^rkei `c \kvcrj `urjgtc cd
rckgj`i `c Jdmigsi RKK.
Aig dj kgstjurjakñg `c dj Qcoug`j \cpöldkaj, cd júi
:;1:, Cspjúj vidvkñ j tcgcr ug mdircakekcgti euy skogkmkajtkvi
quc `urñ bjstj —Cd
—C d Jdzjekcgti Gjakigjd― `cd :2 `c Fudki `c :;1=
quc suekñ jd pjås cg ugj oucrrj mrjtrkak`j quc `urñ bjstj quc djs
mucrzjs dcjdcs jd Oilkcrgi \cpuldkajgi mucrig `crritj`js cg cd

ecs `c Dj
Jlrkd `c :;1;.
ajå`j `c dj Qcoug`j \cpöldkaj bkzi rcaru`cacr dj
pcrscauakñg
pcrscaua kñg y dis jtjqucs j dj Ejsigcråj
Ejsigcråj y j sus Ekcelris ljfi
dj `katj`urj tciarêtkaj-ekdktjr `cd Ocgcrjdåskei Mrjgaksai
Mrjgai Ljbjeig`c, vidvkcg`i j rcpctkrsc, aiei ug skgi mjtjd
krrcec`kjldc - pcri jbirj pir ug djroi pcråi`i `c aujrcgtj
júis - djs pcrscauakigcs, jtripcddis, vcfêecgcs, `cstkcrris,
cgajracdjekcgtis y eucrtcs `c dis sumrk`is ejsigcs cspjúidcs.
Jså aiei Cspjúj muc ugi `c dis pjåscs curipcis `ig`c
dj Mrjgaejsigcråj sumrkñ djs ejyircs pcrscauakigcs, Jdcejgkj,
cg ajelki sc ajrjatcrkzñ pir scr eês lcgcvidcgtc, kgmducgakj`j,
tjdvcz, pir dj mkourj `cd rcy Mc`crkai KK `c ^ruskj, Mc`crkai cd
Orjg`c, quc cg su ëpiaj sc aigstktuyñ cg ^ritcatir `c dj
Ejsigcråj y pjrtk`jrki `c djs gucvjs k`cjs. Itrj ajusj `c cstj
ligjgzj pu`i bjlcr sk`i dj `kvcrsk`j` `c Orjg`csOrjg`cs Diokjs
`kscekgj`js cg dis ^rkgakpj`is quc crjg scek kg`cpcg`kcgtcs
`clk`i j dj ajrcgakj `c ug Oilkcrgi Acgtrjd mucrtc.
Dj prkecrj diokj quc sc mug`ñ muc dj \cspctjldc Diokj
"Jlsjdie" G¶: `c Bjeluroi, cd júi :?12 y pistcrkirecgtc
jpjrcakcrig gucvc Sgk`js
Orjg`cs Diokjs Orjg`cs`cDiokjs quc sc jorupjrig
Jdcejgkj", `kvk`k`js cg
cg "Djs
`is

<<3

<<=

tcg`cgakjs6 Buejgktjrkj y Arkstkjgj, `êg`isc dj pjrj`ifj quc dj

tcg`cgakjs6
Mrjgaejsigcråj Jdcejgj gi crj pcrscouk`j `cs`c jmucrj, skgi
quc `cs`c j`cgtri8 cgtrc cddjs eksejs.
Djs diokjs ulkaj`js cg cd sur `cd pjås, ajtñdkai,
aigstktuycg dj ejsigcråj arkstkjgj y djs ulkaj`js cg cd girtc,
dutcrjgi, aigmirejg dj ejsigcråj Buejgktjrkj. djs prkecrjs,
pruskjgjs, gi j`ektcg dj kga
kgairpirjakñg
irpirjakñg `c dis fu`åi
fu`åiss cg sus
sus mkdjs,
idvk`jg`i quc Fcsös `c Gjzjrctb, j qukcg j`irjg aiei
`kvkgk`j`, crj fu`åi.
@cspuës `cd tërekgi `c dj ^rkecrj Oucrrj Eug`kjd,
jpjrcakñ cd ocgcrjd jdceêg Du`cg`irmm, bëric `c oucrrj, aiei
`ctrjatir
pir y cgcekoi
su i`ki jaërrkei
cg aigtrj `c dj Ir`cgcråj,
Ejsñgkaj
`c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj,
Mrjgaejsig y ddcvj`i
aigsk`crjlj
aigsk`crjlj quc
jqucddis aku`j`jgis quc kgorcsjljg j cddj crjg aigvcrtk`is cg
"fu`åis jrtkmkakjdcs" pir di quc cstjljg krrcec`kjldcecgtc
pcr`k`is pjrj su pjtrkj,
pjtrkj, Jdcejgkj.
Jmkrejlj quc cd ejg`kd usj`i pir dis ejsigcs `cs`c dis
tkcepis ec`kcvjdcs, crj cd ejg`kd usj`i pir dis "Queis
Qjacr`itcs fu`åis" y jausjlj quc "aiei sjacr`itc `c Fcbivê, cd
ejsñg ddcvj cd ejg`kd `c Jjrñg y cd sielrcri `c dis dcvktjs".
Pkcepi `cspuës, dj Ejsigcråj Jdcejgj muc pcrscouk`j,
suprkek`j y `ksucdtj pir cd gjakigjdsiakjdksei bktdcrkjgi bjstj
cd júi :;03, tërekgi `c dj Qcoug`j Oucrrj Eug`kjd, cg quc
vidvkñ j cecrocr, rcvktjdkzj`j y pufjgtc aujd Jvc Mëgkx.
^jrj pigcr tërekgi j cstj rcmcrcgakj `c pjåscs cg `ig`c
dj Mrjgaejsigcråj muc pcrscouk`j, gis trjsdj`jrceis j djs
dcfjgjs Ksdjs Mkdkpkgjs, cg Iacjgåj, aujg`i jög crjg aidigkj
pcrtcgcakcgtc
pcrtcgcak cgtc j dj Airigj `c Cspjúj y pjrj kgairpirjrgis jd
tcej `c gucstrj jprctj`j sågtcsks, ildkojtirkjecgtc `clceis
aktjr j ug pcrsigjfc piai aigiak`i. Gis rcmcrkeis j Fisë \kzjd,
eë`kai, csarktir, pjtrkitj y ejsñg mkdkpkgi muskdj`i cg su tkcrrj

<<=

<<?

gjtjd cg tkcepis `c dj rcocgakj (`c dj rckgj Ejråj Arkstkgj `c

Cspjúj.
\kzjd gjakñ cd :; `c fugki `c :2=:, cg Ajdjelj (Djougj),
(Djougj) ,
`c pj`rcs tjojdis, cd eksei júi quc dis ejrkgis cspjúidcs
Ecdajepi y Eëg`cz Göúcz mug`jljg cg Ajvktc, mrcgtc j dj
ljbåj `c Ejgkdj, dj prkecrj diokj `cd JJrabkpkëdjoi
rabkpkëdjoi "^rkecrj D
Duz
uz
Mkdkpkgj", ljfi dj ilc`kcgakj `cd Orjg Irkcgtc Dusktjgi. @itj`i
`c cxtrjir`kgjrki tjdcgti, bkzi sus prkecris cstu`kis cg su
pucldi gjtjd, priskoukñ dis scaug`j
scaug`jrkis
rkis cg Ejgkdj, kgorcsj
kgorcsjg`i
g`i
pistcrkirecgtc, j dj Sgkvc
Sgkvcrsk`j`
rsk`j` j cstu`kjr ec`ka
ec`kakgj,
kgj, quc
priskouc cd júi :22<, aujg`i tcgåj <: júis, cg dj Sgkvcrsk`j`
`c Ej`rk`.
^jrj `jr ugj eucstrj `c su tjdcgti y primug`k`j` `c sus
aigvkaakigcs, vjeis j aktjr pjrtcs `c ug `ksaursi prigugakj`i
cd júi :221, silrc dj vkrtu` cg dj \csp.¿.Diokj "Qidk`jrk`j`"
G¾31 `c Ej`rk`6 "...vkgi cd arkstkjgksei, trjgsmireñ euabjs
arccgakjs y cg ug prkgakpki, ¹cg quë aigskstkcrig djs vkrtu`cs
arkstkjgjs" Dj rcdkokñg arkstkjgj, bcrc`crj, rcsuecg y cscgakj `c
ti`js djs rcdkokigcs, rcmdcfñ cg sus vkrtu`cs djs `c ti`js cddjs y
sjgtkmkañ dj buekd`j`, cd cstikaksei, dj purczj, jorcojg`i j csti
aiei vcr`j`crj irkcgtjakñg, dj Ajrk`j`, vkrtu` quc cd
ejbiectjgi cdcvñ `cspuës j suldkec jdturj".
"Eês tjr`c, djs `iatrkgjs sc j`udtcrjrig, mjdtñ dj mc, cd
cspårktu rcdkokisi mcrecgtñ cg cspårktu `c scatj8 dis quc
prc`kajljgg koujd`j` y pilrczj qukskcrig scr scúircs y rkais y
prc`kajlj
cgtigacs dj vkrtu` sc aigmug`kñ aig dj kgtidcrjgakj y cd
mjgjtksei. Muc vkrtu` cd acdkljti mirzisi, aujg`i @kis `kfi6
"Arcac` y eudtkpdkajis", muc vkrtu` cd birrir j di lcddi, cd i`ki
jd jeir aujg`i ti`j dj gjturjdczj cs bcreisj, aujg`i `cs`c dj
Dugj j dj mdir, ti`j dj arcjakñg prc`kaj Jeir8 muc vkrtu` cd jyugi
yeudtkpdkajr
dj jlstkgcgakj, aujg`i
sus mucrzjs pjrjti`i bielrc cg
cepdcjrdjs gcacsktj `cspdcojr
cd scrvkaki `c susy

<<?

<<2

scecfjgtcs8 muc vkrtu` jzitjrsc y rcljfjrsc aujg`i cd `idir cs dj

scecfjgtcs8
pritcstj `c dj gjturjdczj
gjturjdczj y aujg`i cd rcptkd eirj cg cd mjgoi y
@kis cg djs jdturjs8 y, cg mkg, muc vkrtu` dj kogirjgakj eksej
aujg`i dj Qjlk`uråj cs jtrkluti `kvkgi, aujg`i dj kgtcdkocgakj cs
ug `ig y aujg`i cd Bielrc sñdi sc rc`kec ecrac` j sus
primug`is cstu`kis".
cstu`kis".
\kzjd vkjfj j Mrjgakj cd júi :223 y j Jdcejgkj cg :22=,
júi cg quc puldkaj su mjeisi dklri "Gidk
"Gid k Ec Pjgocrc" quc ajusj
primug`j keprcskñg cg dj dj aråtkaj
aråtkaj pir sc
scrr cd prkecr dklri cg quc ug
mkdkpkgi `j j aigiacr dj rcjdk`j` siakjd cg quc vkvc su pucldi,
siectk`i jd jtrjsi y j dj ekscrkj pir ug skstcej aidigkjd iprcsk
iprcskvi
vi
quc, aig dj aiepdkak`j`
priorcskstjs `cd adcri, di
mirêgcjs, cvktêg`idc cd sulstrjc
aigiakekcg`c djs
aigiakekcgti kgmducgakjs
ti `cd k`kiej
cspjúid, `cfêg`idi sñdi aig su dcgouj vcrgêaudj pjrj
ejgtcgcrdi mjgjtkzj`i, csadjvi c kogirjgtc.
Mug`j dj siakc`j` scarctj "Dkoj Mkdkpkgj" quc `j`i su
k`cjd pjtrkñtkai y ei`i ejsñgkai sc jscecfj j dj Diokj
Djutjrkgj, pripudsirj `c dj cejgakpjakñg `c dis pucldis klcri
jecrkajgis.
Cd júi :2;< cs `cpirtj`i j @jpktjg, cg Ekg`jgji, `ig`c
sc `c`kaj j prjatkajr dj ec`kakgj, `cskgtcrcsj`jecgtc, `urjgtc
aujtri júis y aigiac j Fiscmkgj Lrjcahcr, ugj scúirktj
scúirkt j krdjg`csj.
Qidkaktj sc dc aigeutc dj pcgj pir dj `c cxtrjújekcgti j
Aulj aiei eë`kai ekdktjr y cd 0 `c joisti `c :2;= ddcoj j
Ejgkdj pjrj scr celjraj`i cg cd luquc "Ajstkddj" aig `cstkgi j
Cspjúj y cd 1> `c cstc eksei ecs cstjddj dj rcviduakñg mkdkpkgj
pir di quc jd ddcojr cd ljrai j Ljracdigj cs jprcsj
jprcsj`i`i y cgvkj`i
jd mjtå`kai Ajstkddi `c Eigtfukab bjstj scr rcceljraj`i j Ejgkdj
pjrj scr siectk`i j ug Aigscfi `c Oucrrj.
Oucrrj.
Qñdi akgai `åjs `ceirñ cd fukaki quc di scgtcgakñ j dj
pcgj ajpktjd.
ajpktjd. Birjs jgtcs `c scr muskdj`i, cd `åj 1> `c `kakcelrc
`c :2;=, aigtrjfi ejtrkeigki, cg dj prkskñg, aig su jej`j y mkcd

<<2

<<;

aiepjúcrj krdjg`csj, Fiscmkgj. ^jrj jacrajrgis jd tërekgi `c

cstj jprctj`j cxpiskakñg, `clceis rcdjtjr jdougis
jaigtcakekcgtis pritjoigkzj`is pir akcrtis rcajdaktrjgtcs
cgcekois `c dj Ir`cg ejsñgkaj, jquå, cg gucstrj pjtrkj.
Cepczjrceis pir rcair`jr dj cgaigj`j ipiskakñg quc
sistuvi dj kodcskj `c \iej cg aigtrj `c dis eivkekcgtis `c
cejgakpjakñg `c djs aidigkjs cspjúidjs, `cmcg`kcg`i dj pitcstj`
`c dis \cycs `c Cspjúj y sus prkvkdcokis y aig`cgjg`i j dis
prñacrcs pjtrkitjs Lidåvjr, Mrjgaksai `c Ekrjg`j
Ekrjg`j,, Qjg Ejrtåg y
I'Bkookgs, qukcgcs j trjvës `c djs diokjs Djutjrkgjs
aigskoukcrig
aigskoukc rig dklcrjr j sus pucldis `c dj `iekgjakñg cspjúidj
cspjúidj..
Qcoög cd bkstirkj`ir ejsñgkai, Lcgfjeåg Ivkc`i, jgtcs
`cd júi :?3>, gi bjlåj mrjgaejsigcråj cg Abkdc gk cg djs
aidigkjs `c Cspjúj pir tceir jd djroi lrjzi `c dj Kgqukskakñg y
`clk`i jd jgjdmjlctksei kepcrjgtc ocgcrjdkzj`i, skcg`i cd rjsoi
eês silrcsjdkcgtc `c dj siakc`j` abkdcgj su suekskñg j dj Kodcskj
ajtñdkaj quc `iekgñ `urjgtc cd pcråi`i aidigkjd. Júis `cspuës
sc supi `c dj cxkstcgakj cg :2<? `c dj \cspctjldc Diokj
Mkdjgtripåj Abkdcgj.
@ig Lcrgjr`i I'Bkookgs muc cd prkecri quc trjtñ `c
bjacr
gitj ug tåek`i jkgtcgti
rcdjtkvj `c ajelkjr`ccstcdjcstj`i
dj rc`jaakñg `c aisjs cg
@cadjrjakñg `c ugj
dj
Kg`cpcg`cgakj6 "Dj pritcstj `c Mc quc ilscrvi cg cd lirrj`ir,
aujg`i bjldj `c gucstri kgvjrkjldc `csci `c vkvkr y `c eirkr
dklrcs, `cmcg`kcg`i dj mc cg quc gjakeis, ec pjrcac
pjrcac suprkekldc,
pir aujgti gi bjy `c cddj ugj gcacsk`j`
gcacsk`j` jlsidutj y jajsi
jajsi puc`c
abiajr jdoög `åj aig gucstris prkgakpkis pidåtkais. Dis pjåscs
audtis bjg priadjej`i jlkcrtjecgtc dj dklcrtj` `c arccgakj".
Qkg celjroi, su pripiskakñg gi tuvi jaiok`j y cd P Påtudi
åtudi
KK `c dj Aigstktuakñg `c :2:2 aigskogñ ug jrtåaudi
jrtå audi quc `cadjrjlj6
"Dj \cdkokñg Ajtñdkaj, Jpistñdkaj, \iejgj, cs dj ögkaj y
cxaduskvj `cd Cstj`i `c Abkdc. Qu pritcaakñg, aigscrvjakñg,

<<;

<1>

purczj c kgvkidjlkdk`j` scrê ugi `c dis prkecris `clcrcs `c dis

Fcmcs `c dj Qiakc`j`,
gk `iatrkgj aigtrjrkj jquc gi Fcsuarksti".
dj `c pcrektkrêg fjeês itri audti pöldkai
Dj Aigstktuakñg `cd júi :2<<, cstê rc`jatj`j cg koujdcs
tërekgis, skg celjroi, cd jrt. G¶<:3 `jlj akcrtjs ojrjgtåjs `c
tidcrjgakj jd cstjldcacr6 "J gj`kc sc ajstkojrê pir pcgsjekcgti,
gk pir ejgkmcstjakñg `c cddis, aujg`i gi aigtcgojg ajduegkjs,
kgfurkjss i cxaktjakigcs j dis aråecgcs". J`ceês, cg cd Jrt. G¶<<:
kgfurkj
sc aig`cgjlj tcrekgjgtcecgtc j dj mjtå`kaj Kgqukskakñg. Cd
prkecri quc bkzi mrcgtc
m rcgtc aig dj pjdjlrj csarktj, j dj kgtidcrjgakj
rcdkokisj `cd
`cd adcri, muc cd B.¿. Ajekdi Bcgråqucz Oigzêdcz aig
dj puldkajakñg `c ug jrtåaudi cdiokjg`i j ]idtjkrc, \iusscju y
Eigtcsqukcu. Dj rcspucstj vkgi `c Mrjy Pj`ci Qkdvj aig ug
jtjquc vkrudcgti j Ajekdi Bcgråqucz y j dis mkdñsimis cdiokj`is
pir ëd, cxprcsjg
cxprcsjg`i`i cgtrc itrjs, dj skoukcgtc pkgtircsa
pkgtircsajj mrjsc6 "quc,
cg vcz `c auepdkr cd ekgkstcrki `c su Kgstktuti, `c jyu`jr j lkcg
eirkr j djs ocgtcs, dcs jyu`j j ejd vkvkr aig sus pcrkñ`kais".
Cg cd júi :2?:, `ig Fujg Jouståg ^jdjzucdis, `kputj`i y
ejsñg, sidkaktñ j dj aurkj djs `kspcgsjs pjrj aigtrjcr ejtrkeigki
aig su prkej `iúj Adirkg`j Ejturjgj ^jdjzucdis, pcri, ëstjs dc
mucrig
bjlcrscgcoj`js
gcoj`ipir cd kgajdkmkajldc
j furjr jati `cCvjgocdkis"
"pir dis Qjgtis bcrcfåj i jpistjsåj
y qucrcrjd
bjacrdi "pir su Bigir y su aigakcgakj", aujg`i jsuekñ cd ajroi
cg cd ^jrdjecgti `c dj \cpöldkaj.
Cg Biecgjfc jd tkcepi, gi cgtrjrë j gjrrjr cg `ctjddc
ti`is dis ajsis iaurrk`is y ec dkektjrë j aktjr sidjecgtc dis eês
luddj`is y dis eês oritcsais.
oritcsais.
Cg :2;;, cg djs cxcqukjs `cd Z.¿. B.¿. Oukddcrei Ejttj,
cd Irj`ir Imkakjd `c dj Kgstktuakñg muc cd K.¿. B.¿. Duks Gjvjrrctc
y Dñpcz, ugi `c dis eês `kstkgouk`is Orjg`cs Ejcstris quc bj
tcgk`i dj Ir`cg, y prigugakñ ug scgtk`i `ksaursi ejsñgkai, skg
imcg`cr gk jtjajr j gj`kc.

<1>

<1:

^ucs lkcg, cg cd `kjrki "^irvcgkr", `c dj ëpiaj, muc

jtjaj`i
y Dñpcz,aig djs skoukcgtcs
Qcarctjrki cxprcskigcs6 "@ig
`c dj Eugkakpjdk`j` Duks J. yGjvjrrctc
`c Qjgtkjoi cx mrjkdc
`iekgkai, prigugakñ cd `iekgoi ug `ksaursi cg ugis mugcrjdcs
quc pir cxkocgakjs `c airtcsåj imkakjd, i pir ug `clcr siakjd
kgcdu`kldc, sc vkcrig mirzj`js j aigaurrkr pcrsigjs `c rcspcti y
pjrj sus arccgakjs
arccgakjs y scgtkekcgtis
scgtkekcgtis rcdkokisis muc ug vcr`j`cri
kgsudti csauabjr ugj jpidioåj, bcabj cg sus ljrljs, `c dj scatj
ejsñgkaj".
Cg cd júi :;:<, aig iajskñg `c dj eucrtc `cd Jdekrjgtc
Fujg Fisë Djtirrc, iaurrk`j cg ]kúj `cd Ejr, ug orupi `c
bcrejgis `c Aigacpakñg, puldkañ cg cd @kjrki "Cd Qur" ugj
kgvktjakñg j ti`is dis bcrejgis `c dj rcokñg, j acdclrjr ugj
acrceigkj mögclrc cg su eceirkj. @kcz `åjs `cspuës, ug
prcslåtcri, iaudti
iaudti ljfi cd scu`ñ
scu`ñgkei
gkei `c GC[ puldkañ ug jrtåaudi
sistcgkcg`i quc cd Jdekrjgtc Djtirrc fjeês bjlåj sk`i ejsñg y
quc cg sus ödtkeis júis bjlåj sk`i ug lucg arkstkjgi y quc bjlåj
eucrti aiei tjd. Eês j`cdjgtc jorcoj quc sk cd Jdekrjgtc
bulkcrj pcrtcgcak`i j dj ejsigcråj (kgstktuakñg aig`cgj`j
aig`cgj`j pir dj
Kodcskj) gi bjlråj pi`k`i rcaklkr dis juxkdkis rcdkokisis,
rcdkokisis, skg jgtcs
bjlcr
trklutjrjlfurj`i `c cddj
ug biecgjfc y sc prcougtj,
pöldkai j jdoukcg ¹puc`c ugj`cKgstktuakñg
quc jlfurñ cddj9 Qkg
celjroi, cs ug bcabi krrcljtkldc quc cd Jdekrjgtc Djtirrc muc
Orjg Aiecg`j`ir `cd Quprcei Aigscfi cgtrc dis júis :;>? y
:;::, I scj, ug júi jgtcs `c su `cacsi.
 Cd :? `c Fudki `c :;:=, j rjåz `c ugj Ir`cg `cd @åj
`katj`j pir cd Ekgkstri `c dj Oucrrj, Ocgcrjd Firoc Liigcg
\kvcrj, sc susaktñ ugj orjg pidëekaj cgtrc dj aku`j`jgåj y muc
eitkvi `c ug êspcri y cxtcgsi `cljtc cgtrc dis pjrdjecgtjrkis.
Aig eitkvi `cd Jati `c Furjecgti j dj ljg`crj, sc trjgsarklkñ
csc júi, j ti`js djs oujrgkakigcs ekdktjrcs, dj skoukcgtc Ir`cg
`cd @åj6

<1:

<1<

"Cd furjecgti `c mk`cdk`j` j dj ljg`crj, quc jajljg `c

prcstjr
cfërakti,dis scúircs
prkej silrcFcmcs,
ti`iImkakjdcs c kg`kvk`uis
itri aieprieksi `c tripjj `cd
c kepigc dis
ekcelris `c djs Kgstktuakigcs jrej`js `c dj \cpöldkaj, dj
ildkojakñg `c jlstcgcrsc `c mirejr pjrtc `c siakc`j`cs scarctjs,
aimrj`åjs, diokjs, cta., j mkg `c sjdvjr dj sktujakñg cg quc djs
vkaksktu`cs `c dj ajrrcrj ekdktjr pi`rêg aidiajrdis `c tcgcr quc
mjdtjr jd furjecgti prcstj`i i j aieprieksis dklrcecgtc
aigtrjå`is, di quc cs kgaiepjtkldc aig cd bigir y cd prcstkoki `c
djs kgstktuakigcs jrej`js".
^jrj jlrcvkjr, cs `jldc ecgakigjr, sidjecgtc, jdougis
csarktis `c `ctrjatircs `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj abkdcgj.
Cd eksei júi :;:=, jpjrcakñ cd ipösaudi "Dj Ejsigcråj
y djs Qiakc`j`cs Qcarctjs" `c ug scúir Ojlrkcd `c dj ^jz.
Aiecgtj cd @carcti `c dj Ir`cg `cd @åj `cd Ocgcrjd Liigcg
\kvcrj, jdjljg`i dj ec`k`j y jtjajg`i j dj Ejsigcråj. Cepkczj
jscourjg`i quc skceprc bj jatuj`i cg su vk`j aig
kepjrakjdk`j`,, dklrc `c prcfukakis y `c i`kis y j aigtkgujakñg
kepjrakjdk`j` aigtkgujakñg cg
ti`i cd tcxti, gi bjac itrj aisj quc `cgistjr, kgsudtjr y
`csajdkmkajr j dj Ejsigcråj y j dis ejsigcs.
Cd júi :;<>, jpjrcakñ cd dklri "Dj Ejsigcråj y sus ilrjs
cg Abkdc" csarktj pir ug jutir quc sc csaig`c ljfi cd scu`ñgkei
`c ]C\KPJQ. Aiecgtj cd ödtkei ecgsjfc `cd Qcrcgåskei Orjg
Ejcstri Duks Gjvjrrctc y Dñpcz y jtjaj djs `kmcrcgtcs ilrjs
siakjdcs pjtriakgj`js y mkgjgakj`js pir dis ejsigcs, aiei dj
Dkoj `c Cstu`kjgtcs ^ilrcs, djs Aidigkjs Csaidjrcs, dis Liy
Qaiuts, dj Qiakc`j` `c Kgstruaakñg ^rkejrkj, cta.
Jd mkgjd `c su dklcdi jausjtirki, cg djs aigaduskigcs,
cxprcsj tcxtujdecgtc6 "Orjakjs j @kis bceis ddcoj`i jd tërekgi
`c gucstri trjljfi,
aruakmkaj`i, csarkti ti`i
pjrj `csjorjvkjrdi ëd udtrjfcs
`c dis jgtc dj quc
kejocg `c rcaklc
j `kjrki Fcsös
`c cstis kgmcdkacs quc di i`kjg aig ug i`ki vcr`j`crjecgtc

<1<

<11

sjtêgkai, y pjrj pc`krdc gis oukjrj c kduekgjrj cg dj isaurk`j`

`cd ajekgi quc tcgåjeis quc rcairrcr, ri`cj`i `c cgcekois y
`c pcdkoris skg aucgti".
Dj eês kepirtjgtc `c djs puldkajakigcs jgtkejsñgkajs
jpjrcak`j cg gucstri pjås, cs dj Ilrj ¡Ekstcrki! @csairrkcg`i cd
]cdi, pir dj jdtj fcrjrquåj cadcskêstkaj `c su jutir, cd Ajr`cgjd
Fisë Ejråj Ajri, qukcg mireudj jtjqucs y aiecgtjrkis cg aigtrj
`c dj Ejsigcråj ljsj`is cg aktjs `c ipkgkigcs y dklcdis `c
aiggitj`is jutircs rjlkisjecgtc jgtk ejsñgkais aiei
Aipkg-Jdljgacddk, @ieëgkai Ejrokittj, Eigs. Fiukg,
F.Lcrtrjg`, Eigs.
Cg cd dklriJrejg`i F. Mjvj,
`cd Ajr`cgjd Eigs.
Ajri @c Qcou
Qcour
jpjrcak`i cdr júi
y itris.
:;<0,
aujg`i imkakjlj cg Kqukquc, aiei Ilkspi Pktudjr `c Ekdjs y
]kajrki Jpistñdkai `c Pjrjpjaê, quc`j `c ejgkmkcsti su
kogirjgakj supkgj silrc dis vcr`j`cris mkgcs y jdtis k`cjdcs quc
kgspkrjg j dj Mrjgaejsigcråj y quc gi aigsudtñ, i `csajrtñ,
dktcrjturj scrkj y rcspigsjldc, quc bjy euabj, `cfêg`isc
ilgulkdjr pir su mjgjtksei rcdkokisi jd jausjrdj `c "sjtêgkaj, quc
j`irj j Duakmcr y ejd`kac jd @kis `c dis arkstkjgis".
Cd júi :;0<, jpjrcakñ cd middcti ":>>> ejsigcs"
`kmug`k`i jepdkjecgtc y cg cd quc sc jaigscfjlj j dis ajtñdkais
j gi aigaurrkr j dis scrvkakis primcskigjdcs, gk aieprjr cg
tkcg`js y gcoiakis auyis pripkctjrkis mucrjg ejsigcs. Kgaduyc
ugj djroj dkstj `c Zucrk`is Bcrejgis, cgtrc cddis cd ^rcsk`cgtc
`c dj \cpöldkaj Fujg Jgtigki \åis Eirjdcs.
^ir ödtkei, cd júi :;0=, jpjrcakñ ug dklri tktudj`i "Dj
Ejsigcråj Abkdcgj Gi Aieljtc j dj \cdkokñg Ajtñdkaj" auyi
jutir cs ug scúir Duks @igisi V. quc cepkczj aigmcsjg`i quc
pjrj csarklkr
csarklkr cstc dklri
dklri bj aigsudtj`i "gucvc júis sc
scouk`is
ouk`is `c dj
\cvkstj
Ejsigcråj‒DjAbkdcgj".
]cr`j`‛,(qucÑrojgi Imkakjd
sc puldkañ y cd
`cs`c \cscrvj`i `c `c
:3 `c ejyi dj
:;>; bjstj cd :3 `c jlrkd `c :;<1).

<11

<10

"@kac bjlcr cxtrjatj`i `c aj`j göecri, ugi i vjrkis

jaêpktcs `c ug eksei jrtåaudi, pu`kcg`i bjacrdi `c `is i trcs
`ëaj`js göecri pjrj quc cd pöldkai primjgi, y jög pjrtc `cd
ejsñgkai, sc kepigoj y jprcakc `clk`jecgtc y aig vcr`j`cri
aigiakekcgti `c ajusj, dis orj`is `c vcrjak`j` quc cgakcrrjg
tjg adjrjs aiei prcaksjs y ajtcoñrkajs `cadjrjakigcs `c dj
Ir`cg".
Cg cd dklri trjtj `c cstjldcacr quc dj
Ejsigcråj - aigtrjrkjecgtc aig cd tåtudi quc dc `ki j su dklri - så
aieljtc j dj \cdkokñg Ajtñdkaj y cepdcj jrouecgtis euy
prcajrkis quc
arcycgtc y rclusaj`is,
rclusaj`i s, pripkis
prctcg`c `cmcg`cr`csuug Kodcskj
mcrvkcgtc`cy ug
mjgjtkzj`i
jtjquc
kejokgjrki, kgcxkstcgtc.
Cd ödtkei suacsi `c akcrtj skogkmkajakñg quc bj jmcatj`i
j dj Mrjgaejsigcråj abkdcgj, cs cd iaurrk`i aig eitkvi `c dj
Ir`cg `cd `åj `katj`j pir cd Jdekrjgtc Fisë Pirklki Ecrkgi,
mjddcak`i cd 1> `c joisti `c :;;=, ekcelri `c dj Fugtj `cd
Oilkcrgi Ekdktjr quc `crriañ jd ^rcsk`cgtc Aigstktuakigjd `c
Abkdc, Z.¿. B.¿. Qjdvj`ir Jddcg`c Oisscgs.
Cd @carcti Quprcei G¶ 02? `cd <: `c jlrkd `c :;22 `kac
j dj dctrj6 "Qc pribålc j dis ekcelris `c dj Jrej`j, pcrtcgcacr
j Airpirjakigcs, Ir`cgcs y Qiakc`j`cs aujg`i ëstjs scjg
scarctjs, csitërkajs i fcrjrqukzj`js". Jd pigcr tërekgi j cstj
gjrrjakñg `clceis rcpri`uakr di quc Mrjy Fisë Pirrulkj,
mrjgaksajgi cspjúid, csarklåj cd júi :?3< cg su ilrj "Acgtkgcdj
`c dj Ejsigcråj"6
"Dis mrjgaejsigcs sig ejdis. Pkcgcg quc scrdi pirquc
cstêg aig`cgj`is pir dj Kodcskj y pir dis eigjrajs y pirquc, j
pcsjr quc sc sjlc piai `c cddis, sig jtcis, ldjsmceis, furjg
ejtjr y `cfjrsc
sjarådcois, ejtjr pir
supcrstkakisis, su Ilscrvjgakj8
aiekdigcs y lirrjabis,primjgj`ircs
lcgcmjatircsy
sñdi `c dis suyis, cxaduycgtcs `c djs eufcrcs..."

<10

<13

Cd prkecr Aigorcsi Jgtkejsñgkai Kgtcrgjakigjd,

acdclrj`i cg Prcgti, cd júi :2;=, rcsueåj dj aig`cgj `c dj
Kodcskj jmkrejg`i
jmkr ejg`i quc cd orjg scarcti `c dj Ejsigcråj crj cd audti
j Duakmcr i Qjtjgês.
^ir itrj pjrtc, cd bkstirkj`ir ejsñg @jgkcd Lcrcsgkjh
cguecrj j dis cgcekois `c dj Ejsigcråj6 @katj`ir
@katj`ircs,
cs, kgtcorkstjs,
mug`jecgtjdkstjs, mjsakstjs, gjzkstjs, aieugkstjs, rjakstjs,
abivkgkstjs, xcgñmilis, aågkais, rcgairisis, `ioeêtkais,
mjgêtkais, gjrakskstjs...
Aiei aidimñg j cstj csauctj rcdjakñg, ec bj pjrcak`i
pcrtkgcgtc
prigugakj`js
prigugakj`j rcpri`uakr djs cgcxprcskigcs
s cd júi :2>; dj Diokj `c `cd K.¿.
K.¿ . quc
Dôlca, B.¿
B.¿.vcg`råjg
. @ràschcj
rcjmkrejr di cstjldcak`i cg gucstris rktujdcs rcspcati j dj
pcrejgcgakj
pcrejgcga kj c kgeutjlkdk`j` `c dj @iatrkgj y ^rkgakpkis `c dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj "cg ec`ki `cd idcjfc `c djs cviduakigcs y
rcviduakigcs `c dj Buejgk`j`".
—^i`rêg vcgkr j `crrkljr cstc Pcepdi, pcri gi diorjrêg
`cstrukr gucstrjs aigvkaakigcs. ^i`rêg kepc`kr gucstrjs
rcugkigcs, pcri gi gucstrj ugk`j` cspkrktujd. ^i`rêg kepc`kr quc
gis ddjeceis ejsigcs, pcri gi quc di scjeis cg gucstris
airjzigcs―.
"¡¡Qjdvc, Pcepdi Ejsñgkai!! Aujg`i ti`i cstë ajroj`i
`c aj`cgjs y `c sielrjs, scrês tö cd ögkai Cstj`i Dklrc cg ugj
tkcrrj `cvjstj`j pir cd `cspitksei y cd mjgjtksei".
LKLDKIO\JMÅJ
Lcgfjeåg Ivkc`i. Dj Mrjgaejsigcråj
Mrjgaejsigcråj cg Abkdc.
Fisë J. Mcrrcr Lcgkecdk
Lcgkecdk.. Ejsigcråj Cspjúidj Aigtcepirêgc
Aigtcepirêgcjj
Mrjgaksai Qibr Q. Jgtkejsigcråj. Pcejs Ejsñgkais G¾<.
Acsêrci ]êsqucz Jelrñs. Dj Ejsigcråj y dj Oucrrj `c Cspjúj.
Jgtigki `c Dczjej. Cd Aig`c `c Jrjg`j. Sgj Duz cg djs Pkgkcldjs.
\cv. Ejsñgkaj G¶ ?-2 Qct. - Iat.:;==.

<13

<1=

Cgrkquc Gckejg. Dj Ejsigcråj cg Cspjúj. \cv. Ejsñgkaj G¾ 3-=

Fudki-joisti :;?2.
Mrjgaksai Pirki. Kgmirec silrc dj Ejsigcråj Cspjúidj. \cv.
Ejsñgkaj G¾ :-< Ejrzi-Jlrkd :;2>.
Gcdsig O. Dio. ;2, Añei vkvkñ y Eurkñ \
\kzjd.
kzjd. \cv. E
Ejsñgkaj
jsñgkaj G¾ 1-0
Ejyi - Fugki :;=<.
]C\KPJQ Dj Ejsigcråj
Ejsigcrå j y sus Ilrjs cg Abkdc.
 <1=

<1?

Fjkec Ojdtëkgsñdkti
Sg Ejsñg Ajrrë.

J mucr `c scr skgacri, `cli cepczjr aigmcsjg`i quc

skceprc bjlåj sk`i ug csaëptkai rcspcati j dis mcgñecgis cxtrj
scgsirkjdcs i pjrjgirejdcs, pcri aujg`i aigiaå y primug`kaë cd
cstu`ki `cd cxtrjúi y sirprcg`cgtc
sirprcg`cg tc ajsi `cd bcrejgi Fjkec Ojdtë
Ajrrë, Orj`i
pjrcacr 11¾ `c
y jbirj dj Ejsigcråj
ejgtcgoi Abkdcgj, bc
ugj pru`cgtc `u`jajelkj`i `c
silrc tjg
aigtrivcrtk`j ejtcrkj.
^jrj bjacr eês cxpc`ktj dj sceldjgzj `c cstc skgoudjr
pcrsigjfc, ec bj pjrcak`i aigvcgkcg
aigvcgkcgtc
tc `kvk`krdj cg trcs jspcatis6
cd Bielrc8 cd Ejsñg y cd Eë`kue.

Cd bielrc

Gjakñ cg
cg Qjgtkjoi
Qjgtkjoi,, cd <0 `c ejyi
ejyi `c :;>1 y ccgg dj aajpktjd
jpktjd
bkzi sus prkecris cstu`kis lêskais. ^istcrkirecgtc, sus pj`rcs
sc trjsdj`jrig jd Girtc, pir di quc tuvi quc priscoukr sus
cstu`kis buejgåstkais cg dj aku`j` `c Pjagj, cgtigacs abkdcgj,
y `cspuës cg dj aku`j` `c Kqukquc.
@j su Ljabkddcrjti, biy pruclj `c Jptktu` Jaj`ëekaj, cd
júi :;<: y sc trjsdj`j j Qjgtkjoi j cstu`kjr Kgocgkcråj cg dj
Sgkvcrsk`j` Ajtñdkaj, `cs`c `ig`c cs cxpudsj`i j dis trcs júis
pir sus jatkvk`j`c
jatkvk`j`css cstu`kjgtkdcs cxtrj priorjeêtkajs.
priorjeêtkajs. Cd júi
:;<3, kgorcsj j dj Sgkvcrsk`j` `c Abkdc j cstu`kjr @crcabi y
rcaklc su Påtudi `c Jlioj`i cd :: `c givkcelrc `c :;1>.
^jrj iptjr jd Orj`i `c Dkacgakj`i cg Dcycs, su eceirkj
vcrsñ silrc "Dj mirejakñg `c ug gucvi priycati `c dcy silrc

<1?

<12

Qiakc`j`cs `c \cspigsjlkdk`j`
ddcoñ j scr Dcy `c dj \cpöldkaj. Dkektj`j―, quc pistcrkirecgtc
Cg cd ecs `c joisti `c :;1<, muc gielrj`i ^rimcsir `c
dj Aêtc`rj `c @crcabi ^riacsjd `c dj Csaucdj `c Akcgakjs
Furå`kajs y Qiakjdcs `c ]jdpjrjåsi, `cpcg`kcgtc `c dj
Sgkvcrsk`j` `c Abkdc, y cg cd júi :;11 muc gielrj`i @krcatir
`c dj aktj`j Csaucdj Sgkvcrsktjrkj. Cg ]jdpjrjåsi aigiac jd Qr.
Pieês \åis Oigzêdcz, euy vcrsj`i cg di quc cgtigacs sc
ddjejlj ectjpsåqukaj.
Cd júi :;10, pjsñ j `cscepcújr dj eksej Aêtc`rj cg dj
Csaucdj `c Akcgakjs Furå`kajs y Qiakjdcs `c Qjgtkjoi, `ig`c
iltuvi cd Påtudi `c ^rimcsir Cxtrjir`kgjrki `c dj Aêtc`rj `c
@crcabi ^riacsjd. ^jrjdcdjecgtc aig sus jatkvk`j`cs `iacgtcs,
`cscepcúñ cd ajroi `c Jlioj`i `c dj Ceprcsj ^crki`åstkaj "Dj
Gjakñg" Q.J. Pkcepi `cspuës muc gielrj`i Jlioj`i `cd
Prklugjd `c Aucgtjs `c dj Aigtrjdiråj Ocgcrjd `c dj \cpöldkaj,
pjrj, pistcrkirecgtc
pistcrkirecgtc scr prieivk`i
prieivk`i jd @cpjrtjecg
@cpjrtjecgtiti Furå`kai `c
csj \cpjrtkakñg.
Mireñ pjrtc `c dj Aiekskñg \c`jatirj `cd Añ`koi
Iroêgkai
pjrj `c Prklugjdcs
Prklug
su cgscújgzj
cgscújg jdcsdj`cCsaucdj
zj cg csc tkcepi y j dj tktudj`i
`c Dcycs vcz puldkañ ug tcxti
"Ejgujd `c
Añ`koi
Añ` koi Iroêgkai `c Prklugjdcs
Pr klugjdcs .
Aigaurrkñ jd Aigorcsi `c Jlioj`is acdclrj`i cg
Qjgtkjoi cd júi :;=>, skcg`i cdcok`i rcdjtir `c dj Aiekskñg cg
dj quc dc airrcspig`kñ pjrtkakpjr. Jskeksei, muc Ekcelri `cd
@krcatirki Ocgcrjd `c dj Jsiakjakñg `c Liys Qaiuts `c Abkdc,
aiei `cdcoj`i `cd @krcatirki ^rivkgakjd `c I'Bkookgs, cgtrc dis
júis :;01 y :;3>.
Muc tjelkëg, @krcatir `c dj Qiakc`j` Akcgtåmkaj `c Abkdc
y cg pidåtkaj jlrjzñ djs `iatrkgjs djkajs y `ceiarêtkajs quc
prcaigkzjlj
prcaigkzj lj cd ^jrtk`i \
\j`kajd.
j`kajd. ]ku`i `c @iúj C`
C`gj
gj Eôddcr, `c

<12

<1;

dj
cg aujd tuvi `is
scoug`js bkfjs6aig
gupakjs Qigkj y Ejråj Kgës,
dj `kstkgouk`j aigtrjfi
`jej, ejtrkeigki
Qrj. Jdkakj ]kai.
Sg orupi `c primcskigjdcs, cgtrc dis quc mkourjljg
eë`kais, kgocgkcris, jlioj`is y itris, mug`jrig fugti aig Fjkec
Ojdtë dj Qiakc`j` Abkdcgj `c ^jrjpskaidioåj cg dj quc
`cscepcúñ cd ajroi `c ]kacprcsk`cgtc bjstj cd `åj `c su eucrtc.
Eurkñ j dis scscgtj y `is júis `c c`j`, cd : `c givkcelrc `c
:;=3, våatkej
våatk ej `c ug aêgacr quc cg vckgtc `åjs di ddcvñ j dj tuelj.

Cd Ejsñg

Bkfi ögkai `c ejsñg - su pj`rc, Fjkec Ojdtë Qjljf, crj

ekcelri `c dj \cspctjldc Diokj `c Kqukquc - kgorcsñ j dj
Mrjgaejsigcråj cd <3 `c givkcelrc `c :;1?, rcaklkcg`i dj Duz
Ejsñgkaj cg dj \cspctjldc Diokj "@clcr y Aigstjgakj " G¾?.
Jgtcs `c auepdkr cd júi, cd <> `c fudki `c :;12, sc dc aigac`kñ
Juecgti `c Qjdjrki y cd :2 `c joisti `c :;1; rcaklkñ cd Orj`i
`c Ejcstri Ejsñg.
Ejgtuvi ugj aigstjgtc y jlgcoj`j jatkvk`j` cg su diokj,
`cscepcújg`i `kstkgtis ajrois6 Ejcstri `c Acrceigkjs,
Irj`ir, Qcoug`i y ^rkecr ]kokdjgtc y ]cgcrjldc Ejcstri pir
trcs pcråi`is aigscautkvis cgtrc dis júis :;0< y :;03, quc
aigstktuycrig gitjldcs ctjpjs cg dj vk`j `c su Pjddcr.
Aigtrkluyñ j dj arcjakñg `c dj Diokj "^riectci―
"^ riectci― G¾:>:
G¾:>:
`c dj quc muc ekcelri kgtcorjgtc bjstj cd `åj `c su eucrtc.
Aidjlirñ tjelkëg aig dj Orjg Diokj `c Abkdc, suprcej
jutirk`j` `c dj Mrjgaejsigcråj Qkelñdkaj, `cscepcúêg`isc
aiei Ekcelri `cd Prklugjd `c Bigir, pir scks júis

aigscautkvis
ajroi `c OrjgyIrj`ir
cg cd `c
eiecgti
dj Orjg `c su `c
Diokj `cacsi
Abkdc`cscepcújlj cd
pir ug scoug`i
pcråi`i.

<1;

<0>

^jrjdcdjecgtc, dj Orjg Diokj `c ]krokgkj, `c dis Cstj`is

Sgk`is `c Girtcjeërkaj, di bjlåj `cskogj`i Ojrjgtc `c ^jz y
Jekstj` jgtc dj Orjg Diokj Abkdcgj, aigsidk`jg`i aig su
`cstjaj`j jatujakñg, djs mrjtcrgjdcs rcdjakigcs cgtrc cstis `is
pi`crcs i pitcgakjs
pitcgakjs ejsñgkajs.
ejsñgkajs.
Dj Ejsigcråj Ajpktudjr, tjelkëg di aigtñ cgtrc sus
ekcelris eês csadjrcak`is.
\caklkñ cd Orj`i K] cd <; `c scptkcelrc `c :;03, cg cd
Qjgtujrki "Cspcrjgzj" G¶< `c Qjgtkjoi, `cd aujd muc

pistcrkirecgtc
KR "C`uajakñg su ^rcsk`cgtc.
y Fustkakj― D
Djj di
G¾:, Diokj `ccgtrc
aigtñ ^crmcaa
^crmcaakñg
suskñg `cd O
Orj`i
rj`iy
ekcelris
aigtrkluyñ j mug`jr dj Diokj `c ^crmcaakñg `cd Orj`i KR "Fisë
`c Qjg Ejrtåg― G¾1.
Orjakjs j su jatkvj pjrtkakpjakñg cg djs jatkvk`j`cs `c dj
Ejsigcråj
Ejsigc råj Csaiacsj, iltuvi dis skoukcgtcs Orj`is :2¾, <<¾, 1>¾,
1:¾, 1<¾, pjrj mkgjdecgtc scr airigj`i cd 2 `c `kakcelrc `c
:;=1, cg cd Orj`i 11¾ `cd \kti Csaiaës Jgtkoui y Jacptj`i. Jd
eiecgti `c su mjddcakekcgti, cfcraåj dj ^rcsk`cgakj `cd
Qilcrjgi Prklugjd
Prkl ugjd `cd Orj`i 1:¾, aig jakcrti y sjlk`uråj j pcsjr
`c sus jlruej`irjs rcspigsjlkdk`j`cs primjgjs y jatkvk`j`cs
ejsñgkajs.
Aiei ugj `ceistrjakñg `c su primug`j aigvkaakñg
ejsñgkaj y `c su jacg`rj`i jeir j dj Ir`cg ec bj pjrcak`i
pcrtkgcgtc rcpri`uakr djs dågcjs kgkakjdcs `c "Mug`jecgtis
Ejsñgkais", ugi `c sus guecrisis trjljfis jpjrcak`is cg dj
\cvkstj Ejsñgkaj G¾; - :> `cd júi :;?:.
"^jrj jdougis, dj Kgstktuakñg Ejsñgkaj cs dj oujr`j`irj
`c dis prkgakpkis eirjdcs quc bjg `kogkmkaj`i j dj cspcakc
buejgj, cdcvêg`idj
cs ugj mkdisimåj pirirojgkzj`i
quc bj cgakej `c jdjdis
ljfj jgkejdk`j`8
pucldis silrc pjrj itris
dj ljsc `c
dj pidåtkaj pisktkvj y pjrj cd rcsti, cs dj aigscrvj`irj `c dj

<0>

<0:

trj`kakñg kgkakêtkaj `c bjac ekdcs `c júis, quc trjgsektc j trjvës

`cd tkcepi, dj mirek`jldc sjlk`uråj `cd pjsj`i―
pjsj`i ―.

Cd Ec`kue

Zukzês scj ëstj dj mjactj eês kgtcrcsjgtc y suocrcgtc `c

dj rkaj pcrsigjdk`j` `cd bcrejgi Fjkec Ojdtë, pir di quc ec
cxtcg`crë eês jlkcrtjecgtc cg cd cstu`ki y aiecgtjrki `c cstjs
`itcs pjrjsåqukajs suyjs y quc bj sk`i cd eitkvi prkgakpjd quc
ec bj eivk`i j prcscgtjr
Cd bcrejgi FjkeccstcOjdtë,
cgsjyi.`c ekrj`j lig`j`isj c
kgtcdkocgtc, crj ug bielrc scgakddi, jmjldc y ei`csti, quc gi
bjaåj gkgougj istcgtjakñg `c djs mjaudtj`cs cxtrjscgsirkjdcs quc
piscåj y j djs aujdcs sc rcmcråj
rcmcråj `kakcg`i6 "Dis mcgñecgis quc ec
airrcspig`c pritjoigkzjr, dis skcgti, dis vci, dis sumri, pcri gi
ec dis puc`i cxpdkajr. Qig pjrj ek kgaieprcgskldcs ".
Dj prkecrj ejgkmcstjakñg `c cstis pi`crcs
pjrjgirejdcs,
pjrjgirejdc s, jpjrcac j rjåz ``cc ug suc úi j dj c`j` `c :2 júis<2.
sucúi
Cd pj`rc `c Fjkec bjaåj mrcaucgtcs vkjfcs `c gcoiakis j
]jdpjrjåsi y mjddcac cg csc pucrti cd júi :;:2 j ajusj `c ug
sågaipc ajr`åjai quc dc silrcvkcgc cg dj ajddc.
Qu ej`rc csarklkñ vjrkjs ajrtjs j ug jlioj`i `c
]jdpjrjåsi, cgajroj`i `c dis gcoiakis `c su cspisi, skg rcaklkr
rcspucstj. Bjg trjgsaurrk`i trcs júis `c dj eucrtc `c su pj`rc y
dj sktujakñg caigñekaj crj ljstjgtc aråtkaj pjrj su ej`rc y pjrj
ëd, aujg`i cd júi :;<: vkcgc sñdi `cs`c Kqukquc j dj ajpktjd j
cstu`kjr Kgocgkcråj cg dj Sgkvcrsk`j` Ajtñdkaj. Cg ]jdpjrjåsi,
pjsñ `cd ljrai jd trcg, skg tcgcr dj ipirtugk`j
ipirtugk`j`` gk skqukcrj `c
aigiacrCddis`åjjdrc`c`ircs
<1 `c ejyi`c`cdj csc
cstjakñg.
júi, tkcgc cd skoukcgtc sucúi6

<2 Jrabkvis `c dj Qiakc`j` Abkdcg

Abkdcgjj `c ^jrjskaidioå
^jrjskaidioåjj

<0:

<0<

" ]kjfj cg trcg y ddcoj tjr`c j ]jdpjrjåsi, quc ëd gi

aigiac. @cs`c dj Cstjakñg vc ug eiguecgti y ugj pdjzj quc
jtrjvkcsj pjrj `krkokrsc j ug bitcd acrajgi, `ig`c dc rcaklc ug
bielrc `c jdougis júis quc dc prcougtj quc `cscj.
- ¹Auêd cs dj pkczj `cd scúir Ojdtë9, dc aigsudtj.
- Cg cd scoug`i pksi, pkczj G¶<2. Qulc dj csajdcrj y jlrc dj
pucrtj. [j cg
cg cd kgtcrki
kgtcrkirr `c ug ``irektirki,
irektirki, tkcgc
tkcgc dj kkeprcskñg
eprcskñg
quc gi cstê sidi. Qc `j vucdtj y vc j su pj`rc, euy aigtcgti.
- ^cri, ¡Añei! dc `kac, ¹Pö gi cstês eucrti9 ¹Gi tc cgtcrrjrig

- bjac tkcepi9
Qk, pcri di quc cstê cgtcrrj`i sig pkc`rjs. ¹Añei cstêg
ustc`cs9
- Euy jmdkok`is pir dj sktujakñg caigñekaj.
- Jg`j `ig`c cd jbioj`i Qr. \jmjcd `c dj Lcju. Ëd tkcgc ug
silrc aig $ :;>>, ek rcdif, ek jroiddj y vjrkis pjpcdcs quc
tc cgtrcojrê.
Euy keprcskigj`i pir di rcjd quc dc pjrcakñ cd sucúi,
Fjkec quc`ñ suejecgtc kgqukcti. ¹[ sk mucrj
mucr j akcrti9 ^cri cs ugj
diaurj bjacr ajsi j ug sucúi. [ cg csj kgacrtk`uelrc
kgacrtk `uelrc pjsj cd `åj,
bjstj quc sc `cak`c j vkjfjr j ]jdpjrjåsi dj ejújgj `cd `åj <0 `c
ejyi.
Jd ddcojr jd pucrti y sjdkr `c dj cstjakñg mcrrivkjrkj,
aiepruclj quc csj ^djzj (Qitiejyir) tkcgc ug eiguecgti, tjd
aiei di bjlåj vksti cg cd sucúi y jd mig`i cstê cd Bitcd Kgodës,
jd aujd sc `krkoc rêpk`jecgtc. ^jrj su sirprcsj, jddå cstê cd
bielrc `c akcrtj c`j` quc di sjdu`j jejldcecgtc. Jbirj, eês
scouri quc cd rcsti `cd sucúi scj akcrti, sc prcscgtj6
- Qiy Ojdtë.
- Ib, scúir, quc ousti. Qu pj`rc vcgåj skceprc jquå.
- ¹J dj pkczj G¾<29
- Qk scúir. ^ilrc
^ilr c ajljddcri, muc euy acraj `c jquå `ig`c sumrkñ
cd jtjquc. ¹]jeis j vcr dj bjlktjakñg9

<0<

<01

Qulkcrig dj csajdcrj
csajdcr j y ddcojrig j dj pkczj quc Fjkec bjlåj
vksti cg su sucúi. Cgtigacs yj gi tuvi `u`js quc cd rcsti, scråj
akcrti.
- ¹]kvc jquå, cg cd ^ucrti, ug jlioj`i ddjej`i \jmjcd `c dj
Lcju9 dc prcougtñ. Qk, scúir. ¹Qjlc `ñg`c vkvc9
- Gi, pcri ustc` puc`c kr j dis Prklugjdcs quc quc`jg quc`jg jquå
acraj y jddå dc pi`rêg `jr gitkakjs.
"Ejrabñ `ig`c dc kg`kajrig y cgaigtrñ jd jlioj`i,
jlioj` i, qukëg
`cspuës `c k`cgtkmkajrdi dc aieugkañ6
- Pcgoi ug pjquctc pjrj ustc`. Bc csarkti vjrkjs ajrtjs j su
ej`rc y ti`js ec bjg sk`i `cvucdtjs.
- Ek ej`rc ajelkñ `c `iekakdki `c Pjagj j Kqukquc.
Aigtkguñ dj aigvcrsjakñg pir jdoög tkcepi y aiei crj
yj cd ec`ki`åj, kgvktñ j Fjkec j jdeirzjr, tjd aiei
jaistuelrjlj bjacrdi aig su pj`rc, `c qukëg muc orjg jekoi.
@cspuës `cd jdeucrzi, pjsjrig jd csarktirki y jgtcs quc
dc cgtrcojrj cd pjquctc, Fjkec Ojdtë dc `kfi6
- Dc viy j `cakr di quc aigtkcgc csc pjquctc.
- [i gi discsë,
rcaklk`i dc j`cdjgtñ
di cgtrcoi. cd jlioj`i,
¹Añei pucs tjd aiei di bc
sjlc S`.9
- Di vk cg sucúis j csc pjquctc bjy $:;>>, ug jgkddi, ug rcdif,
y vjrkis pjpcdcs.
Jlkcrti cd pjquctc sc cgaigtrñ di quc Fjkec cg sucúis,
bjlåj iå`i `cakr j su pj`rc, mjddcak`i trcs júis jgtcs.
Cstc sucúi `cd fivcg Ojdtë cs ugj cxpcrkcgakj
cxtrjir`kgjrkj `c `kmåakd adjskmkajakñg. ^uc`c pcgsjrsc cg ug ajsi
`c adjrkvk`cgakj y prcaiogkakñg. Di eksei cstc itri.
Cg ugj cgtrcvkstj aigac`k`j pir Qigkj, ugj `c djs `is
bkfjs `c Fjkec Ojdtë, gjrrj j ugj pcrki`kstj quc su pj`rc, cg su
cstj`åj cg ]jdpjrjåsi, muc jaigscfj`i pir @ig Pieês \åis
Oigzêdcz - euy vcrsj`i cg di quc cgtigacs sc ddjejlj
Ectjpsåqukaj - y pir su jekoi \kajr`i ^rjt, bcrejgi `cd bëric

<01

<00

quc `clåj `csjrriddjr csj mjaudtj` tjg cxtrjir`kgjrkj quc piscåj

y aig csc mkg di kgvktjrig j ugj rcugkñg cg dj quc pjrtkakpjlj
tjelkëg cd Kgtcg`cgtc `c ]jdpjrjåsi `c csj ëpiaj.
Cg dj scskñg, Ojdtë ajyñ cg trjgac y csarklkñ cd ecgsjfc
`c ug "pkgabc" `c aiakgj `cd ljrai Ktjtj, quc dc pc`åj "`cs`c cd
ljrai bug`k`i" quc mucrj j su ajsj, cg cd Acrri Ljrñg y
rcpjrtkcrj cgtrc su ej`rc y ugj eufcr quc ëd jejlj, ugis `kgcris
quc tcgåj jbirrj`is.
Jdjrej`is, sc aieugkajrig aig dj Oilcrgjakñg
Ejråtkej, pcri scoög cd kgmirec rcaklk`i, cd luquc Ktjtj
gjvcojlj skg givc`j` j dj auj`rj `cd pucrti `c Aiqukeli.
Fjkec Ojdtë sc `cspk`kñ `cd Kgtcg`cgtc, skg `cscgajgti
pirquc gi sc scgtåj
scgtåj `itj`i, y fugti aig su jekoi ^rjt,
^rjt, sc mucrig
ajekgjg`i pir dj ajddc Csecrjd`j y jd pjsjr mrcgtc j "Cd
Ecraurki" `c ]jdpjrjåsi, dcycrig aig cstupir cg dj pkzjrrj6
"Bjac piais ekgutis sc bug`kñ cd ljrai Ktjtj".
^istcrkirecgtc, aiepriljrig dj cxkstcgakj `cd jutir `cd
ecgsjfc, aiei jyu`jgtc `c aiakgj `cd ljrai8 cgaigtrjrig dj
ajsj `cd Acrri Ljrñg y auepdkcrig aig dj pctkakñg
`kgcri. pctkak ñg `c cgtrcoj `cd
@cs`c cgtigacs, scoög Qigkj, su pj`rc aiecgzñ j dccr, j
cstu`kjr y j kgtcrcsjrsc cg cstj ejtcrkj, pjrj cxpdkajrsc j så
eksei, `c dj gjturjdczj `c cstj aujdk`j` `c sucúis
prceigktirkis quc piscåj.
piscåj.
Qkg celjroi, muc su cxtrjir`kgjrkj mjaudtj` ec`köegkaj
dj quc dc `ki rcgielrc kgtcrgjakigjd, skcg`i ilfcti `c cstu`ki
tjgti cg Abkdc aiei cg cd cxtrjgfcri.
Cg ug biecgjfc quc dc rkg`kñ dj Qiakc`j` `c
^jrjskaidioåj, quc aigtrkluyñ j arcjr y `c dj aujd crj
]kacprcsk`cgtj ugj jekoj suyj, ddjej`j Jgj Bc`crrj, jlioj`i
aiei ëd y aiepjúcrj `c cxpcrkcgakjs, aiecgtjlj di skoukcgtc6

<00

<03

"Fjkec Ojdtë muc ug "Eë`kue" `c kgairpirjakñg kgtcorjd

kgtcorjd..
Ëd sjlåj quc aj`j vcz quc cfcraåj dj ec`kuegk`j`, pcr`åj
ekgutis `c su vk`j8 gi ilstjgtc, dj `crriabñ ocgcrisjecgtc, cg
lkcg `c dis `ceês, cstc jrtåmkac i tjuejturoi auyj
auyjss ejgis tjg
prigti pi`åjg aurjr, aiei lcg`cakr
lcg`cakr i `csdkzjrsc ejokstrjdecgtc
ejokstrjdecgtc
cg cd tcadj`i `c ug pkjgi.
Crj ajpjz `c ajcr cg trjgac j vidugtj`, cg aujdqukcr
eiecgti y cg csajsis ekgutis.
@c ti`is dis pcrsigjfcs quc di vksktjljg, cgajrgêg`isc
cg ëd, cd quc dc `ki rcgielrc kgtcrgjakigjd, muc ug eë`kai sukzi
jdceêg6 Crka Bjdmjggc, auyj cxkstcgakj tcrrcgj diorñ
aiepriljrsc.
Cd `iatir Bjdmjggc, "ek `j`ir", aiei dc `caåj Ojdtë,
bjlåj eucrti cg Lidkvkj jddê pir cd júi :;>=. ^cri cstc "`iatir"
gi bjldñ fjeês j trjvës `c sus djlkis. Qñdi csarklåj sus ecgsjfcs
aig djs ejgis `c Fjkec Ojdtë, aig ugj cgirec dctrj euy
`kmcrcgtc j dj suyj y aig ugj prcakskñg euabjs vcacs
aieprilj`j, `kjogistkajlj pir csarkti cgmcrec`j`cs y `katjlj
trjtjekcgtis
Abkdc. aig rcec`kis ei`crgis, j vcacs `csaigiak`is cg
Cg ajelki, Ekstcr Diwc, cd itri pcrsigjfc quc sc dc
kgairpirjlj, sc cxprcsjlj `c vkvj viz, pir su kgtcrec`ki. Qu
prcscgakj sc jgugakjlj, tjelkëg, cg cd ristri `c Ojdtë. Cg su
ojrojgtj, aucr`js viajdcs y djlkis, sc pri`uaåjg cxtrjúis
sigk`is aiei sk Ojdtë cstuvkcrj lclkcg`i jgskisjecgtc. Ducoi
cecroåj ugj viz primug`j, ddcgj `c vklrjakigcs y `c dcgoujfc
ectjmñrkai".
Qcoög rcaucr`j su bkfj Qigkj, cd @r. Crka Bjdmjggc sc `ki
j aigiacr, pir prkecrj
prkecr j vcz, cg ugj iajskñg cg quc ug ejtrkeigki
jekoi, dis Ljabcdct, tcgåjg ugj bkfj cgmcrej y rcaurrkcrig j su
pj`rc pjrj quc j trjvës `c su aig`kakñg `c eë`kue kgvia
kgviajrj
jrj dj
jyu`j `cd eë`kai quc trjtjlj j dj gkúj y quc bjlåj mjddcak`i

<03

<0=

piais ecscs jgtcs. Cstc eë`kai pc`kjtrj ejgkmcstñ j trjvës `c

Ojdtë quc gi pi`åj jtcg`crdj pirquc "cstjlj auepdkcg`i itrj
ekskñg ", pcri quc vcg`råj itri eë`kai j jyu`jrdj. Jså muc aiei
sc kgairpirñ, pir prkecrj vcz, cd @r. Bjdmjggc cg cd aucrpi `c
su pj`rc".
"Ek pj`rc di kgviajlj j vidugtj`, aigtkgöj rcair`jg`i
Qigkj, ajåj cg trjgac acrrjg`i dis ifis y rcspkrjg`i
primug`jecgtc y ëd gis aigtjlj quc scgtåj ug j`ireca
j`irecakekcgti
kekcgti
quc pjrtåj `c dis pkcs y `c dj ajlczj y jd fugtjrsc cg cd pdcxi
sidjr, aiecgzjlj j kgairpirjrsc cd @r. Bjdmjggc. Qu ajrj
ajelkjlj `c cxprcskñg `cmirejg`i sus mjaakigcs, su lrjzi
`crcabi, silrc ti`i su ejgi, sc pigåjg tirpcs y aj`j `c`i sc
eivåj aiei sk mucrjg `c itrj pcrsigj. Ducoi tiejlj ug dêpkz y
ugj bifj `c pjpcd y cepczjlj j csarklkr rêpk`jecgtc aig ugj
dctrj orjg`c, euy `kstkgtj j dj suyj pripkj".
Cd itri pcrsigjfc quc sc dc kgairpirjlj, Er. Diwc, gugaj
sc ejgkmcstñ pir dj csarkturj, skgi quc pir dj viz. Aujg`i Ojdtë
ajåj cg trjgac, bjldjlj aig ugj viz aig jacgti "jorkgoj`i" y cg
ug tigicrjeuy
qukcg sujvc
y dis quc ydilig`j`isi.
csauabjrig Gugaj sc supi
pcgsjljg cxjatjecgtc
quc pi`åj scr ug
mkdñsimi, ug eåstkai i ug buejgkstj kgodës. Jdougis pcgsjljg
quc usjlj csc gielrc pjrj cgtrcojr ug ecgsjfc `c jeir (divc).
Dis `åjs `iekgois, sc rcugåjg cg ajsj `c Fjkec Ojdtë ug
orupi `c pcrsigjs `c jdti gkvcd kgtcdcatujd, dj ejyiråj
primcskigjdcs,, pjrj csauabj
primcskigjdcs csauabjrdjs
rdjs cgscújgzjs
cgscújgzjs `c cstc pcrsigjfc y
pjrj bjacrdc prcougtjs,
prcougtjs, pucs jacptjlj cgtrjr cg `kêdioi aig
cddis.
Cstjs scskigcs aig Er. Diwc mucrig tiej`js
tjqukorêmkajecgtc y mucrig puldkaj`js cg `is dklris auyis
gielrcs sig6 "Jgtc
"Jgt c cd Selrjd " y " Cg cd Selrjd". Cg cd prñdioi
`c cstc ödtkei, sc dcc6

<0=

<0?

"Aujg`i cgaigtrëks j vucstris rcspcatkvis Ejcstris, y

lusquëks dj ]cr`j
]cr`j`` skg jpjskigjekcgtis
jpjskigjekcgtis pir
pir ugj k`cj i arc
arccgakj,
cgakj,
sc jlrkrê dj pucrtj y trjspjsjrëks cd uelrjd aig pdcgj
aigakcgakj".
^cri muc, skg `u`j, cd @r. Crka Bjdmjggc cd quc ajelkñ dj
vk`j `c Fjkec Ojdtë y dc `ki rcgielrc kgtcrgjakigjd pir sus
aurjakigcs. J trjvës `c ëd cxjekgjlj, `kjogistkajlj y rcactjlj
j dis `kstkgtis pjakcgtcs quc jau`åjg j ëd, aujg`i dj ec`kakgj
trj`kakigjd y akcgtåmkaj sc `cadjrjlj kepitcgtc. Pcstkoi `c cddi
mucrig `kstkgouk`is eë`kais `c csc tkcepi6 Aruz Aihc,
Jdcssjg`rkgk, Mrjgaksai Lcaaj, Qjgtkjoi Ljrrcgcabcj, Kogjaki
@åjz, \ilcrti y Mrjgaksai @igisi, cta. y `kstkgouk`is bielrcs
pöldkais y primcskigjdcs aiei cd jlioj`i Ekoucd Qabwcktzcr
Qabwcktzcr
(pj`rc), cd pcrki`kstj \kajr`i Likzjr` (^kaitñg), cd `klufjgtc
Firoc @ëdjgi (Aihc), cd `kpdieêtkai Mrjgaksai Ej`rk`, cd
]cgcrjldc Bcrejgi Birjaki Bcvkj, cd jlioj`i y primcsir
C`ujr`i Abkirrkgk Jdlcttk, prkecr ^rcsk`cgtc `c dj Qiakc`j`
Abkdcgj `c ^jrjskaidioåj quc Fjkec Ojdtë aigtrkluyñ j mug`jr cd
júi :;=<, cta.
Bjlåj euabis quc jscourjljg `clcrdc dj vk`j `c cddis i
`c jdoög mjekdkjr y pir sus gitjldcs y sirprcg`cgtcs aurjakigcs
rcaklkñ cd jorj`cakekcgti `c eë`kais, jlioj`is, pidåtkais,
kgtcdcatujdcs, `kpdieêtkais. Cd `iatir Mrjgaksai @igisi
@igisi, acrtkmkañ jgtc Gitjrki cd júi :;=3, dj aurjakñg `c su
pripkj cgmcrec`j`.
cgmcrec`j`.
Jd bkstirkj`ir
bkstirkj `ir Duks ]kacgtc Jvjrkj dc sjgñ j ugj bcrejgj
y jd @r. Dcigk`js Airigj dc sjdvñ dj vk`j j su cspisj. Cd júi
:;1?,
orjakjscdjdGitjrki Firoc
Z.B. Ojdtë Ojctc dj
rcaupcrñ \ifjs
vkstj.cstjlj quc`jg`i akcoi y
Cd ]cgcrjldc Bcrejgi `c dj Diokj `c Kgvcstkojakñg
Ejsñgkaj —^cgtjdpbj―
—^cgtjdpbj―,, Z∰B∰ Fudki Qcpödvc`j \ig`jgcddk, ec

<0?

<02

`cadjrñ quc muc euy jekoi `cd aidcoj y bcrejgi Fjkec Ojdtë y
quc cg akcrtj iajskñg quc di aigsudtñ, dc sjgñ j ugj `c sus bkfjs.
Cd jlioj`i Biecri Vöúkoj \kvcris cstjlj jqucfj`i `c
ugj pjrêdksks priorcskvj y `cspuës `c bjlcr aigsudtj`i `kvcrsis
eë`kais, rcaurrkñ j su aidcoj Fjkec Ojdtë, qukëg di vksktñ y aurñ
"j `kstjgakj" pu`kcg`i `ctcgcr dj cgmcrec`j` quc di jqucfjlj.
^ir di kgtcrcsjgtc
kgt crcsjgtc quc rcsudtj aigi
aigiacr
acr cstis bcabis y pjrj
mirejrsc ugj k`cj `cd priac`kekcgti quc cepdcjlj, jdougjs
vcacs, Fjkec quc
`cadjrjakigcs Ojdtë,
bkzi viy
j ugjj pcrki`kstj
rcpri`uakr`c "kg
gitj,cxtcgsi" djs
cd jlioj`i
Biecri Vöúkoj \kvcris6
"Aigiaåj Ojdtë cg ug fukaki cg quc ëd crj cd êrlktri y yi
jlioj`i `c ugj `c djs pjrtcs. Cd júi :;3: sc ec aiecgzjrig j
pjrjdkzjr dis pkcs. Aigsudtë j aujgti gcurñdioi cxkstc cg Abkdc.
Cg ugis `c dis aiepjrcg`is, `ig Fjkec Ojdtë ec prcougtñ pir
quë jrrjstrjlj dis pkcs .
"Dc rcspig`å quc gkgoög eë`kai pi`åj `csaulrkr ek
cgmcrec`j`. Ec `kfi, "yi di viy j kr j vcr". Ec cxtrjúñ su mrjsc
y dj kgtcrprctë aiei ugj skepdc airtcsåj. [i crj jlsidutjecgtc
kgarë`udi y ejtcrkjdkstj. ^jsjrig `is i trcs ecscs y ek ejd
aigtkgujlj cg priorcskñg".
—Di vidvå j cgaigtrjr y dc prcougtë aujg`i ec klj j kr j
vcr. Ec priectkñ quc di bjråj. [i vkvåj cg cstj eksej ajsj, cg
^j`rc Ejrkjgi :2?, y cstjlj bjakëg`idc jrrcodis. Ec trjsdj`ë
jug aujrti `cd mig`i, pirquc cd rcsti cstjlj cg `ceidkakñg y ek
eufcr aig dis gkúis mucrig j ajsj `c su ej`rc. Ddcouë tjr`c csj
giabc, muc cg :;30... Cg ek pkczj ec tieë ugj pjstkddj pjrj
`irekr
dcycg`i,y aujg`i
aiecgaë`c jprigti
dccr. Ddcvjlj
tcgoi djugj birj, pir
scgsjakñg `c di ecgis,
sumrkr ugj
cspcakc `c vjbå`i, cgtrc sucúi y pcsj`cz y jd eksei tkcepi
skcgti quc ec `cstjpjg dj ripj `c ajej `cs`c dis pkcs y ec dj
cabjg silrc dj ajrj. Jdctjroj`i aiei cstjlj, duabi pir jlrkr dis

<02

<0;

ifis. Sg mråi aiei `c bkcdi ec pjsj pir djs pkcrgjs. Jlri dis
ifis, dj rcvkstj cstê cg eks ejgis. Dj ripj `c ajej gi sc bj
eivk`i".
—Ekri dj vcgtjgj pjrj vcr sk cstê acrrj`j. Pi`i cstê cg
ir`cg. ]ucdvi jscgtkr di eksei8 dj ripj, cd bkcdi cg eks pkcrgjs.
Prjti `c jlrkrdis ifis y pir prkecrj vcz cg ek vk`j, skcgti
ekc`i. Qkcgti dj kepitcgakj `c cstjr jgtc jdoi quc gi së di quc
cs. ^crejgcaå cd rcsti `c dj giabc aig dj duz cgacg`k`j―
cgacg`k`j ―.
—J Cstj`i,
Ljgai `cd djs scks`ig`c
`c dj djlirjlj,
ejújgj aujg`i
`cspcrtë.disDdcouë jd jdlj
juxkdkjrcs jd
bjaåjg
cd jsci. J djs :>,1> `c dj ejújgj ec ddjejg pir tcdëmigi. Cs
Fjkec Ojdtë. "Dc tcgoi gitkakjs
gitkak js `c su cgmcrec`j` " ec `kac. Ajsk
ec eirå `c keprcskñg―
—Jd itri `åj jdeiraë aig ëd y ec `ki su `kjogñstkai6 ug
vkrus mkdtrjldc, prkei bcrejgi `cd ^idki, crj ajusjgtc `c ek
pjrêdksks. - Cstê ectk`i cg su irojgksei - ec `kfi - Qk skouc
bjakj jrrklj, ddcojrê j dis rkúigcs y ustc` eirkrê. @clc aurjrdj
prigti. ^å`jdc j ug eë`kai jekoi quc dc sjquc sjgorc y dc
prcpjrc ug sucri aig cddj. ^ñgojsc qukgac kgycaakigcs
kgycaakigcs `c cstc
sucri `åj pir ec`ki".
Dc jgtkakpñ tjelkëg, quc gi pi`råj rcaupcrjrsc `cd ti`i,
pcri quc dj cgmcrec`j`
cgmcrec`j` sc `ctcg`råj
`ctcg`råj aig cd trjtjekcgti
trjtjekcgti y aig
cfcrakakis diorjråj akcrtj ecfiråj.
Ojdtë `clkñ rcspig`cr ugj jg`jgj`j `c prcougtjs `cd
kgarë`udi pjakcgtc. Dc `kfi quc dc ljstjlj aigiacr cd måskai `c
ugj pcrsigj, y quc cstuvkcrj
cstuvkcr j ëstj cg dj Abkgj i cg cd Fjpñg, pi`åj
vksktjrdj cg cspårktu, jög skg sjlcr `ñg`c
` ñg`c vkvåj.
Cd cdjlioj`i
tcrekgjrj Vuúkoj
trjtjekcgti, pk`kñj vksktjrdi,
vidvkcrj j su aidcoj qucpiraujg`i
"- pcri, mjvir,
gi cg dj eksej mirej - dc rioñ- pirquc ec sjgjrê dj pjrêdksks,
pcri ec vj j ejtjr
ejtjr `cd airjzñg".
airjzñg".

<0;

<3>

Cd Zucrk`i Bcrejgi Ojdtë jtcg`åj j qukcg sc jacrajlj j

sidkaktjr su jyu`j y cg rcspucstj j sus jorj`cakekcgtis,
rcspig`åj kgvjrkjldcecgtc6 "- Ek eërkti, rcjdecgtc, cs pilrc y
csajsi, ti`j di bjac cd `iatir Crka Bjdmjggc, qukëg sc jpi`crj
`c ek aucrpi, aigtridjg`i eks eivkekcgtis y ek ecgtc".
Cd ödtkei pjakcgtc quc cxjekgñ "cd @r. Bjdmjggc" muc cd
`kpdieêtkai Ekoucd Qcrrjgi, jpjskigj`i `c dis mcgñecgis
cxtrjscgsirkjdcs y jutir `cd dklri "Cd Aåraudi Bcreëtkai".
^j`caåj `c ugj cgmcrec`j` quc dc jtjajlj djs pkcrgjs y cstjlj
usjg`i eudctjs.
Fjkec Ojdtë vkvåj sus ödtkeis `åjs aujg`i `kjogistkañ y
trjtñ su ejd. Jd rcorcsjr, cd `kpdieêtkai, j [uoisdjvkj, pjsñ pir
Dig`rcs y `cs`c jddå aieugkañ quc sc cgaigtrjlj ljstjgtc
rcaupcrj`i. Prcs `åjs `cspuës, cd :¾ `c givkcelrc `c :;=3,
Fjkec Ojdtë Ajrrë, cd bielrc quc bjlåj sjdvj`i tjgtjs vk`js,
ajåj cg trjgac ctcrgi.
Sg `åj jgtcs, cd 1> `c iatulrc,
iatulr c, cg cd @kjrki "Cd Ecraurki"
jpjrcakñ ug jrtåaudi mkrej`i pir Ekoucd Qcrrjgi kgtktudj`i
"Fjkec Ojdtë, eutjgtc abkdcgi―
abkdcgi―, cg cd quc sc rcmkcrc j dis
"eutjgtcs" aiei scrcs quc gjacg j`cdjgtj`is j su tkcepi, aig
ugj i eês mjaudtj`cs psåqukajs quc cd rcsti `c sus scecfjgtcs.
"Cg dj cviduakñg, cddis sc jgtkakpjg cg skodis y skrvcg,
tjdvcz `c ug ei`i `csaigiak`i, jd jvjgac `cd aigfugti. J di
ecfir, pcrtcgcacg j ugj buejgk`j` `kmcrcgtc. Pjelkëg, cs
piskldc, quc bjyj eês `c ugj buejgk`j`".
buejgk`j`".
Qcrrjgi tjelkëg csarklåj, quc cd ^rimcsir Hjrd Fugo tcgåj
silrc dj ecgtc buejgj, cd skoukcgtc aigacpti6 "Qk dj ecgtc cs
ajpjz `c trjljfjr jd ejrocg `cd cspjaki y `cd tkcepi, cs `cakr,
kg`cpcg`kcgtc `cd acrclri, `c dj airtczj acrclrjd, cgtigacs cddj
cs kgairruptkldc y puc`c silrcvkvkr j dj eucrtc `cd aucrpi".

<3>

<3:

Aigaduskigcs

Qcoög dis primcsircs F.L.

F.L. \bkgc y F.O. ^rjtt quc mucrig
dis mug`j`ircs y prkecris kgvcstkoj`ircs `cd Djlirjtirki `c
^jrjskaidioåj `c dj Sgkvcrsk`j` `c @uhc, cg @urbje, Cstj`i `c
Ajridkgj `cd Girtc `c dis Cstj`is Sgk`is `c Girtc Jeërkaj, "dj
Akcgakj `c dj ^jrjskaidioåj, aiecgzñ aig dj rcaipkdjakñg `c
guecrisjs kgmirejakigcs rcaiok`js rcdjakigj`js aig ajsis
psåqukais quc bjstj ëpiaj euy rcakcgtc crjg kogirj`i
kogirj`iss pir dis
bielrcs `c akcgakj, cg akraugstjgakj quc dis mcgñecgis quc
cstu`kj dj ^jrjskaidioåj sig gi måskais, i scj, kgejtcrkjdcs, pcri
cddis sig jaigtcakekcgtis gjturjdcs y quc cstj akcgakj mirej
pjrtc `c dj ^skaidioåj quc trjtj silrc djs pcrsigjs, dj
pcrsigjdk`j`, dj aig`uatj pcrsigjd cg cd eug`i siakjd
pcrsigjdk`j`,
akraug`jgtc――<;.
akraug`jgtc
Cstis cstu`kisis, adjskmkajg j dj ^jrjskaidioåj cg `is
rjejs prkgakpjdcs6

`c dis J.- Dj ^cracpakñg

scgtk`is y j auyjCxtrj Qcgsirkjd,
rjej quc cs
pcrtcgcacg dj kg`cpcg`kcgtc
Pcdcpjtåj, dj
Adjrkvk`cgakj y dj ^rcaiogkakñg.
L.- Dj ^skaiqukgcskj, rjej quc kgaduyc ti`is jqucddis
jaigtcakekcgtis quc, skg kgtcrec`kjakñg måskaj, akcrtj jaakñg
pcrsigjd pri`uac
pri`uac ug cmcati måskai,
måskai, di quc sc
sc bj `j`i
`j`i ccgg ddjejr ccdd
pi`cr `c dj Ecgtc silrc
silrc dj Ejtcrkj.
Cg cstj adjskmkajakñg `c \bkgc y ^rjtt, gi sc kgaduyc cd
cspkrktksei y ec`kuegk`j`. Qkg celjroi, sistkcgcg quc "cs
airrcati jmkrejr quc dj kgvcstkojakñg `c dj bkpñtcsks `c dj
supcrvkvcgakj `cd cspårktu y su piskldc aieugkajakñg,
airrcspig`cgg j dj csmcrj `c dj ^jrjskaidioåj. Cd cstu`ki akcgtåmkai
airrcspig`c
<;
F.L. \bkgc y F.A. ^rjtt. ^jrjskaidioåj. Priqucd. Lucgis Jkrcs

<3:

<3<

`cd cspkrktksei y `c dj ec`kuegk`j`, quc bjg sk`i prjatkaj`is

`cs`c rceitis tkcepis, j`qukcrc jatujdk`j` y rcdcvjgakj j pjrtkr
`c :202 cg By`csvkddc, ug pucldkti `c ug orupi `c ajsjs `c
ej`crj, sktuj`i j piais hkdñectris `c dj aku`j` `c \iabcstcr,
cg cd Cstj`i `c Gucvj [irh, CC.SS―
CC.SS―.
Cg ugj `c csjs ei`cstjs ajsjs, bjlktj`j pir ugj mjekdkj
`c orjgfcris `c jpcddk`i Mix, sc cepczjrig j csauabjr oidpcs y
j vcr vidjr pir dis jkrcs ilfctis kgjgkej`is quc gi tcgåjg irkocg
aigiak`i y j ec`k`j quc pjsjlj cd tkcepi, sc bkakcrig tjg
mucrtcs, quc cg cd ecs `c Ejrzi `c :202, jd gi cgaigtrjrsc ugj
ajusj måskaj, sc pcgsñ quc pi`råjg scr ajusj`is pir jdoög pi`cr
psåqukai, di quc quc`ñ `ceistrj`i aujg`i ugj `c djs trcs bkfjs
`cd ejtrkeigki Mix, k`cñ ug jdmjlcti pjrj aieugkajrsc y dis
oidpcs kgcxpdkajldcs `kfcrig quc privcgåjg `c ugj pcrsigj
mjddcak`j cg csj ajsj y aigtcstjrig cg mirej kgtcdkocgtc ti`js djs
prcougtjs quc sc dc bjaåjg, aigvkrtkcg`i
aigvkrtkcg`i cg rcjdk`j`
rcjdk`j` djs vkcfjs
bkstirkjs `c mjgtjsejs y "jdejs cg pcgj" `cdjgtc `c vcakgis y
pcrsigjs
`c quc vkgkcrig
cstis bcabis, `c `c
`cspuës distiejr
jdrc`c`ircs y quc
ti`js djs mucrig tcstkois
prcajuakigcs pjrj
gi scr sirprcg`k`is pir ug piskldc cgojúi i mrju`c. Djs
bcrejgjs Mix sc bkakcrig mjeisjs y `kcrig prucljs `c
ec`kuegk`j` `urjgtc vjrkis júis.
Cd Z.¿.B.¿. Birjaki Bcvkj, cg ug trjljfi puldkaj`i cg dj
\cvkstj Ejsñgkaj1> cxpigc6
"Itris Eë`kues mjeisis mucrig Biec y Mdircgac Aiih,
aig qukcgcs trjljfñ cd mjeisi primcsir _kddkjes Ariihcs8 dis
bcrejgis @jvcgpirt, cstu`kj`is pir Gkabids y Aiipcr8 dj
mjeisj Qcúirj C``y, aig qukëg trjljfñ cd airigcd Idaitt8
Cgrkquc Qdj`c, cstu`kj`i pir vjrkis primcsircs `c Dckpzko8
Cusjpkj ^jddj`kgi, quc muc cxjekgj`j `urjgtc vjrkis júis pir
1>
Birjaki Bcvkj. \cvkstj Ejsñgkaj G¾3 - = Júi :;=?.

<3<

<31

cekgcgtcs akcgtåmkais8
akcgtåmkais8 Ejrtj Lcrju`, jdkjs Cvj A., cstu`kj`j pir
cd primcsir Abjrdcs \kabct8 Ekss Oidkobcr, ljfi cd cstu`ki `cd
@r. Arjwmir` y ducoi `c Miurgkcr8 Ejrojry y Qtcddj A, quc
ipcrjljg ljfi cd aigtrid `c Bjrry ^rkac8 Hdushy, pir cd aujd sc
kgtcrcsñ cd @r. Ocdcy8 Fcjg Ouskh, quc muc j ^jrås j pc`k`i `cd
eksei @r. Ocdcy y auyj ilscrvjakñg muc aigtkguj`j pir cd @r.
Cuocgc Isty8 dis bcrejgis _kddy y \u`y Qabgck`cr, tjelkëg
cstu`kj`is pir cd @r. Isty ".
Fjkec Ojdtë Ajrrë, mjddcak`i cd :¾ `c givkcelrc `c :;=3
bj sk`i, skg gkgougj `u`j, itri `c dis eë`kues aëdclrc cg ti`i
cd eug`i y cd ecfir `itj`i quc bj cxkstk`i cg Abkdc.