Date Palm Tissue Culture and Genetical


 

in Saudi Arabia

 




Ejaz Askari








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Date Palm Tissue Culture and Genetical


 

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Ejaz Askari








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King Fahad National Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Al Khalifah, Nasser Saleh

Date Palm tissue culture and genetical and

  
 
  
Saudi Arabia./ Nasser Saleh AlKhalifah; Ejaz
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L.D. no.1433/1202
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The place of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is in the forefront of all
leading dates producing countries of the world. The number of date palm
trees in the Kingdom is estimated as 23 million and the different date
varieties is more than 450, spreading across the vast landscape of Saudi
Arabia. Saudi Arabia has given utmost importance to the research activities
on date palms and dates related to crop improvement, micropropagation,
agriculture practices, disease and pest management, harvest and post
harvest techniques, storage, value addition and marketing. The effort made
for this book by the authors is a pioneer attempt to correlate the molecular
 
 
 



 

 





 
 


  



 

cultivars of date palm. This book was written for those individuals who are


 

 


 
  



designed to serve as a reference book for the professionals engaged in date

palm culture and research. The appendices given at the end of the book
serve as quick reference for the researchers as well as farmers.



 

 


 




issue of a series covering all known cultivars of date palm grown in Saudi


  

 



 













 




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The research work presented in this book is the product of almost ten
years of experience of the authors in utilizing modern biotechnology tools


  

 
 

 

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of the tree form monocots that have immense genetic diversity within the
 





   



 
  

of date palm incited the authors to take a pioneer attempt in this regard. This



 



 



  





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second chapter covers the culture practices of date palms including tissue
 





 






 

about the key diagnostic features based on fruit characters and PCR based
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different Universities in Saudi Arabia, expert breeders and farmers. The fruit
samples and leaf samples were taken from the same trees.
This book has been written to suit the needs of researchers on genetic
diversity and molecular biology, students, teachers, farmers and those who
have some basic knowledge on date palms. Simple and easy to understand
language has been used in the text, but some technical terms and words were
inevitable. To ease the understanding of these technical terms, a pictorial
glossary is given at the end of this book.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the facilities provided by King
Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia for
completion of this research work and publication of this book. A word
of thanks also goes to the farmers of Saudi Arabia who whole-heartedly
donated date palm leaf and fruit samples for this study and extended full
 



 
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IPhoenix dactylifera
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Africa. Almost every part of this tree is used and its food and industrial
products play an important role in the rural communities and economies


 
 
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of the world and marketed worldwide as high value confectionary

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encompasses the dry desert regions of the world between 10o

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cultivars popular to the date palm growers of the different regions of the










 

 


evolved through natural hybridization with several wild species of Phoenix

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vegetative propagation. The natural hybridization followed by human

selection had brought about many cultivars, which were given local names



 



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these areas due to many reasons.

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of the leading date producing countries that harbours about 450 cultivars
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in the Kingdom are known for its own cultivars like Ajwa and Ambara in

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these cultivars is generally maintained through off-shoot multiplication.

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expansion of elite cultivars was made possible and transportation of the

 
 


 

 






last decade, several small and large-scale growers adopted this innovative
technique of propagation to expand their farming. They imported tissue
culture derived plantlets of their choice from well known tissue culture
laboratories of Europe. This eventually helped in spreading the cultivars to


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mostly they are seed borne and are hardly identical to any female cultivar.
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cultivars from their experience. Several workers attempted to describe and

enlist the date palm cultivars grown in their country of interest. Rhouma
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which can be used as a model for detailed description of other cultivars.

As more and more cultivars of date palms are being described,
 

 


  
 



important. The morphological markers used to describe cultivars are mainly

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Phoenix L.
Species : Phoenix dactylifera L.

About 15 wild species of Phoenix are native to tropics and subtropics



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were an important major crop from about 3000 B.C. Phoenix dactylifera

  
 
 

 
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pollinated with P. rectinata and P. atlantica









Pakistan it is pollinated with P. sylvestris and in Spain with P. canariensis

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some of the leading date producers of the world.

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major breakfast food during the fasting of Ramadan. Because of its high
  
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introduced the species into Spain in medieval days. The Spanish voyagers
spread the dates to America and neighbouring areas.
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many countries including United States of America and Australia.

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 from the base and rarely from the leaf axil. The trunk is covered
 
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feather-like, composed of spiny petiole, stout midrib and many pinnae.

Pinnae are 20-40 cm long, grey-green or bluish-green, folded lengthwise.
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edible, yellowish-brown to reddish-brown. Seeds stony, acute at apex,

 




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per year. Being a heterozygous, out breeding plant chances of cross

pollination are very high and this may lead to the formation of inferior
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propagation is seldom used in date palms. But for the hybridization

purpose plants are produced through seeds. The most popular way of date
palm multiplication is through . An adult date palm in its life
time produces 5-15 . Using adequate technique and skill these
off-shoots can be separated from the mother plants and planted separately.
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 to raise a
plantation is the main constraint to the rapidly growing plantation industry.
The availability of tissue culture technology in date palm has revolutionized
the farming industry and many growers adopted this innovative technique
for the rapid expansion of their farms. This special facility helps to provide
thousands of plantlets from a single , which would be true-to-
type to the mother plant.
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Seeds are soaked in cold water for 24 hours then washed thoroughly in

 




 
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in raised sand or loamy soil beds or polythene pots of 30 cm high. Seeds

have to be placed 3-5 cm deep from the top of the soil and watered
daily. The juvenile leafy shoot appears above the soil after one month.
The six month old seedlings can be transplanted to polythene pots for
the ease of transferring.

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type and moisture a palm produce a few to many off-shoots.

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by regular pruning of leaves. The lateral  are more prone to root
development than the aerial . A healthy  of 20-25 cm
diameter can be detached from the mother plant and nurtured in nursery








 
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needs special skill and experience. Any damage to the apical meristem of
the detached  may lead to the death and serious wounds on the
mother plant may attract insects and pests.
Tissue culture
Since the beginning of domestication and cultivation of plants,
human beings are looking for techniques that could help to produce
maximum number of individuals from the minimum number/quantity

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multiplication of plants using minimum quantity of propagules. Some

of the advantages of this technique are that heterozygous materials may

   
 

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perpetuating clones that do not produce  and viable seeds or

that do not produce seeds at all.
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or micro propagation of plants involves three distinct steps, each of which

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plantlets. These steps involve the use of different chemicals, management

of light, humidity, temperature etc.

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successfully produced date palm plantlets through tissue culture. After




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micropropagation of date palms. The differential behavior of date palm

cultivars to the medium and cultural conditions attracted the attention of
tissue culturists and many elite varieties in their respective areas have been
subjected to micro propagation techniques.
Series of experiments conducted on the micro propagation of date
palms has resulted in the standardization of some techniques, which can be

 


 
 

 

 

of techniques are successfully employed in the tissue culture of date palms.

The most popular technique used is somatic embryogenesis, which has

 

 


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date palm plantlets through repetitive somatic embryogenesis. This method


 


 

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some undesirable genetic variability in the derived plants, resulting some


  
 




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methods used now is direct organogenesis. The success full development

of this new technique is expected to reduce the number of steps in culture,
shortening the duration of culture with higher concentrations of auxines
may lead to reduce somaclonal variations.

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produced from in vitro produced friable callus cells. The selection of

the explant source material is the most critical decision and may require
a systematic analysis of embryogenic potential of different explant

 

 


 



 



 
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embryogenic potential in the callus is achieved through the transfer of

cells to a basal medium with high concentration of auxin. The most
effective auxin used in date palm is 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
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smaller cells can be sub cultured in the same media for continued
production of somatic embryos. Proembryo masses are cultured in
an auxin free basal medium. Somatic embryos develop from single
cells in clumps or small masses, develop polarity and grow like zygotic
embryos. Regeneration of the somatic embryo is the next step involved
for which an agar medium devoid of any auxin but containing a low
level of cytokinin is required. This technique has been employed in the
mass production of many date palm cultivars.
Regeneration of date palm by somatic embryogenesis has been



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Shoot apices extracted from the lateral and axillary off-shoots are
used to induce embryogenic callus. Large number of somatic embryos
were produced by sub culturing with low concentrations of growth
 
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large scale but the use of high level of hormones in the media may cause
somaclonal variations.

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a suitable medium or sequence of media that promotes proliferation of

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transformed into cyclic nodules from which shoots or roots are developed.
Shoot formation followed by rooting is the general characteristic of
organogenesis. Generally high concentrations of cytokinin favours shoot
bud formation whereas high level of auxin promotes rooting.
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The apical meristamatic tissues extracted from the axillary and lateral
off-shoots gave promising results and are now used as the widely accepted
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are not recommended. Two-three year old  can be used as explant

 
  
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then the leaf-sheaths are removed one by one from the outer ring towards
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Sterilized explants of date palms are kept in a cold sterilized solution of


 

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from the embryogenic callus and cultured in fresh media for multiplication

 
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different stages of date palm tissue culture starting from explants to

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reported in date palm culture during acclimatization. An in vitro cultured





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develop various abnormalities in their morphological, physiological and

biochemical characteristics. Transfer of such plants to a new environment
with less relative humidity and varying temperature may lead to health

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of plantlets of date palms through

micropropagation. A. Explant in the
medium. B. Callus formation. C.
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base of 15 mm or more diameter and with adequate rooting has to

be transferred. Planting operation has to be done as quickly as possible
after washing off any traces of culture media and disinfecting with broad
spectrum fungicides. A sterilized medium comprising of peat moss,
 





 
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Macronutrients g-l Working

(Stock solution 10x) solution
(1x)
Potassium nitrate KNO3 19.0
Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 16.5 100 ml
Calcium chloride CaCl2.2H2O 4.4
Magnesium sulfate MgSO4.7H2O 3.7

Sodium mono phosphate NaH2PO4 1.7

Potassium phosphate KH2PO4 1.7

100 ml
Micronutrients mg- l

Boric acid H3 BO3 620

Manganese sulphate MnSO4 H2O 2230
Zinc sulphate ZnSO4 .7H2O 860
Sodium molybdate Na2MoO4. 25
2H2O 10 ml
Copper sulphate CuSO4 .5H2O 2.5
Cobalt chloride CoCl2.7H2O 2.5

Potassium iodide KI 83 10 ml

Sodium EDTA Na2EDTA 3730 10 ml

Ferrous sulphate Fe SO4.7H2O 2780

Vitamins mg/100ml
Glycine 100 3 ml
Nicotinic acid 25
Pyridoxine-HCl 25 10 ml
Thiamine-HCl 50
Pantothenic acid 25
Glutamine 10g-l 20 ml

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 Myo-inositol 6.25g-l 20 ml
Sucrose 30 g-l
Agar 8 g-l
Activated charcoal 1.5 g-l

Growth regulators
2,4-dichlorophenoxy 2,4-D 1mg/ml
acetic acid
1-naphthaleneacetic acid NAA 1mg/ml
6-γ- γ-dimethyl- 2iP 1mg/ml
aminopurine
N-(2-furanylmethyl)-1H- Kinetin 1mg/ml
purine-6-amine
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Growth hormones given in the table are used for different morphogenesis.

require more sugar in the medium while others need more vitamins,
nitrogen, calcium and different growth regulators. Table 2 shows the
 

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conditions and growth regulator requirements also vary. A general

evaluation of the growth regulator requirement and culture conditions for
different morphogenesis is given in table-3.

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Media Growth Purpose Cultivar Reference

Sl. (mg/l) regulators
No

1 MS+glutamine NOA Axillary Medjhool

200+biotin 0.5+BA bud
0.5+adenine sul- 1+K1+2iP prolifera-
phate 20+ thia- 1 tion from Hegazy and
mine 10+Ca- shoot tip Aboshama 2010
panto 10+40g (Acta Hort
sugar (pH5.6) 882:167-176).
MS+glutamine Putrescine Bud for-
200+biotin 150 mation
0.5+adenine sul- Putrescine Embryo Medjhool
2 phate 20+ thia- 100 multiplica-
mine 10+Ca- tion
panto 10+40g IBA 1 Rooting
sugar (pH5.6)
3 Modified 2,4-D Callusing 5 Nigerian Sani et al.,2010
MS+KH2SO4 170 200uM vars. (Acta Hort
882:177-184)
4 MS+Morel 2,4-D Callusing D.Noor Chabane et al.,
vitamins 2+IPA 3 2010 (Acta
Hort.882:185-191)
MS+ vitamins 2iP 2+BA Bud for-
1+NAA mation Khierella and
5 1+NoA 1 Maktoum Bader,2007.(Acta
Liquid MS 2ip 4+BA Bud multi- Hort.736:213-
2+NAA plication 232).
1+NoA 1
MS GA3 0.5+ Elongation
NAA 0.1
MS NAA 1 Rooting
MS+ NAA Callus Al-Ghamdi 1996.
6 Na2PO4.2H2O 1+2iP 6 multiplica- Sefri (Proc.3rd Symp.
170+Inositol tion date palm,Al-
100+Sugar Hassa pp 1-12).
30g+Charcoal 3g
Contd….

3#
 MS+ 2,4-D Callus
Na2PO4.2H2O 100+2ip 3 formation Barta- Amal et al.,2006.
170+Inositol 2,4-D Friable muda (Acta
7 100+adenine sul- 10+2ip 3 callus Gondila Hort.736:233-
phate 0.04+ thia- NAA Embryo- Shamia 240).
mine HCL 0.4+ 0.1+BA0. genic
glutamine 05 callus
100+Sugar NAA Germina-
30g+Charcoal 0.1+BA0. tion of
3g+ agar 6g 05 embryo
¼ strength MS NAA 2 Rooting
8 MS+Meso inosi- 2,4-D Callus Excised
tol 100+thiamine- 100+2ip 3 production zygotic Tisserat, 1983.
HCl 4+ agar 8g+ embryos (Proc. First symp.
charcoal 3g from dif- Date palm, Al-
Modified Ms No PGR Embyo- ferent Hassa 126-139.)
genesis cultivars
Modified Ms NAA 0.1 Rooting
MS+sugar NAA 100 Callus
30g+agar or 2,4-D induction Asemota et al.,
9 8.5g+inositol 100+2iP Different 2010. (Acta
100+aneuric hy- 3mg cultivars Hort.882:225-
drochloride NAA Embryo 231.)
0.002%+ charcoal 0.05+2iP induction
3g 1
GA3 2 Shoot
elongation
NAA 0.05 Rooting
-0.1
MS + 2,4-D Callus Eshraghi et al.,
Na2PO4.2H2O 100+2iP 3 induction Khanizi 2005.
10 170+Inositol Mordarsing (Afr.J.Biotechnol.
125+Glutamine 4(11):1309-1312.)
200+ nicotinic
acid 1+pyridoxine
HCl 1+thiamine
5+Sugar
30g+Charcoal
1.5g+ agar 7g
NAA 10+ Regenera-
2iP 30 tion
27 Contd….

33
 MS +
Na2PO4.2H2O
170+Inositol NAA Callus
125+Glutamine 10+2iP multiplica-
200+ ascorbic acid 1.5 tion
100+ citric acid
11 100+ nicotinic Al-Khayri, 2005.
acid 1+pyridoxine Somatic (Current Science
HCl 1+thiamine embryo- Not men- 84(5):680-683.)
1+ ca-pantothenate No PGR genesis tioned
1+biotin 1+Sugar
30g+Charcoal
1.5g+ agar 7g

½ strength MS IBA 0.2- Regenera-

0.4 tion
2,4-D Culture Al-Khateeb.2008.
100+ 2iP initiation (Am.J.Biochem.
3 & Biotech.4
12 NAA Culture Sukary (1):19-23.)
MS 10+2iP swelling
30
NAA 10+ Embryo-
2iP 6 genic cal-
lus
2,4-D Callus Aslam &
100 induction Khan.A.2009.
13 MS BAP 2 or Khalas (J. Fruit Orna-
K2 Regenera- mental Plant Re-
tion search 17(1):15-
27.)
Kamla Ibrahim et
14 MS NAA 0.1 Rooting Kapkap al., 2009.(Am-
Tharlaj Euras.J.Agric.&
Environ.6(1):100
-103.)

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Stages Growth Culture Period Morphogenesis

hormones condi- (weeks)
(mg-l) tions

Culture ini- 2,4-D-100 Dark 9 Tissue protru-

tiation 2iP-3 sion
Activated char-
coal 1500

Callus in- NAA-10 Dark 3 Callus formation

duction 2iP-3 begins
Activated char-
coal 1500

Callus mul- NAA-10 Dark 9 Rapid multipli-

tiplication Activated char- cation
coal 1500

Embryo- NAA-10, 2iP Dark 9 Embryogenic

genic callus 6 AC 1500 callus develops

Embryo- Basal me- Light 12 Somatic em-

genesis dium bryos develop
and germinate

Rooting NAA-0.2 Light 12 Root formation

and develop-
ment

Acclimati- Sterilized Light 12 Development of

zation potting me- plantlets under
dium soil conditions

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palms that originate from tissue culture are generally detected. McCubbin


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phenotype may be genetic in nature, which are heritable through sexual



 



 
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somaclonal variations in the tissue culture derived plants. Kaeppler et al.

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abnormal fruit setting is higher and it declines with ageing of plants

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epigenetic nature of this abnormality. Gradual elimination of epigenetic








 

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plants at maturity stage thus escaping selection and screening, resulting

economic loss to the farmers.

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growth regulator regimen on Exacum L. in tissue culture and found that

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differed from original explants with changes in plant and organ size, leaf

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recently micropropagation of date palm cultivars was carried out through

somatic embryogenesis that originated from callus tissues induced by the
higher concentration of auxins and cytokinins. The long phase of callus
induction and somatic embryo formation with growth regulators might
have generated genetic and epigenetic changes in the resulting plants.

32


 
Date Palm has adapted to areas with long, dry summers and mild
winters. It thrives well in different types of soil but the most preferred


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big stones and weeds from the planting area. Spacing between the trees and
rows is depending upon the cultivar proposed to plant. Most of the date

 


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advisable to provide a little more space after two rows so as to facilitate the
easy accessibility of vehicles and machineries to each tree.
Planting
Size of the pit generally depends upon the size and age of the plant.
Nowadays it has become a practice to transfer mature trees of uniform
size from one place to another, as part of landscaping. In this case digging
a pit of exactly the same size of the base of the tree may give more support
to stand erect otherwise more loose soil around the tree may cause falling


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have a pit of 75 x 75 x 75 cm size. The pit should be allowed to keep

 



 









 

organic manure, which should be covered by 10 cm thick sand layer before



 
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germination of chance weeds that came along with the organic manures.
 
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then can be regulated to twice or thrice per week. It is advised to keep








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is done immediately after the bursting of spathe. This will help to avoid
chances of missing pollination and production of multicarpelled fruits.
Mechanical pollination is adopted in certain countries where labour is very
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dates cultivars had better yield when pollinated with selected males rather
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period of fruits. Most of the male palms available are of seedling origin with

 



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combination with different female cultivars.

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palms it takes an average 200 days to reach a fully ripened stage. During this
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pollinated.
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and hard.
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the fruit is spread out on mats for further drying to tamar stage.

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strands.
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need to be cut periodically. Pruning is done at any time after harvest before
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from the tree. During the pruning operation, unwanted  should
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Diseases and Pests
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the fungal diseases, Bayoud disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schl.


   


 

  

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Symptom of disease appears on one or more leaves in the middle of crown,

characterized by discoloration and withering of leaves. Gradually, all the
leaves in the crown are affected and ultimately plant dies. Since Bayoud
is a soil borne disease, selection of suitable disease resistant varieties for
  



 

 

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by other Oxysporum
 

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Mauginiella
scaettae are other important diseases of concern in date palm cultivation.
Effective management of plantation, controlling humidity in the orchard
and periodic application of fungicides are recommended to control these


 
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Ceratocystis paradoxa and C.
radicicola are generally seen on the trees growing in the salinity and drought
affected areas. Starting from necrotic lesions, leading to cankers, bud rot
and ultimate death resulting in bare trunks are the symptoms of this disease.
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leaf spot, belaat disease, leaf spot disease and root rot caused by various
fungi are also of serious concern to date palm cultivation. In addition to
fungal diseases various diseases caused by phytoplasma were also reported
in date palm. The table 4 provides a brief account of diseases in date palms.
Pest control in date palm orchards is a continuing process with the main





IRhynchophorus ferrugineusJ"




 
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of Fusarium and Phytophthora are generally associated with borer activity,

creating access for fungal spores to the interior of the palm. Borer and
termites cause degeneration of the palm trunk, nematodes work at the roots,
weevils work on the trunk, scale and mealy bugs suck the sap from the
leaves. Scale insect sucks the sap from the palm leaves and at certain times
of the year it is very active and exudes a sweet syrupy substance. The syrup
provides a perfect food for certain moulds which have black fruiting spores




 







  

the scale by carrying them to other palms and stroking the abdomen of the
scale insects to stimulate the production of sweet exudates.
In addition to the diseases caused by living organisms, many
physiological disorders are also seen in date palms due to climatic extremes
and phytosanitary mismanagement.

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Disease Causative organism Symptoms Control measures
Bayoud Fusarium oxysporum Ash colour appears on Growing resistant
ssp albedinis the middle leaf, then varieties is the best
withers from bottom to way.
top. When terminal bud
is infected, the plant
dies.
Gradual yellowing and Application of
Wilt Fusarium proliferatum wilting of leaves fol- fungicides during
lowed by death of palm. early stages.
Black Ceratocystis paradoxa Scorch on the leaves, Remove affected
scorch trunk and bud rot, inflo- tissues. Apply
rescence blight copper fungicides.
Dark lesions with red- Annual pruning of
Brown leaf Mycosphaerella tassi- dish brown margins the dead leaves
spot ana appears on leaves. help to control
spreading of
disease.
Offshoots are most Disinfect all the
Diplodia Diplodia phoenicum commonly affected. tools used for
Long streaks appear on removing off-
the midrib and dies. shoots. Apply fun-
gicides.
Small ball like sori ap- Leaf - pruning and
pears on the terminal application of fun-
Graphiola pinnae of the old gicides.
leaf spot Graphiola phoenicis leaves.
Life of the leaf is re-
duced to 2-3 years af-
fecting the productivity
of the tree.

Brownish or rusty areas Phyto sanitary

appear on the inflores- measures followed
cence. Gradually all by fungicide appli-
Inflores- flowers in the inflores- cation.
cence rot Mauginiella scattae cence decay. In severe
cases spathe do not
open and dies prema-
turely.

Omphalia Omphalia tralucida Premature death of Fungicide applica-

root rot and O. pigmentata leaves and cessation of tion
growth

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Belaat Phytophthora sp. White leaves appears in Phytosanitation
the central crown and and application of
plant dies. copper fungicides.
Fruit rot Aspergillus niger and Fruit decay and prema- Thinning of
Alternaria sp. ture fall bunches and spray-
ing fungicides
Lethal Mycoplasma Fronds became dessi- Select resistant
yellowing cated. In severe case varieties.
crown topples from the
palm leaving a naked
tree.
Al wijam Mycoplasma ? Growth retardation, Phytosanitation
productivity loss and
final death of the tree.

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known by different names at different places or one name is assigned to

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characterizing cultivars and assigning a more acceptable legitimate name

to the cultivars was seldom attempted in this species, especially in Saudi


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in the market at the beginning of the season while some others appear very
 









 


 



cultivars across the world is pointing towards the necessity of an authentic

and reliable enumerative study using standard morphological and molecular
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have attempted to enumerate cultivars available in their respective areas.

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Length of leaf
Length of midrib
Length of pinnated part
Length of spined part
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Maximal leaf width
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Number of pinnae
Percentage of antrorse pinnae
Percentage of introrse pinnae
Percentage of retrorse pinnae
Maximal pinna width at the middle
Length of pinnae at the middle
Length of pinnae at the top
Maximal pinnae width at the top
Index of spacing
Number of spines
Percentage of solitary spines
Percentage of paired spines
Percentage of triple spines
Length of spine at the middle
Maximal spine width at the middle
Spine angle
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development along with the leaf morphology has shown promising results

 
 
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200 days to reach a fully ripened stage. During this process, the fruit passes
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fruit cap completely cover the fruit base whereas in others it covers only
the central portion. Seed characters like shape, size, position and type of
germ pore, type and margins of the ventral canal, etc. can also be used to
distinguish between cultivars.
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Characterization of biodiversity can be done at the primary, secondary
and tertiary levels that in turn refers to analysis of variability at the
morphological, chemical and genetic levels respectively. Morphological
variations is the product of interaction of environmental parameters with
phenotype development and therefore likely to change with regard to

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respect to variation in economically or biologically important secondary

metabolites constitutes the secondary level screening of biodiversity.
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and nature of distribution of this variation can be assessed with the help of
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screened to evaluate genetic variation that could belong to the class of

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including colour, shape, and size of the fruit, shape of fruit base, size of
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5.5 x 2.5 cm. In beser stage lemon yellow in colour and during rutab
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highly demanded date having historical/religious importance. It is widely

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procuring this precious date fruit.

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3.5 x 2.5 cm. In beser stage it is green turning yellow in colour and during
rutab ripening process brings brown colour from the base. In tamar stage it
is blackish brown in colour with broadly wrinkled skin, which is almost
 


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groove broader at both ends, edges smooth, extending a few millimeters

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brings brown colour from the tip. In tamar stage it is dark brown with



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edges smooth, extending towards the tip.

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smooth, extending to a few mm below the apex.

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throughout, margins smooth, extending a few millimeters below the tip.

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during rutab ripening process brings reddish brown from the tip. In tamar
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groove narrow, wider at both ends, edges smooth, extending to a few

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reddish brown from the tip. In tamar stage it is reddish brown with broadly

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cm, rounded at apex, brown coloured. Germpore in the middle, prominent.

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few millimeters below the tip.

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stage lemon yellow in colour and during rutab ripening process brings
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cm, obtuse at apex, brown coloured. Germpore in the middle, prominent.

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towards the tip.

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stage yellow with rose tinge and during rutab amber from tip. Sometimes
ripening process begins from both ends. In tamar stage reddish brown
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smooth, dull white below the germ pore, reddish brown above. Germpore



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wide, edges smooth, extending up to the tip of the seed.

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wider at apex, edges smooth, extending to few millimeters below the tip.

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cm. In beser scarlet red with golden yellow. During rutab blackening starts
from the tip, sometimes from the base also. In tamar stage shiny black, with

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towards the apex and the base, extending to a few millimeters below the
apex.

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few millimeters below the tip.

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apiculate at apex, silvery white below the germ pore, reddish brown
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margins wavy, extending to the tip.

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amber coloured from tip. In tamar stage shining amber, with broadly



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at the tip, edges smooth, extending to a few millimeters below the tip.

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 29. Khasaba Al-Quwaiah ‫ 
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ripening process brings amber colour from the tip. In tamar stage it is
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towards the tip.

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extending towards the beaked apex.

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cm. In beser stage pale green turning yellow with a reddish tinge in rutab.
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towards the beaked tip.

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beser stage crimson red in colour and during rutab ripening process brings
reddish brown colour from the tip. In tamar stage it is black or reddish

  
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millimeters below the tip.

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 33. Koweriah  
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the tip during rutab. In tamar stage golden brown in colour with thick,



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few millimeters below the tip.

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few millimeters below the tip.

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beser stage light yellow in colour and during rutab ripening process brings
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cm, obtuse at apex, brown coloured. Germpore in the middle, prominent.

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ل‬45
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amber colour from the tip during rutab. In tamar it is transparent dark



 




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almost engulfed by the swollen base. Seeds obovoid with acute apex and
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wavy margin, extending a few millimeters below the apex.

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 37. Majnoon ‫
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OPA11 OPC10 OPB14

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stage it is lemon yellow in colour and during rutab ripening process brings
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wider, edges smooth, extending towards the tip.

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OP A04 OP A06 OP A05



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tip during rutab. In tamar amber colored with thick, broadly wrinkled skin.
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obovate, apiculate at apex, dirty white below the germpore, reddish brown
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groove almost uniformly wider throughout, margin smooth, extending to

few millimeters below the apex.

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 39. Mareeah  5
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OPA02 OPA11 OPB20

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2.5 cm. In beser stage lemon yellow in colour and during rutab ripening
process brings amber colour from the tip. In tamar stage it is reddish brown
 


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OPA02 OPA11 OPB20

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yellow in colour and during rutab ripening process brings amber colour
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extending to a few millimeters below the apex.

97
 41. Miniah  
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OPA02 OPA11 OPB20

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2.5 cm. In beser stage light yellow with more reddish towards base and
during rutab ripening process brings amber colour from the tip. In tamar
 




 



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mm below the apex.

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 42. Moneifi %5
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OP C10 OP B13 OP A15

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In beser light yellow, turns to amber from the tip or sometimes from both






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the base, attached to the surface. Seeds ellipsoid, acute at apex, dirty white



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extending to few millimeters below the apex.

99
 43. Mosaifah 

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OPC04 OPB13 OPA15

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enclosed within the base. Seed oblong, acute at apex, silvery white below

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towards the tip, edges smooth, extending to the acute tip.

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OPA7 OPB14 OPC10

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In beser stage light green turning to yellow during rutab ripening process
brings reddish brown colour from the tip. In tamar stage it is reddish
brown in colour with broadly wrinkled skin, which is almost adpressed to

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edges smooth, extending towards the tip.

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apex, brownish above and whitish below the germpore. Germpore a circular

 


 
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margin, extending towards the apex.

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brings brown colour to the fruits. During tamar it is brown in colour with

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whitish below the germpore. Germpore a circular pit little below the centre.
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a few millimeters below the apex.

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below the tip.

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OPA02 OPA11 OPA12

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cm. In beser stage lemon yellow and during rutab ripening process brings
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at both ends, extending towards the apex.

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cm, acute at apex, brown coloured. Germpore in the middle, prominent.

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the apex.

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In beser stage crimson red in colour and during rutab ripening process
brings reddish brown colour from the tip. In tamar stage it is reddish brown
 


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wider, edges smooth, extending a few millimeters below the apex.

%$1
 51. Nabtat Al-Jeeda ‫< اا‬-
@)
#
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*;<

*;

*;<
OPA02 OPA11 OPA12

)

 

 



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D
?

2.5 cm. In beser stage greenish yellow and during rutab ripening process
brings reddish brown colour from the tip. In tamar stage it is reddish

 



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7^



 


 
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7^


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F
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:

cm, obtuse at apex, brown coloured. Germpore in the middle, prominent.

Y 



 
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? 


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%$2
 52. Nabtet Ali  <-
@'
#ǠƴŸǀƄƃſ

*;8

*;@

*;1
OPA07 OPA06 OPC10

) 

 

'"


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
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<F





 





turns reddish brown from the tip during rutab. In tamar reddish brown,
 



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base. Seeds obovoid or ellipsoid, apiculate at apex, dirty white throughout,


<D
?
F

E 






Y 


narrow but deep, edges not smooth, extending to the tip.

%$0
 53. Nabtet Al-Thuraiah  =‫< ا‬-
@*
#"

ƾƁǍƅŽȚǀƄƃſ

*;

*;7

*;9D
OPA10 OPA15 OPB13

)


 


 



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>7
?

3.0 cm. In beser stage lemon yellow in colour and during rutab ripening
process brings reddish brown colour from the tip. In tamar stage it is reddish

 



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D7^


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slightly apiculate at apex, dirty white throughout. Germpore in the middle,



 
Y 



 
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? 

towards the tip.

%%$
 54. Nabtet Hamd + <-
@,
#-
.NjƵŲǀƄƃſ

*;1

*;

*;8
OPC10 OPA10 OPA7

)

 

 



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
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cm. In beser stage dark red in colour and during rutab ripening process
brings reddish brown colour from the tip. In tamar stage it is reddish brown


 


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wider at both ends, edges wavy, extending towards the tip.

%%%
 55. Nabtet Hoshana -(
 <-
@@
#-

ǀſƾŵǞŲǀƄƃſ

*;<

*;17

*;1
OPA2 OPC5 OPC10

)


 

 



 ?"


D
?

2.5 cm. In beser stage lemon yellow in colour and during rutab ripening
process brings brown colour from the tip. In tamar stage it is reddish

 



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
7
?
:
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E 


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base, edges smooth, extending a few millimeters below the apex.

%%#
 56. Nabtet ilib > <-
@F
##ƿƴŸǀƄƃſ

OPC15 OPA10 OPA12

*;17

*;

*;<

)

 
/


 
"
 

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
D8
?
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"




 





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base, dirty white below the germpore, light brown above, acute at apex,

<>
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:

E 


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Y 


uniformly wider, margin smooth, extending towards the tip.

%%3
 57. Nabtet Matlaq ?;5 <-
@H
#0

8ǘƴƭžǀƄƃſ

*;<

*;1<

*;<
OPA12 OPC2 OPA2

)


 

 



 
 ?"

D8
?
<7

cm. In beser stage it is crimson red and during rutab ripening process
brings reddish brown colour from the tip. In tamar stage it is reddish
brown in colour with broadly wrinkled skin, which is almost adpressed to

{
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edges smooth, extending a few millimeters below the apex.

%%'
 58. Nabtet Milfi %5 <-
@I
#0ǠƱƴžǀƄƃſ

*;<

*;

*;9<
OPA02 OPA11 OPB20

)
 
 

 

 


 
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
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<:



 





 
 

process brings reddish brown from the tip. In tamar stage it is amber

 



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F
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uniformly wider through out, extending to a few millimeters below the apex.

%%(
 59. Nabtet Mujalli 5 <-
@J
#0B
ǠƴƆžǀƄƃſ

*;17

*;1

*;9>
OPC5 OPC10 OPB14

)


 
 

 



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colour and during rutab ripening process brings brown colour from the tip.


 





 


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D7^


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F

cm, apiculate at apex, brown coloured throughout. Germpore below the

"

 
Y 



 
"

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extending a few millimeters below the apex.

%%&
 60.Nabtet Mujaidel ‫ل‬5 <-
F(
#0B
ȲNjƸƆžǀƄƃſ

OPA1 OPA2 OPC2

*;

*;<
*;1<

)

 
 


 
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
>:
?
<:

cm. In beser stage light red in colour and during rutab ripening process
brings amber colour from the tip. In tamar stage it is amber coloured with





 


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cm, obtuse at apex, brown throughout. Germpore below the middle, not
 
Y 



 
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? 


few millimeters below the apex.

%%1
 61.Nabtet Naser 9- <-
F)
#
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*;>

*;9D

*;<
OPA4 OPB13 OPA2

)


 

 


 
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DF
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ripening process brings reddish brown colour from the tip. In tamar stage







 



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8^



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E 



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edges wavy, extending a few millimeters below the apex.

%%2
 62.Nabtet Rasheed (‫< ر‬-
F'
#&
NjƸŵȤǀƄƃſ

*;9>

*;<

*;
OPB14 OPA2 OPA1

)

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D7

x 2.5 cm. In beser stage yellow in colour and during rutab ripening process
brings amber colour from the tip. In tamar stage it is amber coloured with


)



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D^


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base. Seeds elliptic, 2.0 x 0.9 cm, obtuse at apex, reddish brown throughout.
E 
 


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Y 




both ends, edges smooth, extending a few millimeters below the apex.

%%0
 63. Nabtet-Saif    
F*
#
 ǗƸŴǀƄƃſ

*;1

*;@

*;
OPC10 OPA06 OPA01

) 


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{


 
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
D@7
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from the tip and basal portions light orange. In tamar reddish brown, with



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length, edges wrinkled, extending towards the tip.

%#$
 64.Nabtet Salma !" # 
F,
#
.
ǟƵƴŴǀƄƃſ

OPA02 OPA11 OPB20

*;<

*;

*;9<

)

 

 


 
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
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?
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cm. In beser stage lemon yellow in colour and during rutab ripening process
brings reddish brown from the tip. In tamar stage it is amber coloured
 



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groove narrow, slightly wider at both ends , extending to a few millimeters

below the apex.

%#%
 65. Nabtet Sheikh @( <-
F@
#NJƸŵǀƄƃſ

OPB5 OPA2 OPC10

*;97

*;<

*;1

H "



 

 


 
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D7



 





 
 


brings amber colour from the tip. In tamar it is amber coloured with smooth

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cap covering almost 40% of the fruit base, attached to the shallow base.
$
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?

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'

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both ends, edges wavy, extending to the tip.

%##
 66. Nabtet Sulthan ‫;ن‬A <-
FF
#
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*;1

*;1>

*;7

OPC10 OPC14 OPA15

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yellow with rose tinge. During rutab amber colour starts from the tip. In


 
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fruit base, attached to the surface. Seeds oblong, apiculate at apex, silvery
 


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
<
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F

E 

  







Y 

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towards both ends, margins wrinkled, extending up to the tip.

%#3
 67. Nabtet Suwaid 
A <-
FH
#
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OPA6 OPA4 OPB13

*;@

*;>

*;9D

)
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/


 
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
>7
?
<7



beser stage light yellow in colour and during rutab ripening process brings
amber colour from the tip. In tamar stage it is amber coloured with broadly


)


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groove shallow, uniformly wider, edges smooth, extending towards the tip.

%#'
 68. Nabtet Turaiqui 8 B <-
FI
#"
8ǠƳƁǍůǀƄƃſ

*;<

*;1<

*;17
OPA12 OPC2 OPC15

)

 

 



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
D7
?

3.3cm. In beser stage red coloured and during rutab ripening process brings
amber colour from the tip. In tamar stage it is reddish brown with broadly

"





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obtuse at apex, ash coloured throughout. Germpore below the middle, not
 
Y 



 
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? 

towards the tip.

%#(
 69. Nabtet Zamil C5‫< زا‬-
FJ
#L
.ǚžȚȥǀƄƃſ

*;9>

*;17

*;
OPB14 OPC05 OPA01

) 

 
 

 



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DF
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V 
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?



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but more wider at the apex, margins smooth, extending a few millimeters
below the apex.

%#&
 70. Om Al-Khashab >0E‫ام ا‬
H(6.

#ƿƪƒȚȳȖ

OP C10 OP A15 OP A06

*;
1

*;
7

*;
@

)

"

{ "

"

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tamar stage very transparent amber, with wrinkled, thin skin, intact with
{
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only towards the base, reddish brown. Germpore very clear, deep, in the

Y 



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? 


 

%#1
 71. Qarawiyah ‫& و‬
H)=

%
ǀƁȶƾŸǍŻ

*;<

*;

*;9<
OPA02 OPA11 OPB20

)
 
 

 



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
D:
?

2.2 cm. In beser stage light yellow with a reddish tinge and during rutab
ripening process brings amber colour from the tip. In tamar stage it is



 



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millimeters below the apex.

%#2
 72. Qathara ‫رة‬$%
H'=


ȜȤƾƭŻ

OPA02 OPA11 OPB20

*;<

*;

*;9<

)

 
 


 
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
D<
?
<7




stage light yellow and during rutab ripening process brings reddish colour
from the tip. In tamar stage it is reddish brown coloured with broadly


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Y 

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slightly wider at both ends , extending to a few millimeters below the apex.

%#0
 73. Rabeeah ‫ر‬
H*&
#
ǀƸƯƸŮȤ

*;8

*;

*;9<
OPA07 OPA10 OPB02

) 
 '"
 

 



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
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<7















 


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 "
   


7^


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)



@^


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base, attached to the shallowly cordate base or partially inserted to the
incurved base. Seeds oblong, obtuse or acute at apex, dirty white below the
 "


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
<<
?



E 
  








Y 



"


smooth, extending towards the tip.

%3$
 74. Reziz ‫رزي‬
H,&$$ȸǎƁȥȤ

*;@

*;<

*;
OPA06 OPA12 OPA01

) 
 

"
 

{



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
D@

x 2.4 cm. In beser light red in colour. During rutab turns amber from the
tip and basal portions become more red. In tamar amber coloured, with

"


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@7^


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"


 



$
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throughout, margin smooth, extending towards the tip.

%3%
 75. Roshoudiyah ‫ر(
د‬
H@&%
ǀƁȢǞŵȤ

*;)7

*;1

*;9<
OPF05 OPC10 OPB02

)
"


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
>7
?
<@


In beser light yellow in colour and turns to amber color from the tip during
rutab. In tamar reddish brown in colour with silvery white towards the base.
$




)

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@^



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)



D
^


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the fruit base. Seeds oblong, obtuse at apex, rough, dirty white below the
 "


"

<7
?
F

E 


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Y 








both ends, extending towards the tip.

%3#
 76. Rothana Al-Madeenah +‫ ا‬-G‫رو‬
HF&

0

ǀſƾŰȶȤ

OPA02 OPA11 OPB20

*;<

*;

*;9<

)

 


 



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
>
?

2.5 cm. In beser stage yellow with reddish tinge, during rutab ripening
process brings amber colour from the tip. In tamar stage it is reddish brown

 



)

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@^



 


 
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7^


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$

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
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E 


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slightly wider at base, extending to a few millimeters below the apex.

%33
 77. Rothanah -G‫رو‬
HH&

ǀſƾŰȶȤ

*;@

*;1

*;9D
OPA06 OPC10 OPB13

) 

 

"

 
 "


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
D:

x 2.7 cm. In beser lemon yellow in colour and during rutab amber coloured


 



 
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$




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8^




 
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D^


"
 




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$
 

"
 
 

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
<<
?


E 


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Y 

"


 
"

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millimeters below the apex.

%3'
 78. Rumanah ‫رو‬
HI&.

ǝſƾžȶȤ

*;<

*;

*;9<
OPA02 OPA11 OPB20

)

 


 



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
D<
?

3.0 cm. In beser stage greenish yellow with reddish tinge. In tamar stage





 



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@^


 


 
)




:^


 '"
 


 

$

"

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?
D

cm, obtuse at apex, brown coloured. Germpore in the middle, prominent.

Y 

 "
 


 
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millimeters below the apex.

%3(
 79. Sabbakah ‫آ‬A
HJ
##

ǀżƾƃŴ

*;1

*;)7

*;8
OPC10 OPF05 OPA07

) 
"
 
{






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
><
?
<:




"








 


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]


"

"


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8^


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7^


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attached to the surface of the base or partially inserted to the incurved base.
Seeds oblong or obovoid, obtuse or acute at apex, dirty white throughout,

<<
?
F


E 
  



V 




Y 

"



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"
? 

towards the tip.

%3&
 80. Safra Sulaiman ‫ن‬+A ‫ اء‬%9
I(


.
ȴƾƵƸƴŴ ȔȚǍƱǧ

OPA02 OPA11 OPB20

*;<

*;

*;9<

)
 
 

 


 
 ?"

D<
?

2.2 cm. In beser stage yellow in colour and during rutab ripening process
brings amber colour from the tip. In tamar stage it is amber coloured with



)

"
   

8^


 



 
)




8^


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$

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"
 

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E 


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Y 

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slightly wider at both ends , extending towards the tip.

%31
 81. Safri ‫ ي‬%9
I)
ȸǍƱǧ

OPA12 OPA01 OPC05

*;<

*;

*;17

)
"
 

{



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
>>
?
<<




stage pale yellow in colour turning to dark brown from the tip during rutab.


 


 

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@^



 
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{ 
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"

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7
"
  

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light brown. Germpore is represented by a small pit little above the middle.
Y 




"

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millimeters below the apex.

%32
 82. Shaqra ‫ اء‬$(
I'
8
ȔȚǍƲŵ

*;9D

*;9@

*;@
OPB13 OPB16 OPA06

)
'"


/"

 "


"



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
><
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D



 

 
 

many minute red dots. During rutab more reddish at the base and tip turns
brown. Irregular bands of browning is one of the characters to distinguish

 


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DD^


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$
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groove moderately broad, more wider near the base, extending to the tip.

%30
 83.Shamshoola 
0+(
I*
.
ǝŽǞƪƵŵ

OPA10 OPA2 OPC10

*;

*;<

*;1

)
 "

 
 


 
 ?"

7<
?
<@


In beser stage greenish yellow in colour and during rutab ripening process
brings golden brown colour from the tip. In tamar stage it is reddish

 




)

"
   

@^



 


 
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"
 

 

$

"

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apex, brown coloured throughout. Germpore above the middle, prominent.

Y 



"


 "
? 


 

below the apex.

%'$
 84. Shehel ‫ء‬
I,ȔǾƷŵ

*;8

*;1

*;7
OPA07 OPC10 OPA15

) 
 "
 
/"
/


 


"
  

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
<F
?
<







turning to light pink during rutab. In tamar stage dark brown with broadly


)
"
   

87^



 

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8^


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fruit base. Seeds oblong, obtuse or apiculate at apex, silvery white below

 "


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
>
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>

E 







Y 



"

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to the tip

%'%
 85. Sheshi 0(
I@ǠƪƸŵ

OPA15 OPA12 OPA06

*;7

*;<

*;@

)
'
 
 


 




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
D@
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<<

E









 
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77^



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canal broader at both ends, constricted at the middle.

%'#
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Glossary of technical terms used in the description of Fruits
and Seeds
Shape of Fruits

Globose: Length and diameter of the fruit is almost same e.g. Barhy,
Rothana

Ovoid: The broadest part is towards the base e.g. Sukkary

Oblong: Almost uniform diameter for a length, giving cylindrical shape;

two to three times as thick e.g. Madjhool.

%(2
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a narrow cylindrical shape e.g. Deglet Noor

Ellipsiod: Largest diameter in the middle of the length e.g. Reziz

Rhomboid: Largest diameter is little above the middle, then sharply

pointing towards apex e.g. Sillej.

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Cordate Shallowly Truncate Oblique

Cordate

Tip of the fruit

Rounded Obtuse

Shape of seeds

Ovoid Obovoid Ovoid-oblong Ellipsoid-oblong Ellipsoid

Tip of seeds

Obtuse Acute Apiculate

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Margins smooth Margins wavy

Broader at base Broader at apex Broader at both ends

Extending towards tip. Extending a few millimeters to tip.

%&%
 Literature cited
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GJ




 
/\
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& ?\
{




 

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&
  

!#
  

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- Al-Khalifah, N. S., F. A. Khan, E. Askari and S. Hadi. 2006. In Vitro Culture

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Symposium on In Vitro Culture and Hort. Breeding. Acta Hort.725:753-662.

162
- 

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/ 0/
Omura, F.A. Khan, E. Askari, and A. Al-Hindi. 2001. In vitro
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I;?
 
GJ
;



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9 
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Congress, Wuhan, China.http://www.bgci.org/ wuhan

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F\:@':<D

163
- Asemota, O., C. R. Eke, B. O. Emoghene, N. O. Aisueni, O. A.
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- 
/ /   

/ " 6.
/ q  -
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Khan, , A. Al-Hindi, and R. Okawara 2003. Molecular Phylogeny of

 

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Pak. J. Bot. 35: 323-330.

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E
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;

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+
BB
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Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. pp 1225-1319.

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&E
E 
<<F\D@7'D8<
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Biol. 55:41-68.
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E 
 


 

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revealed by enzyme markers. Plant Breeding 107: 56-69.

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{
 




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;
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Camilleri and H. Leucas. 2001. Tnt1 transposition events are induced
by in vitro transformation of Arabdiopsis thaliana and transposed copies
  
 


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<@7\
D<'>D
- Cullis, C., S. Rademan and K.J. Kunert. 1999.
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genetic markers of somaclonal variation. International publication

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culture induced Adh I null mutant of maize results from a single base

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- Devanand, P. S. and C.T. Chao 2003.
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'Majhool' and Deglet Nur' date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars


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Biotechnol. 78: 405-409.

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- Drira, N. 1981. Multiplication vegetative et micropropagation du
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&E 
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palms propagated from offshoots and tissue culture. J. Amer. Soc. Hort.
Sci. 130(1): 46-53.

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- Hao, Y. J. and X. X. Deng. 2002. Occurrence of chromosomal
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discovered in date palm micropropagation. Acta Hort. 882: 167-176.

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characterization of two oil palm markers showing somaclonal variation-
 
 

 
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{

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172
 Appendix I. List of some Date palm Cultivars known in Saudi Arabia
and their popular locatio.
Cultivar Arabic Name Popular Locations
Adhlah ǝƴƬŸ Qassim
Adhuhaibah ǝƸƃƸƀnjŽȚ Qassim
Aediyah ǝƁNjƸŸ Qassim
Ajwah ȜǞƆŸ Madinah
Al-Asree ȸǍƫƯŽȚ Northern region
Al-Haizah ȵǎƸƑȚ Northern region
Al-Seateah ǀƸŶƾƸƉŽȚ Northern region
Anbarah ȜǍƃƶŸ Madinah
Ashraisi ǠŴǍŵȚ Introduced
Bareem ƗǍŮ Qassim
Barhy ǠŲǍŮ Central region
Barni ǠſǍŮ Northern ,Madinah
Buyedha ǀƬƁǞŮ Northern region
Deglat Noor ȤǞſǀƴűȢ Introduced
Deglat Obaid NjƸƃŸǀƴűȢ Qassim
Duhaibeeah ǝƸƃƸƀȣ Qassim
Faaizeah ǀƁǎƁƾź Qassim
Faqah ǀ ȿƲƱŽȚ Northern region
E ǠƶƁǍŻ Central region
Hamra Rashood ȢǞŵȤ ȔȚǍƵŲ Northern region
Haqeeyah ǝƸƲŲ Qassim region
Hasawi ȸȶƾƉŲ Intoduced
Hilali ǠŽǾƀ Central region
Hilwah ȜǞƴŲ Central region
Hilwah Al-Jouf ȯǞƐȚȜǞƴŲ Northern region
Hoshana ǝſƾŵǞƀ Qassim
Kasabah ǀŮƾƫų Central region
Khalas ȨǾų Eastern region
Khasaba Al-Quwaiah ǀƸƯƁǞƲŽȚǀŮƾƫų Qassim
Khashab ǀŮƾƪų Central region
Khudri ȸǍƬų Central region
Khunaizi ȸǎƸƶų Eastern region
Koweriah ǀƁǍƁǞż Qassim

173
 Cultivar Arabic Name Popular Locations
Labana ǝſƾƃŽ Qassim
Madaq ȰNjƓȚ Northern region
Madjhool ȲǞűNjž Introduced
Majnoon ȴǞƶƆž Qassim
Makhtomi ǠžǞƄƳž Central region
Mareeah ǀƸŸǍž Northern region
Maseeha ǝƸƇƸƉž Northern region
Miniah ǝƸƯƸƶž Qassim
& ǠƱƸƶž Central region
Mosaifah ǀƱƸƫž Central region
Mudawiyah ǝƁȶȚNjž Qassim
Muskani Ahmar ǍƵŲȚǠſƾƳƉž Central region
Muskani Asfar ǍƱǧȚǠſƾƳƉž Central region
Mutuah ȬȚǞƭž Central region
Nabtet Al-Atti ǠƄƯŽȚǀƄƃſ Alkharj
Nabtet Al-Awad ȢȚǞƯŽȚǀƄƃſ Northern region
Nabtet Al-Hassan ȴƾƫƑȚǀƄƃſ Qassim
Nabtet Al- Jeeda ȚNjƸƐȚǀƄƃſ Qassim
Nabtet Ali ǠƴŸǀƄƃſ Qassim
Nabtet Al-Thuraiah ƾƁǍƅŽȚǀƄƃſ Qassim
Nabtet Hamd NjƵŲǀƄƃſ Qassim
Nabtet Hoshana ǀſƾŵǞŲǀƄƃſ Qassim
Nabtet ilib ƿƴŸǀƄƃſ Qassim,Central
Nabtet Matlaq ǘƴƭžǀƄƃſ Qassim
# 
& ǠƱƴžǀƄƃſ Northern region
Nabtet Mujalli ǠƴƆžǀƄƃſ Qassim
Nabtet Mujaidel ȲNjƸƆžǀƄƃſ Qassim
Nabtet Naser ǍǧƾſǀƄƃſ Qassim
Nabtet Rasheed NjƸŵȤǀƄƃſ Qassim
Nabtet Saif ǗƸŴǀƄƃſ Central region
Nabtet Salma ǟƵƴŴǀƄƃſ Northern region
Nabtet Sheikh NJƸŵǀƄƃſ Qassim
Nabtet Sulthan ȴƾƭƴŴǀƄƃſ Central region
Nabtet Suwaid NjƁǞŴǀƄƃſ Qassim
Nabtet Turaiqui ǠƳƁǍůǀƄƃſ Qassim

174
 Cultivar Arabic Name Popular Locations
Nabtet Zamil ǚžȚȥǀƄƃſ Qassim
Om Al-Khashab ƿƪƒȚȳȖ Qassim
Qarawiyah ǀƁȶƾŸǍŻ Qassim
Qathara ȜȤƾƭŻ Qassim
Rabeeah ǀƸƯƸŮȤ Madinah
Reziz ȸǎƁȥȤ Eastern region
Roshoudiyah ǀƁȢǞŵȤ Qassim
Rothanah ǀſƾŰȶȤ Madinah
Rothanah Al-Madeena ǀƶƁNjƓȚǀſƾŰȶȤ Madinah
Rumanah ǝſƾžȶȤ Qassim
Sabbakah ǀżƾƃŴ Eastern region
Safra Sulaiman ȴƾƵƸƴŴ ȔȚǍƱǧ Qassim
Safri ȸǍƱǧ Bishah, Central
Shaqra ȔȚǍƲŵ Qassim, Central
Shamshoola ǝŽǞƪƵŵ Qassim
Shehel ȔǾƷŵ Qassim
Sheshi ǠƪƸŵ Eastern region
Sillej ǃƴŴ Qassim
Sugei ǠƯƲǧ Central region
Sugei Iraqui ǠŻȚǍŸǠƯƲǧ Introduced
Sukkary Asfar ȸǍƳŴ Qassim
Sukkary Hamra ȔȚǍƵŲǀƁǍƳŴ Qassim
Sultana ǝſƾƭƴŴ Qassim
Thawi ȸȶȚȣ Eastern region
Um Aduhain ǜƀNjŽȚȳȖ Introduced
Um Al-Hamam ȳƾƵƑȚȳȖ Qassim
Um Al-Zahb ƿƀnjŽȚȳȖ Central region
Um Khobar ȤƾƃżȳȖ Qassim
Usailah ǀƴƸƉŸ Qassim
Wannanah ǀſƾſȶ Qassim
Zahaqa ǀŻƾŸȥ Qassim
Zahaya ǝƸƀȥ Qassim

175
Appendix-II. RAPD profiles of Date Palms produced by OPERON primers

OPA
01 01 01 01 01 01 01

28 30 33 60 62 63 69

OPA
01 01 01 01 02 02 02

74 81 93 97 02 03 05
Bold numbers given above the strips indicate primer numbers. Numbers
given below the strips refer to cultivars. For cultivar names refer pages 196

176
RAPD profiles of Date Palms produced by OPERON primers contd.
OPA
02 02 02 02 02 02 02

06 07 09 13 15 18 19

OPA
02 02 02 02 02 02 02

20 21 22 24 26 29 32
Bold numbers given above the strips indicate primer numbers. Numbers
given below the strips refer to cultivars. For cultivar names refer pages 196

177
RAPD profiles of Date Palms produced by OPERON primers contd.

OPA
02 02 02 02 02 02 02

34 35 39 40 41 45 46
OPA
02 02 02 02 02 02 02

47 48 49 51 55 57 58
Bold numbers given above the strips indicate primer numbers. Numbers
given below the strips refer to cultivars. For cultivar names refer pages 196

178
RAPD profiles of Date Palms produced by OPERON primers contd.

OPA
02 02

60 61 62 64 65 71 72
OPA
02 02 02

76 78 80 83 87 88 89
Bold numbers given above the strips indicate primer numbers. Numbers
given below the strips refer to cultivars. For cultivar names refer pages 196

179
RAPD profiles of Date Palms produced by OPERON primers contd.

OPA
02 02 02 02 04 04 04

91 92 95 100 38 61 67
OPA
04 04 05 06 06 06 06

89 94 38 04 11 23 25

Bold numbers given above the strips indicate primer numbers. Numbers
given below the strips refer to cultivars. For cultivar names refer pages 196

180
RAPD
RAPD profiles of Date
profiles of Date Palms
palms produced by OPERON
produced by OPERON primers
primers contd.
contd.

OPA
06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06

31 38 50 52 63 67 70 74
OPA
06 06 06 06 06 07 07 07

77 82 85 96 98 01 12 16
Bold numbers given above the strips indicate primer numbers. Numbers
given below the strips refer to cultivars. For cultivar names refer pages 196

181
RAPD profiles of Date palms produced by OPERON primers contd.
OPA
07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07

28 44 52 54 73 79 84 90
OPA
09 09 10 10 10 10 10 10

10
10 94
94 08 08 09 09 19 19 45 45 46 46 47 47
Bold numbers given above the strips indicate primer numbers. Numbers
given below the strips refer to cultivars. For cultivar names refer pages 196
192 193

182
RAPD profiles of Date palms produced by OPERON primers contd.
OPA
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11

50 53 54 56 73 83 92 03
OPA
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

05 06 07 13 14 15 18 19

Bold numbers given above the strips indicate primer numbers. Numbers
given below the strips refer to cultivars. For cultivar names refer pages 196

183
RAPD profiles of Date palms produced by OPERON primers contd.
OPA
11 11 11 11 11 11 11

20 21 22 24 29 32 33
OPA
11 11 11 11 11 11 11

34 35 37 39 40 41 47
Bold numbers given above the strips indicate primer numbers. Numbers
given below the strips refer to cultivars. For cultivar names refer pages 196

184
RAPD profiles of Date Palms produced by OPERON primers contd.
OPA
11 11 11 11 11 11 11

48 49 51 58 64 71 72

OPA
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

76 78 80 87 88 91 93 97
Bold numbers given above the strips indicate primer numbers. Numbers
given below the strips refer to cultivars. For cultivar names refer pages 196

185
RAPD profiles of Date Palms produced by OPERON primers contd.

OPA
11 12 12 12 12 12 12

98 12 18 23 45 46 49

OPA
12 12 12 12 12 12 15

56 57 68 74 81 85 17
Bold numbers given above the strips indicate primer numbers. Numbers
given below the strips refer to cultivars. For cultivar names refer pages196

186
RAPD profiles of Date Palms produced by OPERON primers contd.
OPA
15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

27 33 36 42 43 53 66 70
OPA
15 15 15 15 15 15 Marker 100 bp

84 85 86 90 92 100
Bold numbers given above the strips indicate primer numbers. Numbers
given below the strips refer to cultivars. For cultivar names refer pages 196

187
RAPD profiles of Date Palms produced by OPERON primers contd.
OPB
01 02 02 05 05 08 12 13

01 73 75 10 65 10 08 01

OPB
13 13 13 13 14 14 14 16

02 11 16 17 25 36 42 43

Bold numbers given above the strips indicate primer numbers. Numbers
given below the strips refer to cultivars. For cultivar names refer pages 196

188
RAPD profiles of Date palms produced by OPERON primers contd.
OPB
13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

53 61 67 77 82 86 87 88 96

OPB
13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14

98 100 27 30 37 44 50 59 62
Bold numbers given above the strips indicate primer numbers. Numbers
given below the strips refer to cultivars. For cultivar names refer pages 196

189
RAPD profiles of Date palms produced by OPERON primers contd.

OPB
14 14 16 20 20 20 20 20

6 27 82 03 05 06 07 13
OPB
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

15 20 21 22 24 26 29 32
Bold numbers given above the strips indicate primer numbers. Numbers
given below the strips refer to cultivars. For cultivar names refer pages 196

190
RAPD profiles of Date Palms produced by OPERON primers contd.

OPB
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

34 35 39 40 41 58 64 71

OPB
20 20 20 20 20 Marker 100 bp

72 76 78 80 91
Bold numbers given above the strips indicate primer numbers. Numbers
given below the strips refer to cultivars. For cultivar names refer pages 196

191
RAPD profiles of Date Palm s produced by OPERON primers contd.

OPC
02 02 02 04 04 05 05 05 05

57 60 68 43 86 02 09 16 17

OPC
05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05

27 55 59 69 81 93 97 99
Bold numbers given above the strips indicate primer numbers. Numbers
given below the strips refer to cultivars. For cultivar names refer pages 196

192
RAPD profiles of Date Palm s produced by OPERON primers contd.

OPC
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

04 11 12 14 23 25 28 31
OPC
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

37 42 52 54 55 59 63 65
Bold numbers given above the strips indicate primer numbers. Numbers
given below the strips refer to cultivars. For cultivar names refer pages 196

193
RAPD profiles of Date Palms produced by OPERON primers contd.

OPC
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

66 70 75 77 79 83 84 89
OPC
10 10 10 10 14 14 14 Marker 100 bp

90 96 99 44 01 04 66
Bold numbers given above the strips indicate primer numbers. Numbers
given below the strips refer to cultivars. For cultivar names refer pages 196

194
RAPD profiles of Date Palms produced by OPERON primers.

OPC OPF
15 15 Marker 100 bp 05 05 05 05

56 68 31 36 75 79
Bold numbers given above the strips indicate primer numbers. Numbers
given below the strips refer to cultivars. For cultivar names refer pages 196

195
 Cultivar names and numbers
1.Adhlah 2.Adhuhaibah 3.Aediyah, 4.Ajwah
5.Al-Asree 6.Al-Haizah 7.Al-Seateah 8.Anbarah
9.Ashraisi 10.Bareem 11.Barhy 12.Barni
13.Buyedha 14.DeglatNoor 15.DeglatObaid 16.Duhaibeeah
17.Faaizeah 18.Faqah FE 20.Hamra
Rashood
21.Haqeeyah 22.Hasawi 23.Hilali 24.Hilwa Al-Jouf
25.Hilwah 26.Hoshana 27.Kasabah 28.Khalas
29.Khasab 30.Khashab 31.Khudri 32.Khunaizi
Al-Quwaiah
33.Koweriah 34.Labana 35.Madaq 36.Madjhool
37.Majnoon 38.Makhtomi 39.Mareeah 40.Maseeha
41.Miniah ><& 43.Mosaifah 44.Mudawiyah
45.Muskani Ahmar 46.Muskani Asfar 47.Mutuah 48.Nabtet Al-Atti
49.Nabtet Al-Awad 50.Nabtet Al-Hassan 51.Nabtet Al- Jeeda 52.Nabtet Ali
53.Nabtet Al-Thuraiah 54.Nabtet Hamd 55.Nabtet Hoshana 56.Nabtet ilib
57.Nabtet Matlaq 7:# 
&
59.Nabtet Mujalli 60.Nabtet Mujaidel
61.Nabtet Naser 62.Nabtet Rasheed 63.Nabtet Saif 64.Nabtet Salma
65.Nabtet Sheikh 66.Nabtet Sulthan 67.Nabtet Suwaid 68.Nabtet Turaiqui
69.Nabtet Zamil 70.Om Al-khashab 71.Qarawiyah 72.Qathara
73.Rabeeah 74.Reziz 75.Roshoudiyah 76.Rothana
Al-Madeena
77.Rothanah 78.Rumanah 79.Sabakah 80.Safra Sulaiman
81.Safri 82.Shaqra 83.Shamshoola 84.Shehel
85.Sheshi 86.Sillej 87.Sugei Iraqi 88.Sugei
89.Sukkary Asfar 90.Sukkary Hamra 91.Sultana 92.Thawee
93.Um-Aduhain 94. Um Al-Hamam 95.Um Al-zahb 96.Um-Khobar
97.Usailah 98.Wannanah 99.Zahaqa 100.Zahaya

196
 Appendix III. Fruit shape of date palm cultivars

Adhlah Adhuhaibah Aediyah Ajwah

Al-Asree Al-Haizah Al-Seateah Anbarah

Ashraisi Bareem Barhy Barni

Buyedha Deglet Noor Deglat Obaid Duhaibeeah

197
 Appendix III. Fruit shape of date palm cultivars

Faaizeiah Faqah Graini Hamra Rashood

Haqeeyah Hasawi Hilali Hilwah Al-Jouf

Hilwa Hoshana Kasabah Khalas

Khasab Al-Quwaiah Khashab Khudri Khunaizi

198
 Appendix III. Fruit shape of date palm cultivars

Koweriah Labanah Madaq Madjhool

Majnoon Maktomi Mareeah Maseeha

Mineiah Moneifi Mosaifah Mudawiyah

Muskani Ahmar Muskani Asfar Mutuah N.Al-Atti

199
 Appendix III. Fruit shape of date palm cultivars

N.Al-Awad N.Al-Hassan N.Al-Jeeda N.Ali

N.Al-Thuraiah Nabtet Hamd Nabtet Hoshana Nabtet ilib

N.Matlaq N.Milfi N.Mujelli N.Mujaidel

N.Nasser N. Rasheed N.Saif N.Salma

200
 Appendix III. Fruit shape of date palm cultivars

N.Sheikh N.Sulthan N.Suwaid N.Turaiqi

Nabtet Zamil Om Al-Khashab Qarawiyah Qathara

Rabeeah Reziz Roshoudiah R. Al-Madeenah

Rothana Rumanah Sabakah Safra Sulaiman

198

201
 Appendix III. Fruit shape of date palm cultivars

Safri Shaqra Shamshoola Shehel

Sheshi Sillej Sugei Iraqi Sugei

Sukkary Asfar Sukkary Hamrah Sultana Thawee

Um– Aduhain Um Al-Hamam Um Al-Zahb Um Khobar

202
 Fruit shape of date palm cultivars

Usailah Wannanah Zahagha Zahaya

203
 Appendix IV Date Palm cultivars and OPERON primers used
1. Adhlah ǝƴƬŸ OPA07 OPB13 OPC14
2. Adhahabiah ǝƸƃƀnjŽȚ OPA02 OPC05 OPB13
3. Aediyah ǝƁNjƸŸ OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
4. Ajwah ȜǞƆŸ OPA6 OPC10 OPC14
5 .Al-Asree ȸǍƫƯŽȚ OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
6. Al-Haizah ȵǎƸƑȚ OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
7. Al-Seateah ǀƸŶƾƸƉŽȚ OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
8. Anbarah ȜǍƃƶŸ OPA10 OPB12
9. Ashraisi ǠŴǍŵȖ OPA02 OPA10 OPC05
10. Bareem ƗǍŮ OPB08 OPB05 OPA09
11. Barhy ǠŲǍŮ OPA06 OPC10 OPB13
12. Barni ǠſǍŮ OPA12 OPC10 OPA07
13. Buyedha ǀƬƁǞŮ OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
14. Deglat Noor ȤǞſǀƴűȢ OPA11 OPB01 OPC10
15. Deglat Obaid NjƸƃŸǀƴűȢ OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
16. Duhaibeeah ǝƸƃƸƀȣ OPC05 OPA07 OPB13
17. Faizeah ǀƁǎƁƾź OPA15 OPB13 OPC05
18. Faqah ǀ ȿƲƱŽȚ OPA02 OPA11 OPA12
F
E ǠƶƁǍŻ OPA11 OPA02 OPA10
20. Hamra Rashood ȢǞŵȤ ȔȚǍƵŲ OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
21. Haqeeyah ǝƸƲŲ OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
22. Hasawi ȸȶƾƉŲ OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
23. Hilali ǠŽǾƀ OPA12 OPA06 OPC10
24. Hilwah Al-Jouf ȯǞƐȚȜǞƴŲ OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
25. Hilwah ȜǞƴŲ OPA06 OPC10 OPB13
26. Hoshana ǝſƾŵǞƀ OPA02 OPA11 OPB20

204
27. Khasabah ǀŮƾƫų OPB14 OPA15 OPC05
28. Khalas ȨǾų OPA07 OPA01 OPC10
29. Khasab Al-Quwaiah ǀŮƾƫų OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
ǀƸƯƁǞƲŽȚ
30. Khashabah ǀŮƾƪų OPB14 OPA01 OPC05
31. Khudri ȸǍƬų OPA06 OPF05 OPC10
32. Khunaizi ȸǎƸƶų OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
33. Koweriah ǀƁǍƁǞż OPA11 OPA15 OPA01
34. Labanah ǝſƾƃŽ OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
35. Madaq ȰNjž OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
36. Madjhool ȲǞűNjž OPA15 OPF05 OPB13
37. Majnoon ȴǞƶƆž OPA11 OPC10 OPB14
38. Maktomi ǠžǞƄƳž OPA04 OPA06 OPA05
39. Marieah ǀƸŸǍž OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
40. Maseeha ǝƇƸƉž OPA02 OPA11 OPB20

41. Miniah ǝƸƯƸƶž OPA02 OPA11 OPB20

><
& ǠƱƸƶž OPC10 OPB13 OPA15
43. Mosaifah ǀƱƸƫž OPC04 OPB13 OPA15
44. Mudawiyah ǝƁȶȚNjž OPA07 OPB14 OPC10
45. Muskani Ahmar ǍƵŲȖǠſƾƳƉž OPA02 OPA10 OPA12
46 Muskani Asfar ǍƱǧȖǠſƾƳƉž OPA02 OPA10 OPA12
47. Mutwah ȬȚǞƭž OPA10 OPA02 OPA11
48. Nabtet Al-Atti ǠƄƯŽȚǀƄƃſ OPA02 OPA11 OPA12
49. Nabtet Al-Awad ȢȚǞƯŽȚǀƄƃſ OPA02 OPA11 OPA12
50. Nabtet Al-Hassan ȴƾƫƑȚǀƄƃſ OPA10 OPA06 OPB14
51. Nabtet Al- Jeeda ȚNjƸƐȚǀƄƃſ OPA02 OPA11 OPA12
52. Nabtet Ali ǠƴŸǀƄƃſ OPA07 OPA06 OPC10

205
53. Nabtet Al-Thuraiah ƾƁǍƅŽȚǀƄƃſ OPA10 OPA15 OPB13
54. Nabtet Hamd NjƵŲǀƄƃſ OPC10 OPA7 OPA10
55. Nabtet Hoshana ǀſƾŵǞŲǀƄƃſ OPA02 OPC05 OPC10
56. Nabtet ilib ƿƴŸǀƄƃſ OPC15 OPA10 OPA12
57. Nabtet Mutlaq ǘƴƭžǀƄƃſ OPA12 OPC02 OPA02
7:
# 
& ǠƱƴžǀƄƃſ OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
59. Nabtet Mujalli ǠƴƆžǀƄƃſ OPC05 OPC10 OPB14
60. Nabtet Mujaidel ȲNjƸƆžǀƄƃſ OPA01 OPA02 OPC02
61. Nabtet Nasser ǍǧƾſǀƄƃſ OPA04 OPB13 OPA02
62. Nabtet Rasheed NjƸŵȤǀƄƃſ OPB14 OPA02 OPA01
63. Nabtet-Saif ǗƸŴǀƄƃſ OPC10 OPA06 OPA01
64. Nabtet Salma ǟƵƴŴǀƄƃſ OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
65. Nabtet Sheikh NJƸŵǀƄƃſ OPB05 OPA02 OPC10
66. Nabtet-Sultan ȴƾƭƴŴǀƄƃſ OPC10 OPC14 OPA15
67. Nabtet Suwaid NjƁǞŴǀƄƃſ OPA06 OPA04 OPB13
68. Nabtet Turaiqi ǠƳƁǍůǀƄƃſ OPA12 OPC02 OPC15
69. Nabtet Zamil ǚžȚȥǀƄƃſ OPB14 OPC05 OPA01
70. Om Al-khashab ƿƪƒȚȳȖ OPC10 OPA15 OPA06
71. Qarawiyah ǀƁȶƾŸǍŻ OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
72. Qatarah ȜȤƾƭŻ OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
73. Rabeeah ǀƸƯƸŮȤ OPA07 OPA10 OPB02
74. Reziz ȸǎƁȥȤ OPA06 OPA12 OPA01
75. Roshudiyah ǀƁȢǞŵȤ OPF05 OPC10 OPB02
76. Rothana Al-Madeena ǀƶƁNjƓȚǀſƾŰȶȤ OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
77. Rothanah ǀſƾŰȶȤ OPA06 OPC10 OPB13
78. Rumanah ǝſƾžȤ OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
79. Sabakah ǀżƾƃŴ OPC10 OPF05 OPA07

206
80. Safra Sulaiman ȴƾƵƸƴŴ ȔȚǍƱǧ OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
81. Safri ȸǍƱǧ OPA12 OPA01 OPC05
82. Shaqra ȔȚǍƲŵ OPB13 OPB16 OPA06
83. Shamshoola ǝŽǞƪƵŵ OPA10 OPA02 OPC10
84. Shehel ȔǾƷŵ OPA07 OPC10 OPA15
85. Sheshi ǠƪƸŵ OPA15 OPA12 OPA06
86. Sillej ǃƴŴ OPC04 OPB13 OPA15
87. Sugei ǠƯƲǧ OPA11 OPB13 OPA02
88. Sugei Iraqi ǠŻȚǍŸǠƯƲǧ OPA11 OPA02 OPB13
89. Sukkary Asfar ȸǍƳŴ OPA02 OPA04 OPC10
90. Sukkary-Hamrah ȔȚǍƵŲǀƁǍƳŴ OPA15 OPA07 OPC10
91. Sultana ǝſƾƭƴŴ OPA02 OPA11 OPB20
92. Thawi ȸȶȚȣ OPA15 OPA02 OPA10
93. Um-Aduhain ǜƀNjŽȚȳȖ OPC05 OPA01 OPA11
94. Um Al-Hamam ȳƾƵƑȚȳȖ OPA04 OPA07 OP09
95. Um Al-Zahb ƿƀnjŽȚȳȖ OPA02
96. Um-Khobar ȤƾƃżȳȖ OPA06 OPB13 OPC10
97. Usailah ǀƴƸƉŸ OPA01 OPA11 OPC05
98. Wannanah ǀſƾſȶ OPA06 OPA11 OPB13
99. Zahaqa ǀŻƾŸȥ OPC05 OPB14 OPC10
100. Zahaya ǝƸƀȥ OPB13 OPA02 OPA15

207
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