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ზვიად გამსახურდია ტომი 1 +
ზვიად გამსახურდია ტომი 1 +
parlamentis samecniero-sainformacio
uzrunvelyofis ganyofileba
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
xelmZRvanelebi
oficialuri dokumentebi,
mimarTvebi da interviuebi
tomi I
zviad gamsaxurdia
Tbilisi 2013
1
UDC (uak) 342.511 (479.22) + 929(479.22)
s-323
z-587
Sps “irida”
rusTavi, firosmanis q.#7
ISSN 1987-5576
ISBN 978-9941-0-6247-6
© saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka
2
zviad gamsaxurdia
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare
(1990 wlis noemberi-1991 wlis aprili)
3
4
sarCevi:
winasityvaoba.....................................................................................................................................8
mimarTva aWaris mosaxleobisadmi........................................................................... 12
interviu zviad gamsaxurdiasTan saqarTvelos
uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebis Semdeg......................................................................... 16
saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni saqarTvelos respublikaSi
gardamavali periodis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb..............................................18
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris baton
zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla 1990 wlis 14 noembris
sxdomaze................................................................................................................................................ 23
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos dadgenileba
adamianis uflebaTa dacvisa da marTlwesrigis
ganmtkicebis Sesaxeb................................................................................................................ 41
saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni saqarTvelos
respublikis saxelmwifo droSis Sesaxeb........................................................ 43
saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni saqarTvelos respublikis
saxelmwifo gerbis Sesaxeb...............................................................................................44
saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni saqarTvelos respublikis
saxelmwifo himnis Sesaxeb................................................................................................ 45
saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni savaldebulo samxedro
samsaxuris Sesaxeb ssr kavSiris kanonis saqarTvelos
respublikis teritoriaze moqmedebis Taobaze ....................................47
saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni saqarTvelos ssr
saxelwodebis Secvlis Sesaxeb....................................................................................48
saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni amnistiis Sesaxeb...........................49
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos dadgenileba
deputat v. domuxovskis mier SekiTxvis wesiT dasmuli
sakiTxis Semswavleli komisiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb....................................... 52
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos dadgenileba
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis saxalxo deputatTa
sabWos mier olqis statusis Secvlis Taobaze miRebul
gadawyvetilebaTa Sesaxeb................................................................................................ 53
ssr kavSiris prezidents m.s. gorbaCovs samokavSireo
xelSekrulebis proeqtis Taobaze.......................................................................... 55
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris
baton zviad gamsaxurdias interviu amerikeli Jurnalistis
edmund stivensisadmi............................................................................................................. 57
saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni oseTis avtonomiuri
olqis gauqmebis Sesaxeb...................................................................................................... 68
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris baton
zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla 1990 wlis 11 dekembris
sxdomaze................................................................................................................................................ 71
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris
baton zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla saqarTvelos
5
televiziiT 1990 wlis 15 dekembers......................................................................105
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos prescentri.
8 dekembers prescentrSi gamarTul preskonferenciaze
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomarem
batonma zviad gamsaxurdiam pasuxi gasca JurnalistTa
SekiTxvebs................................................................................................................................. 111
„jer vnaxoT…“ upasuxa zviad gamsaxurdiam kiTxvas, kvlav
sabWoTa iqneba Tu ara afxazeTi............................................................................125
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris
zviad gamsaxurdias saaxalwlo mimarTva televiziiT ����������������128
ssr kavSiris prezidents m.s. gorbaCovs.......................................................... 136
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris
baton zviad gamsaxurdias preskonferencia ...........................................142
CeCen da inguS xalxebs.........................................................................................................151
zviad gamsaxurdia:„kremlis zRurbls mxolod maSin
gadavabijeb, roca Tavisufali saqarTvelos moqalaqe
viqnebi“................................................................................................................................................. 153
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris
baton zviad gamsaxurdias preskonferencia qarTveli da
ucxoeli JurnalistebisTvis.......................................................................................160
zviad gamsaxurdia: „Cven uRmerTobis, rbevisa da teroris
gzas ver davadgebiT“...........................................................................................................178
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos mimarTva
gaeros, msoflios qveynebis xalxebsa da mTavrobebs......................198
mimarTva Sida qarTlisa da q. cxinvalis osi
mosaxleobisadmi........................................................................................................................201
balyarel xalxs...........................................................................................................................203
baTumis universitetis TanamSromlebs!......................................................... 206
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris
zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla saqarTvelos televiziiT
1991 wlis 5 marts........................................................................................................................ 207
mimarTva afxazi xalxisadmi........................................................................................214
baton zviad gamsaxurdias preskonferencia qarTveli,
sabWoTa da ucxoeli JurnalistebisTvis.....................................................218
preskonferencia saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaes sabWoSi..........................................................................................................................230
litvis respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomares
baton landsbergiss...............................................................................................................236
CrdiloeT oseTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomares a.x. galazovs ssr kavSiris
masobrivi informaciis centralur saSualebebs
gancxadeba.........................................................................................................................................237
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos dadgenileba
1991 wlis 31 marts saqarTvelos respublikis referendumis
CatarebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi
6
sakiTxis Sesaxeb..........................................................................................................................238
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos prezidiumis
dadgenileba....................................................................................................................................239
soxumi afxazeTis assr uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomares
v. arZinbas......................................................................................................................................... 242
b-n vladislav arZinbas.......................................................................................................243
„kremli ultimatumebiT gvelaparakeba“........................................................245
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris
zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla saqarTvelos televiziiT
1991 wlis 16 marts......................................................................................................................259
mimarTva kavkasiis xalxebisadmi............................................................................ 264
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris
zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla televiziiT
1991 wlis 25 marts..................................................................................................................... 266
mimarTva javaxeTis somex mosaxleobas...........................................................271
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris
baton zviad gamsaxurdias Sexvedra aSS-s yofil
prezidentTan baton riCard niqsonTan..........................................................275
preskonferencia baton zviad gamsaxurdiasTan qarTveli
da ucxoeli JurnalistebisTvis..............................................................................277
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomares
z.k. gamsaxurdias........................................................................................................................283
ssr kavSiris prezidents m.s. gorbaCovs..........................................................284
mimarTva ruseTis sfsr-is saxalxo deputatTa
III sagangebo yrilobas.........................................................................................................286
ssr kavSiris prezidents m.s. gorbaCovs......................................................... 290
mimarTva ssr kavSiris uzenaes sabWos..............................................................291
ssrk-s prezidents m.s. gorbaCovs, ssrk-s uzenaesi sabWos
Tavmjdomares a.i. lukianovs.......................................................................................293
„vamayob Cemi qveyniT!“.........................................................................................................295
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis
aRdgenis aqti................................................................................................................................ 301
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos pirveli sesiis
sagangebo sxdoma........................................................................................................................305
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris
baton zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla..................................................................308
ssr kavSiris prezidents m.s. gorbaCovs ssr kavSiris
Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs b.k. pugos......................................................................336
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris
zviad gamsaxurdias preskonferencia qarTveli da
ucxoeli JurnalistebisaTvis 1991 wlis 10 aprils.............................338
bibliografiuli saZiebeli:.........................................................................................346
7
winasityvaoba
ilia WavWavaZe werda: „Cveni „qarTlis cxovreba“
xalxis istoria ki ar aris, mefeTa istoriaa, da xalxi ki,
rogorc momqmedi piri istoriisa, CrdilSia miyenebu-
li, TiTqo xalxis istoriis Sesamecneblad sakmaoa
kacma icodes marto mefeTa istoria. TviTon mefeTa
moqmedebac naCvenebia sagareo saqmeTa Sesaxeb da ara
Sesaxeb Sida-saqmeTa.“ (ix. „Zveli saqarTvelos ekono-
mikuri wyobis Sesaxeb“, 1880 w.). ilias sityvebi samar-
Tliani iqneboda im SemTxvevaSic, Tuki romelime meis-
torie xalxis mier arCeuli umaRlesi xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebis „cxovrebas“, „istorias“ mTeli qvey-
nis, xalxis „cxovrebad“ da „istoriad“ warmosaxvas
Seecdeboda. aseT meistories Tavisi argumentic eqne-
boda: demokratiulad arCeuli xelisufali mosaxle-
obis umravlesobis politikuri, socialuri, ekonomi-
kuri da, Tu gnebavT, esTetikuri Rirebulebebisa da
warmodgenebis amsaxvelia. maTi cxovreba, politikuri
gemovneba da politikuri Tavgadasavali sazogadoe-
bis umravlesobis cxovreba, politikuri gemovneba da
politikuri Tavgadasavalicaa. aseT meistories aseve
SeeZlo eTqva: „Tu Zveli „qarTlis cxovreba” mefeebis
istoriaa, axali „qarTlis cxovreba” xalxis arCeuli
saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelebis istoriaa.“ da mainc,
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi xalxi yovelTvis ufro
aRemateba TviT maT mier arCeul mmarTvelebs. demosis
es „aRmatebuloba“ sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis dinami-
kurobis wyaroa. demosi mudmivad icvleba, igi mudmiv
turbulenciaSia. umaRlesi politikuri Tanamdebobis
pirebi ki am turbulenciis aqtiuri agentebi arian da
swored amis gamo maTi oficialuri gadawyvetilebebi,
sajaro gamosvlebi Tu interviuebi ama Tu im qveynis,
sazogadoebis uaxlesi istoriis mniSvnelovan wyarod
gvevlineba. swored saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelebis
rolis Sesaxeb amgvari warmodgena udevs safuZvlad
erovnuli biblioTekis mecnierebis, kulturisa da
8
samoqalaqo ganaTlebis departamentis erT-erT axal
proeqts, romelic miznad isaxavs beWdur mediaSi sx-
vadasxva dros gamoqveynebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
fos xelmZRvanelebis sajaro gamosvlebisa da inter-
viuebis, aseve gansakuTrebiT saintereso oficialuri
dokumentebis erTad Tavmoyrasa da gamocemas.
„saqarTvelos saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelebis“ cneba-
Si vgulisxmobT im Tanamdebobebs, romelsac Cveni qvey-
nis kanonmdebloba gansakuTrebul saxelmwifo mniSvn-
elobas aniWebs. Cveni uaxlesi istoriis ganmavlobaSi
aseT Tanamdebobebs sxvadasxva saxeli erqva: „uzenaesi
sabWos Tavmjdomare“ , „saxelmwifo sabWos xelmZRvan-
eli“, „prezidenti,“ „parlamentis Tavmjdomare“ . ar
aris gamoricxuli, rom momavalSi Cveni qveynis kanon-
mdeblobam aseT TanamdebobaTa CamonaTvali gazardos
an Seamciros, rac momdevno gamocemebSi aucileblad
iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. Sesabamisad, ganzraxulia
yvela am Tanamdebobis matarebeli politikosis an
aRniSnul Tanamdebobebze movaleobis Semsrulebeli
pirebis sajaro gamosvlebisa da interviuebis gamoce-
ma. cxadia, gamosaqveynebel seriaSi ver Seva saqarTve-
los umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebis mier Tanamdebobis
dakavebamde da uflebamosilebis vadis amowurvis an
gadadgomis Semdeg gamoqveynebuli sajaro gamosvle-
bi.
emzar jgerenaia
saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTekis
mecnierebis, kulturisa da
samoqalaqo ganaTlebis
departamentis direqtori
giorgi kilaZe
saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTekis
mecnierebis, kulturisa d
samoqalaqo ganaTlebis
departamentis direqtoris moadgile
9
* * *
10
• 1990 wlis 28 oqtombris mravalpartiuli arCev-
nebSi didi upiratesobiT gaimarjva saqarTvelos
politikur partiaTa da organizaciaTa politikurma
blokma „mrgvali magida - Tavisufali saqarTvelo“.
• 1990 wlis 14 noembers muSaobas Seudga saqarTve-
los respublikis uzenaesi sabWos pirveli mowvevis
pirveli sesia. sesiam faruli kenWisyriT zviad gam-
saxurdia airCia saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi
sabWos Tavmjdomared.
• 1991 wlis 31 marts saqarTveloSi Catarda ref-
erendumi 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtis
safuZvelze saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis
Sesaxeb. referendumSi monawileobda samxreT oseTis
yofili olqi da afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublik-
is mosaxleobac. referendumSi monawileoba miiRo 3.
302.572 adamianma. (90,3 %) procenti). monawileTa 98,9
%-ma mxari dauWira saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aRdgenas.
• 1991 wlis 9 aprils referendumis Sedegebze
dayrdnobiT, miRebul iqna saqarTvelos damoukide-
blobis aRdgenis aqti.
• aSS-is 102-e mowvevis kongresma imave dRes, 94-e
sagangebo rezoluciiT legitimurad cno 31 martis
referendumis Sedegebi.
11
mimarTva
aWaris mosaxleobisadmi
13
SemTxvevaSi aWaris mosaxleobis socialuri interese-
bi Seilaxeba!
aseTi provokaciuli gancxadebis sapasuxod moma-
valSi Cveni saqmeni iRaRadeben:
Cveni mizania iseTi demokratiuli saqarTvelo,
sadac ar Seilaxeba erovnuli, religiuri, socialu-
ri, politikuri interesebi, sadac yvela sofeli Tu
kuTxe Tavad airCevs sakuTar xelisuflebas; moispoba
„zemodan“ daniSvnis komunisturi praqtika. CvenTvis
naTelia, rom adgilobrivi meurneobis marTva mxolod
adgilobriv pirs SeuZlia, sakuTari soflis, kuTxis
interesebis dacva mxolod aqaur mkvidrs SeuZlia. am
principebiT vapirebT muSaobas... aWaris avtonomiis
dacviT Tavis savarZlebs da privilegiebs icavs bi-
urokratiuli aparati. aWarelTa interesebis pirve-
li damcveli ki iqneba momavali saqarTvelos erovnu-
li parlamenti!
aWaraSi mciremiwianobaa, Cveni mizania, Tuki adg-
ilobrivi teritoriebi sakmarisi ar aRmoCndeba,
saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi mivceT yvela msurvels
saWiro savargulebi... dRemdec yvelanairad vexmare-
bodiT maT, axla ki, oficialuri qarTuli xelisufle-
ba ufro metad daexmareba yvelas.
yvelaferi mogvardeba Tuki erTianoba, urTierTn-
doba iqneba, Tuki qarTveli eri, erTian keTilSobil
sulad qceuli, gahyveba mis mier arCeul erovnul par-
laments.
gaumarjos deda saqarTvelos erTianobas!
RmerTi iyos Cveni mfarveli!
zviad gamsaxurdia
1990.05.1990.
minaweri: zviad gamsaxurdias aWarasTan mamamis-
is megobrobac akavSirebs. batono konstantine mego-
brobda haidar beg da memed beg abaSiZeebTan. lazebTan
erTad konstantine gamsaxurdia monawileobda rixes
14
cixidan memed beg abaSiZis gamoxsnaSi.
15
interviu zviad gamsaxurdiasTan
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos
arCevnebis Semdeg
19
munistur aRzrdas...“,
g) 36-e muxlidan - „...revoluciur Tu...“,
d) 45-e muxlidan - „...komunisturi mSeneblobis
miznebis Sesabamisad...“,
e) 57-e muxlidan - „...pativs scemdes socialistu-
ri saerTo cxovrebis wesebs, Rirseulad atarebdes
sabWoTa moqalaqis maRal wodebas“,
v) 62-e muxlidan - „...sabWoTa mravalerovan saxelm-
wifos...“.
7. konstituciis
a) me-7 Tavis dasaxeleba Camoyalibdes Semdegnai-
rad:
„saqarTvelos respublikis mdgomareoba ssr kav-
Siris SemadgenlobaSi“.
b) 68-e muxli Camoyalibdes Semdegnairad:
„saqarTvelos respublika aris suverenuli saqarT-
velos demokratiuli respublikis memkvidre saxel-
mwifo. igi ZaladobiT aris Seyvanili ssr kavSiris
SemadgenlobaSi. am realobidan gamomdinare, saqarT-
velos respublika mxolod gardamavali periodis gan-
mavlobaSi iZulebulia uzrunvelyos ssr kavSirisaT-
vis misi saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis
umaRlesi organoebis saxiT uflebebi, romlebic gan-
sazRvrulia ssr kavSiris konstituciis 73-e muxliT,
garda am muxlis me-3, me-4 da me-11 punqtebiT gansaz-
Rvruli kompetenciis farglebisa.
zemoT aRniSnul farglebs gareT saqarTvelos res-
publika damoukideblad axorcielebs saxelmwifo xe-
lisuflebas Tavis teritoriaze“.
g) 77-e muxli Camoyalibdes Semdegnairad:
„saqarTvelos respublikis teritoriaze moqmedebs
saqarTvelos respublikis da ssr kavSiris kanonebi
da kanonqvemdebare aqtebi. saqarTvelos respublik-
is uzenaesi sabWo aCerebs ssr kavSiris kanonebisa da
kanonqvemdebare aqtebis moqmedebas saqarTvelos res-
publikis teritoriaze, Tu isini ewinaaRmdegeba saqa-
20
rTvelos respublikis kanonebs da interesebs.
saqarTvelos respublikis kanonisagan ssr kavSiris
kanonis gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos respub-
likis teritoriaze moqmedebs saqarTvelos respub-
likis kanoni“.
d) 180-e muxli Camoyalibdes Semdegnairad:
„saqarTvelos saxelmwifo gerbi aris erovnuli
ornamentiani Svidqimiani varskvlavi, varskvlavis
oqrosfer CuqurTmas aqvs Savi arSia. qimebis Sida
veli qarTuli wiTeli ferisaa (Sindisferia).
varskvlavis gulze moTavsebulia mrgvali qarTu-
li fari, qarTuli feris (Sindisferi) veliT, romel-
zedac gamosaxulia oqrosfloqvebian TeTr cxenze amx-
edrebuli TeTri giorgi. mas marjvena xelSi upyria
sabrZolod SemarTuli vercxlispiriani oqros Subi,
xolo marcxenaSi - oqroszoliani fari.
TeTr giorgis acvia alisferi Sarvali da oqros-
feri waRebi. Semosilia vercxlisferujredebiani
cisferi javSniTa da TeTri mosasxamiT. javSnis qve-
moT mouCans yavisferi (mixakisferi) tyavis perangi.
TeTri giorgis Tavs zemoT rvaqimiani vercxlis-
feri varskvlavia. varskvlavis marjvniv aris ver-
cxlisferi mTvare, xolo marcxniv - oqrosferi mze.
mTvarisa da mzis gaswvriv or-ori rvaqimiani vercx-
lisferi varskvlavia.
TeTri giorgis cxens qvemoT Savi feriT gamo-
saxulia mTis mwvervali“.
e) 181-e muxli Camoyalibdes Semdegnairad:
„saqarTvelos erovnuli da saxelmwifo droSa aris
marTkuTxedis formis qarTuli wiTeli feris (Sindis-
feri) qsovili, romelsac taris mxares, zeda kuTxeSi
aqvs Savi (zemoT) da TeTri (qvemoT) zolebi.
droSis siganis Sefardeba sigrZesTan aris 3:5, Ti-
Toeuli zolis (Savisa da TeTris) sigane aris droSis
siganis 1/5, xolo sigrZe - droSis sigrZis 2/5“.
v) 182-e muxli Camoyalibdes Semdegnairad:
21
saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo himns amt-
kicebs saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWo“.
8. konstituciidan amoRebul iqnes me-3, me-9, me-14,
me-15, me-16, me-20, 23-e, 29-e, 30-e da 61-e muxlebi mTli-
anad, xolo me-8 da 34-e muxlebidan - meore nawilebi,
agreTve 58-e muxlis meore winadadeba.
9. saqarTvelos respublikis konstituciis 28-e
muxli Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:
„muxli 28.
saqarTvelos respublika sagareo-politikur
saqmianobaSi xelmZRvanelobs saerTaSoriso samarT-
lis principebiTa da saqarTvelos respublikis kanon-
mdeblobiT.
saqarTvelos respublikaSi omis propaganda
akrZalulia“.
II. es kanoni ZalaSia miRebisTanave.
pativcemulo deputatebo!
pativcemulo stumrebo!
pativcemulo sazogadoebav!
saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZ-
raobis, saqarTvelos Seurigebeli, demokratiuli
opoziciis ZalisxmeviT mimdinare wels Cvens qveyanaSi
pirvelad gaimarTa mravalpartiuli, demokratiuli,
arasabWouri arCevnebi. am arCevnebSi qarTvelma erma
gamoxata Tavisi neba, man Tavisi ndobis mandati ga-
dasca erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis avan-
gards – gaimarjva saarCevno blokma mrgvalma magidam
– Tavisufalma saqarTvelom! gilocavT am gamarjve-
bas, megobrebo!
qarTvelma erma gamoamJRavna udidesi politikuri
simwife, maRali erovnuli da moqalaqeobrivi Segneba,
qarTvelma xalxma daamtkica, rom igi mzad aris Tav-
isuflebisaTvis. Cven udidesi madloba unda mivagoT
yvela qarTvels, saqarTvelos erTgul yvela moqa-
laqes, romlebmac monawileoba miiRes winasaarCevno
brZolaSi, iRvawes da gaisarjnen erovnuli Zalebis
gamarjvebisaTvis, rameTu es gamarjveba demokratiis
gamarjvebaa, Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobis prin-
cipebis gamarjvebaa Cvens qveyanaSi.
magram amasTan, megobrebo, unda aRvniSno, rom es
yovelive dasawyisia axali, kidev ufro mniSvnelovani
da xangrZlivi omisa, romelSic unda gaimarjvos Cven-
ma erma da romelsac hqvia Tavisufali, damoukidebe-
li saqarTvelos mkvdreTiT aRdgineba!
Rrmad mwams, megobrebo, rom is eri, romelmac es-
oden maRal doneze Caatara Tavisufali arCevnebi, Se-
Zlebs dabrunebas dakarguli saxelmwifoebriobisas!
23
unda gvaxsovdes, megobrebo, rom es gamarjveba ar
aris erTi da ori wlis muSaobisa da brZolis Sedegi.
es aris dagvirgvineba im politikuri brZolisa, ro-
melsac awarmoebda Cveni moZraoba jer kidev 50-iani
wlebidan.
magram isic ar unda daviviwyoT, rom qarTveli eri
arasodes Sehguebia monobas da saxelmwifoebriobis
dakargvas. 1921 wels sabWoTa ruseTisagan saqarT-
velos okupaciisa da aneqsiis Semdgom, msoflioSi
umkacresi sisxliani diqtaturis pirobebSic ki gr-
Zeldeboda qarTveli eris brZola dakarguli saxel-
mwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis da dRevandeli gamar-
jveba mniSvnelovanwilad ukavSirdeba am brZolaSi
daRupul gmirebs. samaradiso dideba maT saxels!
saqarTvelos dRevandeli politikuri, socialuri
da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesabamisad, dRevan-
deli sesia yuradRebas gaamaxvilebs Semdeg ZiriT-
ad sakiTxebze: pirveli da umTavresi, rac Cven unda
gadavwyvitoT, es aris konstituciuri reformis
sakiTxi gardamaval periodSi, gardamavali perio-
dis droebiTi ZiriTadi kanonis Seqmna arsebul kon-
stituciaSi cvlilebaTa da damatebaTa Setanis sa-
fuZvelze. deklaracia Tavad gardamavali periodis
miznebisa da amocanebis Seaxeb; rogorc sakanonmde-
blo, ise aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sferoSi Cve-
ni yuradRebis centrSi iqneba ekonomikuri reforma
gardamaval periodSi, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri da-
moukideblobisaTvis safuZvelis Cayra, centraluri
dagegmvis ekonomikuri diqtatisagan misi ganTavisu-
fleba, axali politikuri struqturebis Camoyalibe-
ba, miwis kanoni, privatizacia da sabazro ekonomikaze
gadasvlis ZiriTadi principebi, municipaluri arCev-
nebi, samarTaldamcavi organoebis departizaciis da
marTlwesrigis ganmtkicebis RonisZiebebi, kulturi-
sa da ganaTlebis sistemis reorganizacia.
Zvirfaso megobrebo!
24
rogorc mogexsenebaT, erovnuli opozicia, miuxeda-
vad arCevnebSi gamarjvebisa, jerjerobiT ar acxadebs
saqarTvelos sruli damoukideblobis deklaracias,
rac ganpirobebulia saqarTveloSi da msoflioSi
arsebuli politikuri realiebiT, Cven ar gvsurs,
rom Cveni damoukideblobis deklaracia martooden
qaRaldze darCes, Cven gvsurs realuri damoukide-
bloba, rasac sWirdeba safuZvliani Semzadeba iu-
ridiul-samarTlebrivi, politikuri da ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiT.
Cven araerTxel gviTqvams, rom saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis mTvrobas, miuxedavad
saqarTvelos aneqsiisa 1921 wels, kapitulaciaze xeli
ar mouweria da amis gamo damoukidebeli saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo da misi konstitucia iuridiuli Tvalsaz-
risiT dResac ganagrZobs arsebobas, mouxedavad imisa,
rom am konstituciis moqmedeba droebiT SeCerda an-
eqsiis Sedegad, saqarTvelos teritoria iuridiulad
kvlav erTiani da ganuyofelia, masze ar moqmedebs arc
erTi ucxo saxelmwifos konstitucia, maT Soris arc
ssrk-s konstituciebi 1936 da 1978 wlisa. marTalia
sabWoTa imperiam saqarTvelos ZaladobiT Tavs moax-
via Tavisi konstitucia, magram Cveni TvalsazrisiT
misi moqmedeba dRemde mxolod faqtobrivi iyo da
ara iuridiuli. dRes erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis masobrivi saprotesto aqciebis Sedegad,
saqarTveloSi arasabWouri arCevnebis Sedegad mis am
faqtobriv moqmedebasac TandaTanoboT ecleba safuZ-
veli. amis pirveli damadasturebeli sabuTi is gax-
lavT, rom saqarTveloSi pirvelad mTeli sabWouri
periodis manZilze arCevnebi gaimarTa sabWouri kon-
stituciiT reglamentis gareSe, xolo partiebi regis-
traciaSi gaatares ara saxelmwifo marTvis organoeb-
ma, aramed centralurma saarCevno komisiam, romelic
paritetuli principebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli, Tamac
es registracia ar yofila reglamentirebuli arsebu-
25
li konstituciiT. es udidesi miRwevaa erovnuli-gan-
maTavisuflebeli moZraobisa, megobrebo. mTeli msof-
lio gancvifrebulia dRes am miRwevebiT!
amjerad Cven winaSe dgas ori arCevani. damoukide-
beli saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli xelisu-
flebis mier Sedgenili konstituciis aRdgena, misi
moqmedebis ganaxleba ver gamoiRebs sasurvel nay-
ofs, vinaidan gaZneldeba misi misadageba Tanamedrove
politikuri viTarebisadmi. garda amisa, igi ar Sei-
cavs imperiuli konstituciisagan damcav iuridiul
meqanizms, rogoric aqvs dResdReobiT arsebul kon-
stitucias misi 77-e muxlis saxiT.
amitom Cveni azriT, gardamavali periodis droe-
biTi ZiriTadi kanoni unda dafuZndes isev arsebul
konstituciaze masSi fundamenturi cvlilebebisa da
damatebebis Setanis gziT, raTa ar Seiqmnas sakonsti-
tucio vakuumi axali erovnuli konstituciis Seqm-
namde, romelic safuZvlad daedeba ukve damoukide-
beli saqarTvelos saxelmwifos, amave mizeziT aris
ganpirobebuli saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi
saxelmwifosaTvis saxelis Secvla, rac politikur
struqturaTa realuri cvlilebebis anareklia, aseve
erovnuli droSisa da himnis aRdgena. Seqmnili real-
uri politikuri viTarebis asaxvisaTvis Zvel konsti-
tucias unda SevucvaloT preambula, yvelgan unda
amoviRoT sityvebi „sabWoTa socialisturi respub-
lika“, „komunisturi mSenebloba“, „komunisturi aRz-
rda“ da sxv. unda SevimuSaoT axleburi formulire-
bani, 68-e, 77-e, 180-e, 188-e muxlebisa, konstituciidan
unda amoviRoT me-3, me-9, me-14, me-15, me-16, me-20, 23-e,
30-e, 61-e muxlebi mTlianad, xolo me-8, 34-e, 38-e da 74-e
muxlebisa – mxolod meore nawilebi; unda Seicvalos
58-e muxlis formulireba.
rac Seexeba sabWour konstitucias, gardamaval
periodSo moxdeba misi srulad uvnebelyofa da saqa-
rTvelos teritoriaze misi moqmedebis faqtobrivi
26
SeCereba, ris safuZvelsac gvaZlevs saqarTvelos kon-
stituciaSi arsebuli 77-e muxli, xolo damoukide-
blobis gamocxadebis droisaTvis moxdeba sabWoTa
konstituciis moqmedebis sruli iuridiuli SeCere-
ba da saqarTveloSi axali erovnuli konstituciis
amoqmedeba, romelic SemuSavebuli iqneba gardamaval
periodSi da romelic Seamzadebs saqarTvelos da-
moukidebeli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis samarT-
lebriv meqanizms.
Zvirfaso megobrebo!
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola saqarTvelo-
Si grZeldeba, oRond amJamad iwyeba misi axali etapi,
mas Semdeg, rac Cveni moZraobis avangardi – mrgvali
magida qarTvelma erma, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
gadamwyvetma umravlesobam airCia uzenaes sakanon-
mdeblo xelisuflebaSi. TviT mravalpartiuli,
arasabWouri arCevnebis Catareba aneqsiis pirobebSi
erovnuli da samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis udide-
si aqtia, rameTu dRemde arCevnebi Cvens sinamdvileSi
imarTeboda mxolod centrisgan Tavsmoxveuli fse-
vdosaarCevno sistemiT da diqtatiT. Cvenma moZraobam
miaRwia axali, WeSmaritad mravalpartiuli parla-
mentis arCevas, romelic iqneba ara mxolod umaRlesi
sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba Cveni qveynisa, aramed
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis xelmZRvane-
li da koordinatori da amave dros, erovnuli dau-
morCileblobis ganxorcielebis ZiriTadi samarTle-
brivi instituti.
centris yovelgvar sakanonmdeblo Tu adminis-
traciul Carevas Cveni qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi Cven
vupasuxebT erovnuli da samoqalaqo daumorCileblo-
bis mZlavri aqtebiT, raTa metropoliam veRar SeZlos
Tavisi diqtatis ganxorcieleba. ase iqneba mTeli
gardamavali periodis manZilze. Cven vcnobT mxolod
saerTaSoriso samarTals da masze davafuZnebT Cve-
ni qveynis Sida kanonmdeblobas. marTalia, dRes Cven
27
ukve xelisuflebis saTaveSi varT, magram centrisadmi
mainc opozociurad vrCebiT.
Cvendami opoziciurad dapirispirebuli banakidan
gaismis mowodeba, TiTqos Cven saqarTvelo dauyovne-
bliv unda gamovacxadoT koloniur qveynad, xolo
Cveni Tavi – koloniuri TviTmmarTvelobis organod,
rac ar migvaCnia marTebulad, vinaidan msoflio is-
torias ar axsovs koloniuri statusis mqone qveyana,
sadac Catarebuliyos Tavisufali, mravalpartiuli
arCevnebi da es qveyana amis Semdegac koloniad darCe-
niliyos. koloniuri TviTmmarTveloba yovelTvis
metropolias niSnavs, mas xalxi ar irCevs. saqarTve-
loSi erovnuli xelisuflebis arCevam zRvari daudo
saqarTvelos koloniur statuss. saqarTvelo aRar
aris kolonia, magram arc damoukidebeli saxelmwi-
foa jerjerobiT, erovnuli xelisufleba ki imis gamo
avirCieT, rom Cvens qveyanaSi daiwyos aneqsiis Sede-
gebis likvidacia da aRsdges damoukidebeli saxel-
mwifoebrioba. sxva sakiTxia saqarTvelos cnoba ok-
upirebul qveyanad, sabWoTa jarisaTvis ucxo qveynis
armiis statusis micema da saerTaSoriso samarTlis
doneze saqarTvelodan sabWoTa saokupacio jarebis
gayvanis sakiTxis dayeneba. risTvisac aucilebeli
iqneba molaparakebis dawyeba centrTan da dasavleTis
qveynebTan. amrigad, Cveni TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo
aneqsirebuli qveyanaa, romelSic daiwyo aneqsiis Se-
degebis likvidaciisa da damoukidebeli saxelmwifoe-
briobis aRdgenis procesi, pirveli nabiji ki am gzaze
centris mier daniSnuli reJimis Secvlaa axali, xalx-
is mier arCeuli xelisuflebiT. amasTan, Cven kidev
erTxel unda gamovxatoT Cveni pozicia axal samokav-
Sireo xelSekrulebebis mimarT, romlis winaaRmdegic
varT im gasagebi mizezis gamo, rom gardamavali perio-
dis saqarTvelo jerjerobiT ar aris damoukidebeli,
suverenuli saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso samarTlis
subieqti.
28
saqarTvelos axladarCeuli mravalpartiuli par-
lamentis gansxvaveba sabWour periodSi centridan
daniSnuli e.w. uzenaesi sabWosagan iqneba is, rom ax-
ali paralamenti iqneba mudmivmoqmedi Tavisi mudmi-
vi komisiebiT, igi mxolod nominalurad rodi iarse-
bebs, mas gadasawyveti aqvs urTulesi politikuri da
socialur-ekonomikuri problemebi, ris Sedegadac
gamoiricxa deputatobis SeTavseba sxvadasxva Tanam-
debobebTan, rac niSnavs sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrule-
beli xelisuflebis realur gamijvnas.
saparlamento komisiebis ZiriTadi mizani iqneba
sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebis Semzadeba gardamavali
periodeis reformebisaTvis.
rogorc Cvens programebSia aRniSnuli, gardam-
avali periodis politikuri reformis ZiriTadi
mimarTuleba iqneba biurokrtiuli aparatis, arse-
buli sabWoTa imperiuli struqturebis demontaJi
da axali demokratiuli struqturebis Camoyalibeba,
administraciul-mbrZanebluri, e.w. nomenklaturu-
li sistemis gauqmeba da arCeviTobis principis dam-
kvidreba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mmarTvelo-
biT struqturebSic, sazogadoebriv-politikuri,
sameurneo da kulturuli cxovrebis yvela dargSi. am
TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani movlena iqneba municipa-
luri arCevnebi adgilobriv sabWoebSi, rac agreTve
demokratiuli principebiT unda ganxorcieldes, ris
Sedegadac adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoebi Ta-
vad iqnebian mosaxleobis samoqalaqo, politikuri da
socialuri uflebebis damcvelni.
ramdenadac Cven vibrZviT adamianTa uflebaTa dac-
visaTvis, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Camoyalibebi-
saTvis, Cveni saxelmwifo wyobileba unda emyarebodes
saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul
normebs, gaeros adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sayovel-
Tao deklaracias, helsinkisa da venis saerTaSoriso
SeTanxmebebs, raTa qmediTi RonisZiebani ganxorciel-
29
des moqalaqeTa uflebrivi garantiebis dasamkvidreb-
lad. vin ar icis, rom sabWoTa periodSi saqarTvelo-
Si gansakuTrebiT uxeSad irRveoda mkvidri qarTuli
mosaxleobis uflebebi, ilaxeboda misi interesebi,
qarTvelTa diskriminaciam, Cagvram da Seviwroebam
kulminacias miaRwia, gansakuTrebiT iseT raioneb-
Si, sadac komunisturma totalitarizmma daamyara
araqarTveli mosaxleobis eTnokratiebi. qarTuli
enis sistematurma devnam da kanongareSe gamocxade-
bam TviT saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis dawesebulebaTa
umravlesobaSi muSaobis autaneli pirobebi Seuqmna
qarTul kadrebs, xolo rusuli enis gabatoneba da
faqtobriv saxelmwifo enad misi gadaqceva iwvevda da
axlac iwvevs nawilobriv qarTvelTa diskriminacias,
araqarTvelTa privilegirebas, rusuli enis codnis
donis mixedviT kadrebis SerCevas da ganawilebas, rac
uxeSad arRvevs TviT arsebul konstitucias. sabWo-
Ta periodSi saqarTvelo oficialurad gamocxadda
erovnebaTa Serwymisa da difuziis Tavisebur labo-
ratoriad, rasac hqonda erTaderTi mizani: qarTveli
eris sruli asimilacia, mezobeli erebis xelovnurad
daCqarebuli demografiuli eqspansiis gziT. am mizniT
xdeboda agreTve biurokratiuli aparatis korufci-
aze Tvalis daxuWva da ramdenadme misi stimulire-
bac, ris Sedegadac ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTvelos
mTel rig raionebSi araqarTveli mosaxleobis xelSi
aRmoCnda aTasobiT heqtari saukeTeso savargulebi,
xolo qarTul ojaxebs, Cveulebriv, gayofazec ki uars
eubnebodnen da eubnebian alag-alag adgilobrivi xe-
lisuflebis organoebi. ramdenadac gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis wesdeba helsinkis da venis Se-
Tanxmebani erTa Soris Tanasworuflebianobis prin-
cipebs emyareba, qarTveli eris amgvari Seviwroeba da
diskriminacia sakuTar miwa-wyalze da ucxo erebis
privilegireba unda CaiTvalos saerTaSoriso samar-
Tlis yvela aRiarebuli normis darRvevad da saer-
30
TaSoriso danaSaulad.
amis gamo saqarTvelos parlamentma Tavis umTavres
miznad unda daisaxos saqarTveloSi qarTuli mosax-
leobis uflebrivi garantiebis dakanoneba, qarTu-
li enis saxelmwifoebrivi statusis realuri da ara
moCvenebiTi ganxorcieleba, qarTul enaze unda ga-
davides saqmis warmoeba yvela sawarmosa da dawese-
bulebaSi, xolo is sawarmoebi, romlebic ver igueben
qarTul enas TavianTi e.w. sakavSiro daqvemdebarebis
gamo, unda gamoeyon amgvar daqvemdebarebas an sru-
lad Sewyviton arseboba. qarTuli mosaxleobis uf-
lebrivi garantiebis dakanonebis paralelurad unda
daCqardes saqarTvelos moqalaqis statusis SemoReba,
agreTve kanonis SemuSaveba, romelic zRvars daudebs
ukontrolo migracias da ucxoelTa demografiul
eqspansias saqarTveloSi. magram amave dros, Cven ar
ugulebelvyofT erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebs,
romelnic kanonierad mkvidroben Cvens miwa-wyalze da
xels uwyoben qarTveli eris brZolas Tavisuflebisa
da damoukideblobisaTvis. amasTan dakavSirebiT ganz-
raxuli gvaqvs saqarTveloSi SevinarCunoT erovnul
umciresobaTa arsebuli avtonomiebi, cxadia, ufro
myar konstituciur samarTlebriv safuZvlebze, qa-
rTuli mosaxleobis konstituciuri uflebebis gaT-
valiswinebiT, xolo aWaris avtonomiis sakiTxi ref-
erendumis gziT unda gadawydes.
Zvirfaso megobrebo! ეკონომიკური განვითარება
Cveni momavali warmatebebi politikur sferoSi
mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia ekonomikis gajan-
saRebaze, ekomomikur reformebze, romelsac miznad
visaxavdiT. amisTvis ki aucilebelia, vicnobdeT re-
alur suraTs saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTarebisas, romelic cxadyofs, rom qveyana aSkara
ekonomikuri krizisis pirze dgas. centraluri dage-
gmarebiTi ekonomika sul ufro da ufro amJRavnebs,
rom saqarTvelos saarsebo ekonomikuri interese-
31
bis ganxorcielebis unari ar Seswevs. wlebis ganmav-
lobaSi Tavs iCenda deficiti pirveladi moxmarebis
saqonlisa, sursaT-sanovagisa, sawvavisa. es yovelive
cxadi xdeba uwinares yovlisa cifrobriv monacemebze
dakvirvebiT. magaliTisaTvis, statistikuri monace-
mebiT, saqonlis maragma respublikis savaWro organi-
zaciebis sacalo qselSi 1990 wlis 1 oqtombrisTvis
Seadgina 1426 milioni maneTi, nacvlad SarSandeli
amave periodis 1478 milioni maneTisa, anu Semcirda
3,6 procentiT, respublikis vaWrobis saministros
sacalo qselSi 500 milioni maneTis saqonlis maragi
iyo, nacvlad 1989 wlis 1 oqtombris 533 milioni mane-
Tisa. am periodisaTvis respublikaSi gvqonda 84 dRis
saqonlis maragi, anu SarSandel Sesabamis periodTan
SedarebiT 16 dRis maragiT naklebi. vaWrobis saminis-
tros sacalo qselSi 56 dRis maragi iyo, anu 14 dRis
maragiT naklebi. mecxoveleobis umniSvnelovanesi
produqtebis maragma sabiTumo vaWrobasa da mrewve-
lobaSi aSkarad iklo, magaliTisaTvis, Tu 1989 wels
karaqis maragi Seadgenda 8,9 aTas tonas, wels es mar-
agi Semcirda 3,6 aTas tonamde, Sesabamisad, kvercxis
maragi Semcirda 48,7 milioni calidan 26,3 milion
calamde, Saqari – 15,7 aTasi tonidan – 14 aTas tonam-
de da ase Semdeg.
magaliTisaTvis, agrosamrewvelo kompleqsis sawar-
moebis mier kvebis ZiriTadi produqtebis warmoeba
1990 wlis ianvar-oqtomberSi xasiaTdeba Semdegi mo-
nacemebiT: xorcis warmoeba wina welTan SedarebiT
Semcirda 19 aTasi toniT, Zexveulisa – 7 aTasi toniT,
karaqisa – 3,2 aTasi toniT, yvelisa – 5 aTasi toniT, ig-
ive xdeba yvela saxis produqtis warmoebis sferoSi.
amasTan, mimdinare wlis 1 noembrisaTvis mrewveloba-
Si da sabiTumo vaWrobaSi Tambaqos maragi 75,6 %-iT
anu 2,6 milioni maneTiT Semcirda, aseTive suraTia
msubuqi mrewvelobis saqonlis miwodebis sferoSi,
saxelmwifo da kooperaciuli vaWrobis fondSi. sa-
32
kolmeurneo bazrebze TbilisSi, quTaisSi, baTumSi,
soxumSi gasuli wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT
sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis realizaciis saerTo
moculoba Semcirda 9,2 %-iT, xolo fasebi gaizarda
25,6%-iT saSualod. mosaxleobam sakolmeurneo bazre-
bze daxarja 69 milioni maneTiT meti, vidre gasuli
wlis ianvar-oqtomberSi, imave produqciis SeZenaze.
gegmebi Cavardnilia saxalxo moxmarebis saqaonlis
warmoebis yvela sferoSi, samrewvelo sawarmoebi
ver asruleben saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs, gan-
sakuTrebiT CamorCenilia turizmisa da eqskursiebis
respublikuri sabWo, kulturis saministro, yofi-
li saavtomobilo transportisa da gzebis saminis-
tro, kavSirgabmulobis saministro, profkavSirTa
kurortebis marTvis respublikuri sabWo, axalgazr-
duli saerTaSoriso turizmis biuro, janmrTelobis
saministro, sawarmoo gaerTianeba „saqavtomatoser-
visi“, cekavSiri, sportsazogadoeba „dinamos“ respub-
likuri sabWo.
mZime mdgomareobaa sabinao da socialur-kulturu-
li mSeneblobis sferoSi. gasuli wlis Sesabamis peri-
odTan SedarebiT saxelmwifo saxsrebiT saeqsploata-
ciod Cabarebuli sacxovrebeli saxlebis saerTo
farTobi Semcirda 166 aTasi kvadratuli metriT, anu
33,4 %-iT wlis gegma am maCveneblis mixedviT Sesrul-
da mxolod 31,4 %-iT. aseTive mdgomareobaa skolebis,
skolamdeli dawesebulebebis, saavadmyofoebis, ambu-
latoriebis, poliklinikebis, profteqnikuri saswav-
leblebis mSeneblobis sferoSic.
grZeldeba safinanso krizisi. saxelmwifo biujetis
finansuri resursebis mobilizaciis davalebis Ses-
ruleba kvlav gaZnelebulia, ZiriTadad sawarmoebisa
da organizaciebis mogebidan (Semosavlebidan) biu-
jetSi gadasaxdelebis davalebaTa qronikuli Seus-
ruleblobis gamo. am periodSi saqarTvelos saxelm-
wifo biujetis Semosavals mogebidan gadasaxdelebis
33
saxiT daaklda 41,4 milioni maneTi, anu 7,7 %. mogebis
sagegmo davalebis Sesrulebas Tavi ver gaarTva 300-ma
sawarmom da organizaciam, xolo mimdinare wlis ian-
var-seqtemberSi zaraliT daamTavra 57-ma sawarmom da
organizaciam, grZeldeba CamorCena samSeneblo kom-
pleqis saqmianobaSi, safrTxis winaSea sawarmoo sim-
Zlavreebisa da mSeneblobis obieqtebis amoqmedebis
wliuri programebis realizacia, saerTo-respubli-
kur maCvenebelze dabali Sesruleba aqvs „saqnavTobs“
(42,3%), „saqnaxSirs“ (64,4%), „saqagromSens“ (77,1%) da
sxva gaerTianebebs. amasTan Cven did daxmarebas vuw-
evT sxva respublikebs, maSin rodesac Sin Tavad gvaqvs
ukiduresad mZime mdgomareoba.
dRevandeli sagareo-ekonomikuri saqmianoba Ses-
wavlilia mravali TvalsazrisiT. dResdReobiT
saeqsperto mowodebas awarmoebs sakavSiro respub-
likuri da respublikuri daqvemdebarebis 66 sawar-
mo da organizacia. maT mier saeqsportod ganawile-
bulia 140,7 milioni maneTis produqcia. saWiroa
kontroli, raTa amgvari sawarmoebis saqmianoba yov-
elTvis Seesabamebodes erovnuli ekonomikis inter-
esebs, raTa ar dazaraldes Cveni saerTo ekonomikuri
strategia. gansakuTrebuli kontroli unda dauwes-
des Cveni strategiuli nedleulisa da produqciis
eqsports, sabazro ekonomikis principebze TandaTa-
nobiTi gadasvlis periodSi. Cveni ekonomikis zemox-
senebuli savalalo suraTi cxadia, uwinares yovlisa,
ganpirobebulia socialisturi ekonomikuri sistemis
araefeqtianobiT, centraluri dagegmvis principi
ZiriTadi Semaferxebeli faqtoria aseT viTarebaSi,
amasTan erTad igi xels uwyobs saqarTvelos koloni-
ur Zarcvas, Cveni ekonomikis daqvemdebarebas centra-
luri dagegmvis ekonomikis sistemis diqtatisagan.
mniSvnelovani destruqciuli faqtoria agreTve ko-
rufcia, ukontroloba, spekulacia, uyairaToba, rac
gamowveulia xelisuflebis struqturebis moSliT da
34
upasuxismgeblobiT.
Cveni TvalsazrisiT Seqmnili krizisuli mdgomare-
obidan arsebobs mxolod erTi gamosavali: adminis-
traciul-mbrZaneblur meTodebze da centralur dage-
gmarebaze damyarebuli socialisturi ekomomikuri
sistemis demontaJi da Tavisufal sabazro ekonomika-
ze TandaTanobiT gadasvla. Cvens programebSi aRniSnu-
lia, rom sabazro ekonomikis fundamenturi principi
mdgomareobs miwodebisa da moTxovnilebis sabazro
Zalebis regulirebaSi. praqtikuli gadawyvetile-
bebis miRebisas ki mTavrobis mxriv Careva-regulireba
Zireulad gansxvavdeba socialisturi sistemis admin-
istraciul-mbrZanebluri regulirebisagan. aq kerZo
seqtoris saqmianobaSi Careva an misi regulacia Zir-
iTadad momxmareblis interesebis dacvisaTvis xdeba.
warmoebis saSualebaTa kerZo sakuTreba, kerZo fi-
nansuri bazrebi, Tavisufali Sromis bazrebi sabazro
ekonomikis ZiriTadi ingredientebia. mas Semdeg, rac
es elementebi amoqmeddeba, xalxi Tavis mier arCeuli
warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT gadawyvets, Tu rogori
formiT Camoyalibdeba sabazro ekonomikuri urTier-
Tobebi. msoflios civilizebul qveynebTan resursebs
unda anawilebdnen sabazro Zalebi da ara biurokra-
tia, saxelmwifos kontroli ki am ganawilebisadmi,
iseve, rogorc fasebis kontroli, ar unda emyare-
bodes administrirebis dromoWmul meTods. amasTan,
arsebobs didi safrTxe e.w. „sabazro socializmisa“,
sabazro ekonomika uSualod unda daeyrdnos kerZo
seqtors da Ria saerTaSoriso vaWrobas. amave dros
aucilebelia privatizaciis procesis daCqareba, gan-
sakuTrebiT soflad, saWiroa SemoReba miwis kanon-
isa, rac aucileblad unda mohyves saqarTvelos mo-
qalaqis statusis SemoRebas. am kanonis safuZvelze
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs unda gadaeceT miwa kerZo
mflobalobaSi gasxvisebis uflebis gareSe. rac uTu-
od Seuwyobs xels mosaxleobis soflad damkvidrebas
35
da glexuri meurneobis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi.
aucilebelia, agreTve aRdges tradiciuli formebi
soflis meurneobisa, ZiriTadi aqcenti unda gakeTdes
mevenaxeobaze, mecxoveleobisa da marcvleuli kul-
turebis ganviTarebaze. saqarTvelos mZime ekonomiku-
ri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, pirveledi moxmare-
bis sagnebisa da produqtebis mwvave deficitis gamo,
gadaudebel RonisZiebebad CavTvaleT savaWro qselSi
normirebis daweseba da pasportebis wardgeniT vaW-
roba, rac aucileblad unda ganxorcieldes mkacri
kontroliT, davaweseT agreTve saqarTvelodan Rvin-
is, xilisa da sxva produqtebis ukontrolod da didi
raodenobiT gazidvis akrZalva. ukanasknel xanebSi
gaZlierda sabotaJis faqtebic. kolmeurneobebi da
sabWoTa meurneobebi didi raodenobiT abareben piru-
tyvs sasaklaoebs da xorckombinatebs, yidian manqaneb-
sa da sxva teqnikas, rasac Segnebuli sabotaJis elf-
eri dahkravs.
Cven vafrTxilebT yvelas: marTlia Cven gamovacxa-
deT erovnuli Serigeba da Semwynarebloba, gamovacxa-
deT, rom aravis ganvikiTxavT warsuli codvebisaTvis,
magram vinc amieridan daupirispirdeba dRevandeli
ganaxlebis process, isev korufciiT, spekulaciiT da
sabotaJiT gaamwvavebs isedac gamwvavebul viTarebas,
pasuxs agebs erisa da kanonis winaSe. დანაშაულთან ბრძოლა
yovelive amasTan dakavSirebiT unda ganvacxado
agreTve, rom sazogadoebriobis udides SeSfoTebas
iwvevs damnaSaveobis katastrofuli zrda Cvens qvey-
anaSi, razec metyveleben sagangaSo statistikuri
monacemebi, magaliTad 1990 wlis ianvar-oqtomber-
Si saqarTveloSi registrirebulia 15 839 danaSau-
li, anu gasuli wlis Sesabamis periodTn SedarebiT
12,5%-iT meti, 15%-iT gaizarda mZime danaSaulobaTa
raodenoba, aqedan Cadenilia 209 mkvleloba, anu 21%-
iT meti, Zarcvebisa da yaCaRobis ricxvic Sesabamisad
gaizarda 1,9 da 2-jer. unda aRvniSnoT, rom Cven dam-
36
naSaveobas vTvliT socialur problemad, vinaidan mas
warmoSobs maxinji social-politikuri wyobileba,
romelSc vcxovrobdiT wlebis manZilze, religiis ga-
nadgureba, zneobis dacema, sulieri idealebis miviw-
yeba da gauareseba – ai, damnaSaveobis namdvili sawy-
isebi. danaSaulis aRmofxvris, socialuri harmoniis
damyarebis erTaderTi gza icis civilizebulma kaco-
briobam: es aris religiis aRorZineba, axalgazrdo-
bis swori aRzrda, zneobrivi idealebis damkvidreba
sazogadoebaSi. magram amave dros iZulebulni varT
vebrZoloT danaSaulis konkretul gamovlinebebs,
gansakuTrebiT iseTi danaSaulisas, romelic safrTx-
es uqmnis adamianis sicocxlesa da janmrTelobas.
viTvaliswinebT ra Seqmnili viTarebis did sazoga-
doebriv safrTxes, gadavwyviteT gamovceT marTlwes-
rigis dacvisa da ganmtkicebis kanoni da dadgenileba
erovnuli Sinagani jaris Seqmnis Sesaxeb, ramac unda
uzrunvelyos qveynis stabiluroba qveynis SigniT
gardamaval periodSi. amasTan, aucilebelia samarTl-
damcavi organoebis sruli departizacia, rac ukve
daiwyo saqarTvelos respublikis prokuraturam da
es friad misasalmebelia. Cven mivesalmebiT sruli-
ad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis ilia II-is sa-
gangebo brZanebas, romelic gmobs kacis kvlas, ro-
gorc umZimes danaSauls eris winaSe, da vTvliT, rom
anaTemisa da erisagan mokveTis Rirsia yvela is qarT-
veli, romelic Tavis moZmes gaimetebs.
Zvirfaso megobrebo! კულტურული ძეგლები
totalitaruli reJimisa da komunisturi ideolo-
giuri diqtaturis pirobebSi safrTxe Seeqmna qarTve-
li eris ara marto socialur-politikur da ekono-
mikur yofas, aramed, uwinares yovlisa, sulier da
kulturul Rirebulebebs. katastroful mdgomareo-
baSia qarTuli kulturis unikaluri Zeglebi: alaver-
di, mravalZali, alvanis cxrakara, nikorwminda, zarz-
ma da mravali sxvani, romelTa upatronod mitovebas
37
STamomavloba ar gvapatiebs; miSvebulia samuzeumo
saqme, meurveoba sWirdeba xelovnebis dargebs, dRes-
dReobiT aucilebelia kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis arsebuli struqturebis radikaluri refor-
ma, gasarkvevia kulturis saministros, ZeglTa dacvis
sammarTvelos, istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa mflo-
bel calkeul pirovnebaTa Tu uwyebaTa kompetenciis,
statusisa da materialuri bazis sakiTxebi. amasTan,
aucilebelia kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis da-
moukidebeli saxelmwifo inspeqciis Seqmna, wamyvani
kulturuli saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis statusis
dadgena da materialuri bazis gaumjobeseba, rac gan-
sakuTrebiT Seexeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muze-
ums, xelovnebis muzeums, operisa da baletis Teatrs.
aucilebelia ganvixiloT agreTve raionuli Teatre-
bis, mxareTmcodneobisa da memorialuri muzeumebis
dotaciis sakiTxebi, samxatvro akademiis, konser-
vatoriis, Teatraluri institutis saswavlo pro-
gramebis gadaxedva-daxvewa da materialuri bazis
mogvareba, mecnierebaTa akademiis statusis ganxilva,
mecnierebis marTvis centralizebul-biurokratiuli
sistemis radikaluri reforma. ucxoeTTan kulturu-
li kontaqtebi axleburad unda ganvaxorcieloT,
aucilebelia saqarTvelos wevroba-monawileoba
saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi: ZeglTa dacvis xaziT
ikomosSi, samuzeumo saqmis xaziT – ikomSi da a.S. raTa
Cveni msoflio mniSvnelobis kulturuli memkvidreo-
ba ukeT gaicnos ucxoeTis sazogadoebriobam, rac
agreTve uzrunvelyofs misi dacvis gaumjobesebas.
gadaudebelia ganaTlebis sistemis radikaluri
reforma. saswrafod unda gadaisinjos saswavlo pro-
gramebi, unda gavauqmoT yovlad usargeblo da zed-
meti disciplinebi: e.w. ssr kavSiris istoria, marq-
sizm-leninizmi, socialisturi politekonomia, e.w.
sazogadoebaTmcodneoba, dialeqtikuri da istori-
uli materializmi da sxvani, unda aRvadginoT saqa-
38
rTvelos istoriisa da geografiis srulfasovani
swavleba, unda gafarTovdes religiuri swavleba,
Seiqmnas sakvirao samrevlo skolebi da Teologiuri
fakultetebi umaRles saswavleblebSi, unda gaRrma-
vdes da gaumjobesdes qarTuli enisa da literaturis
swavleba, saqarTveloSi unda damkvidrdes qarTuli
skolis prioriteti, rusuli skolebi unda Semcirdes
mxolod rusuli mosaxleobis moTxovnaTa Sesabamis-
ad, qarTveli bavSvebi aRar unda izrdebodnen rusul
skolebSi.
Zvirfaso megobrebo! Cveni samarTliani brZola Ta-
visuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis msoflios
yuradRebis centrSia. de, icodes yvelam, rom Cven vi-
brZodiT da vibrZviT Cveni winaprebis religiuri da
erovnuli idealebis aRorZinebisaTvis, rameTu saqa-
rTvelos didi misia daakisra gangebam. qarTveli eri
arnaxuli wamebiT vidoda istoriis eklian gzaze. igi
zneobisa da samarTlianobis qomagi iyo mudamJams. man
xorci gaswira sulisaTvis, man WeSmaritebis msaxure-
ba daisaxa Tavis uzenaes miznad, risTvisac mravalg-
zis igvema da ewama barbarosTagan da warmarTTagan.
magram man gamoiara istoriis golgoTa, raTa damd-
gariyo Jami misi aRdgomisa da aRzevebisa, misi gabrwy-
inebisa msoflios xalxTa winaSe, raTa kacobrioba
eziaros naTels saqarTvelosas, RvTiT momadlebuls.
ar aris Sors is dro, rodesac saqarTvelo iqceva
zneobrivi sidiadis magaliTad msoflios xalxTaTvis.
Zvirfaso megobrebo! Cveni moZraoba, uwinares
yovlisa, religiuri moZraobaa, rameTu religiis ga-
reSe ar arsebobs WeSmariti erovnuli aRorZneba.
amitomac aris dRes erTad Cveni eri da Cveni eklesia.
Cven vebrZviT uRmerTobisa da usamarTlobis ukuneT
Rames, Cvens marTal saqmes gangeba mfarvelobs da ami-
tomac davamarcxeT mteri. qarTveli eri ar wava bara-
bas gziT, uRmerTobis, avazakobis, terorizmis gziT,
qarTveli eris gza saTnoebis gzaa, siqvelis gzaa, siy-
39
varulis gza, qristes gzaa, aw da maradis da ukuniTi
ukunisamde.
kurTxeul iyos RvTismSoblis wilxvedri saqarTve-
lo! CvenTan ars RmerTi! amin!
zviad gamsaxurdia
Tbilisi.
1990 wlis 14 noemberi
40
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos
dadgenileba
adamianis uflebaTa dacvisa da
marTlwesrigis ganmtkicebis Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos respublikaSi damnaSaveobam saganga-
So masStabi miiRo. mkveTrad imata mkvlelobis, yaCa-
Robis, Zarcvis, pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul sxva
danaSaulobaTa raodenobam, maT Soris organizebul
danaSaulobaTa SemTxvevebma. uxeSad irRveva sazo-
gadoebrivi wesrigi, Seqmnilia dausjelobis atmos-
fero, moSlilia saxelmwifo disciplina. arsebuli
ekonomikuri siZneleebis pirobebSi, ukontrolobi-
sa da ganukiTxaobis viTarebaSi gaxSirda angarebis
mizniT Tanamdebobis borotad gamoyenebis faqtebi.
yovelive es seriozul safrTxes uqmnis sayovel-
Taod aRiarebul adamianis uflebebsa da samoqalaqo
mSvidobas. respublikaSi aseTi moralur-samarTle-
brivi viTareba miT ufro mouTmenelia, roca dRis
wesrigSi realurad dgas saqarTvelos saxelmwifoe-
brivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis, demokratiuli,
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos formirebis amocana.
seriozuli xarvezebia samarTaldamcveli organoe-
bis saqmianobaSi, rac mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebu-
lia TviT am organoebis sistemis arasrulyofilebiTa
da partiuli diqtatisadmi maTi daqvemdebarebiT.
damnaSaveobis winaaRmdeg gadamWreli zomebis
miRebis, adamianis uflebaTa dacvisa da marTlwes-
rigis ganmtkicebis mizniT saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWo adgens:
1. politikuri pluralizmis pirobebSi respublik-
is sasamarTlo, arbitraJis, prokuraturis, Sinagan
saqmeTa, saxelmwifo uSiSroebis, iusticiis organoeb-
Si mizanSeuwonlad iqnes miCneuli partiuli organi-
zaciebis Seqmna da funqcionireba. amasTanave am or-
41
ganoebSi arCeuli Tu daniSnuli Tanamdebobis pirni
imavdroulad ar SeiZleba iyvnen romelime politiku-
ri partiis wevrebi.
2. respublikis samarTaldamcvelma organoebma
miiRon kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela zoma dana-
SaulobaTa aRkveTis, marTlwesrigis ganmtkicebisa
da adamianis uflebaTa dacvisaTvis.
3. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosTan
Seiqmnas marTlwesrigis ganmtkicebisa da damnaSave-
obis winaaRmdeg brZolis specialuri Sinagani jaris
danayofebi, romlebic ZiriTadad dakompleqtdeba
savaldebulo samxedro samsaxurSi gasawvevi moqa-
laqeebiT.
4. saqarTvelos axlad Seqmnilma ministrTa sabWom
gadawyvitos marTlwesrigis ganmtkicebisa da damna-
Saveobis winaaRmdeg brZolis specialuri danayofe-
bis organizaciuli, materialuri da finansuri uz-
runvelyofis sakiTxebi.
5. saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Sesa-
bamisma komisiebma moamzadon da saqarTvelos respub-
likis uzenaes sabWos warudginon:
a) winadadebani respublikis samarTaldamcveli
organoebis sistemis reformis Taobaze;
b) winadadebani moqmed kanonmdeblobaSi cvlile-
bebisa da damatebebis Setanis, agreTve amnistiis aq-
tis miRebis Taobaze;
g) kanonproeqti marTlwesrigis ganmtkicebisa da
damnaSaveobis winaaRmdeg brZolis specialuri danay-
ofebis samarTlebrivi statusis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare
z. gamsaxurdia
Tbilisi. 1990 wlis 15 noemberi
saqarTvelos respublikis
saxelmwifo droSis Sesaxeb
43
saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni
saqarTvelos respublikis
saxelmwifo gerbis Sesaxeb
44
saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni
saqarTvelos respublikis
saxelmwifo himnis Sesaxeb
45
kanoni : saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo himnis Sesaxeb / gam-
saxurdia z. // axalgazrda iverieli. – 1990. – 17 noemberi.- #127
(11613). – 6 gv.
46
saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni
48
saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni
amnistiis Sesaxeb
mravalpartiul demokratiul arCevnebSi saqarTve-
los erovnuli moZraobis mier mopovebuli gamarjve-
bis, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis
aRdgenis gardamavali periodis dawyebis aRsaniSna-
vad, humanizmis principebidan gamomdinare, saqarTve-
los respublikis uzenaesi sabWo adgens:
1. ganTavisufldnen sasjelisagan Tavisuflebis
aRkveTis saxiT daniSnuli vadis miuxedavad, agreTve
iseTi sasjelisagan, romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli
Tavisuflebis aRkveTasTan, saqarTvelos ssr sasamarT-
loebis mier msjavrdebulni:
a) qalebi;
b) 60 welze ufrosi mamakacebi;
g) I da II jgufis invalidebi.
2. ganTavisufldnen sasjelisagan msjavrdebulni,
romlebsac misjili aqvT: Tavisuflebis aRkveTa vadiT
5 wlamde CaTvliT da manamde ar mouxdiaT sasjeli
Sroma-gasworebis dawesebulebebSi. agreTve msjavr-
debulni, romlebsac misjili aqvT sasjeli, romelic
ar aris dakavSirebuli Tavisuflebis aRkveTasTan.
3. ganTavisufldnen sasjelis Semdgomi moxdisa-
gan msjavrdebulni, romlebmac realurad moixades Se-
fardebuli sasjelis naxevari da manamde ar mouxdiaT
sasjeli Sroma-gasworebis dawesebulebebSi.
4. ganTavisufldnen sasjelisagan Tavisuflebis
aRkveTis saxiT arasrulwlovanni, romlebsac manamde
ar mouxdiaT sasjeli Sroma-gasworebis dawesebule-
bebSi.
5. ganTavisufldnen sasjelisagan msjavrdebulni,
romlebsac gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili danaSauli-
saTvis misjili aqvT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa vadiT 8
wlamde CaTvliT.
6. gaunaxevrdes sasjeli msjavrdebulebs, rom-
lebsac gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili danaSaulisaT-
49
vis misjili aqvT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 8 welze zeviT.
7. Sewydes im danaSaulTa gamo aRZruli yvela sag-
amoZiebo da sasamarTloebSi ganuxilveli saqmis war-
moeba, romlebic am kanonis pirvel muxlSi CamoTvlil-
ma pirebma Caidines kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlamde.
8. ar ganTavisufldnen sasjelisagan am kanonis
1, me-2, me-3 da me-4 muxlebSi CamoTvlili pirebi, rom-
lebic:
a) msjavrdebulni arian: erovnuli da rasobrivi
Tanasworuflebianobis darRvevisaTvis (ssk 75-e mux.);
yalbi fulis an fasiani qaRaldis damzadebisa da
gasaRebisaTvis (ssk 88-e mux.); ganzrax mkvlelobisaT-
vis (ssk 104-e da 105-e muxlebi); sxeulis ganzrax mZime
dazianebisaTvis (ssk 110-e mux.); sazogadoebrivi wes-
rigis damcveli miliciis muSakis an saxalxo razmelis
sicocxlis xelyofisaTvis (ssk 2091 mux.); gaupatiure-
bisTvis (ssk 117-e muxlis III da IV nawilebi); saxelm-
wifo an sazogadoebrivi qonebis gansakuTrebiT didi
odenobiT gatacebisaTvis qurdobis, Zarcvis an yaCa-
Robis gziT (ssk 961 mux.); damamZimebel garemoebebSi
saxelmwifo an sazogadoebrivi da moqalaqeTa piradi
qonebis qurdobisaTvis (ssk 91-e muxlis III da IV naw-
ilebi da ssk 150-e muxlis III da IV nawilebi); damamZimeb-
el garemoebebSi gaZarcvisaTvis (ssk 92-e muxlis II, III
da IV nawilebi da ssk 151-e muxlis II, III da IV nawile-
bi), yaCaRobisaTvis (ssk 96-e da 152-e muxlebiT); gansa-
kuTrebiT boroti xulignobisaTvis (ssk 228-e muxlis
III naw.); cecxlsasroli iaraRis, sabrZolo masalis an
feTqebadi nivTierebis gatacebisaTvis (ssk 240-e mux.);
damamZimebel garemoebebSi satransporto saSuale-
baTa gatacebisaTvis (ssk 243-e muxlis II nawili); nar-
kotikul saSualebaTa ukanonod damzadebis, SeZenis,
Senaxvis, gadazidvis an gasaRebisaTvis (ssk 252-e mux-
lis I, II, III, IV da V nawilebi); narkotikul saSualebaTa
xmarebaze dayoliebisaTvis (ssk 2523 mux.); narkotikul
saSualebaTa moxmarebis bunagis mowyobis, Senaxvis an
am miznebisaTvis sadgomis micemisaTvis (ssk 2525 mux.);
50
gasaSeneblad akrZaluli xaSxaSis da kanafis daTesvi-
saTvis (ssk 253-e muxli).
b) gansakuTrebiT saSiS recidivistebad cnobili
pirebi;
g) pirebi, romlebic samjer da metjer arian na-
samarTlevi da misjili hqondaT Tavisuflebis aRkve-
Ta ganzrax Cadenili danaSaulebebisaTvis, agreTve
manamde nasamarTlevi arian am kanonis me-8 muxlis „a“
punqtSi aRniSnuli danaSaulisaTvis;
d) pirebi, romlebmac mTvral mdgomareobaSi Caid-
ines satransporto saSualebaTa marTvis wesebis dar-
Rveva (ssk 241-e muxlis III da IV nawilebi).
9. SeumcirdeT sasjelis mouxdeli nawili Semdeg
pirebs, romlebic ar Tavisufldebian sasjelisagan am
kanonis safuZvelze:
a) romlebic pirobiT gaanTavisufles Tavisuflebis
aRkveTis adgilebidan SromaSi savaldebulo CabmiT, -
sanaxevrod.
g) msjavrdebulebs, romlebic sasjels ixdian
Sroma-gasworebis dawesebulebebSi da moixades dan-
iSnuli sasajelis sul cota erTi mesamedi, - sanaxev-
rod.
10. am kanonis safuZvelze sasjelisagan ganTavi-
suflebul pirebs nasamarTloba ar exsnebaT, isini
damatebiTi sasjelisagan ar Tavisufldebian (gadasax-
lebisa da gasaxlebis garda).
11. es kanoni ZalaSi Sedis miRebisTanave da unda Ses-
ruldes eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi.
51
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos
dadgenileba
deputat v. domuxovskis mier SekiTxvis
wesiT dasmuli sakiTxis Semswavleli
komisiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb
52
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos
dadgenileba
54
ssr kavSiris prezidents
m.s. gorbaCovs samokavSireo
xelSekrulebis proeqtis Taobaze
56
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi
sabWos Tavmjdomaris baton
zviad gamsaxurdias
interviu amerikeli Jurnalistis
edmund stivensisadmi
– 1990 wlis 25 marts daniSnuli arCevnebis win
moewyo saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis sagangebo konferencia, romelzec Tqven
mouwodeT xalxs, gamoecxadebina boikoti arCevnebis,
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos, opoziciuri erovnuli
saTaTbiros Seqmnisadmi, xolo arCevnebis SemTxvevaSi
uzenaes sabWos TviTlikvidacia unda gamoecxadebina
(cnoba amis Sesaxeb gazeT „zaria vostokaSi“ gamoqveyn-
da 1990 wlis 13 marts). axla Tqven ara Tu miiReT monaw-
ileoba arCevnebSi, aramed Tavmjdomare brZandebiT
swored im uzenaesi sabWosi, romlis likvidaciasac
mouwodebdiT sul ramdenime Tvis win. miT umetes,
imave konferenciis gadawyvetilebiT gamocxadda, rom
erovnuli moZraobidan unda gairicxon sazogadoe-
brivi gaerTianebani, romlebic monawileobas miiRe-
ben arCevnebSi.
– 1990 wlis 25 marts daniSnuli erTpartiuli
arCevnebi antidemokratiul principebs emyareboda da
ver gaxdeboda saqarTvelos mosaxleobis nebis gamomx-
atveli. swored amitom gamovucxadeT Cven boikoti am
arCevnebs. magram, rodesac „mrgvali magida – Tavisu-
fali saqarTvelos“ blokis Zalisxmevisa da aqciebis
meoxebiT miiRes arCevnebis axali kanoni, SesaZlebeli
gaxda gamarTuliyo Tavisufali, mravalpartiuli, da
ara sabWouri arCevnebi, mxolod amis Semdeg miviReT
Cven monawileoba am arCevnebSi da Rirseuladac gavi-
marjveT. ase rom, axla me vTavmjdomareob ara „im uze-
naes sabWos, romlis likvidaciasac movuwodebdi“,
aramed axal mravalpartiul uzenaes sabWos, romel-
ic ukve aRar aris sabWouri struqtura da romelsac
Rirseulad uwodeben saqarTvelos erovnul parla-
57
ments.
unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebma, wina arCevnebisagan gansx-
vavebiT, gaiara sabWoTa konstituciis reglamentis
gareSe – sxvadasxva partiebi registraciaSi gaatares
ara mmarTvelma sabWoTa organoebma, aramed centra-
lurma saarCevno komisiam. meTvalyureebad mowveuli
gvyavdnen sazRvrgareTeli eqspertebi. aseT pirobe-
beSi Caiara Tavisufalma arCevnebma, romelic saqarT-
velos mosaxleobis nebis erTaderT gamomxatvelad
mogvevlina.
– Tqvenma politikurma mowinaaRmdegebma – Wantu-
riam da wereTelma – gamarTes erovnuli kongresis
arCevnebi. rogor warimarTeba, Tqveni azriT, urT-
ierToba saqarTvelos xelisuflebis arsebiTad or
struqturas Soris? miT umetes, rom Tqvenc da Tqvens
oponentebsac ganzraxuli gaqvT moawyoT adgilo-
brivi xelisuflebis organoebis arCevnebi. gazeTSi
xSirad weren „mrgvali magidis“ liderebsa da erovnu-
li kongresis momxreebs Soris wamoWril konfliqtze,
Tanac Turme sityvieri Sexla-Semoxlidan saqme mid-
ioda Zalis gamoyenebamde, maT Soris, SeiaraRebul
konfliqtebamde. rogor gesaxebT Tqven erovnul kon-
gresTan Semdgomi Tanaarseboba? da kidev, saqarTve-
los momavali, rogorc Tqveni winasaarCevno prog-
ramidan sCans, Tqven gesaxebaT srul TavisTavadobad
da damoukideblobad. miuxedavad amisa, erovnul kon-
gresSi Semavali Tqveni oponentebi araorazrovnad
acxadeben, rom mxars uWeren israelis msgavs gasamxe-
droebul saxelmwifos Seqmnas da natos blokSi Ses-
vlas. rogoria Tqveni pozicia am sakiTxSi?
– rac SeexebaT Cems politikur mowinaaRmdegeebs,
maT ar gaumarTavT araviTari namdvili arCevnebi.
es iyo gayalbebuli arCevnebi, romlebSic saqarTve-
los mosaxleobis or procentsac ar miuRia monawil-
eoba. maT ar gamouqveynebiaT detaluri monacemebi
58
raionebisa da ubnebis mixedviT, isini ar Seumowmebi-
aT sazRvargareTel eqspertebs, ase rom, TviTmarqvia
„erovnuli kongresi“ araviTar politikur Zalas ar
warmoadgens da miT umetes, ar aris „xelisuflebis
struqtura“ rogorc Tqven moixsenieT. isini mfarve-
loben raionebSi mokalaTebul SeiaraRebul bandebs,
romlebic terorSi amyofeben da Zarcvaven mosaxleo-
bas – ai, mTeli maTi „moRvaweoba“ da konfliqtebi
maTTan, mxolod da mxolod, am niadaze mogvdis. Sem-
dgomi „Tanaarseboba“ agreTve, damokidebulia imaze,
ganudgebian Tu ara isini kriminalur mafias, romel-
ic amden avkacobas sCadis saqarTveloSi. CvenTvis mi-
uRebelia kongresis politikuri „ideebi“, romlebic
mogviwodebs gamovacxadoT saqarTvelo koloniur
qveyanad – miuRebelia, radgan migvaCnia, rom kolo-
niur qveyanas iuridiulad CamorTmeuli aqvs ufle-
ba, moawyos Tavisufali da mravalpartiuli arCev-
nebi, sadac gamarjveba moipoves demokratiulma da
erovnulma Zalebma. egreT wodebul erovnul kon-
gress ki ara aqvs xalxis mxardaWera, Cven igi migvaCnia
fiqciad, romelsac aklia politikuri mowifuloba da
kompetenturoba. amasve mowmobs maTi damokidebuleba
natos blokSi saqarTvelos Sesvlis sakiTxisadmi – es
im dros, rodesac evropaSi mimdinareobs integraciis
progresuli procesebi. Sendeba evropis saerTo sax-
li da yvelani eswrafvian sruliad evropis samxedro
usafrTxoebis miRwevas.
– ra tipis saxelmwifoebrioba aSendeba saqarT-
veloSi da rogori iqneba marTva-gamgeobis forma?
Tqvens bolodroindel gamosvlebSi es sakiTxi sxva-
dasxvgvarad aris gaSuqebuli.
– saqarTveloSi avaSenebT parlamentur, demokra-
tiul respublikas, me mudam vicavdi yvela am ideas
yvela Cems gamosvlaSi.
– mrgvali magidis momxreni iyvnen saqarTvelodan
„saokupacio jarebis“ gayvanisa da sakuTari armiis Se-
59
qmnis politikis iniciatorebi da gamtareblebi. ro-
goria Tveni pozicia am sakiTxSi amJamad da saerTod,
rogor gesaxebaT urTierToba saqarTveloSi ganlage-
bul sajariso qveganayofebTan?
sakuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebis, sasazRvro jare-
bis, sabaJos Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi ra wyaroebidan daafi-
nansebT am programebs, sad moamzadebT kadrebs?
– saqarTveloSi sabWoTa saokupacio jarebis yof-
nis marTlzomiereba unda gadawyvitos saerTaSoriso
samarTalma, iseTma instanciebma, rogoric aris gaer-
Tianebuli erebis organizacia, evropis sabWo da sxva.
mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelo miaRwevs srul damou-
kideblobas da Seqmnis Tavis erovnul armias. iqamde
ki saqarTveloSi myofma jaris nawilebma unda Secva-
lon statusi da gaxdnen ucxoeTis saxelmwifos war-
momadgenlebi.
Cven vgmobT maTTan fizikuri brZolis yovelgvar
avantiuristul ideas, vinaidan es udides safrTxes
uqadis saqarTvelos. saqarTvelos axali erovnuli
armia dafinansdeba respublikis biujetidan. kadrebs
moamzadeben adgilobrivi da ucxoeli specialistebi,
rogorc es yvela sxva qveyanaSi xdeba xolme.
– Tqveni interviuebidan gamomdinareobs, rom
ganzraxuli gaqvT saxelmwifo uSiSroebis organoe-
bis reorganizacia. ra mimarTulebiT warimarTeba da
ra funqciebi unda Seasrulon uSiSroebis organoeb-
ma, sad moamzadebT am organoebis TanamSromlebs, Tu
Tqven uaryofT kavSirTan SesaZlo urTierTobas?
– Cven saxelmwifo uSiSroebis organoebis reorga-
nizacias warvmarTavT erovnuli orientaciis gziT da
kadrebsac aseve Cveni specialistebi moamzadeben.
– Cveni azriT, Tqvens gamosvlebSi erovnul sakiTx-
ze aris winaaRmdegobani. magaliTad, 1988 wlis 1 no-
embers mweralTa kavSirSi gamarTul krebaze Tqven
ganacxadeT: Cven gvaqvs cnobebi, rom saqarTvelos
mTavrobas ganzraxuli aqvs gadasces aRmosavleTi
60
saqarTvelo azerbaijans da iqve daayeneT sakiTxi, rom
saWiroa gasaxlebul iqnen azerbaijanelebi miwa-wy-
lidan, romelic maT ukanonod daikaves. 1988 wlis 11
noembers kinos saxlTan gamarTul mitingze gamosvli-
sas Tqven brZaneT: osebs ganvumartavT, rom „Tu maT ar
surT CvenTan mSvidobianad icxovron, maSin saqarT-
velodan wavidneno“.
61
viwroeba yvela saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi nor-
miT SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc saerTaSoriso dan-
aSauli. kanonis pativiscema moeTxovebaT ara marto
azerbaijanelebs aramed yvela sxva eris warmomad-
genlebsac. ukanonod dakavebuli miwebi unda gaaT-
avisuflos yvelam, maT Soris qarTvelebmac. magram
saqarTveloSi ungreven ukanonod aSenebul saxlebs
qarTvelebs, xolo araqarTveli mosaxleobis saxlebs
TiTs ar akareben. Cven aseTi diskriminaciis winaaRm-
degi varT, rac SeexebaT nairnair separatistebs, Cven
vibrZolebT maT winaaRmdeg, vinaidan separatistTa
pretenziebi – nawil-nawil daaqucmacon saqarTvelo –
yovlad ukanonoa.
62
amis dasturia saqarTvelos istoria. CvenSi odiTgan,
mravali saukunis manZilze tradiciulad damkvidrda
sxvadasxva eTnikur warmomadgenelTa mSvidobiani,
Tanasworuflebiani Tanacxovreba. rac Seexeba migra-
cias, igi mudamJams xdeba nebismier saxelmwifoSi.
xels xom ar SevuSliT adamianebs, romlebic TavianTi
nebiT miemgzavrebian istoriul samSobloSi?
– Tu saidumlo ar aris, ra sakanonmdeblo aqtebis
ganxilvas apirebs axlad arCeuli parlamenti respub-
likaSi erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobis normalizaci-
is sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
– damoukidebeli saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis sta-
tusi iqneba sxvadasxva qveynebis warmomadgenelTa Ta-
nasworuflebianobisa da urTierTobis normalizaci-
is WeSmariti garanti.
– xom ar gamoiwvevs aWaris avtonomiis gauqmeba
mosazRvre TurqeTis urTierTdamokidebulebis gar-
Tulebas? aWarlebi xom sxva religias misdeven. garda
amisa, TurqeTSi, rogorc cnobilia, 2 milionamde war-
moSobiT qarTveli cxovrobs.
– Sinauri problemebis samarTlebrivi gadawyveta
qarTveli eris prerogativaa. aqve unda davZino, rom
sxva religiis aRmsarebelni aWarelTa umravlesobas
ar Seadgenen. Cven gavauqmebT aWaris avtonomias mx-
olod aWarelTa TanxmobiT. e.i. referendumis gziT.
rac SeexebaT TurqeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs, maT surT
ixilon erTiani da ara avtonomiebad daqucmacebuli
saqarTvelo, saqarTveloSi qarTvelTa avtonomias ar-
avin ar iwonebs, aWaris komunisturi mafiis garda.
– qarTvelTa mniSvnelovani nawili TviT sqarT-
velos farglebs gareT, maT Soris sazRvargareT cx-
ovrobs. ganaxorcielebs Tu ara axlad arCeuli saqa-
rTvelos parlamenti RonisZiebebs maTi samSobloSi
dabrunebisaTvis, xolo Tu ganaxorcielebs, xom ar ga-
moiwvevs es axal garTulebebs respublikaSi mcxovreb
sxva erovnebis pirebTan dakavSirebiT? saqarTvelos
63
xom arc Tu ise didi miwis maragi aqvs.
– qarTvel emigrantTa saqarTveloSi dabruneba
arafers avnebs sxva erovnebaTa warmomadgenlebis cx-
ovrebis pirobebs, garda amisa, Cveni emigracia erTob
mcirericxovania da maTgan mxolod nawils surs dab-
rundes samSobloSi.
– calkeul publikaciebSi gamosWvivis azri, rom
saqarTvelos unda daubrundes im teritoriebis nawi-
li, romlebic winaT mas ekuTvnoda da amJamad sxva re-
spublikebis: somxeTis, azerbaijanis, ruseTis Semad-
genlobaSi Sedis. ra teritoriebzea laparaki? da
rogor apirebs saqarTvelos axali mTavroba am uaR-
resad rTuli sakiTxis mogvarebas?
– mmarTvelobis am stadiaze saqarTvelos respub-
likis mTavroba ar ganixilavs am sakiTxebs.
– saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos arCevis Semdeg
Tqven gamoacxadeT samwliani gardamavali periodi.
ra reformebis ganxorcielebas apirebT am periodSi
da ra iqneba Semdeg?
– Cveni amocanaa, rac SeiZleba swrafad aRmovfx-
vraT saqarTvelos aneqsiis Sedegebi. mTlianad Seva-
CeroT ssr kavSiris konstituciis moqmedeba saqarTve-
los teritoriaze, movamzadoT axali sakanonmdeblo
aqtebi da ekonomikuri safuZvlebi saqarTvelos res-
publikis damoukideblobis gamosacxadeblad, Sevqm-
naT saqarTvelos axali konstitucia.
– cnobilia, rom amJamad saqarTvelos ekonomi-
ka ZiriTadad Camotanil nedleuls emyareba. sur-
saTis, navTobproduqtebis, sawvav-sapoxi masalebis
mniSvnelovani nawili aseve qveynis sxva regionebidan
Semohqonda saqarTvelos. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
Tqven gamoacxadeT kavSirisagan sruli damoukide-
blobis kursi, etyoba, gaqvT raRacis imedi, ara?
saidan SemoitanT nedleuls mrewvelobisaTvis, ro-
gor gadawyvetT sasursaTo programas?
– saqarTvelos sakmarisad aqvs bunebrivi resursebi
64
im deficitis Sesavsebad, romelsac igi sxva dargebSi
ganicdis.
is faqti, rom saqarTvelos ekonomika sakavSiro
ekonomikazea damokidebuli, imis Sedegia, rom saqarT-
velo tusaRia xalxTa sapyrobilis – sabWoTa imperiisa,
igi izolirebulia danarCen msofliosagan, ara marto
politikurad, aramed ekonomikuradac. samrewvelo
nedleulis sakiTxs, sursaTis sakiTxs moevleba, rode-
sac saqarTvelo Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikaze gada-
va da gaxdeba msoflio bazris sruluflebiani wevri,
sadac igi gaitans Tavis resursebsa da mdidar sasof-
lo-sameurneo produqcias. ganaviTarebs turizms da
daepatroneba Tavis SesaniSnav kurortebs.
– mrgvali magidis winasaarCevno platformis
ekonomikur nawilSi laparakia imaze, rom kavSirisa-
gan unda miiRoT saqarTvelos erovnuli kuTvnilebis
is nawili, romelic mrgvali magidis azriT, gaitanes
saqarTvelodan sabWoTa xelisuflebis periodSi. ro-
gor apirebs saqarTvelos axali parlamenti Seafasos
gaziduli kuTvnilebis odenoba da konkretulad vis
unda wauyenos sarCeli. mTlianad kavSirs Tu saxel-
dobr ruseTs?
– safinaso da ekonomikur eqspertebs sakmarisad
aqvT saimiso xerxebi, Tu rogor Seafason saqarTve-
los mravali wlis koloniuri Zarcvis Sedegad e.w.
centrisaTvis wasayenebeli moTxovnebis odenoba.
– jer kidev am postze arCevamde Tqvens gamosv-
lebSi gaismoda mowodebebi, rom saqarTvelosaTvis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebani miRebuli
unda iqnes referendumis gziT. rCeba Tu ara es ZalaSi,
rogor apirebT amis ganxorcielebas da ra sakiTxebze
moewyoba referendumi.
– saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos kanoneb-
ma referendumis Zala SeiZina, referendumis special-
ur kanons Cveni parlamenti SemoiRebs.
– Tqveni mravali gamosvlidan naTlad sCns, rom
65
Tqven saqarTvelo ruseTis koloniuri politikis msx-
verplad migaCniaT, da amaSi Znelia ar dageTanxmoT,
amave dros kavSiris xalxebs yvelaze meti tanjva-vae-
ba moutana erovnebiT qarTvelma stalinma. miuxeda-
vad amisa, bevri qarTveli Tayvans scems misi rogorc
didi moRvawis xsovnas, rogoria Tqveni kanonmdeblo-
ba stalinis mimarT da rogor ganmartavdiT saqarT-
veloSi arsebul araerTgvarovan damokidebulebas
„xalxTa mamamTavrisadmi“?
– ar aris gamarTlebuli, xazgasmiT aRiniSnos
stalinis pirovnebaSi misi qarTveloba. stalini bol-
Sevikurma totalitarizmma warmoSva, da rodesac igi
diqtatorad da tiranad iqca, masSi ukve qarTuli aR-
araferi iyo, rogorc amas aRniSnavs misi qaliSvili
svetlana alilueva. marTlia man didi tanjva-vaeba
moutana kavSiris xalxebs, magram yvelaze didi ubed-
ureba daatexa Tavis „mSobliur“ saqarTvelos, imitom,
rom mudam cdilobda daemtkicebina Tavisi interna-
cionalizmi. mis xsovnas pativs scems saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis mxolod umniSvnelo nawili, adamianebi,
romlebic politikuri Segnebis dabal doneze imyofe-
bian. es daamtkica Cvenma arCevnebmac, rodesac aravin
ar dauWira mxari sazogadoeba „stalinis“ pretenzi-
as, monawileoba mieRo arCevnebSi, da rodesac kanonis
Sesabamisad igi amoiricxa arCevnebis monawile par-
tiebis siidan.
– sainteresoa, erTgvari paralelis saxiT, gavig-
oT Tqveni azri gorbaCovze, romlis reformebmac, ar-
sebiTad gauxsna saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gza.
– saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gza gauxsnes
dasavleTis im progresulma da aRmSenebelma Zalebma,
romlebic axorcielebdnen da axorcieleben total-
itaruli imperiis politikur demontaJs, process,
romelSic gorbaCovi nebiT Tu uneblieT aRmoCnda
CaTreuli. visurvebdi, rom misi saqmeni ufro metad
Seeferebodes mis sityvier gancxadebebsa da pro-
66
gramebs.
dasasrul, vusurveb msoflios xalxebs sayovel-
Tao, WeSmaritad adamianur bednierebas. visurvebdi,
rom isini kidev ufro meti gagebiT mohkidebodnen ssr
kavSiris Cagrul xalxebs, romlebic damoukideblobi-
sa da demokratiisaTvis ibrZvian.
zviad gamsaxurdia
1990 wlis 7 dekemberi
67
saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni
oseTis avtonomiuri olqis
gauqmebis Sesaxeb
68
naesi sabWo adgens:
69
avtonomiuri olqis teritoriis administraci-
ul-teritoriuli mowyobis Sesaxeb:
– ganaxorcielos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli zomebi
yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis terito-
riaze sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dasamyareblad, TviT-
marqvia xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis organoebis
funqcionirebis aRsakveTad;
– Seusabamos mTavrobis gadawyvetilebebi am kanons.
70
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos
Tavmjdomaris baton
zviad gamsaxurdias
gamosvla 1990 wlis 11 dekembris sxdomaze
pativcemulo deputatebo!
pativcemulo stumrebo!
pativcemulo sazogadoebav!
saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZ-
raoba, romelic gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda da aRo-
rZinda ukanasknel xanebSi, saqarTvelos damou-
kideblobis aRdgenasTan erTad yovelTvis Tavis
umTavres miznad isaxavda saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi
yvela erovnebis warmomadgenelTa Soris WeSmarit-
ad erovnuli Tanxmobisa da urTierTgagebis damyare-
bas. mrgvali magidis politikuri organizaciis pro-
gramebi da wesdebebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven erTa Soris
Tanasworuflebianobis, urTierTpativiscemisa da
mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis idealebis damkvidrebis
aucileblobas.
ufro konkretulad, Cvens wina saarCevno pro-
gramebSi xazgasmiT iqna aRniSnuli saqarTveloSi ar-
sebuli erovnul umciresobaTa avtonomiebis SenarCu-
nebis saWiroeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom es avtonomiebi
Camoyalibda bolSevikuri aneqsiis Semdgom qarTve-
li eris interesebis sawinaaRmdegod da garkveuli
gagebiT, arRvevda swored erTa Soris Tanasworobis
princips. Cveni amgvari pozicia miznad isaxavda er-
TaSorisi urTierTobebis mSvidobianad ganviTarebas,
sakonfliqto sakiTxebis molaparakebis gziT mogvare-
bas, samoqalaqo mSvidobisa da stabilizaciis proce-
sisaTvis xelSewyobas saqarTveloSi.
Tumca, samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi zogi
erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenlebma ver gaa-
keTes saTanado daskvnebi. Tqven mogexsenebaT, rom
ukanasknel xanebSi, istoriul Sida qarTlSi, anu e.w.
71
samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi separatistulma
moZraobam kulminacias miaRwia. jer kidev SarSan Cve-
ni moZraobis moTxovniT gamoiyo kompetenturi komis-
ia samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis statusis Ses-
aswavlad, romelSic monawileobdnen avtoritetuli
mecnierebi, mwerlebi, sazogado moRvaweni. am komisi-
is daskvnis zogierT debulebas nawilobriv amJamad
gagacnobT, xolo srulad mas uaxloes xanSi ixilavT
gamoqveynebulad. amasTan mogaxsenebT Cvens pozicias
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis arsebobis mizanSe-
wonilobasTn dakavSirebiT saerTaSoriso samarTlis
moTxovnebidan gamomdinare.
Cven vaRiarebT osi xalxis, iseve rogorc sxvadasxva
xalxis uflebas TviTgamorkvevisas da damoukidebeli
saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmnisas, magram es unda ganxor-
cieldes maT istoriul samSobloSi, dRevandel Crdi-
loeT oseTSi da ara saqarTvelos teritoriaze, ro-
melic maT mitacebuli aqvT da romelic warmoadgens
suverenuli saqarTvelos respublikis ganuyofel
nawils.
dRes osi separatistebi cdiloben moswyviton saqa-
rTvelos misi Suaguli, qarTveli xalxis materialu-
ri da sulieri kulturis istoriuli kera, da TviT-
gamorkvevis uflebis realizaciis sababiT, qmnian e.w.
„samxreT oseTis sabWoTa respublikas“. Tanac gvarw-
muneben, rom es gegma arafriT ar emuqreba saqarTve-
los respublikis teritoriul mTlianobas.
magram sakmarisia gavecnoT 1990 wlis 20 seqtembris
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis saxalxo deputat-
Ta saolqo sabWos mier miRebul deklaracias „samxreT
oseTis suverenitetis Sesaxeb“, rom aSkara gaxdes –
iqmneba damoukidebeli politikuri warmonaqmni.
miuxedavad saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos mxriv ar-
aerTgzis gafrTxilebisa, rogorc sityvierad, ise
werilobiT, es deklaracia „cnobs osi xalxis Tav-
isufali TviTgamorkvevis xelSeuval uflebas“ da
72
acxadebs avtonomiur olqs „osi xalxis saxelmwifoe-
briobis formad“ (?) romlis „Semdgomi ganviTarebis
bunebrivi da aucilebeli pirobaa sruli damoukide-
bloba (?) yvela politikur da socialur-ekonomiku-
ri sakiTxis gadaWraSi imaTi gamoricxviT, romlebic
mis mier nebayoflobiT (?) gadaecema saqarTvelos
ssr da ssr kavSiris gamgeblobaSi maTTan dadebuli
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze“, „nebismieri moqmedeba
samxreT oseTis erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis (?) wi-
naaRmdeg... daisjeba kanoniT“, „samxreT oseTis xalxs
(?), romelic warmoadgens oficialuri xelisuflebis
erTaderT srulfasovan wyaros samxreT oseTSi (?),
xolo misi „srulxelisuflebianoba (?) realizdeba
ssr kavSiris konstituciuri debulebebisa da samx-
reT oseTis normatiuli aqtebis safuZvelze“ (?),
„saqarTvelos ssr da ssr kavSiris uflebamosilebaTa
farglebs gareT, romlebic nebayoflobiT aris samx-
reT oseTis mier delegirebuli maT gamgeblobaSi (?),
samxreT oseTi damoukidebelia Tavis sagareo da sa-
Sinao (?) cxovrebis gadaWraSi, xolo samxreT oseTis
xalxis nebis uzenaesoba (?) gansazRvrulia samxreT os-
eTis kanonebsa da konstituciaSi“ (?), „samxreT oseTis
moqalaqis“ (?) statusi „ganisazRvreba suverenuli
(?) samxreT oseTis mier ssr kavSiris konstituciisa
da saerTaSoriso samarTlis dokumentebis safuZvel-
ze da mtkicdeba samxreT oseTis konstituciiT (?);
„samxreT oseTi axorcielebs uzenaesobas mTel Tavis
teritoriaze da TviTon gansazRvravs administraci-
ul-teritoriul mowyobas Tavis teritoriaze“ (?),
xolo „samxreT oseTis farglebSi arsebuli yvela
bunebrivi resursebi“cxaddeba „misi xalxis sakuTre-
bad“ (?), igi Seadgens „samxreT oseTis“ suverenitetis
(?) materialur safuZvels, „samxreT oseTi“ cxaddeba
„sakavSiro xelSekrulebis da saerTaSoriso samarT-
lis subieqtad“ (?), romelic damoukideblad (?) axor-
cielebs sagareo urTierTobas federaciis sxva subi-
73
eqtebTan da saxelmwifoebTan“.
rogorc vxedavT, „deklaracia“ ugulebelyofs saqa-
rTvelos respublikis konstitucias da saerTod, saqa-
rTvelos politikur, ekonomikur da sxva sasicocxlo
interesebs, ssr kavSiris konstituciis qvakuTxed
principebs, romlebic avtonomiur olqebs mTlianad
umorCileben mokavSire respublikebis suverenitets
da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis statuss miakuTvneben.
ufro metic, amave dRes miRebuli iqna gadawyvetile-
ba „avtonomiuri olqis samxreT oseTis demokratiul
respublikad gardaqmnis“ Sesaxeb.
es aqtebi gabaTilebul iqna saqarTvelos ssr uze-
naesi sabWos prezidiumis mier 1930 wlis 21 seqtem-
bris dadgenilebiT, magram a.w. 16 oqtombers es dad-
genileba ara marto uaryofil iqna samxreT oseTis
avtonomiuri olqis saxalxo deputatTa sabWos mier,
aramed Seiqmna respublikis aRmasrulebeli komiteti
da dainiSna arCevnebi, e.w. „samxreT oseTis“ amjerad
„sabWoTa respublikis“ uzenaes sabWoSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesma sabWom 22 noembers gaauqma es dadgenilebe-
bi da gaafrTxila am aqciis Camdenebi, rom maT am mo-
qmedebisTvis sruli pasuxismgebloba daekisrebodaT,
arCevnebi mainc Catarda 9 dekembers.
saqarTvelos mTavrobis yvela cda, Seewyvita es
antikonstituciuri qmedeba mSvidobiani urTierT-
molaparakebis saSualebiT, uSedego aRmoCnda. TviT-
marqvia xelisuflebis mesveurebi gansacvifrebeli
cinizmiTa da utifrobiT pasuxobdnen yovel aseT
winadadebaze, SeewyvitaT Tavisi ukanono saqmianoba.
asea Tu ise, 9 dekembers Catarda antikonstituciu-
ri arCevnebi, romelSic TviTmarqvia xelisuflebis in-
formaciiT monawileoba miiRo amomrCevelTa 71 pro-
centma, Tumca vin aris amis Semmowmebeli?
amgvarad, konfliqtis mowesrigeba mSvidobiani sa-
SualebebiT ver moxerxda da Cven vdgavarT faqtis wi-
74
naSe – saqarTvelos respublikis teritoriaze Seiqmna
damoukidebeli politikuri erTeuli, romelic ar
cnobs respublikis xelisuflebis uzenaesobas da xe-
lyofs Cveni qveynis teritoriul mTlianobas.
ra nabiji unda gadavdgaT amjerad? gavagrZeloT
„kanonTa omi“, Tu erTxel da samudamod gadavWraT
es problema ise, rogorc amas kanoni da pirvel rig-
Si saqarTvelos respublikis konstitucia da misi
erovnuli interesebi gvikarnaxebs?
Tu daveyrdnobiT im faqts, rom saqarTvelo da-
pyrobil iqna samxedro intervenciisa da okupaciis
Sedegad, xolo sabWoTa xelisufleba ZalmomreobiT
daarsda, Cven dResve SegviZlia uarvyoT samxreT os-
eTis avtonomiur olqSi TviTmarqvia erTeulis Seqm-
nasTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli yvela iuridiuli Zala
da amiT davamTavroT.
magram gamovdivarT ra politikuri da samarTle-
brivi realiebidan, veyrdnobiT ra saqarTvelos res-
publikis uzenaesi sabWos mier gamocxadebul sruli
damoukideblobis mopovebamde gardamavali periodiT
nakarnaxev amocanebs, saWirod migvaCnia ganvixiloT
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis statusTan daka-
vSirebuli sakiTxebi swored sabWoTa kanonmdeblo-
bis mixedviT, radganac viciT, rom Cveni oponentebi am
aqtebiT SeiaraRebuli Semogviteven.
ramdenime mokle cnoba Sida qarTlSi osi mosaxleo-
bis gaCenisa da avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. am
sakiTxebis dawvrilebiTi ganxilva Sors wagviyvanda,
magram mTavari etapebis codna aucilebelia dRevand-
elobis sworad SefasebisaTvis.
IX-XIII ss.-Si alanebs (qarTuli wyaroebiT – ovsebs)
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi hqondaT feodaluri saxelm-
wifo, romelsac bolo mouRo monRolTa (XIII s.) da
Temur-lengis (XIV s.) Semosevebma. Crdilo kavkasiis
baridan gamodevnilma osebma Tavi Seafares kavkasio-
nis qedis viwro xeobas. Semdgom maT daiwyes kavka-
75
sionis qedis samxreT kalTebze gadmosvla. XVII-XVIII
saukuneebidan Sida qarTlis CrdiloeTiT, ganapira
teritoriaze damkvidrda osi xalxis nawili.
arsebobisaTvis metad araxelsayreli pirobebis
gamo sarCo-sabadeblis maZiebeli osebi qarTvel
mTielTa soflebSi ikvlevdnen gzas da xSirad feo-
dalTa kuTvnil miwebze xiznebad saxldebodnen. amas
isic uwyobda xels, rom qarTveli mosaxleoba gareSe
mtrebis Semosevebis Sedegad da baris ekonomikuri
zemoqmedebis gamo dablobisaken inacvlebda.
samxreT oseTad wodebul iqna is teritoriuli
sivrce, romelic CrdiloeTidan gadmosulma osebma
daikaves. isini umTavresad saxldebodnen didi da pa-
tara liaxvisa da qsnis xeobebSi. amis gamo SemdgomSi
osuri mosaxleoba dasaxlebuli aRmoCnda gorisa da
duSeTis mazrebSi, SedarebiT mcire ricxvi – raWisa
da Sorapnis mazrebSi.
qarTvelebi garkveul keTilganwyobas amJRavnebd-
nen os xizanTa mimarT da xels uwyobdnen maTi kul-
turis Semdgom ganviTarebas. amas adasturebs Tundac
is faqti, rom qarTuli anbanis mixedviT Sedgenili
pirveli osuri sasuliero wigni qarTveli misioneri
mRvdlebis mier 1753 wels iqna gamocemuli xelnaweris
saxiT. beWdva xorcieldeboda qarTuli anbanis gamoy-
enebiT. maSin osuri anbani Sedgenili ar iyo. qarTuli
asoebis safuZvelze pirveli osuri anbani Seqmna ivane
ialguziZem, xolo XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi SemoRe-
bul iqna osuri anbani rusul anbanze dayrdnobiT.
ruseTis mier 1801 wels saqarTvelos aneqsiis Sem-
deg saxelmwifo gauqmda da mas ewoda saqarTvelos
gubernia, sadac uzenaes xelisuflebas axorcielebda
mTavarmmarTebeli. 1809 wels saqarTvelos gubernia
daiyo 5 mazrad (goris, loris, duSeTis, Telavisa da
siRnaRis). osebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria ZiriTa-
dad moeqca gorisa da duSeTis mazrebSi.
1838 wels oseTis mTavar boqaulad dainiSna ka-
76
pitani vasilievi. rezidenciad arCeul iqna sofe-
li java. 1842 wels saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi Seiqmna
TuS-fSav-xevsureTis, mTisa da oseTis okrugebi, ro-
gorc teritoriul-administraciuli erTeulebi.
oseTis okrugis SemadgenlobaSi Tavdapirvelad Sei-
yvanes saqarTvelos samxedro gzis gaswvriv mcxovre-
bi mTieli moxeveebi da okrugis centrad mTiuleTis
sofeli qveSeTi airCies.
1843 wels gorisa da Tbilisis mazrebs CamoaSores
qsnis xeobis zemo wylisa da misi Senakadi wylebis
auzi, romlebic ZiriTadad qarTvelebiT iyo dasax-
lebuli da mTis okrugis SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvanes.
SemdgomSi es teritoria dayves xevis, mTiuleTisa da
qsnis ubnebad, 1843 wels oficialurad gaixsna oseTis
okrugi, romelic javis, mcire liaxvisa da naris ub-
nebad ganawilda. amave wels specialuri instruqci-
iT mTis okrugis ufross mTis xalxTa mTavari ufro-
sis wodeba mieniWa da mas oseTisa da fSav-xevsureTis
okrugebic dauqvemdebares. oseTis okrugi moicavda
dRevandeli samxreT oseTis mxolod nawils da ardo-
nis xeobas. am okrugis ufrosis rezidencia imyofebo-
da sofel javaSi.
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi warmoebul samxedro
laSqrobebTan dakavSirebiT 1858 wlis 3 aprils Seiqm-
na kavkasiis xazis marcxena frTa, romlis Semadgen-
lobaSi Sevida oseTis okrugic. imis gamo, rom narTa
ubani axlos mdebareobda vladikavkazTan da wlis
yovel dros Tavisuflad ukavSirdeboda mas, baria-
tinskim naris ubani CamoaSora Tbilisis gubernias
da kavkasiis xazis marcxena frTis oseTis samxedro
okrugs gadasca, romelic Semdeg Tergis olqis Semad-
genlobaSi Sevida.
javisa da patara liaxvis ubnebi, romlebic Tana-
medrove samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis daax-
loebiT mesameds Seadgens, Tbilisis guberniis Semad-
genlobaSi datoves, xolo SemdgomSi mmarTvelobis
77
gaadvilebisaTvis oseTis ubnis saxiT Seiyvanes goris
mazris SemadgenlobaSi.
1855 wlis 11 aprils miRebuli wesdebiT gauqmda
saubno mmarTveloba da mTeli osebiT dasaxlebuli
teritoria daiyo soflis sazogadoebebad.
1917 wlis Tebervlis burJuaziul-demokratiuli
revoluciis Semdeg mefis nacvlis institutis na-
cvlad amierkavkasiis marTva-gamgeobis mizniT Seiqmna
amierkavkasiis sagangebo komiteti (ozakomi), romel-
ic jer amierkavkasiis komisariatma, xolo Semdeg am-
ierkavkasiis seimma Secvala.
am revoluciis Semdeg Seiqmna samxreT oseTis sax-
alxo yriloba da erovnuli sabWo, romlebic Tav-
idanve ganicdidnen frontidan dabrunebuli bolSe-
vikebis zegavlenas, romlebic iRwvodnen politikuri
Zalauflebis xelSi aRebisaTvis, farTod ereodnen
samxreT oseTis sameurneo, politikuri da kulturu-
li cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. maTi mizani iyo, samxreT
oseTi gamoeyoT calke administraciul-teritoriul
erTeulad saerobo an avtonomiuri erTeulis saxiT.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavro-
ba kargad xedavda osebis mier saqarTvelos fargleb-
Si calke saxelmwifos Seqmnis cdas, rasac miiCnevda
saqarTvelos mTlianobisaTvis Ziris gamoTxrad. samx-
reT oseTis meoTxe erovnulma sabWom samxreT oseTis
politikur partiaTa aqtiuri monawileobiT SeimuSa-
va avtonomiuri samxreT oseTis konstituciis proeq-
ti, romelic 1919 wlis 16 ivniss waredgina saqarTve-
los damfuZnebeli krebis adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis
da TviTmmarTvelobis komisias.
daiwyo xangrZlivi molaparakeba saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobisa da samxreT
oseTis erovnul sabWos Soris. mTavrobam uaryo
sabWos teritoriuli pretenziebi.
samxreT oseTSi daiwyo „revoluciuri“ moZraoba.
1918 wlis 18 marts ajanyebulebma aiRes daba cxinva-
78
li da iq sabWoTa xelisufleba gamoacxades, romelic
male damarcxda. mTavrobam Seafasa es aqcia, rogorc
demokratiis winaaRmdeg nacionalisturi gamosvla.
1920 wlis 8 maiss sofel rokSi gamocxadda sabWoTa
xelisufleba, xolo sabWoTa oseTi - rsfsr-s Semad-
genel nawilad. ajanyebulebs daxmareba gauwies Crdi-
loeT oseTidan. ajanyebuli samxreT oseTis winaaRm-
deg gailaSqra saqarTvelos mTavrobam. sayuradReboa
rsfsr-s sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisris g. CiCerinis
1920 wlis 17 maisis nota saqarTvelos mTavrobisadmi,
sadac „mtkiced iTxoven gaiwvion qarTuli jarebi os-
eTidan, vinaidan gaumarTleblad miiCneven saqarTve-
los Carevas oseTis saqmeebSi da atoleben mas ucxoTa
saqmeSi Carevas“.
am notaze CiCerins gaeca damajerebeli pasuxi: „saqa-
rTvelos mTavroba uaRresad Secbunebulia Tqveni
notis im nawiliT, romelSic laparakia saqarTvelos
mTavrobis ganzraxvaze, iaraRiT CaaxSos samxreT ose-
Tis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika. Cems movaleo-
bad mimaCnia mivaqcioT Tqveni yuradReba imaze, rom
saqarTvelos farglebSi samxreT oseTi ar arsebobs,
aramed saqarTvelos farglebSi arseboben osuri so-
flebi, romlebic mdebareoben Tbilisis guberniis go-
ris mazraSi. es soflebi Seadgenen saqarTvelos uda-
vo teritorias, rom es teritoria xelSekrulebiT
(igulisxmeba 1920 wlis 20 maisis dadgenileba) Sedis
saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi da iq sxva xelisufleba, gar-
da saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelisu-
flebisa, dauSvebelia“.
1920 wlis 12 ivniss ajanyeba damarcxda, magram
faqtebi mowmobs, rom demokratiuli saqarTvelos
mTavroba gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT epyroba saxel-
mwifo xelisuflebis erTgul osebs, maT samxedro
moqmedebaTa Sedegad miyenebuli zarali unazRaur-
debodaT respublikis xazinidan, meryev elementebs
eZleodaT ufleba respublikis sxva raionebSi ga-
79
dasaxlebisa.
1921 wlis 5 marts samxreT oseTSi, iseve rogorc
mTel saqarTveloSi, intervenciis Sedegad damyarda
sabWoTa xelisufleba. saqarTveloSi revkomis dadge-
nilebiT osuri mosaxleobiT dasaxlebul adgilebSi
daarsda samxreT oseTis revkomi, Sereuli mosaxleo-
bis raionebSi – Sereuli revkomebi. erTi warmomad-
geneli samxreT oseTidan Seiyvanes goris samazro rev-
komis SemadgenlobaSi.
1921 wlis ivlisisaTvis samxreT oseTis raionad iT-
vleboda 7 sofeli, 8 wminda qarTuli soflis gamok-
lebiT (vanaTi, awyuris xevi, xoSura, sadaurianT kari,
dvani, zemo avnevi da qvemo avnevi), romlebic terito-
riulad rCeboda goris mazris cxinvalis regionSi da
ar eqvemdebareboda samxreT oseTis revkoms.
samxreT oseTis revkomi kvlav moiTxovda saswrafod
yofiliyo organizebuli komisia samxreT oseTis mo-
sazRvre raionebidan administraciuli gamijvnisaT-
vis. masve uTanagrZnobda saqarTvelos revkomi. Znelia
gulgrili darCe, rodesac kiTxulob cxinvalelTa
da sxva qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli raionebidan, so-
flebidan mTavrobis saxelze gamogzavnil werilebs.
xvewniT da mudariT evedrebian, „ar daCagron qarT-
velebi, romlebic Tavis ZirZvel miwaze cxovrobdnen“,
da ar SeeerTebinaT es teritoriebi samxreT oseTis
olqisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo
komisariati vrceli moxsenebiT Sevida saqarTvelos
revkomSi imis Taobaze, rom administraciuli ganyo-
filebis mier Segrovili masalebiT faqtobrivad Seu-
Zlebeli iyo erTi mTliani teritoriis gamoyofa samx-
reT oseTisaTvis.
„samxreT oseTi, – aRniSnulia moxsenebaSi, – rogorc
mTliani geografiuli erTeuli, ar arsebobs... aris
mxolod osebiT dasaxlebuli calke raioni, romelsac
urTierTSoris araviTari sameurneo da topografi-
uli kavSiri ara aqvs...
80
aqedan gamomdinare, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komis-
ariats goris, duSeTisa da raWis mazrebis CamonaW-
rebisagan erTi administraciuli erTeulis Seqmna
SeuZleblad miaCnda, rac ar iqna gaziarebuli saqa-
rTvelos revkomis mier. aCqarebdnen ra gamoyofas,
samxreT oseTis revkomma 1921 wlis seqtemberSi ofi-
cialurad daayena sakiTxi saqarTvelos centraluri
partiuli da sabWoTa organoebis winaSe samxreT os-
eTis calke damoukidebel politikur erTeulad gam-
oyofis Sesaxeb, romelic federaciulad unda dakav-
Sireboda saqarTvelos ssr respublikas.
1921 wlis 6-8 seqtembers gaimarTa samxreT oseTis
revkomisa da partiis saolqo komitetis gaerTianebu-
li sxdoma, romelmac miiRo dadgenileba samxreT ose-
Tis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis Seqmnis Ses-
axeb. dadgenilebiT aucileblad miiCnies respublikis
Seqmna, centri q. cxinvalSi. dadgenilebas Tan erTvo-
da proeqti „samxreT oseTis sabWoTa socialisturi
respublikis Seqmnis Sesaxeb“, romlis Tanaxmadac q.
cxinvali momijnave qarTuli soflebiTurT, agreTve
goris, duSeTis, Sorapnis mazrebis osebiT dasaxle-
buli teritoria, maT Soris Sereuli mosaxleobis
momijnave raionebic, Sedioda am axali politikuri
erTeulis farglebSi.
aseTi respublikis Seqmnis mizezad dasaxelebuli
iyo samxreT oseTis geografiuli mdebareoba, mosax-
leobis raodenoba, misi ekonomikuri da kulturuli
ganviTarebis done, oseTis mSromelTa revoluciuri
brZolis istoria da sxva.
konstituciis proeqti 15 muxlisgan Sedgeboda
da gansazRvravda oseTSi xelisuflebis organoTa
organizaciis sakiTxebs. yvela zemoT dasaxelebuli
dokumenti 1921 wlis 14 seqtembers oseTis delega-
ciam sabolood ganxilvisa da gadawyvetilebisaTvis
warudgina rkp(b) kavkasiis biuros, saqarTvelos kom-
partiis centralur komitets da saqarTvelos rev-
81
koms.
1991 wlis 31 oqtombers kavbiuros prezidiumis
sxdomaze moismines sakiTxi samxreT oseTis TviTga-
morkvevis Sesaxeb. aRiniSna, rom aseTi patara er-
TeulisaTvis, rogorc samxreT oseTia, damoukidebe-
li suverenuli statusis miniWeba ar aris realuri.
is obieqturi mizezebi, ris safuZvelzec iTxovdnen
calke gamoyofas, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi samxreT ose-
Tis ekonomikur erTeulad CamoyalibebisaTvis Tu
gamodgeba. gadawyda, rom samxreT oseTis erovnu-
li TviTgamorkvevis formad aRiarebuli yofiliyo
avtonomiuri olqi da gansazRvruliyo misi sazRvre-
bi.
S/s saxalxo komisari moiTxovda droebiT moxsnili-
yo revkomis msjelobidan s/oseTis administraciuli
erTeulis Seqmnis sakiTxi da kvlav exelmZRvanelaT
S/s saxalxo komisariatis 1921 wlis 20 ivlisis dad-
genilebiT. 1921 wlis 17 noembers skkp ck-as kavbiuros
dadgenilebis Tanaxmad ganixila sakiTxi s/oseTis a/
olqis mowyobis Sesaxeb. nacionalur-uklonistebi
savsebiT samarTlianad gadaWriT ilaSqrebdnen cxin-
valisa da momijnave qarTuli soflebis s/oseTis a/er-
TeulisaTvis gadacemis winaaRmdeg.
saqarTvelos komunisturma partiam s/oseTis
erovnuli gamijvnis dros uaryo yovelgvari istori-
uli ufleba sazRvarze. qarTvel xalxTan SedarebiT
upiratesoba misca osi xalxis interesebs. gaiTval-
iswina ra cxinvalis mniSvneloba s/oseTisaTvis, 1921
wlis 17 noembers daadgina Seqmniliyo s/oseTis a/
olqi, centri q. cxinvalSi. amas adasturebs is mra-
valricxovani mimarTvebi, rac saqarTvelos sabWoTa
mTvrobas xSirad misdioda cxinvalSi mcxovrebi qa-
rTvelebisagan. revoluciurma mTavrobam qarTveli
xalxis guliswyromas qarTuli soflebis samxreT os-
eTis a/olqSi moqcevis Sesaxeb upasuxa maRali donis
„agitacia-propagandiT“. ar gaiziara qarTul sof-
82
lebSi mcxovreblebis interesebi da SesaZleblad cno-
ba gaevlo sasazRvro zoli s/oseTsa da goris mazras
Soris, cxinvalisa da soflis ergeTis zeviT, ris ga-
moc s/oseTis SemadgenlobaSi, cxinvalis garda, moeq-
ca qarTuli soflebi: dgverisi, TamaraSeni, aCabeTi,
qurTa, kexvi, qemerTa, zarcemi, skveTi da xeiTi.
yuradRebas ipyrobs ganmarteba „oseTis avtono-
miuri erTeulis Sesaxeb“, sadac qarTveli eris pre-
tenziebi cxinvalisa da sxva qarTuli soflebis s/os-
eTisaTvis mikuTvnebis Taobaze Sefasebulia, rogorc
provokacia da menSevikebis boroti ganzraxva sabWo-
Ta mTavrobisaTvis maxvilis Casacemad. aRniSnuli iyo,
rom „oseTi Tavisi cxinvaliT avtonomiur olqs war-
moadgens. magram is savsebiT Sedis saqarTvelos res-
publikis farglebSi da aris misi ganuyofeli nawili.
q. cxinvalis saqarTvelos respublikis sazRvrebSi da-
JinebiTi moTxovnileba sruli gaugebrobiT da saqmis
viTarebis gauTvaliswineblobiT aris gamowveuli
– absurdia moTxovnilebis wamoyeneba. meores mxriv,
SeuZlebeli da dauSvebelia oseTis a/olqis arsebo-
ba ucentrod, centrs ki warmoadgens cxinvali. misi
mogleja oseTis avtonomiuri erTeulisagan yovlad
SeuZlebelia. es friad Seaferxebs sabWoTa aRmSeneb-
lobis saqmes adgilobriv. amitom cxinvali usaTuod
unda darCes a/oseTis farglebSi“. komentari zedme-
tia! saqarTvelos revoluciuri mTavroba, romelic
„iRwvoda“ erTa TviTgamorkvevis farTo uflebebis
miniWebisaTvis, arad dagidevT qarTveli xalxis azrs,
maT survils da „sCuqnis“ oseTs cxinvals, iq mcxovre-
bi qarTveli da sxva erebis warmomadgenlebiTurT
mxolod imitom, rom oseTs centri sWirdeba, rom ar
dazaraldes „sabWoTa aRmSeneblobis saqme“. saint-
eresoa, ramdenad gamarTlebulia erTi eris TviT-
gamorkveva ara sakuTar samSobloSi, aramed meore
qveynis mkvidri da ZirZveli mosaxleobis interesebis
SezRudvis xarjze?
83
saqarTvelos revoluciuri mTavroba qarTveli
xalxis kanonier moTxovnas upirispirebs ideologia-
sa da agitacia-propagandas da cdilobs, STaagonos
cxinvalis qarTvelebs, rom is Tanabrad icavs „yvela
eris“ interesebs... cdilobs, Camouyalibos maT ndo-
ba xalxis im umciresi nawilis mimarT, romelic dRe-
niadag iRwvoda saqarTvelodan gamoyofis da Crdi-
loeT oseTTan mudmivi kavSiris damyarebisaTvis.
samxreT oseTis a/olqis Seqmnis Sesaxeb sakiTxi ukve
gadawyvetili iyo, magram sakanonmdeblo wesiT jer
kidev ar iyo dadasturebuli sabWoTa saqarTvelos
xelisuflebis umaRlesi organos mier.
saqarTvelos ssr 1922 wlis konstitucia (miRebul
iqna 2 marts) gakvriT exeboda samxreT oseTis avtono-
miur olqs – pirveli muxlis SeniSvnaSi aRiniSna, rom
respublikis SemadgenlobaSi „nebayoflobiTi TviTga-
morkvevis safuZvelze Sedis samxreT oseTis avtono-
miuri olqi“.
samagierod, 1922 wlis 20 aprilis dekreti azusteb-
da avtonomiuri olqis politikur da strategiul
struqturas. am dekretiT iqmneboda samxreT oseTis
avtonomiuri olqi, rogorc saqarTvelos soc. sabWo-
Ta respublikis Semadgeneli nawili; olqis centrad
gamocxadda q. cxinvali.
saqarTvelos ssr 1927 wlis konstituciam ufro
dawvrilebiT gansazRvra avtonomiuri erTeulebis
statusi saqarTvelos farglebSi da maTi damok-
idebuleba centralur xelisuflebasTan. pirvel
rigSi, es exeboda sasazRvro cvlilebebs – me-19 mux-
lis „b“ punqtis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos respublikis
sasazRvro cvlilebebi, savsebiT da mTlianad Sedio-
da sruliad saqarTvelos sabWoebis yrilobis gamge-
blobaSi, arc erT sxva organos srulad saqarTvelos
masStabiT amis ufleba ar hqonda. yriloba cak-Tan
erTad ganagebda respublikis saerTo administraci-
uli dayofis sakiTxebs da awesebda avtonomiuri er-
84
TeulebisaTvis sazRvrebs; saqarTvelosa da avtono-
miur erTeulebs (maT Soris samxreT oseTs) Soris
konstituciur, samarTlisa da erovnuli politikis
sakiTxebze uTanxmoeba sabolood wydeboda sruliad
saqarTvelos sabWoebis yrilobaze an cak-is mier.
rac Seexeba olqisa da saqarTvelos ssr normati-
uli aqtebis Zalis Tanafardobas, konstituciis Ta-
naxmad, sruliad saqarTvelos sabWoebis yrilobas an
mis caks SeeZlo gaeuqmebina an SeenarCunebina olqis
sabWoebis yrilobis an misi cak-is yvela dadgenileba.
saqarTvelos ssr kanonebi da sxva normatiuli aqte-
bi savaldebulo iyo saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze,
maT Soris samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri respublik-
is teritoriaze, normaTa koliziis SemTxvevaSi moq-
medebda saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 1937 wlamde, rodesac miRebuli
iqna saqarTvelos ssr axali konstitucia, samxreT ose-
Tis avtonomiuri olqis urTierToba saqarTvelosTan
ganisazRvreboda mxolod da mxolod saqarTvelos
1927 wlis konstituciiT da mis safuZvelze miRebu-
li sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT. rogorc ssr kavSiris 1924
wlis konstitucia, ise a/k rsfsr konstituciac uSua-
lod ar aregulireben avtonomiuri erTeulebis sta-
tuss, es federaciaSi Semavali respublikebis saSinao
damatebaSi Sedioda.
rac Seexeba samxreT oseTis monawileobas ssr kav-
Sirisa da a/k federaciis xelisuflebis organoebis
muSaobaSi, misi warmomadgeneli Sedioda ssr kavSiris
cak-is erovnebaTa sabWoSi, xolo, a/k sfsr cak-is, misi
prezidiumisa da sxva organoebis muSaobaSi olqis
warmomadgenlebi monawileobdnen saTaTbiro xmis
uflebiT.
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis administraci-
ul-teritoriulma dayofam garkveuli cvlileba gan-
icada dawyebuli 1922 wlidan.
1929 wlidan, saqarTvelos daraionebasTan dakav-
85
Sirebi, olqi daiyo sam raionad – javis, cxinvalisa da
axalgoris. 1931 wlidan maT daemata yornisis raioni,
romelic Semdgom znauris raionad iqna wodebuli,
xolo axalgoris raioni – leningoris raionad.
ssrk-is 1936 wlis konstituciam ara marto aRiara
avtonomiuri olqebis statusis erTgvaroba, aramed
gaafarTova maTi uflebebi, mkveTrad gamijna es sta-
tusi Cveulebriv administraciul-teritoriuli er-
Teulebisagan. gaizarda avtonomiuri olqebis war-
momadgenloba ssrk-is umaRlesi sabWos erovnebaTa
sabWoSi. Tu manamde mokavSire respublikis fargleb-
Si avtonomiuri olqis Seqmna mxolod am respublikis
kompetenciaSi Sedioda da ssrk-is araviTari sanqcia
saWiro ar iyo, 1936 wlis konstituciiT avtonomiuri
olqis Seqmna unda damtkicebuliyo sssk-is umaRlesi
sabWos mier.
ssrk-is 1936 wlis konstituciis safuZvelze saqa-
rTvelos ssr 1937 wlis konstituciaSi Setanili
iqna samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri statusis ZiriTadi
ganmsazRvreli debulebani.
konstituciis me-7 Tavi sakmaod detalurad CamoT-
vlida avtonomiuri olqis xelisuflebis saolqo or-
ganoebs, gansazRvravda maT kompetencias, awesebda,
rom saxelmwifo xelisuflebis raionuli, saqalaqo
da sasoflo organoebis Seqmna unda xdebodes konsti-
tuciis me-8 Tavis safuZvelze, romelic xelisuflebis
adgilobriv organoebs Seexeba, gansazRvravda olqis
marTlmsajulebis sistemas da sxv.
aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad im farTo uflebebi-
sa, romlebic eZleoda samxreT oseTis avtonomiur
olqs, olqis sazRvrebis dawesebis da Secvlis sakiTxi
wydeboda saqarTvelos ssr organoebis mier, risTvi-
sac saWiro ar iyo TviT olqis Tanxmoba. ssrk-is kom-
petenciaSi Sedioda mxolod axali avtonomiuri olq-
is Seqmnis damtkiceba, rasakvirvelia respublikis
wardginebis safuZvelze.
86
miuxedavad amisa, mainc aSkarad Cans sakavSiro xe-
lisuflebis wadili, gaTiSos mokavSire respublik-
isagan avtonomiuri olqebi, uSualod daukavSiros
centrs, miiTvisos maTi statusis garantiis ufleba.
xelSekruleba ssrk-is Seqmnis Sesaxeb im varian-
tSi, romelic miRebuli iqna ssrk-is sabWoebis I yri-
lobis mier 1922 wlis 30 dekembers, iTvaliswinebda
mxolod erTpalatiani xelisuflebis umaRlesi or-
ganos Seqmnas: yriloba irCevda ssrk-is centralur
aRmasrulebel komitets mokavSire respublikebis
warmomadgenlebidan – yoveli maTgani mosaxleobis
proporciulad, sul 371 wevris SemadgenlobiT. ma-
gram ukve ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, i. stalinis daJinebi-
Ti moTxovniT, SemuSavda xelisuflebis umaRlesi
organos orpalatiani variantis proeqti, romelic
damtkicda, iseve, rogorc xelSekrulebis gadamuSave-
buli da gafarToebuli teqsti mTlianad, ssrk-is cak-
is mier 1923 wlis 6 ivliss.
xelSekrulebis me-13 muxlis Tanaxmad amieridan
cak-i ori palatisagan – sakavSiro sabWosa da erovne-
baTa sabWosagan – Sedgeboda. Tu pirvelis dakomple-
qtebis wesi igive darCa, erovnebaTa sabWo Sedgeboda
„mokavSire da avtonomiuri sabWoTa respublikebis
warmomadgenlebisagan – im varaudiT, rom TiToeul
respublikaze modiodes 5 warmomadgeneli da ruseTis
soc. fed. sabWoTa respublikis avtonomiuri olqebis
warmomadgenelTagan im varaudiT, rom TiToeul
olqze modiodes erTi warmomadgeneli“.
amgvarad, xelSekruleba ssrk-is Seqmnis Sesaxeb im
variantSi, romelic sabolood damtkicda, aigiveb-
da mokavSire respublikebis SemadgenlobiT statuss
ruseTis avtonomiur respublikebTan – 5-5. Tu gaviT-
valiswinebT, rom amierkavkasiis soc. fed. sabWoTa
respublika, romelic sam respublikas – saqarTvelos,
azerbaijansa da somxeTs – Seicavda, imdenive warmo-
madgenels irCevda, ramdensac baSkireTis Tu yirimis,
87
TaTreTis Tu yirgizeTis avtonomiuri respublika.
praqtikulad daiwyo mokavSire respublikebis
avtonomizaciis procesi, ara marto avtonomiur re-
spublikebTan gaTanabreba, aramed avtonomiuri er-
Teulebis mokavSire respublikebis sxeulidan amogle-
ja da dapirispireba ssrk-is xelisuflebis umaRlesi
organoebis erT-erT palataSi, romlis gareSe sakav-
Siro sabWo uZluri iyo raime gaekeTebina. ubralo
ariTmetikuli gamoangariSeba gvaZlevs Semdeg Sedegs
– erovnebaTa sabWoSi 4 mokavSire respublikas gaaCnda
20 adgili, xolo avtonomiur respublikebs miekuTvne-
boda ormoci adgili.
amrigad, imTaviTve avtonomiur erTeulebs eZle-
odaT saSualeba ara marto dapirispirebodnen moka-
vSire respublikas, aramed CaeSalaT nebismieri
sakiTxis miReba, Tavis mxriv ki, erT-erTi mokavSire
respublikis mxardaWeriT, SeeZloT nebismieri sakiTx-
is gadaWra. marTalia, Semdgom mokavSire respublike-
bis warmomadgenloba gaizarda, magram avtonomiuri
erTeulebis xvedriTi wona sabWoSi mainc didi rCe-
boda da rCeba. rogorc vxedavT, jer kidev 1923 wels
avtonomiur erTeulebs miecaT mokavSire respublike-
bis suverenitetis Signidan afeTqebis saSualeba, rac
e. w. „suverenuli respublikis“ kompetenciis aSkara
darRveva iyo. es procesi swrafad viTardeba.
magram im dros mokavSire respublikebis mTavrobe-
bi morCilad Tanxmdebodnen unitaruli tendenciebis
ganmtkicebaze, erovnuli brZolis xerxemali gadatex-
ili iyo uamravi da saSineli represiebiT. saqarTvelo
ar iyo gamonaklisi. SeiZleba iTqvas, piriqiT, partia
da mTavroba i. stalinis nebis yvelaze morCil iar-
aRad iqca Tavisi xalxis interesebis sazianod. ssr ka-
vSiris 1977 wlis konstitucia, 1988 wlis noemberSi
Seqmnili cvlilebebiT da damatebebiT Zalze mokled
exeba avtonomiuri olqebis statuss. specialuri Tavi
(II) saxelwodebiT: „avtonomiuri olqi da avtonomi-
88
uri okrugi“ (mux. 86-88). gansazRvravs, rom avtono-
miuri olqi Sedis mokavSire respublikis an mxaris
SemadgenlobaSi. avtonomiuri olqis Sesaxeb kanons
iRebs mokavSire respublikis umaRlesi sabWo saolqo
sabWos wardginebiT. (mux. 86) konstitucia afiqsirebs
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis arsebobas saqarT-
velos respublikis SemadgenlobaSi (mux. 87).
igive gakeTda saqarTvelos 1978 wlis konstituci-
is teqstis SemuSavebisas. igi Seicavs mokle Tavs –
„Tavi 9 avtonomiuri olqi“, (mux 83) magram 1980 wels
moxda mniSvnelovani cvlileba avtonomiuri olqebis
statusSi, rac olqis teritoriis statusis avtono-
miuri respublikebis statusTan gaigivebas niSnavda.
1980 wlis 12 noembers saqarTvelos ssr umaRles-
ma sabWom miiRo kanoni „samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri
olqis Sesaxeb“ – „samxareo saolqo sabWoebis avtono-
miuri olqebisa da avtonomiuri okrugebis saxalxo
deputatTa sabWoebis ZiriTad uflebamosilebaTa Ses-
axeb“.
muxli mesame gansazRvravda „samxreT oseTis
avtonomiuri olqis administraciul-teritoriuli
wyobilebis sakiTxebs“. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq pirvelad
gvxvdeba debuleba: „avtonomiuri olqis teritoria
ar SeiZleba Seicvalos samxreT oseTis avtonomiu-
ri olqis saxalxo deputatTa sabWos Tanxmobis ga-
reSe“. aqve aRniSnulia, rom olqis sazRvrebis Secv-
la xdeba kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT, magram ar
ganimarteba, romeli kanonmdeblobiT. momdevno pun-
qtSi ki naTqvamia, rom „olqis raionebisa da qalaqebis,
dabebisa da sxva dasaxlebuli punqtebis Seqmna-gauqme-
ba, saxelis darqmeva da gadarqmeva, agreTve adminis-
traciuli centrebis dadgena da gadatana xdeba saqa-
rTvelos ssr kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli wesiT.
amgvarad, kanoni samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olq-
is Sesaxeb TiTqos aRiarebs saqarTvelos ssr uflebas,
daawesos olqis sazRvrebi, magram miTiTeba imaze, rom
89
olqis teritoria ar SeiZleba Seicvalos olqis sax-
alxo deputatTa sabWos Tanxmobis gareSe, sinamdvile-
Si auqmebs am uflebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom ssr kavSiris
kanoni, romelsac eyrdnoba es aqti, ar Seicavs aseT
muxls.
rac Seexeba axali sasoflo, sadabo da sxva olqis
administraciuli erTeulebisa da organoebis Seqm-
nas, saqarTvelos ssr konstitucia akuTvnebda cen-
tralur xelisuflebas saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos
prezidiums (dRes es ufleba uzenaesi sabWos prerog-
ativaa) Semdgom uflebas: adgens da cvlis avtonomiu-
ri olqis raionul dayofas, qmnis qalaqebs, raionebs,
qalaqebsa da qalaqebis raionebs, dabebsa da sxva dasax-
lebul punqtebs“. amgvarad, 1980 wlis kanoni efuZne-
boda saqarTvelos ssr 1977 wlis konstituciis am mux-
ls.
Zvirfaso megobrebo! saqarTveloSi erovnul-gan-
maTavisuflebeli moZraobis arnaxuli azvirTebis
pirobebSi saqarTvelos moqmed konstituciaSi Set-
anil iqna mTeli rigi cvlilebebi da damatebani (1988
wlis 19 noemberi).
amieridan mxolod saqarTvelos ssr uzen-
aes sabWos gaaCnia ufleba, miiRos gadawyvetile-
ba „erovnul-saxelmwifo wyobilebis sakiTxebze“
(mux.104-32) da „gansazRvros saqarTvelos ssr admin-
istraciul-teritoriuli wyobilebis sakiTxTa gad-
awyvetis wesi“. (p. 11).
amgvarad, saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia 1980
wlis kanonTan SedarebiT aZlierebs respublikis su-
verenitets avtonomiuri olqis teritoriis mimarT
da rogorc ZiriTadi kanoni, ufro maRla dgas, vidre
saqarTvelos ssr 1980 wlis kanoni da ganamtkicebs
saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos uflebas – damoukideb-
lad dasvas da gadawyvitos sakiTxi avtonomiuri olq-
is teritoriis Secvlis Sesaxeb.
olqis zemoaRniSnuli gardaqmna moaswavebs axali
90
saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnis – e.w. samxreT oseTis
sabWoTa respublikis Seqmnas saqarTvelos respublik-
is SemadgenlobaSi da maSasadame, saTanado cvlile-
bas mis erovnul-saxelmwifo wyobilebaSi. es sakiTxi
ki saqarTvelos respublikis kompetencias ganekuT-
vneba. saxeldobr, saqarTvelos respublikis moqmedi
konstituciis 72-e muxlis me-3 punqtis ZaliT „saqa-
rTvelos respublikis gamgeblobas misi saxelmwifo
xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis umaRlesi organoe-
bis saxiT eqvemdebareba... saqarTvelos respublikis
SemadgenlobaSi axali avtonomiuri respublikebi-
sa da avtonomiuri olqebis Seqmna“ ... konkretulad,
sakiTxis gadawyvetis uflebamosilebiT aRWurvilia
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWo. es gamomdin-
areobs saqarTvelos respublikis konstituciis 104-e
muxlis me-3 punqtidan. am punqtis mixedviT, saqarTve-
los respublikis uzenaesi sabWo iRebs gadawyvetile-
bebs erovnul-saxelmwifo wyobilebis sakiTxebze,
romlebic ganekuTvneba respublikis gamgeblobas. amg-
varad, samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis gardaqmna
avtonomiur respublikad da miT umetes suverenul
erTeulad saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos
Tanxmobis gareSe yovelgvar iuridiul safuZvels
moklebuli aqtia.
ra uflebamosileba gaaCnia am mxriv ssrk-s? igi
martooden amtkicebs mokavSire respublikis Semad-
genlobaSi axali avtonomiuri erTeulis Seqmnas. es
uflebamosileba amJamad ssrk-is saxalxo deputatTa
yrilobis gansakuTrebul gamgeblobas ganekuTvneba.
aq unda aRvniSnoT erTi arsebiTi garemoeba. sakiTxi
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi daismeba ssrk-is saxalxo dep-
utatTa yrilobis winaSe, Tuki mas dadebiTad gad-
awyvets saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWo. rac
Seexeba respublikis uzenaesi sabWos uars aseTi er-
Teulis Seqmnaze, igi saqarTvelos respublikis da ss-
rk-is konstituciebis zemoxsenebuli muxlebis mixed-
91
viT saboloo gadawyvetilebad CaiTvleba da arc erT
sxva saxelmwifo organoSi aRar ganixileba.
rasakvirvelia, cnobilia SemTxvevebi, rodesac
adgili hqonda avtonomiuri olqis transformacias
avtonomiur respublikad. ase mag. tajikeTis avtono-
miuri respublika male mokavSire respublikad iqca.
es moxda rsfsr-is mTavrobis TanxmobiT, radganac
aSkara iyo am moTxovnis samarTliani xasiaTi. dRes
„suverenitetis aRlumi“ daiwyo – avtonomiuri res-
publikebi ufro maRal statuss iCemeben.
magram osebi, romlebic Sida qarTlSi cxovroben,
ar warmoadgenen ers, am terminis sruli mniSvnelobiT,
es erovnuli umciresobaa, romelsac saTanado statu-
sic miekuTvneba saerTaSoriso standartebis mixed-
viT. mas, rogorc wesi, mxolod erovnul-kulturuli
avtonomiis pretenzia SeiZleba hqondes. ai, rogor
gansazRvravs erovnul umciresobaTa statuss saer-
TaSoriso paqti adamianis samoqalaqo da politikuri
uflebebis Sesaxeb (mux. 27): „im qveynebSi, sadac cxov-
roben eTnikuri, religiuri da enobrivi umciresoba-
ni, pirebs, romlebic miekuTvnebian aseT umciresobebs,
ar SeiZleba uari eTqvas am uflebebze am jgufis sxva
wevrebTan erTad isargeblon, eziaron Tavis reli-
gias da Seasrulon misi wes-Cveulebebi, agreTve is-
argeblon Tavisi kulturiT, mSobliuri eniT“. amitom
administraciul-teritoriuli avtonomia, romelic
dainerga ssr kavSiris erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi
wyobilebis Camoyalibebis procesSi, zogierT SemTx-
vevaSi xelovnurad aniWebda administraciul avtono-
mias erovnul umciresobebs, rac praqtikulad axdenda
mokavSire respublikebis balkanizacias, gansakuTre-
biT es saqarTvelos exeba.
Sida qarTlSi mcxovreb osebs erovnuli umcireso-
bis statusidan gamomdinare ver mieniWeba verc
avtonomiuri respublikis, verc sxva saxis saxelmwifo
warmonaqmnis statusi. avtonomiuri olqi, rogorc
92
amas sakmaod avtoritetuli wyaro aRniSnavs, „ar aris
saxelmwifo, aramed erovnul-saxelmwifo warmonaqmni
erovnul-politikuri avtonomiis formaa. avtono-
miuri olqi iseTi olqia, romelic gansxvavdeba yofi-
sa da erovnuli Semadgenlobis TaviseburebebiT da
uSualod Sedis mokavSire respublikis an mxaris
(rsfsr-Si) SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiis sawyisebze“.
avtonomiuri olqi – erovnuli warmonaqmnia, romelic
Cveulebrivad Tavis administraciul da kulturul
cxovrebas mSobliur enaze awarmoebs. avtonomiuri
olqi xelisuflebis adgilobrivi erTeulebis ricx-
vs miekuTvneba – mis teritoriaze mcxovrebi xalxis
erovnuli niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
(Конституция СССР. Политико-правовой справочник.
Москва, 1972. am wignis saredaqcio kolegiaSi Sedian a.
lukianovi, v. kudriavcevi, b. lazarevi).
analizi gviCvenebs, rom erT SemTxvevaSi avtonomiu-
ri olqis statusi xelovnurad zRudavs eris TviTga-
morkvevis uflebas, meore SemTxvevaSi zustad asaxavs
arsebul mdgomareobas, xolo mesame SemTxvevaSi aRe-
mateba masSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobisaTvis misaniWebe-
li dasaSvebi samarTliani iuridiuli CarCos normebs.
amdenad, samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis mosax-
leobas ar SeiZleba hqondes igive TviTgamorkvevis
ufleba, rogorc Tavis istoriul miwaze mcxovreb ers
an xalxs, Tundac Crdilo oseTSi mcxovreb osebs. maT
mxolod viwro Taviseburi administraciul-terito-
riuli erTeulis statusis pretenzia SeiZleba hqon-
deT. aseTi jgufebis TviTgamorkvevis ufleba Sez-
Rudulia umniSvnelovanes sakiTxSi – TviTgamorkveva
ar SeiZleba xelyofdes mokavSire respublikis ter-
itoriul mTlianobas, e.i. midiodes gamoyofamde
an avtonomiuri saxelmwifos Seqmnamde, radganac
erovnuli umciresoba cxovrobs ara eris istoriul
miwaze, aramed sxva eris teritoriaze, Tundac mrava-
li wlis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc davinaxeT, samxreT
93
oseTis nebismieri saxis respublikad gardaqmna Seu-
Zlebelia ara marto saqarTvelos xelisuflebis or-
ganoebis nebarTvis gareSe, aramed imitomac, rom aseT
moTxovnaze Tundac saolqo sabWos gadawyvetilebis
saxiT araviTari kanonieri safuZveli ar gaaCnia.
aqve unda gaeces pasuxi – ramdenad Seexeba „samxreT
oseTis avtonomiur olqs“ ssr kavSiris federaci-
is „radikaluri ganaxlebiT gamowveuli cvlilebe-
bi“, anu 1990 wlis 26 aprilis kanoni „ssr kavSirisa
da federaciis subieqtebs Soris uflebamosilebaTa
gamijvnis Sesaxeb“.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ssr kavSiris ganviTarebis
mTeli istoria ganicdis ara marto unitarizaciis
tendencias, romelic sul ufro da ufro zRudavda
e.w. suverenuli mokavSire respublikebis kompeten-
cias „centris“ sasargeblod, aramed igi xasiaTdeba
agreTve respublikebis „balkanizaciiT“ e.i. avtonomi-
uri xvedriTi wonis gadidebiT „suverenuli respub-
likebis“ istoriuli mTlianobis xarjze.
ruseTis federaciaSi Semavali avtonomiuri res-
publikebis da avtonomiuri olqebis xalxebs, miuxe-
davad imisa, rom TiTqmis arc erT maTgans arasdros
hqonia saxelmwifoebrioba, erTa TviTgamorkvevis
TvalsazrisiT hqondaT ufleba esargeblaT „ruseTis
xalxTa uflebaTa“ deklaraciiT (1917 wlis noemberi)
naboZebi TavisuflebiT. bevr maTgans SeeZlo Seeqm-
na damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebriobac ki, magram
garkveuli politikuri situaciis gamo, maT irCies
ruseTis farglebSi darCena sxvadasxva saxiT. dRes
zogierTma maTganma moiTxova mieRo suverenuli res-
publikebis ufro maRali statusi. es ruseTis feder-
aciis saSinao saqmea da Cven Tavs vikavebT am procesis
Sefasebisagan.
ssr kavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis subi-
eqtebi, mxolod mokavSire respublikebia, nebismieri
avtonomiuri warmonaqmnis Seqmna suverenuli mokav-
94
Sire respublikebis saSinao saqmea, Tuki is TviTon ar
gadawyvets, aqcios es sakiTxi sakavSiro kanonmdeblo-
biT regulirebis sagnad.
rac Seexeba avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebis ssr kav-
Siris federaciis Tanasworuflebian subieqtad ga-
mocxadebas, es SesaZlebelia mxolod axali sakavSiro
xelSekrulebis dadebiT, isic imaTTvis, vinc Tanxmde-
ba Sevides aseT kavSirSi.
amgvarad, arsebuli normatiuli aqtebis Tanaxmad,
1922 wlis xelSekruleba ssr kavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb
da ssrk-s 1977 wlis konstitucia ar iZlevian iuridi-
ul safuZvels iseTi kanonebis miRebisaTvis, romlebic
miakuTvnebdnen avtomoniur uflebebs, gamoeyon moka-
vSire respublikas. – mokavSire respublikebis saz-
Rvris odnavi Secvlac ki dauSvebelia am respublikis
Tanxmobis gareSe, amitom rogorc ssrk-s kanoni – „ss-
rk-dan mokavSire respublikis gasvlasTan dakavSire-
bul sakiTxTa gadawyvetis wesis Sesaxeb“, aseve 26 apr-
ilis kanoni, uxeSad arRvevs mokavSire respublikebis
suverenitets, gansazRvruls, pirvel rigSi, 1922
wlis xelSekrulebiT, yvela momdevno konstituciiT,
sadac dafiqsirebulia mokavSire respublikis sruli
suvereniteti respublikis mTel teritoriaze, maT
Soris avtonomiebis mier dasaxlebul teritoriaze.
aqedan gamomdinare, aRniSnuli kanonebic moklebu-
lia iuridiul safuZvels, ris gamoc maTi moqmedeba
ar iqna daSvebuli saqarTvelos respublikis terito-
riaze saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos dad-
genilebiT a.w. 20 ivniss.
SeiZleba Tu ara avtonomiuri olqis gauqmeba?!
saqarTvelos ssr konstitucia 1989 wlis 18 noembram-
de iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos ssr SemadgenlobaSi
axali avtonomiuri respublikebisa da avtonomiuri
olqebis Seqmnas da Semdgom wardgenas ssrk-is saTana-
do organoSi dasamateblad. konstituciiT 104-e mux-
li am uflebas respublikis umaRlesi sabWos gansa-
95
kuTrebuli kompetenciis sagnad miiCnevda. rac Seexeba
avtonomiuri erTeulis gauqmebas, mas konstitucia
ar iTvaliswinebda da Tuki aseTi sakiTxi daismeboda,
am SemTxvevaSi mxolod analogiis principiT unda ex-
elmZRvanelaT. e.i. ekonomikuri warmonaqmnis Seqmnis
wesis msgavsad unda movqceuliyaviT.
mdgomareoba Seicvala 1989 wlis 18 noembris zemox-
senebuli kanonis miRebis Semdeg. am kanonma axali re-
daqciiT Camoayaliba saqarTvelos konstituciis 104-e
muxli. amJamad am muxlSi axali avtonomiuri erTeulis
Seqmnaze ki aRar aris laparaki, aramed mis nacvlad
dadgenilia, rom „saqarTvelos respublikis uzenae-
si sabWo iRebs gadawyvetilebebs erovnul-saxelm-
wifo wyobilebis sakiTxebze, romlebic saqarTvelos
respublikis gamgeblobas ganekuTvneba“. aRniSnuli
muxli axali avtonomiuri olqis gauqmebasac moi-
cavs, radgan es aris erovnul-saxelmwifo wyobilebis
erT-erTi sakiTxi da saqarTvelos ssr, rogorc „suv-
erenuli saxelmwifo“, uflebamosilia gadawyvitos
igi.
amrigad, avtonomiuri olqis gauqmebis sakiTxis
ganxilva da gadawyveta ssrk-sa da saqarTvelos re-
spublikis konstituciebis ZaliT SeuZlia mxolod
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaes sabWos.
axla gasarkvevia ssrk-s uflebamosileba gansaxil-
vel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
sakavSiro konstitucia ssrk-s gamgeblobas gana-
kuTvnebs mokavSire respublikebis gamgeblobaSi ax-
ali avtonomiuri respublikebisa da avtonomiuri
olqebis damtkicebas. rac Seexeba avtonomiuri er-
Teulebis da, maT Soris avtonomiuri olqis gauqmebis
damtkicebas, amas ssrk-s konstitucia pirdapir iT-
valiswinebs.
ssrk-s konstituciis 108-e muxlis meore punqti
ssrk-s saxalxo deputatTa yrilobis gansakuTre-
bul kompetenciad miiCnevs gadawyvetilebaTa miRe-
96
bas erovnul-saxelmwifo wyobilebis sakiTxebze,
romlebic ssrk-s gamgeblobas ganekuTvneba. avtono-
miuri olqis gauqmebis sakiTxi mokavSire respub-
likasTan erTad ssrk-s kompetenciasac miekuTvneba,
vinaidan sakavSiro konstituciis me-11 Tavis 27-e mux-
lSi saxeldebiTaa CamoTvlili yvela avtonomiuri
olqi, romelic ki aris mokavSire respublikebisa da
maT Soris, saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. maSasadame,
avtonomiuri olqis gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi icvleba ss-
rk-s konstituciis 87-e muxli, sakavSiro konstituci-
aSi cvlilebebis Setana ki ssrk-s saxalxo deputatTa
yrilobis gansakuTrebul gamgeblobas ganekuTvneba.
amgvarad, udavoa, rom avtonomiuri olqis gauqme-
ba Sesabamisi mokavSire respublikisa da ssrk-s
erToblivi gamgeblobis sagania. mas Semdeg, rac
mokavSire respublika miiRebs gadawyvetilebas
avtonomiuri olqis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, saWiroa saTana-
do cvlilebebis Setana ssrk-s konstituciaSi. ssrk-s
saxalxo deputatTa yriloba sakiTxis ganxilvisas
daeTanxmeba an ar daeTanxmeba mokavSire respublikis
gadawyvetilebas avtonomiuri olqis gauqmebis Sesax-
eb.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi amowurulad, sab-
olood gadawyvetilad CaiTvleba.
meore SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba kolizia mokavSire
respublikisa da ssrk-s gadawyvetilebebs Soris.
aseT viTarebaSi kanonis logikur-istoriuli axs-
na-ganmartebebis mixedviT upiratesoba mokavSire re-
spublikis gadawyvetilebas unda mieces.
saqme isaa, rom mokavSire respublika suverenuli
saxelmwifoa, rogorc amas ssrk-s konstitucia amt-
kicebs. aseTi saxelmwifo TviTon unda gansazRvra-
vdes Tavis erovnul-saxelmwifo problemas. am sferos
sakiTxebis gadawyveta misi saSinao saqmea da aq sx-
vebis unebarTvo Careva dauSvebelia. swored aseTi
wesi moqmedebda sabWoTa erovnul saxelmwifo mSen-
eblobis adrindel periodSi. ssr kavSiris Seqmnis
97
Semdegac mokavSire respublikebi damoukideblad
TviTon wyvetdnen sabolood TavianTi avtonomiuri
erTeulebis Seqmnisa Tu gauqmebis sakiTxebs. sakav-
Siro organoebi am saqmeSi ver Caereodnen, vinaidan
aseTi ufleba mokavSire respublikebs ssr kavSirisaT-
vis ar gadauciaT. mas ar iTvaliswinebs xelSekruleba
ssr kavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb. igi arc ssr kavSiris 1924
wlis konstituciiT ar iyo dakanonebuli. ssr kav-
Siris 1924 wlis konstitucia avtonomiur erTeulebs
mxolod sakavSiro organoSi maTi warmomadgenlobis
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT exeboda.
mdgomareoba Seicvala 1936 wels, rodesac ssr ka-
vSiris me-2 (stalinurma) konstituciam ssr kavSiris
gamgeblobas miakuTvna mokavSire respublikebis
SemadgenlobaSi axali avtonomiuri respublikebisa
da avtonomiuri olqebis Seqmnis damtkiceba. es wesi
SeinarCuna ssr kavSiris 1977 wlis konstituciamac
da rogorc ukve iTqva, amJamadac moqmedebs. magram
igi marTebulad ver CaiTvleba, radganac usafuZvlod
zRudavs mokavSire respublikis suverenul uflebebs,
ewinaaRmdegeba fuZemdebel aqts – xelSekrulebas ssr
kavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romelic dResac ZalaSia
sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis da Tavisi iuridiuli bunebiT
sakavSiro konstituciaze maRla dgas (Tumca aqve unda
aRiniSnos, rom dRevandeli saqarTvelos respubliki-
saTvis arc es xelSekrulebaa savaldebulo). saqarTve-
los istoriis damaxinjebam xeli Seuwyo antiqarTuli
propagandis SeuzRudav gavrcelebas, istoriuli da
Tanamedrove sinamdvilis gayalbebas. olqis mosaxle-
obis absolutur umravlesobas warmodgena ara aqvs am
kuTxis realur viTarebaze. cxinvalis maswavlebelTa
daxelovnebis institutis 32 leqtor-maswavleblidan
qarTvelia mxolod 1, rac seriozul problemas qmnis
qarTuli skolebis maswavlebelTa gadamzadebis saqme-
Si.
amJamad samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi fun-
qcionirebs 145 zogadsaganmanaTleblo skola, ro-
98
melTagan 47 – qarTulia, 36 – osuri, 5 – rusuli, 3 – qa-
rTul-osuri, 3 – qarTul-rusuli, 45 – rusul-osuri,
6 – qarTul-rusul-osuri.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom samxreT oseTis avtonomiur
olqSi arsebobs ori tipis skola: pirveli – sadac pir-
velidan meTerTmete klasis CaTvliT mxolod osuri
ena da literatura iswavleba osurad, xolo danarCe-
ni sagnebi - rusulad; meore – sadac dawyebiT klaseb-
Si (I-IV) yvela sagani osur enaze iswavleba, xolo V
klasidan mxolod osuri ena da literatura iswavle-
ba osurad, danarCeni sagnebi – rusulad. am tipis arc
erT skolaSi qarTuli ena saerTod ar iswavleba. e.i.
avtonomiuri olqis 145 skolidan 90-ze met skolaSi
praqtikulad (faqtobrivad) rusuli swavlebaa. es ki
imas niSnavs, rom saqarTvelos respublikaSi e.w. osur
skolaSi swavleba xdeba rsfsr-Si arsebuli analogi-
uri skolis principebiT, anu savsebiT ignorirebulia
suverenuli respublikis konstituciuri moTxovne-
bi. yvelaferi es mimarTulia osi mosaxleobis Zal-
datanebiTi garusebisaken, rasac samwuxarod xels
uwyobs osuri inteligenciis aSkara tendenciuri
(meti rom araferi vTqvaT) nawili, ZiriTadad piradi
ambiciebiT rom xelmZRvanelobs. aqve gvinda davimow-
moT cnoba samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis saxalxo
deputatTa sabWos aRmaskomisaTvis 1979-1989 wlebSi
respublikuri biujetidan damatebiT gamoyofili sa-
biujeto saxsrebis Sesaxeb. aT weliwadSi damatebiTi
Tanxebis raodenobam Seadgina 10.099.300 maneTi.
Zvirfaso megobrebo! ai, aseTia zemoxsenebuli komi-
siis ZiriTadi daskvnebi.
ramdenime magaliTi:
1989 wlis aRweris mixedviT samxreT oseTis avtono-
miuri olqis mosaxleobis 29 procents qarTvelebi
Seadgenen, 66,2 procents osebi. olqis partiul apar-
atSi 1990 wlis monacemebiT 140 kacidan qarTvelia 34,
osi – 85. TviT partiis saolqo komitetis aparatSi 37
kacidan qarTvelia mxolod 6, osi – 29.
99
saxelmwifo aparatSi 227 adgilidan osebs dakave-
buli aqvT 176, qarTvelebs – 49.
momsaxurebis sferoSi – 2408 adgilidan osebs daka-
vebuli aqvT 1500, qarTvelebs – 631.
vaWrobis sferos 226 saStato erTeuli ase nawil-
deba: osi – 174, qarTveli – 32.
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis kulturisa
da xelovnebis dawesebulebaTa Semadgenloba Semdeg
suraTs iZleva: olqSi sul aris 109 klubi, 153 bib-
lioTeka, 2 muzeumi, samxatvro saswavlebeli, 2 samx-
atvro skola, 1 samusiko saswavlebeli da 2 samusiko
skola, osuri da qarTuli dramatuli Teatrebi,
samxatvro-sagamofeno galerea da sxv. olqis kul-
turis sammarTvelos ufrosi da xuTive raionuli
ganyofilebis gamge erovnebiT osia. aseve, cxinvalis
samusiko da samxatvro saswavleblebis direqtorebi
da saswavlo nawilis gamgeebi osebia. saerTod, samx-
reT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis kulturis organoe-
bis saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis Teatraluri,
sakoncerto da sanaxaobiTi organizaciebis nomenkla-
turul muSakTa 77,5 procents osi erovnebis warmo-
madgenlebi Seadgenen.
samxreT oseTis qarTul mosaxleobas arsebiTad ara
aqvs SesaZlebloba ganaviTaros qarTuli kultura,
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi Tavisu-
flad gamoiyenos Tavisi dedaena, romelic respublik-
is saxelmwifo enaa. xdeba aSkara devna qarTuli kul-
turisa, qarTuli istoriuli Zeglebis uxeSi xelyofa,
odindeli qarTuli toponimebis xelovnuri damaxin-
jeba an gadarqmeva. niSandoblivia, rom samxreT oseTis
avtonomiuri olqis teritoriaze ar moipoveba osuri
kulturis arc erTi istoriuli Zegli da toponimia
qarTulia. miuxedavad amisa, ar arsebobs araviTari
piroba aramcTu kulturuli Zeglis Semdgomi gan-
viTarebisa, aramed istoriulad arsebuli Zeglebis
srulyofili Seswavlisa. saqarTvelos respublikis
mecnierebaTa akademiis samxreT oseTis samecniero-kv-
100
leviTi institutis TematikaSi saerTod ar aris asax-
uli swavleba qarTuli enisa.
amgvarad, irkveva, rom zemoaRniSnul koliziur
viTarebaSi upiratesoba mokavSire respublikis mx-
arezea. ase rom, ssr kavSiris Seqmnis xelSekrulebidan
gamomdinare, mokavSire respublikis gadawyvetile-
bam Tavisi avtonomiuri erTeulis gauqmebis Sesaxeb
aucileblobad unda gamoiwvios sakavSiro konsti-
tuciis 87-e muxlis saTanado adgilis Secvla. winaaRm-
deg SemTxvevaSi igi usagno sinamdvilesTan Seusabamo
normad iqceva sakavSiro konstituciis Tvalsazris-
iT. magram amgvari cvlilebebi kidevac rom ar ganx-
orcieldes, saqarTvelos suverenuli respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos gadawyvetileba mainc ZalaSi darCeba.
avtonomiis statusis gauqmebis moTxovna imas niSnavs,
rom sazogadoebriobam viTarebis gamwvaveba respub-
likis erovnul-saxelmwifo wyobilebis sakiTxs dau-
kavSira. unda eTqvaT, rom mas alRom ar umtyuna. es
ori sakiTxi marTlac mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakav-
Sirebuli. saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi
albaT ar yofila erovnul niadagze SuRlis gaRvive-
bis analogiuri SemTxvevebi. amaSi did rols asruleb-
da saqarTvelos tradiciuli erovnul-saxelmwifo
wyobileba. igi Seesabameboda qarTveli xalxisa da
saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovrebi sxva erovnebis
adamianTa interesebs, uzrunvelyofda maT normalur
mSvidobian Tanacxovrebas. samxreT oseTis konfliqti
gascda lokalur farglebs da ukve aSkara xdeba, rom
safrTxes uqmnis qarTveli xalxis saerTo erovnul in-
teresebs. es garemoeba seriozulad afiqrebs yovel
qarTvels. bunebrivia, igi awuxebs agreTve saqarTve-
loSi mosaxle yvela erovnebas.
Seqmnili situaciis analizis dros ar SeiZleba
daviviwyoT socialur-ekonomikuri analizis arsi
da kulturuli aspeqtebi am urTulesi problemisa.
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnam Selaxa is-
toriuli samaCablos, safalavandosa da qsnis saeri-
101
sTavos qarTveli mosaxleobis interesebi. saqme iqa-
mde mivida, rom isini TavianT samSobloSi „erovnul
umciresobad“ iqcnen. avtonomiur olqSi 1929 wels
Sedgenil erT-erT moxsenebiT baraTSi pirdapiraa
naTqvami, rom „samxreT oseTSi erovnul umciresobas
warmoadgenen qarTvelebi, somxebi, ebraelebi, rusebi
da sxva“.
qarTveli mosaxleobis mdgomareoba samxreT oseTis
avtonomiur olqSi dResac savalaloa. aviRoT Tundac
samxreT oseTSi ganxorcielebuli sakadro politikis
sakiTxi. analizi gviCvenebs, rom qarTveli mosaxleo-
bis warmomadgenelTa xvedriTi wili samxreT oseTis
avtonomiuri olqis partiul, sabWoTa da sameurneo
aparatSi ufro mcirea, vidre es mas olqis mosaxleobis
procentuli Semadgenlobis mixedviT ergeba, riTac
es olqi atarebs osuri erovnebis mosaxleobis aSkara
eTnokratiis niSnebs. davimowmoT: 1921 wlis bolSevi-
kurma aneqsiam mospo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrioba
da Cveni qveyana komunistur-totalitaruli imperiis
nawilad aqcia. gasabWoebis pirveli dReebidanve dai-
wyo saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis xelyofa.
erTi mesamedi Cveni teritoriisa daurigda mezobel
qveynebs, xolo danarCen teritoriebze aRmocendnen
ukanono avtonomiebi, romelnic dRemde mZime tvir-
Tad awevs saqarTvelos.
saerTaSoriso samarTlis moTxovnebidan gamom-
dinare, yovlad miuRebelia ama Tu im qveynis teri-
toriaze ucxo qveynis mier raime avtonomiuri er-
Teulebis warmoqmna mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawilis
nebis gauTvaliswineblad, yovelgvari referendumisa
Tu plebiscitis gareSe am qveynis teritoriis didi
nawilis daTmoba ucxo, araaborigenuli mosaxleobi-
saTvis avtonomiebis Sesaqmnelad. amitom saqarTve-
los teritoriaze dampyrobeli bolSevikuri imperi-
uli xelisuflebis mier ukanono avtonomiebis Seqmna
unda ganvixiloT, rogorc sayovelTaod aRiarebuli
samarTlebrivi normebis darRveva da saerTaSoriso
102
danaSauli.
es yovelive kargad Cans e.w. samxreT oseTis avtono-
miuri olqis Seqmnis magaliTze, rodesac istoriuli
samaCablo, safalavando da qsnis saerisTavo jer ga-
mocxadda samxreT oseTad, xolo Semdeg Seiqmna olqi
qarTuli mosaxleobis nebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.
tradiciuli qarTuli toponimebi damaxinjda da ax-
algors ewodeba leningori, yorniss – znauri da sxv.
1975 wels msoflios civilizebul qveynebs Soris
daido helsinkis xelSekruleba, romlis daskvniTi
aqti yuradRebas amaxvilebs humanitarul sakiTxebze
da gansakuTrebiT erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebze.
kerZod, VII paragrafSi naTqvamia: „monawile saxelm-
wifoebi, romelTa teritoriaze arian erovnuli um-
ciresobani, pativiscemiT moekidebian kanonis winaSe
aseT umciresobaTa warmomadgenel pirTa Tanasworo-
bis uflebas, mianiWeben maT srul SesaZleblobas, nam-
dvilad isargeblon adamianis uflebebiT da ZiriTadi
TavisuflebebiT da amrigad daicaven maT interesebs
am sferoSi“. marTalia mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebi erovnul umciresobas
warmoadgenen, igives ver vityviT calkeul raionebze,
kerZod, Sida qarTlze, anu e.w. samxreT oseTis avtono-
miur olqze, sadac swored qarTvelebi warmoadgenen
erovnul umciresobas, istoriuli bedukuRmarTobis
wyalobiT. es aRniSnulia TviT e.w. samxreT oseTSi 1929
wels Sedgenil erT-erT moxsenebiT baraTSic. ase rom,
qarTvelTa uflebebis darRveva, Cagvra da diskrim-
inacia am regionSi warmoadgens swored erovnuli
umciresobis uflebebis xelyofas da unda ganixile-
bodes, rogorc darRveva helsinkis xelSekrulebisa
da sxva saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebisa. saqa-
rTvelos sxvadasxva regionebSi mcxovrebi osi mo-
saxleobis uflebebs ki aravin arRvevs, maT aravin Ca-
gravs, maT erovnul Rirsebas aravin Seuracxyofs.
vinaidan Cvens mier gamocxadebuli gardamavali
periodis ZiriTadi mizania aneqsiis Sedegebis likvi-
103
dacia, pirvel rigSi, unda vizrunoT saqarTvelos
teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenisaTvis, romel-
ic dairRva aneqsiis Sedegad, rodesac Sida qarTl-
Si Seiqmna e.w. samxreT oseTis ukanono avtonomia,
rogorc Sedegi bolSevikuri totalitarizmisa da
stalinizmis ganukiTxavi Zalmomreobisa.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Cvenis Rrma
rwmeniT, istoriul Sida qarTlSi dRes erovnul um-
ciresobad qceuli qarTuli mosaxleobis uflebaTa
dacvis sruli da saimedo garantia SeiZleba iyos mx-
olod sruli gauqmeba e.w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiu-
ri olqisa, raTa Tavidan aviciloT xelyofa saqarTve-
los teritoriuli mTlianobisa da erovnebaTSorisi
urTierTobis Semdgomi gamwvaveba am regionSi, ra-
sac miznad isaxavs e.w. samxreT oseTis „suverenuli
sabWoTa respublikis“ Seqmna da antikonstituciuri
arCevnebis Catareba. amis gamo yovelive zemoTqmul-
idan gamomdinare vayeneb sakiTxs e.w. samxreT oseTis
avtonomiuri olqis sruli gauqmebis Sesaxeb. aqve
unda aRvniSno, rom amiT dakmayofildeba Sida qar-
Tlisa da sruliad saqarTvelos moTxovna, agreTve
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osi mosaxleobis mniSvnelo-
vani nawilis moTxovna. amasTan unda mogaxsenoT, rom
Cvens mier yovelmxriv garantirebuli iqneba Sida qar-
Tlis osuri mosaxleobis uflebaTa dacva, osuri enis
yovelmxrivi ganviTareba, osuri skolebis SenarCune-
ba, farTo kulturuli avtonomia.
mogiwodebT, mxari dauWiroT kanonproeqts samxreT
oseTis avtonomiuri olqis gauqmebis Sesaxeb Sesabami-
si sakonstitucio Sesworebebis paralelurad.
gaumarjos erTian ganuyofel damoukidebel saqa-
rTvelos!
110
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi
sabWos prescentri
111
Cveni erT-erTi mizania saqarTvelos erovnuli gvar-
diis Seqmna. igi aucileblad Seiqmneba.
– gvardiaSi Sevlen Tu ara am SeiaraRebuli
formirebebis warmomadgenlebi?
– Rirseuli adamianebi, romlebic ar daisaxaven
miznad saqarTvelos erovnul mTavrobasTan brZolas
da konfrontacias, albaT Sevlen.
– Tqven aRniSneT, rom erovnul kongress ar cnobT.
TvliT Tu ara kongresSi Semaval calkeul partiebsa
da organizaciebs opoziciad da rogori urTierToba
geqnebaT maTTan?
– opozicia SeiZleba arsebobdes mravalgvari da
esec erT-erTi saxeobaa opoziciisa. magram bolo
xanebSi am partiebis miznebi daSorda politikas. sam-
wuxarod, maTi moRvaweoba gamoixateba kriminalur ma-
fiebTan kavSirSi da maT dacvaSi, erTgvari aliansic
ki aqvT kriminalur samyarosTan da erTiani frontiT
gamodian WeSmariti erovnuli moZraobis winaaRmdeg.
– kongresis erT-erTma warmomadgenelma ganacxada,
rom amerikaSi, yvelaze demokratiul qveyanaSi, mTav-
roba yvelas aZlevs iaraRis tarebis uflebas. Tqveni
komentari...
– amerikamde bevri ram gvaklia, yovelgvari Tval-
sazrisiT, maT Soris – demokratiuli institutebis
Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT da Segnebis Tvalsazris-
iTac. jerjerobiT ar aris mosaxleobis yvela fenaSi
iseTi moqalaqeobrivi Segneba, rom borotad ar gamoi-
yenon, vin icis ra gzebiT mopovebuli iaraRi.
– rogor afasebT mTavrobis saxlTan mimdinare aq-
cias, operis baRSi mimdinare aqcias?
– mTavrobis saxlis win aqcia Cvengan damoukideb-
lad daiwyo. eseni arian aRSfoTebuli adamianebi. ase-
Ti aqciebi Tbilisis garda sxva qalaqebSic mimdinare-
obs. magaliTad, zestafonSi. xalxi veRar uZlebs amden
eqscesebs, amden danaSauls, amdeni SeiaraRebuli ban-
debis TareSs. savsebiT bunebrivia, rom am aqciebiT
112
xalxi Tavis protests gamoxatavs. rac Seexeba operis
baRTan mimdinare aqcias, igi sakmaod kuriozulia im
TvalsazrisiT, rom aqciis monawileni moiTxoven ma-
Tze ciliswamebis Sewyvetas, Tumca Tavad aRiareben,
rom maT rigebSic SeiZleba iyvnen kriminalebi. ase, rom
iq araviTari maRali idealebisaTvis ar mimdinareobs
SimSiloba. am or aqcias Soris didi gansxvavebaa.
– batono zviad, rogor afasebT universitetis
baRSi edp-s wevrebis aqcias. universitetis profe-
sor-maswavlebelTa da studentTa krebam igi dagmo,
aqcia ki grZeldeba.
– aqcias mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aqvs azri, Tu mas
mxars uWers sazogadoebis didi nawili, rogorc no-
embris, aprilis an gazafxulis aqciebis dros. aqcia,
romelsac partiis wevrebis garda aravin uWers mxars,
danaSaulebrivia. garda amisa, ramdenad zneobrivia
aqciis Catareba panTeonSi, wminda saflavebze karve-
bis gaSla? eseni, pirdapir daupatiJebeli stumrebi
arian, aravis ar surs maTi iq yofna, isini ki ar iSlebi-
an. isini pativs ar scemen xalxs. es aRmaSfoTebelia da
yvelaze demokratiul qveynebSic ki aseT aqcias didi
xania garekavdnen.
– batono zviad, Tu aris cvlilebebi axal avtono-
miebTan dakavSirebiT?
– Zalze gamwvavda mdgomareoba e.w. samxreT oseTis
avtonomiur olqTan dakavSirebiT da saqme iqamde mi-
vida, rom damoukidebeli respublikac ki gamoacxa-
des da arCevnebs atareben ararsebuli respublikis
ararsebuli konstituciis safuZvelze. aman SeiZle-
ba migviyvanos Zalian seriozul Sedegebamde da Cve-
ni poziciac SeiZleba Seicvalos e.w. samxreT oseTis
avtonomiasTan dakavSirebiT.
– ramdenime dRis win gamoqveynda „saxalxo fron-
tis“ darbazis gancxadeba oseTis ambebTan dakavSire-
biT. Tqveni azri...
– Cveni azri gamovxateT meore dResve mimarTvaSi
113
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis mosaxleobisad-
mi da movuwodeT ar miiRon monawileoba am ukanono
arCevnebSi. Semdeg respublikis prokuroris gancxa-
deba gamoqveynda. aq CamoTvlili iyo am danaSulebrivi
arCevnebis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi samsaxurebrivi mov-
aleobis borotad gamoyenebisa da samsaxurebrivi
uflebebis gadaWarbebisaTvis miyenebuli muxlebi.
saxalxo frontis darbazis gancxadeba aris mcdeloba
ufro did patriotebad Tavis warmoCenisa. Cven yvela
zomebs viRebT, rom es ukanono arCevnebi ar Catardes
da Tu mainc Catardeba, maSin miviRebT zomebs misi Se-
degebis gasauqmeblad da, albaT, samxreT oseTis olq-
is gauqmebisTvisac.
– batono zviad, afxazeTSi Camovarda Tanxmoba. ase
amboben, yovel SemTxvevaSi, „mrgvali magidis“ warmo-
madgenlebi.
a) ratom ar iyo presaSi gaSuqebuli qarTul-afx-
azuri konsultaciebi?
b) ra safuZvelze moxda SeTanxmeba. cxadia, iyo kom-
promisebi orive mxridan, konkretulad ra kompro-
misebze moxda wasvla?
g) ratom maicdamainc arZinba airCies, is xom
moskovSi imyofeboda?
– presaSi yovelgvari molaparakebis gaSuqeba ar
aris mizanSewonili. zogjer presaSi mxolod Sedege-
bi Suqdeba. aseTnairad xdeba yvela qveyanaSi. ase, rom
qveynis Sidapolitikuri urTierTobebis zogierTi
aspeqti presaSi ar qveyndeba. mas Tavisi garkveuli
mizani aqvs. es kulisebs miRma diplomatiaa. am SemTx-
vevaSi aseT movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme. dRes afxazi sep-
aratistebi ise agresiulad aRar arian ganwyobil-
ni. SeiZleba es maTi taqtikis droebiTi Secvlaa. maT
dainaxes, rom afxazeTSi saswori ufro qarTvelebis
mxares ixreba. daTmobebi Cveni mxridan ar yofila. Cven
mxolod imis garantia miveciT, rom afxazTa ufle-
bebic iqneba daculi, magram afxazeTis gamoyofas
114
saqarTvelodan ar davuSvebT da arc im ukanono moTx-
ovnebs SevasrulebT, romlebsac isini konstituciur
cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT gviyeneben. magaliTad,
maT moiTxoves umaRles sabWoSi 50 procenti kvotis
garantia, razedac uari miiRes, vinaidan afxazi mosax-
leoba sul 17 procentia. ase, rom moxda urTierTobis
garkveuli normalizeba. arZinba aRmoCnda iseTi figu-
ra, romelic jerjerobiT mdgomareobas ar amwvavebs,
Tuki is gaamwvavebs mdgomareobas, es TviT afxazeTi-
saTvis gamoiRebs Sedegs. rac Seexeba patriarqze Ta-
vdasxmas, aseT rames aravis SevarCenT. damnaSaveni pa-
suxs ageben kanonis winaSe.
– moskovs avtonomiebis didi imedi hqonda, amaze
niSanovis gancxadebac metyvelebs. Tqven ras ityviT?
– moskovi, rogorc Cans, samaCablos imedad darCa,
vinaidan afxazeTSi ar gamouvida Tavisi xrikebi. axla
cota afxazeTis uSiSroebis komitetTan dakavSire-
biT aris bundovnad saqme. ar aris garkveuli ra Zalebi
gaimarjveben iq, magram me mainc mjera, rom uSiSroebis
komitetSic iseTi kadrebi dainiSneba, romelic adg-
ilobrivi mosaxleobis ZiriTad nawils aZlevs xels.
amis Semdeg aRar gveqneba sagangaSo mdgomareoba afx-
azeTSi. samaCabloSi ki moskovs ufro didi warmatebe-
bi aqvs da iq jerjerobiT ver xorcieldeba Cveni kon-
troli, magram es didxans ar gagrZeldeba.
– erTi kiTxva eWvis gasaqarwyleblad: erovnu-
li kongresis meore sesiaze afxazeTidan arCeulma
erT-erTma kongresmenma ganacxada, rom TiTqos Tqven
TerjolaSi konfidencialurad gamoTqviT mosazreba
– galis raioni unda CamoerTvas afxazeTs. ramdenad
realuria es dRevandel politikur situaciaSi da
Rirs Tu ara am sakiTxis wamoweva?
– ubralod, me araerTxel miTqvams, rom avtono-
miebis sazRvrebi SeiZleba Semcirdes, vinaidan es
avtonomiebi ukanonoa. aseTi ram savaraudod ki miTq-
vams ara mxolod galis raionze, aramed sxvebzec. iyo
115
naTqvami, rom afxazeTis avtonomia sazRvrebSi Sei-
Zleba SevamciroT, magram es mxolod pirad saubreb-
Si iyo naTqvami. koncefcia am sakiTxze ar Camomiyal-
ibebia. mokres yuri amas da afxazeTSi gaavrceles xma.
iq wyenasac ki hqonda adgili – oCamCirem, soxumma ra
daaSavao. amaze jer ar aris praqtikuli muSaoba da
saubari. momavalSi vifiqrebT aseT sakiTxebze.
– batono zviad, gqondaT Tu ara saSualeba moges-
minaT jaba ioselianis interviusaTvis, romelic gada-
ica „amerikis xmiT“?
– me vicodi, rom am interviuSi batonma jabam aRi-
ara yvelaferi, rasac uaryofs amJamad da ris winaaRm-
degac acxadebs SimSilobas. rodesac Cven veubnebiT,
rom mas kriminalebi da provokatorebi hyavs, is am-
bobs, rom es ciliswamebaa da SimSilobas acxadebs.
interviuSi ki SimSilobis ciliswamebad miCneuli
faqtebi aRiara. saintereso iyo es. gamodis, rom jaba
ioseliani cils swamebs jaba ioselians. amis Semdeg is
veRar ityvis – es Cemi xma ar ariso. Cven xom swored ma-
gas veubnebiT, rac interviuSi TviTon aRiara, kerZod,
mas kriminalebi hyavs mxedrionSi, amitom is unda daiS-
alos, raTa qarTveli eri safrTxeSi ar Cavardes. Cven
maTTan politikuri diskusiebi ar gvaqvs. maTTan saqme
mxolod samarTaldamcavma organoebma unda daikavon.
magram isini qarTvelebi arian da Cven gvecodebian, ar
gvinda, rom daiRupon, amitom vugzavniT Cvens warmo-
madgenlebs, vcdilobT, ase vTqvaT, maT molbobas.
– batono zviad, aris azri, rom axali ministrebis
umravlesoba arakompetenturia. amas mowmobs Tun-
dac tele-radiokomitetis Tavmjdomaris gadayenebis
moTxovna koleqtivis mier.
– mogaxsenebT, rom aravin ar aris gadayenebuli. iq
mxolod erTma jgufma TanamSromlebisam gamoacxada
protesti. is ubralod aCqarda zogierT sakiTxSi. es
adamiani sakmaod kompetenturia da albaT jerovnad
gaarTmevs Tavs am samsaxurs da is konfliqti, rome-
116
lic pirovnuls hgavs, mogvardeba. sxva ministrebic
Zalian Sesaferisni arian. me mikvirs, rogor SeiZle-
ba winandeli korumpirebulebi da kompartiis dog-
matikosebi SevadaroT am progresul da SesaniSnav
inteligencias, erovnuli moZraobis aqtiur warmo-
madgenlebs da gamoCenil adamianebs. partaparatis
warmomadgenlebis Sedareba SeiZleba baton nodar
wuleiskirTan? qalbaton lia andRulaZesTan? baton
feliqs tyebuCavasTan? igi msoflio akademiebis da
universitetebis sapatio wevria. Tqven, albaT, parti-
ul „elitaSi“ moismineT aseTi saubari.
– batono zviad, ukve oci dRea saqarTvelos hyavs
prokurori, romlis yofna am Tanamdebobaze ewinaaRm-
degeba konstituciaSi Setanil cvlilebebs.
– saqarTvelos mTavrobas damtkicebac SeuZlia Ta-
namdebobis pirebisa, ara marto daniSvna, magram saqme
imaSia, rom erT dReSi yvelaferi ar gakeTdeba.
– am mokle xanSi batonma Tengiz siguam Zalian bevr
xelSekrulebasa da SeTanxmebas moawera xeli, magram
presaSi maTi teqsti ar gamoqveynebula.
– yvela es teqsti gamoqveyndeba.
– Zvelma mTavrobam miiRo dadgenileba citrusebis
gatanis akrZalvis Sesaxeb afxazeTidan. ramdenadac
CemTvis cnobilia, aman gamoiwvia qarTveli da somexi
mosaxleobis ukmayofileba. afxazebs ki raRac xerx-
ebi aqvT produqtebis gatanisa. ra keTdeba am mimar-
TulebiT? ra nabijebi gadaidgmeba uaxloes sesiaze
ekonomikis sferoSi?
– msoflios arc erTi civilizebuli qveynidan ar
xdeba produqciis aseTi ukontrolo gatana. yvelgan
aris sabaJo, yvelgan aris sazRvari, saqarTvelo dRem-
de iyo, rogorc RobemorRveuli saxli. gadioda yve-
laferi kontrolis gareSe. kontrolis sistema jer
dasaxvewia. kooperativebisaTvis, romlebsac gaaqvT
citrusebi, SemoRebulia sabaJo gadasaxadi. rodesac
gveqneba sabaJo, es sakiTxi mogvardeba da ukmayofile-
117
bac aRmoifxvreba.
ekonomikuri RonisZiebebi Seswavlis procesSia. aq
uceb siaxleebis danergva SeuZlebelia. dRes mTavaria
davdoT saqarTvelosaTvis momgebiani xelSekrulebe-
bi. kreditebis miRebasac albaT daviwyebT.
– batono zviad, ras ityviT mafiis Sesaxeb?
– aravin ifiqros, mafiis damarcxeba da likvida-
cia adviliao. marTlia arCevnebSi Cven igi davamarcx-
eT, magram is ganagrZobs arsebobas. sxaTaSoris, uz-
bekeTidan miviReT werili, romelSc Cven Segvnatrian
– gansacvifrebelia Tqveni gamarjveba komunistur
mafiaze, Cven jerjerobiT mafiis mbrZaneblobis qveS
varT da ver vatarebT arCevnebso.
– batono zviad, ras ityviT inteligenciis im naw-
ilze, romelic yovelTvis xalxs simSvidisa da wesri-
gisaken mouwodebda, dRes misi pozicia ar Cans?
– inteligenciis es nawili, cru inteligencia, dRes
kriminaluri bandebis mxardaWerisaken mouwodebs
xalxs, radgan kremli ubrZnebs maT. maSin opozicia
iyo meamboxe, axla ki mafia aris meamboxe. kremls axla
awyobs mafiis amboxeba da cru inteligenciac mafias
emxroba. ase SeiZleba gamovicnoT, vin rogori orient-
aciisaa inteligenciaSi.
– batomo zviad, amaswinaT kiTxvaze, Tu ra bedi
eliT respublikelebs, romlebic axla samokavSireo
xelSekrulebaze xels ar moaweren, niSanovma upasuxa
– isini icxovreben Zveli xelSekrulebiT, Tu gasvla
undaT, gavidnen kanonis Sesabamisad. Cven albaT pir-
veli pretendentebi varT gasvlisa da ras ityviT amis
Taobaze?
– niSanovs, Cemi azriT, iuridiuli Seusabamoba
mouvida – axali xelSekruleba rom daideba, Zveli
xom Zalas dakargavs. Zvelis datoveba iqneba iuridi-
uli umecreba, TviTneboba da Zaladoba saerTaSori-
so samarTlis mimarT, magram Cven es ar gagvikvirdeba,
aseTi ram bevri gvaxsovs.
118
– ramdenime dRis win televiziiT movismineT
sofel gldanis mcxovrebi piris gamosvla gldanSi
momxdari incidentis Taobaze. meore dRes is televi-
ziiT isev gamovida da yovelive uaryo, igrZnoboda,
rom wina gamosvlisas is gulwrfeli iyo. xom ar qonda
adgili moralur terors? meore gamosvlisas manqana
warweriT „mxedrioni“ aRar figurirebda.
– unda mogaxsenoT, rom sofel gldanidan CvenTan
movida qalebis didi jgufi da gamoTqva teleekranze
gamosvlis survili im mizniT, rom telemayureblebi-
saTvis ecnobebinaT Semdegi – es kaci „mxedrionis“
wevrebma gaitaces, aiZules Cvenebis Secvla da ZaliT
miiyvanes televiziaSi meorejer gamosasvlelad. am
qalebs teleekrani ar dauTmes. aseTi mdgomareobaa.
– batono zviad, cotaTi gaWianurda momavali
wlis biujetis damtkiceba, es xom ar niSnavs, rom saka-
vSiro mTavrobidan sanqciebia mosalodneli?
– sanqciebi ukve aris. es yvelam unda icodes – ara
marto biujetis, aramed sursaTisac. saqarTvelos
Seuwyvites rZis fxvnilis mowodeba da dafinansebasac
umcireben. axlaxan espaneTis kreditis ganawilebisas
respublikebze, baltiispireTi, saqarTvelo da uz-
bekeTi gamotoves – es respublikebi sanqciebis obi-
eqtebia – e.i. Cven Sav siaSi varT.
– rodis aris savaraudo adgilobrivi sabWoebis
arCevnebi?
– adgilobrivi sabWoebis arCvnebTan dakavSirebiT
bevri problemaa. gansakuTrebiT araqarTveli mosax-
leobis regionebSi. albaT, SemuSvdeba yvela raion-
isaTvis misaRebi forma saarCevno kanonisa. munic-
ipaluri arCevnebis Sesaxeb kanons uaxloes sesiaze
gavitanT.
– batono zviad, Tu arsebobs ruseTSi Zla, romel-
ic iqneba kompartiis oponenti?
– ruseTSi arian opoziciuri Zalebi, magram daqsaq-
sulni. erTiani Zala amJamad ar arsebobs. rac Seexeba
119
elcinis mosazrebas, is aris moraluri, pirovnuli
opozicia, cal-calke arsebuli jgufebi da partiebi
erTian Zalas ar warmoadgenen. politikuri Zala jer-
jerobiT ar Cans.
– raime kontaqtebs xom ar amyarebT ungreTTan?
– gveqneba intensiuri da saqmiani urTierToba. Sei-
Zleba iTqvas, erTnairi gza ganvlo saqarTvelom da
ungreTma brZolisac, ganTavisuflebisac. ungreTi
TiTqmis Tavisufalia da damoukidebeli, male impe-
riis jarebi datoveben mas. saqarTvelo jer ar aris
am stadiaSi, magram, me mgoni, amave gziT midis da esec
ganapirobebs gansakuTrebul siaxloves da simpaTias
ungreli xalxisadmi.
– arCevnebis Sedegebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg
mravalma oficialurma pirma aRniSna, rom moskovSi
saqarTvelos axali xelisuflebis mimarT aris Tbili
damokidebuleba da ar SeiZleba analogis gatareba
baltiis qveynebTan.
– saqme is gaxlavT, rom moskovis diplomatia Zalian
daixvewa. gromikos epoqis Semdeg dadga axali epoqa
diplomatiaSi. siaxle mdgomareobs garegani keTil-
ganwyobis CvenebaSi, karg pirovnul urTierTobaSi,
saqmiT ki sul sxva ram xdeba – ekonomikuri sanqciebis
ganxorcieleba. es aris sabWoTa diplomatiis axali
stili, rogorc sazRvargareTis qveynebTan urTier-
TobaSi, ise respublikebTan. ver vityodi, maincda-
mainc kargi urTierToba gvaqvs, saqmiT jerjerobiT
ar Cans, saqmiT konfrontacia ufro Cans.
– gorbaCovma gamoTqva TqvenTan Sexvedris survi-
li. ras ityodiT amaze?
– am sakiTxs Zalze bevri mxare aqvs, jerjerobiT vs-
wavlobT am sakiTxs.
– batono zviad, Seicvleba Tu ara evropis, msof-
lios qveynebis damokidebuleba ssrk-Si Semavali re-
spublikebis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZrao-
bisadmi?
120
– dasavleTSi jerjerobiT mxolod diskusiaa am
sakiTxebis irgvliv. buSs hyavs opozicia, romelic
eubneba – ratom xarT mCagvrelis mxareze, moraluri
aspeqtiT akritikeben buSsa da mis pozicias, magram is
Tavisi pragmatuli da politikuri mosazrebebiT up-
irispirdeba yovelive amas. jerjerobiT asea.
Tu gaimarjvebs swored is zneobrivi momenti dasav-
leTis politikaSi, romelic prezident reiganis
dros batonobda da iyo wamyvani, ai, maSin SeiZleba
gadmoixaros saswori Cvens mxareze, jerjerobiT es
ar Cans.
– ra gavlenas moaxdens eray-quveiTis konfliqti
Cvensa da centrs Soris urTierTobaze?
– Tu rogor ganviTardeba eray-quveiTis konfliq-
ti, amaze bevri ram aris damokidebuli, magram jer
ar aris naTeli, Tu rogor ganviTardeba yovelive es.
rasakvirvelia, Cven sxvisi ubedureba ar gvaxarebs da
gulTan axlos migvaqvs, magram Tu saqme konfliqtamde
mivida, maSin dasavleTis qveynebTan daaxloeba ufro
intensiuri gaxdeba da maSin sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba
Tavis dawolas Cvenze da diskriminacias albaT cotas
Seasustebs.
– 10 dReSi saxalxo deputatTa IV yriloba daiwye-
ba moskovSi, saqarTvelos oficialuri xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebi Cavlen Tu ara. yrilobaze samokav-
Sireo xelSekruleba erT-erT sakiTxad gadis. Tqven
piradad Tu apirebT wasvlas?
– albaT ver waval. raRac delegacia albaT wava.
rac Seexeba federaciis sabWos, sadac samokavSireo
xelSekrulebis sakiTxi ixileba, iq Cven uari vTqviT
monawileobaze. vinaidan saqarTvelo uars ambobs
am xelSekrulebaSi monawileobaze, arc ganxilvaSi
viRebT monawileobas.
– batono zviad, ra ismis moskovidan saqarTvelos
uSiSroebis komiteetSi momxdari cvlilebebis Taoba-
ze?
121
– Cvensa da moskovis suk-is xelmZRvanelebs Soris
daaxloebiT aseTi saubaria – dadga Cveni gayris dro,
maT sityvebs geubnebiT, rogor gaveyaroT, italiurad
Tu amerikulad, CxubiT Tu mSvidobianad? Cven vuTx-
ariT, rom civilizebuli adamianebi mSvidobianad
iyrebian, da axlac mSvidobianad xdeba es gayra.
– batono zviad, rogor eleva sakavSiro uSiSroe-
bis komiteti im sistemas, romelic danergili iyo aqa-
mde, rom garkveuli frTa dazvervisa Sedioda saqarT-
velos uSiSroebis komitetis ganmgeblobaSi?
– iZulebulni arian gauwion angariSi realobas.
isini xedaven, rom aqauri komiteti maT aRar daeqve-
mdebareba, Zveleburad aRar miawodebs politikur
informaciebs. amitom raRac forma unda gamoiZeb-
nos mSvidobiani damokidebulebisa CvenTan. Segueba?
rodesac cxovreba gaiZulebs unda Seeguo, isini cx-
ovrebam aiZula, rom Seeguon. sxva gamosavali ara
aqvT, Zveli dro aRar dabrundeba, is dro, rodesac
aq maTi yurmoWrili mona da informaciis wyaro iyo.
Tqven waikiTxavdiT baton xatiaSvilis intervius.
iq yvelaferia naTqvami. uwindeli urTierToba aRar
iqneba. raRac diplomatiuri urTierToba SeiZleba
iyos maT Soris.
– ram ganapiroba dRevandeli daZabuli viTareba
saqarTveloSi?
– es ganapiroba saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaken
Cvens mier gadadgmulma nabijebma, mravalpartiuli
arCevnebis Catarebam, erovnuli mTavrobis arCevam.
aman gamoiwvia centris aseTi saSineli reaqcia da
yovelive is, rac centris inspiraciiT dRes xdeba saqa-
rTveloSi. am SimSilobis CaTvliT mTeli es areulo-
ba centris mier aris inspirirebuli. es winaswarme-
tyvelurad ganacxada gorbaCovma sesiis meore dRes.
cota adre mouvida gancxadeba, es – POST factum unda
gaekeTebina. magram man winaswar ukve icoda, rom saqa-
rTveloSi es ambebi daiwyeboda da uneblieT wamosc-
122
da, droSi gauswro movlenebs.
– batono zviad, Tqveni azriT, romeli qveynebi
dauWeren mxars saqarTvelos mesame saxelmwifos rol-
Si?
– Zalian Zneli sakiTxia. jer oficialuri dasav-
leTis poziciis Secvla unda moxdes, isini erTmaneTs
uTanxmeben poziciebs, integrirebulni arian yvelani.
rogorc ki saerTo pozicia Seicvleba, yvela dagviW-
ers mxars.
– batono zviad, dasavleTis presaSi mravaljer
aRiniSna, rom baltiis qveynebi gamoTqvamen ukmayo-
filebas dasavleTis samyaros mimarT, rom ver iReben
saTanado mxardaWeras. TvliT Tu ara Tqven, rom amis
erTaderTi mizezi aris eray-quveiTis konfliqti?
– ara marto eray-qyveiTis konfliqti. am sakiTx-
Tan kavSirSia ganiaraRebis problemac, birTvuli
iaraRis problemebi Tavidanve ukavSirdeboda am
sakiTxs. eray-quveiTis problemam kidev ufro daaax-
lova dasavleTi da ssrk-i da isic unda vTqvaT, rom
Cveni poziciebic gaaZliera, vinaidan am situaciaSi
kavkasiaSi stabiluroba aucilebeli xdeba, rogorc
erTi, ise meore mxarisaTvis. ar dagimalavT, rom ukve
SeerTebuli Statebi svamen sakiTxs TbilisSi sakon-
sulos gaxsnis Sesaxeb. aris laparaki samxedro hosp-
itlebis mSeneblobaze amerikis daWrilebisaTvis saW-
iroebis SemTxvevaSi.
– batono zviad, eray-quveiTis saomari mdgomare-
obis kulminaciasTan misvlis SemTxvevaSi xom ar iqne-
ba ssrk-dan gasvlis gaadvilebis Sansi? saqarTvelos
buferuli saxelmwifos rolSi daSvebiT?
– ara. saqarTvelo buferis rolSi ar gamodgeba.
igi SeiZleba placdarmi gaxdes. saqarTveloSi stabi-
lurobis aucileblobiT aris gamowveuli imperiis
orgvari damokidebuleba Cvendami – Tan blokadiT
gvaxrCobs, Tan keTilganwyobasac avlens. frTxili
politika aqvs. dasavleTis qveynebic, me mgoni, dain-
123
teresebulni arian kavkasiaSi stabilurobiT, amaze
miuTiTebs is saidumlo TaTbiri, romelic saxelmwifo
departamentSi am ramdenime dRis win Sedga saqarTve-
los sakiTxze.
– batono zviad, aris Tu ara saqarTveloSi strate-
giuli daniSnulebis birTvuli iaraRi?
– aris, rasakvirvelia.
– batono zviad, Tu saqarTvelo ganTavisufldeba,
dasWirdeba Tu ara mas birTvuli iaraRi?
– gaaCnia, ra statusi eqneba momavalSi saqarTvelos
da ramdenad eqneba saerTaSoriso dacva, saerTaSor-
iso samarTlis dacva da ramdenad iqneba is CarTuli
saerTo evropul saxlSi da integraciis procesSi.
amazea yvelaferi damokidebuli.
– batono zviad, ramdenad realobad migaCniaT
saerTo kavkasiuri saxlis mSenebloba?
– es aris, me vTvli, Zalian bundovani da ara saWiro
saubari. saerTo saxlze rom vlaparakobT, jer Cveni
sakuTari saxlebi unda gvqondes. usaxlkaro adamiane-
bi rom Seikribon da isaubron raRac saerTo saxlze,
es aris utopia da fantazia. jer yvelas sakuTari sax-
li unda hqondes, jer vifiqroT Cven Cven saxlebze da
yvelam Tavis saxls mixedos.
124
„jer vnaxoT…“
upasuxa zviad gamsaxurdiam kiTxvas,
kvlav sabWoTa iqneba Tu ara
afxazeTi
– raime kontaqtebi Tu gqoniaT ssrk prezident-
Tan?
– diax, epizodurad. iyo telefoniT saubrebi,
gzavnilebaTa urTierTgacvla. dinjad, mSvidad vsau-
brobdiT, magram garkveuli uTnxmoeba gvqonda zogi-
erT sakiTxebze. amJamad sasurvelad ar mimaCnia amaze
laparaki.
– ssr kavSiris saxalxo deputatTa IV yrilobaze,
romlis muSobaSic saxalxo deputatebic monawile-
obdne, meTvalyured gaigzavnen agreTve Tqveni pirve-
li moadgile da sagareo urTierTobis komisiis Tavm-
jdomare. rogor gamoxatavdiT sakavSiro yrilobaze
saqarTvelos am ormag monawileobas?
– saqarTvelos ssr aRar arsebobs. misi saxalxo
deputatebi jer kidev arian ssrk uzenaesi sabWos
SemadgenlobaSi, magram isini Cvens warmomadgenlebad
ar migvaCnia. rac Seexeba imas, rom saqarTvelos res-
publikis uzenaesma sabWom yrilobaze meTvalyuree-
bad gagzavna ori Cveni warmomadgeneli, isini mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi ityvian sityvas, Tu yrilobaze vinmem
daamaxinja Cveni pozicia mTel rig sakiTxebSi.
– saqarTvelom winaT ormxrivi xelSekrulebebi
dado estoneTTan da ukrainasTan. xom ar apirebT uax-
loes xanSi aseTive xelSekruleba dadoT ruseTis sfs
respublikasTan?
– sul male – dekembris miwuruls an ianvris dam-
degs – ganzraxulia saqarTveloSi boris elcinis Ca-
mosvla. Cvens warmomadgenlebs ukve hqondaT masTan
kontaqti da daTanxmda. me mgonia, ruseTTan movaxerx-
ebT TanamSromlobis xelSekrulebis dadebas.
125
– rogorc ki agirCies saqarTvelos uzenaesi
sabWos Tavmjdomared, maSinve ganacxadeT, respub-
likaSi avtonomiebi darCebao, magram Tqvens winan-
del deklaraciebs aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba respub-
likis parlamentis gadawyvetileba samxreT oseTis
avtonomiis gauqmebis Taobaze...
– osma separatistebma samxreT oseTis damou-
kidebeli sabWoTa respublika gamoacxades da kon-
stituciis sawinaaRmdego arCevnebi moawyves. amitom
davaCqareT samxreT oseTis likvidacia, Tumca Tavda-
pirvelad amas ar vapirebdiT. magram osebma TavianTi
moqmedebiT gadagvadgmevines es nabiji.
– ra pozicias adgaxarT afxazeTis mimarT?
– am SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba laparaki avtonomi-
is gauqmebaze, radgan afxazeTic saqarTvelos abori-
genuli mosaxleobaa.
– magram Tu afxazeTi moindomebs darCes sabWoTa
respublikad?
– jer vnaxoT. maSin SeiZleba axlandeli avtonomi-
is formebi gadaisinjos, magram sruli likvidacia,
Cemi azriT, SeuZlebelia.
– uaxloesi xanisTvis romeli kanonebis pro-
eqtebs amzadebT?
– sakanonmdeblo aqtebs moqalaqeobriobaze,
magaliTad, da kidev prefeqturaze. rac Seexeba mo-
qalaqeobriobis kanonis proeqts, aq, ra Tqma unda,
iseTive SezRudvebi iqneba, rogoric yvela civili-
zebul qveyanaSia, kerZod, iqneba binadrobis cenzic.
moqalaqeobriobas namdvilad mxolod is mcxovrebni
miiReben, erovnebis miuxedavad, romlebic saqarTve-
loSi aneqsiamde cxovrobdnen.
– 1921 wlis aneqsias gulisxmobT?
– es sakiTxi jer ar damizustebia, magram SeiZle-
ba 1801 welic ki miviRoT. Cven gvinda ganvsazRvroT
saqarTvelos kanonieri da ukanono mosaxleoba.
– Tqven cnobili iyaviT, rogorc adamianis ufle-
126
baTa dacveli. didi xnis manZilze, jer kidev wina xe-
lisufalTa mimarT opoziciaSi yofnis dros, saqarT-
velos helsinkis kavSirs meTaurobdiT. is, rasac axla
ambobT, adamianis uflebaTa darRvevad ar CaiTvleba?
– maSin yvela demokratiuli qveyana adamianis
uflebaTa damrRvevad unda gamovacxadoT, radgan
maTTanac arsebobs SezRudvebi binadrobis cenzis
mixedviT.
– magram es SezRudvebi sul ramdenime wliT gan-
isazRvreba.
– Cvennairi mcirericxovani eri, Tanac aseT ubed-
urebaSi Cavardnili, iseT cenzebs ver daeTanxmeba,
rogoric did saxelmwifoebSia SemoRebuli, Cven Tav-
dacvis meqanizmi gvWirdeba.
„komsomolskaia pravda“
20 dekemberi 1990 w.
127
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi
sabWos Tavmjdomaris
zviad gamsaxurdias
saaxalwlo mimarTva televiziiT
gamarjobaT, megobrebo!
Cemi dRevandeli mimarTva Tqvendami ar iqneba
tradiciuli saaxalwlo mimarTva, zogadi saubrebi
patriotizmze, keTili survilebi, mxolod zogadi
mowodebebi, aramed es iqneba erTgvari angariSi eris
winaSe. me valdebuli var Cavabaro angariSi Cvens ers,
romelmac mxari dagviWira arCevnebSi, romelmac mx-
ari dauWira Cvens moZraobas da romelmac isurva, rom
Cven vyofiliyaviT xelisuflebis saTaveSi. es ar iqne-
ba iseTi mimarTva, rogoric sCveviaT bednieri qveynis
prezidentebs! es iqneba mimarTva, ufro gamomdinare
saqarTvelos dRevandeli realuri politikuri vi-
Tarebidan. me msurs, agreTve pasuxi gavce mravali
Tqvenganis SekiTxvas. me vici, rom Cvens ers aRelvebs
mravali sakiTxi, surs garkveva mravali sakiTxisa, ro-
melsac Cven SeZlebisdagvarad marTals vaSuqebT pre-
saSi, gamosvlebSi, magram yovelTvis ar xerxdeba amom-
wuravi pasuxis gacema. vici, rom aSfoTebs mravali ram
Cvens mosaxleobas. aris iseTi faqtebi, romelic Cvenze
ar aris damokidebuli. me mogaxsenebT, Tu ra viTare-
baa dRes Seqmnili. saerTod damokidebulebaze cen-
trisa Cvendami, rogoria Cveni urTierToba saokupa-
cio jarebTan, avtonomiebSi mimdinare procesebTan,
rogoria Cveni damokidebuleba opoziciasTan, rogo-
ria Cveni ekonomikuri politika, ra miRwevebi gvaqvs,
ra gviSlis xels. ase, rom yovelive aqedan gamomdin-
are, me msurs mogaxsenoT Semdegi: Tqven iciT, rom saqa-
rTveloSi Catarda demokratiuli, mravalpartiuli
arCevnebi. aq ar yofila araviTari falsifikacia. ucx-
oeli eqspertebi Tvals adevnebdnen am arCevnebs. aq ar
128
yofila aravis mimarT Zaldataneba, aravis motyueba.
qarTvelma erma gaakeTa arCevani – Tavisufali arCev-
ani da man xma misca erovnul moZraobas, erovnul-gan-
maTavisuflebel moZraobas, xolo dRes axlad arCeu-
li xelisufleba – erovnuli xelisufleba imgvarad
warmarTvs qveynis politikur da ekonomikur cxovre-
bas, rogorc es aucilebelia qarTveli erisaTvis, misi
ganviTarebis perspeqtivebisaTvis. arian saqarTvelo-
Si garkveuli Zalebi, romelTac ar awyobT stabiluri
mdgomareoba, ar awyobT mSvidobiani ganviTareba Cveni
qveynisa. isini moqmedeben sxvadasxvagvari meTodebiT.
magram, sabednierod, isini ar arian imdenad Zlierni,
rom zegavlena iqonion qveynis politikur cxovre-
baze da xelisuflebis saqmianobaze, rom realurad
Seaferxon es saqmianoba. erT-erTi mTavari meTodi am
Zalebisa, aris dezinformaciis gavrceleba, mosaxle-
obis terorizeba sxvadasxvagvari versiebiT, TiTqos
saqarTvelos uaxloes xanSi emuqreba sagangebo mdgo-
mareoba centris mxriv, uxeSi samxedro Careva, komen-
dantis saaTi da sxva.
me unda mogaxsenoT, megobrebo, sruli pasuxismge-
blobiT, rom aseT xmebs araviTari realuri safuZve-
li ar gaaCnia. saqarTvelos ar emuqreba es safrTxe.
sabednierod, saqmis viTareba imgvaria sabWoTa kav-
SirSi, rom aqtiuri Careva, uxeSi Careva respublike-
bis Sinaur saqmeebSi ukve TandaTanobiT SeuZlebeli
xdeba centrisaTvis, miT ufro, Tu Cven viqnebiT er-
Tiani, Tu davirazmebiT axlad arCeuli erovnuli
xelisuflebis garSemo, win aRvudgebiT yovelTvis
amgvar xrikebs. unda mogaxsenoT, rom Tavdapirvelad,
rodesac Cven movediT xelisuflebaSi, centris mxriv
Zalze mwvave reaqcia iyo. es gamoixateboda zepir ga-
frTxilebebSi, werilobiT ultimatumebSic, pirda-
pir muqaraSic, arc amas davmalav. magram Cven ar varT
is xalxi, visTanac am enaze SeiZleba saubari – muqarisa
da SantaJis enaze, rodesac darwmundnen amaSi, Secva-
129
les politika. amJamad ufro dialogis, ufro mSvido-
biani saubris forma aqvs yovelive amas. araviTar Zal-
datanebas ar aqvs adgili. me sruli pasuxismgeblobiT
vambob amas. aris mxolod garkveuli rekomendaciebi,
garkveuli Txovna zogierT sakiTxebSi, magram aravi-
Tari diqtati dRes ukve aRar xorcieldeba. es mTa-
vari da umTavresi, rac unda mogaxsenoT da rac uaR-
resad imedis momcemia Seqmnil situaciaSi. magram arc
imas davmalav, rom garkveuli Zalebi, garkveuli rea-
qciuli Zalebi centrisa kvlav ganagrZoben farul mo-
qmedebas, rac gamoixateba umTavresad anarqiisaTvis
pirobebis SeqmnaSi, garkveuli anarqiuli Zalebisadmi
mxardaWeraSi. agreTve, e.w. avtonomiebSi mimdinare
procesebTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas igive – aris
garkveuli Carevebi Cveni qveynis Sinaur saqmeebSi,
oRond faruli, araoficialuri da Tqven iciT, yove-
live amas mohyva garkveuli destabilizacia e.w samx-
reT oseTis, avtonomiur olqSi. magram yovelive amas
vupirispirebT Cvens kanonmdeblobas. Cven garkveviT
ganvucxadeT centrs, rom gvaqvs Cveni konstitucia,
gvaqvs Cveni kanonmdebloba, romlis primatobac saqa-
rTvelos teritoriaze garantirebulia amave konsti-
tuciiT da Cven ar davuSvebT sxva romelime qveynis
konstituciis Carevas Cvens Sinaur saqmeebSi, sxva kon-
stituciis poziciebidan Sefasebas Cveni Sina-politi-
kuri viTarebisa da saqmianobisa. rogorc Cans, jer-
jerobiT amas iTvaliswineben da rogorc mogaxseneT,
Cvens saqmeebSi aqtiurad ar erevian. Tumca imis Tq-
mac, rasakvirvelia, ar SeiZleba, rom Cven mTlianad
Tavisufalni varT, mTlianad damoukidebelni varT,
gansakuTrebiT ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. es Zal-
ze Zneli misaRwevia jerjerobiT. TviT iseTi qveyana,
rogoric Cexoslovakiaa, acxadebs, rom man marTalia
miaRwia politikur damoukideblobas, magram srul
ekonomikur damoukideblobas sabWoTa kavSirisagan
da am e. w. varSavis paqtis qveynebisagan ver miaRwia,
vinaidan es aris Zalze xangrZlivi procesi. Zalze
130
xangrZlivi procesebi dasWirdeba imas, rom saqarT-
velo mTlianad ganTavisufldes im izolaciisagan,
romelic mas mouwyo imperiam da misma xelmZRvanelo-
bam am wlebis manZilze. mogexsenebaT, Cven mowyvetili
varT mTel msoflios, Cven ar varT CarTuli msoflio
ekonomikur procesebSi da Cveni erT-erTi umTvresi
mizani dRes swored es aris – msoflios ekonomikur
integraciaSi CarTva da im kavSirebis aRdgena, rome-
lic hqonda saqarTvelos dasavleTis civilizebul
qveynebTan Tavisi demokratiuli respublikis arse-
bobis manZilze. saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis
aRdgena warmatebiT mimdinareobs. Tqven iciT, rom
Cven mivaRwieT garkveul warmatebebs am sferoSi.
Zireulad gardavqmeniT arsebuli konstitucia da mas
TiTqmis araferi aqvs saerTo sabWoTa konstituci-
asTan. marTlia, aris calkeuli kanonebi, romlebsac
agreTve sWirdeba reforma. gansakuTrebiT, moqalaqe-
obis Sesaxeb kanoni. mas Cven vamzadebT. aucileblad
iqneba kanoni saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb. sx-
vaTa Soris, amasTan dakavSirebiT centraluri presa
gangaSs texs da cdilobs isev da isev nacionalizmSi
dagvdos brali, magram Cven ar gveSinia aseTi bralde-
bebisa arc erTi mxridan. mivyvebiT im kurss, romelic
ganpirobebulia mrgvali magidis politikuri orga-
nizaciebis platformiT. es platforma mowonebulia
qarTveli eris mier. mowonebulia, agreTve msoflis
mier. msoflio presaSi iyo Zalze dadebiTi Sefasebebi
am programisa, am platformisa swored saerTaSoriso
samarTlidan gamomdinare. ase, rom Cveni kursi ucvle-
lia da masze gavlenas ver moaxdens veraviTari gareSe
Zala. Cveni damokidebuleba saokupacio jarebisadmi
mogexsenebaT, gamomdinarea saerTSoriso samarTlis
moTxovnebidan. Cven vacxadebT, rom saokupacio jar-
ebs ukve mieca statusi, mieca swored ucxo qveynis
saokupacio jarebis statusi imiT, rom konstitucia-
Si, Cvens dRevandel konstituciaSi, mis preambulaSi
isini moxseniebulni arian, rogorc saokupacio jar-
131
ebi da naTqvamia, rom maT mier ganxorcielda aneqsia
saqarTvelosi. konstitucia aris umaRlesi kanoni.
ase, rom sxva kerZo dadgenileba amasTan dakavSirebiT,
aRar aris saWiro, iseve, rogorc aRar aris saWiro
damoukideblobis deklaracia. vinaidan saqarTvelom
damoukideblobis deklaracia ukve gaakeTa 1918 wels,
ase, rom iuridiulad es deklaracia isev ZalaSia da
ganmeorebiTi deklaracia Cven aRar gvWirdeba. saqa-
rTvelo iuridiulad damoukidebeli iyo da dResac
damoukidebelia. oRond sxva saqmea de faqto – e.i. faq-
tobrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena. es aris Cveni miza-
ni – faqtobrivi aRdgena saxelmwifoebriobisa, romel-
ic Cven aneqsiis Sedegad davkargeT. ase rom araviTari
ganmeorebiTi deklarireba amgvari damoukideblobi-
sa aucileblobas ar warmoadgens da ar aris saWiro
arc sistematuri ganmeoreba imisa, rom saqarTveloSi
saokupacio jari dgas, rom es ucxo qveynis jaria da
sxva. es aris anbanuri, sayovelTao WeSmariteba, rome-
lic ganmtkicebulia Cvens konstituciaSi. xolo kon-
stitucia, vimeoreb, aris ZiriTadi kanoni, romelsac
Cveni saxelmwifo eyrdnoba. rac Seexeba avtonomiebs,
mogexsenebaT, Cven gavauqmeT ukanono avtonomia e.w.
samxreT oseTisa. amJamad iq mimdinareobs mdgomare-
obis stabilizacia imiT, rom Cveni miliciis Zalebi
dRiTi-dRe ufro da ufro aqtiurad moqmedebs, Sina-
gani jaric ukve veRar gviwevs iseT winaaRmdegobas. is
eqvemdebareba Cvens mier daniSnul komendants.
marTalia, aris calkeuli movlenebi, romelTac
meti kontrolireba sWirdeba. Cven moviTxovT: kate-
goriulad moviTxovT centrisgan, is ar unda Caerios
Cvens Sinagan saqmeebSi. mas ara aqvs araviTari ufle-
ba raime pretenziebi wamogviyenos am avtonomiebis
gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT, magram es separatisti
provokatorebi ganagrZoben TavianT saZraxis saqmi-
anobas. isini mouwodeben samoqalaqo omisaken mosax-
leobas. imuqrebian da centraluri presa, sxvaTa So-
ris, maT siamovnebiT uTmobs tribunas. centralur
132
presaSi pirdapir qveyndeba maTi muqarebi. gvemuqre-
bodnen samoqalaqo omiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Cven Sevi-
yvandiT erovnul milicias egreT wodebul samxreT
oseTis teritoriaze. magram Cven, miuxedavad amisa,
mainc SeviyvaneT. Cveni milicia iq moqmedebs da moq-
medebs sakmaod efeqtianad da albaT, uaxloes xanSi
miRweuli iqneba didi warmatebebi. moaxdina Tu ara
moskovSi mimdinare procesebma raime zegavlena Cvens
Sinaur politikaze? ar aris dasamali, rom bevri miTq-
ma-moTqma gamoiwvia SevardnaZis gadadgomam. amasTan
dakavSirebiT Cven ganvacxadeT, rom am gadadgomas
jer ver mivcemT saTanado Sefasebas, sanam igi dakmay-
ofilebuli ar iqneba centraluri xelmZRvanelobis
mier da Tu igi dakmayofilebuli iqna, maSin SeiZle-
ba vifiqroT, rom es aris garkveuli manevri, raTa mas
Seuqmnan kidev didi avtoriteti, aamaRlon misi popu-
laroba da Semdeg scadon misi meSveobiT saqarTvelos
Sinaur saqmeebSi Careva da SesaZloa misi Camoyvanac
saqarTveloSi, rasac Cven, rasakvirvelia, saTanado
Sefasebas mivcemT, rodesac saWiro iqneba. ar viciT
sabolood, jerjerobiT amas Cven ver davamtkicebT.
magram SeiZleba es manevri ganxorcieldes swored im
mizniT, rom xelaxla scadon saqarTvelos daqvemde-
bareba TavianTi diqtatisadmi. es SeiZleba swored am
mizniT ganxorcielda, magram jerjerobiT saboloo
Sefasebisagan Tavs vikavebT. ase, rom kidev vimeoreb,
centrSi mimdinare procesebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom
ufro da ufro xdeba sabWoTa imperiis dezintegra-
cia. swored es Zalebi imarjveben. rasakvirvelia,
aris reaqciuli Zalebis cdebi, magram maT kidevac
rom miaRwion droebiT warmatebebs, rom SemoiRon sa-
gangebo mdgomareoba mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi da maT
Soris saqarTveloSic – es ver ixsnis imperias da es
veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver Secvlis istoriul kanon-
zomierebas. mogexsenebaT, istoriis umTavresi kanon-
zomierebaa – imperiebis droebiTi arseboba da maTi
saboloo aRsasruli yovelTvis gardauvalia. Cveni
133
ekonomikuri politikis Sesaxeb minda mogaxsenoT, rom
Cven gvergo Zalze mZime memkvidreoba komunisturi re-
Jimisagan. mogexsenebaT, Tu ra mankieri procesebi iyo,
ekonomikur procesebs vgulisxmobT – rogori anarqia,
rogori qaosi dakanonda, spekulacia, dakanonda xalx-
is Zarcva-gleja. am sistemasTan gadamwyveti brZolaa
saWiro. amitom Cven gadavwyviteT droebiT SevaCeroT
kooperativebis moqmedeba, gansakuTrebiT sazkvebis
kooperativebis moqmedeba, raTa gaumjobesdesmo-
saxleobis produqtebiT momarageba. es aucilebel
RonisZiebad miviCnieT.
agreTve gavaZliereT kontroli sawyobebis baka-
leis saqmianobaze, raTa ar moxdes maxinji movlenebi,
aRar gagrZeldes is, rasac adgili hqonda arcTu ise
Soreul warsulSi da yvelanairad gadaeketos gza
spekulacias.
amave dros, fasebis stabilurobaze zrunva Cveni
erT-erTi umTvresi mizani gaxlavT. Cveni mosaxleobis
azris gaTaliswinebis gareSe sruli pasuxismgeblo-
biT unda mogaxsenoT, ar gavzrdiT fasebs arc erT pro-
duqtze. es Cveni erT-erTi umTavresi gadawyvetile-
baa da Tu iqneba fasebis zrda, es ar Seexeba ZiriTad
sakveb produqtebs. vimeoreb, isev da isev es ar mox-
deba mosaxleobis azris gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. Cven
movawyobT mosaxleobis gamokiTxvas. Tqven iciT, rom
miviReT kanoni referendumis Sesaxeb. saerTod, es
kanoni mravali sakiTxis gadaWras Seuwyobs xels. am-
ave dros unda mogaxsenoT demografiuli politikis
Sesaxebac. amasTan dakavSirebiT Cven ganvacxadeT, rom
mzaddeba kanoni moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb. Tu aqamde saqa-
rTveloSi qarTveli mosaxleobis diskriminacia iyo,
amJamad qarTveli mosaxleobis interesebi unda iyos
daculi uwinares yovlisa, magram Cven amiT ar gam-
ovricxavT zrunvas erovnul umciresobaTa uflebeb-
ze. araviTar SemTxvevaSi aravin ifiqros, rom erovnu-
li umciresobis uflebebi daTrgunuli iqneba. Tumca
amas Cven xSirad gvwameben centralur presaSi, magram
134
es sinamdviles ar Seesabameba. saqarTvelo iseTi qvey-
anaa, sadac tradiciulad mSvidobianad cxovroben
sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgelebi, sxvadasxva re-
ligiis warmomadgenlebi da es ase gagrZeldeba. Cveni
momavali parlamentis saqmianoba daemyareba swored
erovnuli interesebis samsaxurs, daemyareba im kurss,
romelic Cven gamovimuSaveT da romelic mogawodeT
Cveni platformis saxiT da romlis mTavari mizania
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena, erovnu-
li SeiaraRbuli Zalebis Seqmna, rogorc mogexsenebaT,
ukve Camoyalibda erovnuli Sinagani jari, erovnuli
gvardia, romelic stabiluri mdgomareobis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi faqtori unda iyos saqarTveloSi. Cven movu-
wodebT yvela araoficialur SeiaraRebul formire-
bas, iaraRi Caabaros, daiSalos da SemouerTdes
erovnul gvardias, raTa saqarTveloSi iyos stabilu-
ri mdgomareoba, samoqalaqo mSvidoba, aRmoifxvras
damnaSaveoba, mosaxleobam icxovros mSvidobianad.
amisaTvis yvelaferi unda gavakeToT. unda daviraz-
moT erovnuli parlamentis garSemo, raTa momavalma
Taobam uaxloes xanSi damoukidebel, ekonomikurad
aRorZinebul, Tavisufal da bednier saqarTveloSi
icxovros.
gilocavT axal wels, da gisurvebT, ganxorciele-
buliyos Cveni eris yvelaze didi, sanukvari ocneba da
momaval wels damoukidebel, Tavisufal saqarTvelo-
Si SevxvedrodeT.
135
ssr kavSiris prezidents
m.s. gorbaCovs
137
romlebsac Tavxedurad Telavdnen fexqveS erTi muWa
SeiaraRebuli eqstremistebi, „samxreT oseTis“ xalx-
is „TviTgamorkvevisaTvis“ mebrZolTa samoselSi rom
arian gamowyobili. mTeli pasuxismgeblobiT vacxa-
debT, rom ar arsebobs araviTari „oseTis samxreTi“.
aris mxolod Sida qarTlis regioni, sadac garkveuli
droidan cxovroben CrdiloeT oseTidan gadmosaxle-
buli osi erovnebis pirebi, rac damtkicebulia qarT-
veli xalxis materialuri da kulturis ZeglebiT. es
odindeli qarTuli miwa-wyalia, romlis warTmevas qa-
rTveli xalxi arasodes Seurigdeba, sanam cocxlobs
TviT xalxi. ar SeiZleba gavaigivoT Sida qarTlis vi-
Tareba sxva mokavSire respublikis avtonomiebTn, rac
TqvenTvis, ra Tqma unda gasagebia, rameTu kargad ic-
nobT ruseTis imperiis istorias, magram sxva respub-
likebis saSinao saqmeebi TviT respublikebis saqmea.
erTi ram cxadia: damRupvelia vudgebodeT yvelafers
erTi sazomiT, ssr kavSiris konstituciaSi moxse-
niebul yvela avtonomias, maTi warmoqmnis istori-
ul-samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis gauTvaliswineblad.
saWirod migvaCnia xazgasmiT aRvniSnoT, rom arc erTi
erovnuli umciresoba saqarTveloSi ar ganicdis ar-
aviTar SezRudvebs erovnul-kulturuli avtonomiis
ganviTarebaSi. es faqtia, romlis Semowmebac advilia,
magram faqtia isic, rom yofili samxreT oseTis olq-
is xelmZRvaneloba axorcielebda aSkarad diskrimi-
naciul politikas regionSi mcxovrebi mkvidri qarT-
veli mosaxelobis mimarT da roca am pirobebSi osi
erovnebis separatistebi Seudgnen damoukidebeli
saxelmwifos Seqmnas, uromlisodac TiTqos SeuZlebe-
li iyos regionSi cxovreba osTa erovnuli kulturis
ganviTareba, romlebsac viTomda diskriminacias uwev-
en qarTvelebi, qarTveli xalxis moTminebis fiala aiv-
so – olqis gauqmeba erTaderTi swori gadawyvetileba
gaxda Seqmnil situaciaSi. am aqtma ara marto erTxel
da samudamod bolo unda mouRos separatistul mo-
138
qmedebas, aramed aRadginos kidec istoriuli samar-
Tlianoba. Semdgomi movlenebi kargad mogexsenebaT.
isini Camoyalibebulia saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos 1991 wlis 9 ianvris dadgenilebaSic.
Tqven ar unda gagakvirvoT Tqveni brZanebulebis mkve-
Trad uaryofiTma Sefasebam, radgan masSi aqcenti ga-
datanilia TiTqosda saqarTvelos respublikis uzen-
aesi sabWos aramarTlzomier moqmedebaze da sruliad
ar aris dagmobili separatistTa moqmedeba Sida qa-
rTlSi. arada swored maTi mizeziT iyo miRebuli gad-
awyvetileba avtonomiuro olqis gauqmebis Sesaxeb.
gvinda SegaxsenoT, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli
parlamenti, olqis arsebobisadmi metad uaryofiTi
damokidebulebis miuxedavad mainc ar apirebda mis
gauqmebas, rac gamocxadebuli iyo oficialurad da
araerTxel. gansakuTrebiT miuRebelia brZanebulebis
debuleba regionidan saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa
saministros qveganayofebis dauyovneblivi gamoy-
vanis Sesaxeb, maSin roca iq TareSoben osi eqstrem-
istebi, teroriT aSineben qarTul mosaxleobas, ssr
kavSiris Sinagan saqmeTa saministros jarebis wayrue-
biT. magram mTavari is aris, rom verc erTi suverenu-
li saxelmwifo ver dauSvebs, rom mis teritoriaze
warmoiqmnas samarTlebrivi vakuumi, romelSc imoq-
medeben SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, mis iurisdiqcias rom
ar eqvemdebarebian da misi saxelmwifo interesebis
sazianod rom moqmedeben. Cven 1922 wlis samokavSir-
eo xelSekruleba migvaCnia ukanonod saqarTvelos
mimarT, radgan igi daido saqarTvelos okupaciis
pirobebSi, qarTveli xalxis nebis gauTvaliswineb-
lad. magram kidevac rom davdgeT Tqvens poziciaze
da davadasturoT, rom igi namdvilia, ibadeba kiTxva
– gana es xelSekruleba ar iZleoda mokavSire respub-
likebis suverenitetisa da teritoriuli mTliano-
bis garantias?! visRa icavs dRes kavSiri? yovelive
es erTxel kidev mowmobs saqarTvelos respublikis
139
uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebis siswores, romelmac gamo-
acxada gardamavali periodi sruli damoukideblo-
bis mopovebis gzaze. am periodis ganmavlobaSi Cven
Tavs vcnobT ssr kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi im pirobiT,
rom sabWoTa kavSiri aRiarebs qarTveli xalxis su-
verenul uflebas mTlianad aRidginos ZaliT warT-
meuli saxelmwifoebrioba samarTlebrivi, politi-
kuri da ekonomikuri realiebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ama
wlis 7 ianvris brZanebulebis msgavsi aqtebi xels ar
uwyoben viTarebis stabilizacias, ar aneleben daZab-
ulobas regionSi, piriqiT, amxneveben separatistebs.
maT eqstremistebs ubiZgeben aqtiurobisaken. swored
am brZanebulebis Semdeg viTareba regionSi dramatu-
lad garTulda, daiRvara sisxli. Seqmnili afeTqeba
– saSiSi situacia SeiZleba Seanelos mxolod Tqveni
brZanebulebis moqmedebis SeCerebam da Tqvens mier im
poziciis dakavebam, romelic unda ekavos ssr kavSiris
konstituciis Sesabamisad ssr kavSiris prezidents –
ese igi icavdes mokavSire respublikis suverenobas,
ukuagdos yvela koniunqturuli mosazreba, sakadrisi
pasuxi gasces Zalebs, romlebsac eTnokrizisis provo-
cireba imperiis SenarCunebis erTaderT saSualebad
miaCniaT. magram istoriis Carxis ukuRma datrialeba
xom ukve SeuZlebelia. gvesmis ra Tqma unda, rom Zal-
iT, romelic Tqven gaqvT, SegiZliaT scadoT CaaxSoT
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTve-
loSi, magram rogori iqneba am gamarjvebis fasi?! da
gana es gamarjveba iqneba?! gamovTqvamT rwmenas, rom
Tqven, pativcemulo mixeil sergis Zev erTxel kidev
CaswvdebiT qarTveli xalxis miswrafebebs, Seecdeb-
iT gaigoT misi am gadawyvetilebis mTeli siRrme da
gaqaneba, rom moipovos namdvili saxelmwifoebrivi
Tavisufleba mokavSire respublikebTan da am wuTier
politikur mosazrebebs ar anacvalebT mTeli qarTve-
li xalxis, agreTve saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi xalxebis,
maT Soris osTa umravlesobis beds, romlebic mzad
140
arian mxarSi amoudgnen TavianT qarTvel Zmebs samar-
Tliani saqmisaTvis brZolaSi. gasaTvaliswinebelia,
rom saqarTveloSi mcxovreb osTa umravlesobis nebaa
daamyaros regionSi mSvidoba da Tanxmoba, kvlavac
ganaviTaros erovnuli kultura, risTvisac sulac
ar aris savaldebulo hqondes xelovnurad Seqmnili
avtonomiuri olqi an Tundac respublika, rasac naT-
lad mowmobs CrdiloeT oseTis respublikaSi Seqmni-
li viTareba, sadac erovnul-kulturuli avtonomiis
done gacilebiT dabalia. rac ufro adre mixvdebian
xelisuflebis sakavSiro organoebi Tu rogoria Sida
qarTlSi namdvili viTareba da saTanado pozicias
daadgebian, miT ufro swrafad moxdeba mdgomareo-
bis stabilizacia regionSi. saWiroa separatistebma
gaigon, rom maT ar unda iqonion centris mxardaWer-
is imedi da Seurigdnen damarcxebas. darwmunebuli
varT, rom samarTlianoba gaimarjvebs!
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tvmjdomare
zviad gamsaxurdia
12 ianvari 1991w.
141
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris
baton zviad gamsaxurdias
preskonferencia
142
Ri iq ar aris, interfronti Zalian Zlieria, da ami-
tom egona, SemrCebao. ris Semdegac saqarTvelozec
ifiqrebda, radgan icis, CvenTan gacilebiT gaWirde-
boda aseTi operacia, vidre baltiispireTSi. magram
nu gvegoneba, TiTqos SegviZlia amitom gul-xeli da-
vikrifoT – kremli xom verafers dagvaklebso, mivuS-
vaT yvelaferi TviTdinebaze. es ase ar aris. Tu opozi-
cia, romelic sinamdvileSi kremlis agentia, da me amas
dagimtkicebT „krasnaia zvezdaSi“ gamoqveynebuli
weriliT, sadac pirdapir weria: imdenad aRmaSfo-
Tebel saqmeebs sCadis saqarTvelos parlamenti, rom
opozicia samtrediaSi liandagebze dasxdao moZrao-
bis gadasaketad. vis gulisxmobda „krasnaia zvezda“
opoziciaSi? gulisxmobda „mxedrionis“ bandas. sinam-
dvileSi liandagebze aravin ar damjdara. movida ori
gogona da cota xans idga liandagebze, xolo „mxe-
drionis“ ramdenime wevri baqanze idga. es faqti imis
saCveneblad gamoiyenes, Tu rogor aris aRSfoTebuli
opozicia gamsaxurdias „diqtaturiT“. es igivea, rac
gorbaCovma Cveni pirveli sesiis dros Tqva: saqarT-
veloSi ajanyeba aRSfoTebamdea misulio. is kaxeTis
miliciaze „mxedrionis“ Tavdasxmebs gulisxmobda.
ai, vin amzadebs saqarTveloSi kremlis intervencias.
amitom rac ufro droulad ailagmeba aseTi Zalebi,
ufro dazRveuli viqnebiT yovelgvari agresiisagan.
miT ufro mivaRwevT aseT warmatebas. amaSia „saidum-
lo“. kremli sadac winaaRmdegobas xedavs, iq ar Sedis.
– Tqven „krasnaia zvezdas“ yalbi informacia ax-
seneT. Cven viciT, rom aseTive masalebiTa gaJRenTili
centraluri gazeTebi. samwuxarod, imave arxebiT si-
yalbes iReben sazRvargareTac. ra keTdeba imisaTvis,
rom swori informacia gavides msoflioSi?
– Cven dRes kremlis uzarmazari sainformacio
manqana gvipirispirdeba, ufro sworad – dezinfor-
maciis manqana, sakdesis saxiT, sagareo saqmeTa samin-
istros saxiT, sukis saxiT, maT miznad aqvT dasaxuli
143
dezinformacia msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebis
Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, amaSi maT Cvenive gadagvarebu-
li qarTvelebi uwyoben xels rogorc aq, aseve sazR-
vargareT. aq visac vgulisxmob, Tqven kargad iciT da
me zedmetad haers aRar movwamlav maTi saxelis xsen-
ebiT, xolo ucxoeTSi maTi agenturaa janri kaSias,
ramaz klimiaSvilis da sxvaTa saxiT. isini lanZRaven
parlaments, aqeben kongress. amboben, pirdapir aRmaS-
foTebelia, rom parlamenti xels uSlis kongress da
ar aZlevs muSobis saSualebaso; parlamentSi, TiTqos,
falsifikaciis gamo Sevida xalxi, ar yofila aravi-
Tari arCevnebi, rom saarCevno kanoni arasrulyofil-
iao da sxva. yovelive amas rusi rom ambobs „krasnaia
zvezdaSi“ – ar gvewyineba, radgan es bunebrivia, ma-
gram qarTveli rogor unda daknindes imdenad, rom
mis qveyanaSi Catarebuli demokratiuli, Tavisufali
arCevnebis Sedegebi ucxoeTidan lanZRos da mosTx-
aros?! amas arc erTi eri ar akeTebs. magaliTad, ase-
Ti moRalateebi somxeTSi rom aRmoCndnen, saxalxod
CamoaxrCoben. amdeni moRalate arc erT ers ar hyavs.
amiT sargebloben kremli da misi propaganda. „Tavisu-
flebis“ qarTuli redaqcia saqarTvelos mtrebis xe-
lSia, da ratomRa gikvirT, rom gamodis ucxoeli da
amdagvars wers, maT rom SevekamaToT, im wuTSi qarT-
velebze migviTiTeben – amaT Tqveso. rogorc ityvian,
cixe Signidan tydeba.. marTlia, kremlis dezinfor-
maciis manqana Zlieria, magram mas Cvenive moRalateebi
uwyoben xels.
– batono zviad, iq ara gvyavs xalxi, romelic am
saqmes moagvarebda?
– Zalian susti, radgan sazRvargareT Zalian Zlie-
ria moskovi – sabWoTa saelCoebi. maTi agentebi ter-
oris gziTac ki gvebrZvian. magaliTad, Cveni sagareo
saqmeTa ministri saeWvo viTarebaSi moiwamla ital-
iaSi. amave dilas manqanac daamtvries. Cven ar vamt-
kicebT, rom es maincdamainc moskovis gakeTebulia, ma-
144
gram Zalian saeWvo viTarebaSi moxda. ara mgonia, rom
produqtebis saqme italiaSi iseve iyos, rogorc Cven-
Si, rom gafuWebuli produqtebi miitanon samTavrobo
sufraze. Cveni iqauri momxreebi terorizebuli, Sevi-
wroebuli arian, maT araviTari mxardaWera ara aqvT.
es agentura ki yovelgvari mxardaWeriT sargeblobs.
es dasavleTis dasustebis Sedegia.
centraluri gazeTebis korespondentebi mZime
mdgomareobaSi varT. Cvengan damoukideblad bevri
yalbi informacia gadis. Cven ki, marTlac, eris moRa-
lateebad gamovdivarT, radgan ar viciT ra ibeWde-
ba. amas, ZiriTadad sakdesis aqauri korespondenti
akeTebs. iqneba SevkrebiliyaviT da raime gveRona amis
winaaRmdeg.
– me ar mikvirs, rom „pravda“ amas akeTebs, ma-
gram saocaria, rom e.w. demokratiul-disidenturi
gazeTebic ki Caebnen am procesSi, es gazeTebic gadai-
qcnen Cvens winaaRmdeg sabrZolvel iaraRad. yvelani
erTi poziciiT arian Cvendami gamsWvalulni.
aq iTqva da Tqvenc brZanebT, rom sakdesi yalb in-
formacias iZleva, gansakuTrebiT misi aqauri ganyo-
filebis saSualebiT, romelsac vinme koCetovi warm-
arTavs, saWirod xom ar migaCniaT uzenaesi sabWos
gancxadeba sakdesis dezinformaciebis Sesaxeb? da
meore, opozicia axseneT, uzenaesi sabWo miscems Tu
ara Sefasebas maT moqmedebas?
rodesac Cven sakdesis korespondentebs davumt-
kicebT, rom Segnebulad ayalbebs informacias,
aucileblad unda mieceT persona non gratas statusi
da gavaZevoT saqarTvelodan. SeiZleba savsebiT ar ga-
movides akrZalva, radgan asea Tu ise, is Jurnalistia,
Tu Jurnalistia, imoqmedos, rogorc Jurnalistma, da
ara rogorc diversantma.
rac Seexeba e.w. opoziciis mier gavrcelebul cru
informaciebs, me Tqven ukve giTxariT, Tu rogor os-
taturad iyenebs amas Cveni mteri. amitom pasuxi unda
145
gaeces yvela monaCmaxs, romelsac isini avrceleben
presaSi, radioTi da televiziiTac ki.
– rogori Sefaseba misca kremlma saqarTveloSi
erovnuli gvardiis Seqmnas?
– kremlis Sefaseba SeiZleba gavigoT im werili-
dan, romelic gamoqveynda „krasnaia zvezdaSi“. es aris
kremlis reaqciuli samxedro Zalebis reaqcia. am wer-
ils hqvia „batoni prefeqtebi da batoni gvardiele-
bi“. e.i. „batons“ ironiulad xmaroben, raki Cven „tava-
riSCebs“ aRar vambobT, da raikomis mdivnis, am patara
uzurpatoris da diqtatoris mmarTvelobis nacvlad
SemoviReT prefeqtis demokratiuli instituti, ro-
melic bevr qveyanaSia gavrcelebuli, es aRaSfoTebs
Cvens mtrebs da meore – erovnuli gvardiis Seqmna,
romelic daicavs Cvens erovnul interesebs. gorba-
Covis pirveli brZanebuleba, romelic 7 ianvars gamo-
qveynda, me winaswar gamacnes. es gaakeTa gorbaCovis
davalebiT lukianovma. iq teqstSi ewera: gikrZalavT
erovnuli gvardiis Seqmnaso. me vuTxari ris safuZ-
velze gvikrZalavT, ra iuridiuli safuZveli gaqvT am
akrZalvisaTvis-meTqi. da davumtkice maT, rom aravi-
Tari iuridiuli dasayrdeni ar hqondaT. garda amisa,
vuTxari, rom es aris Sinagani jari, romlis Seqmnis
ufleba yvelas aqvs, Tundac Tqvenive konstituciidan
gamomdinare-meTqi.
maT SeeSindaT da amoiRes es punqti, magram rogorc
iciT, moldoveTs ar dauTmes. mas pirdapir ubrZanes,
rom gaeuqmebina erovnuli gvardia da daaSlevines.
esec imis niSania, rom saqarTvelosTan ufro frTxi-
lad iqcevian, vidre nebismier sxva respublikasTan.
rac Seexeba momavals, me ar vici ras iRoneben. jerje-
robiT isini sagangebo winaaRmdegobas ver gviweven.
– ra perspeqtiva aqvs erovnul gvardias, riTi Sei-
araRdeba, ramdeni kaci imsaxurebs?
– dasawyisisaTvis daaxloebiT 12 aTasi, rac Seexeba
iaraRs, sakmarisi gvaqvs.
146
– batono zviad, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom
SeaCera brZaneba jarebis da miliciis erToblivi moq-
medebis Sesaxeb, ra reaqcia mohyva amas kremlidan?
– jerjerobiT araviTari reaqcia ar aris, erTi
kia, vfiqrob, amierkavkasiis jarebis sardlobas Tvi-
Ton ar undoda amis gakeTeba, radgan safrTxea Tav-
dasxmis da iaraRis warTmevisa. ai, TviT moskovSic
ki jariskacebi xanjlebiT gamovidnen. xalxi iaraRze
nadirobs. saqarTveloSi rom daewyoT patrulireba,
iaraRis naxevari qarTvelebis xelSi gadavidoda, Sei-
Zleba sisxlic daRvriloyo. Cveni xalxi daRupuliyo,
SeiZleba omi dawyebuliyo, omis dawyeba ki maT jer-
jerobiT xels ar aZlevT, vidre amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis srul mxardaWeras ar gainaRdeben. Tanac, me
vfiqrob, rom es aris erTgvari reklamireba mTavro-
bis mxridan, rom yvelafers iRoneben damnaSaveobis
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. es aris mosaxleobis damS-
videba, radgan, marTlac, cudi mdgomareobaa da xalxi
aujanyda gorbaCovs, sTxoven, rom rogorc unda, ise
daamyaros wesrigi, amitom man ubralod es aCvena
xalxs. praqtikulad ki ver ganaxorciela. es rom ganx-
orcieldes, samxedro diqtatura iqneba. amis saSuale-
bas ki dasavleTi jerjerobiT ar aZlevs. Tu gainaRda
dasavleTis mxardaWera, maSin namdvilad gaakeTebs.
– TanamSromlobT Tu ara sabWoTa kavSirSi arse-
bul demokratiul ZalebTan?
– kavSiri da TanamSromloba rom ar yofiliyo,
imasac ver mivaRwevdiT, rac sadReisod gvaqvs. Ta-
namSromloba daviwyeT jer kidev samocdaaTiani
wlebidan, gansakuTrebiT baltiispireTTan, mosko-
vis demokratiul ZalebTan, es kontaqtebi axlac gr-
Zeldeba. Cveni warmomadgeneli, parlamentis wevri
nugzar mgalobliSvili, iq gamovida grandiozul
mitingze, romelic demokratiulma Zalebma moawyves
ltolvilTa mxardasaWerad. samwuxarod, moskovel
demokratebSi bevria Sovinisti, romelTa pozicia
147
Cvens mimarT kremlis poziciisagan ar gansxvavdeba.
aseT xalxTan Cven TanamSromloba ar gamogviva.
– rogori mdgomareobaa e.w. samxreT oseTSi, ra
donezea molaparakeba? rogorc cnobilia, dakavebu-
lia maTi cru prezidenti. ra reaqcia mohyva amas?
– e.w. samxreT oseTSi situacia daZabulia, radgan
Cven gvebrZvian ara mxolod osi eqstremistebi, ar-
amed sabWoTa jaric. iq aris samxedro saraketo baza,
saidanac osi eqstremistebi sistematiurad marag-
debian sabrZolo raketebiT. aq, kadris oficrebi, ra-
tomRac, ZiriTadad osebi arian. aseve – serJantebic
da jariskacebic. ratom moxda erovnuli niSnis mixed-
viT maTi Tavmoyra, albaT Zneli gasagebi ar aris. isic
aRsaniSnavia, rom maTi liderebi, swored am baza-
Si imalebodnen. ufro metic, baza Tavis oficialur
rezidenciad gaixades. iq Rebulobdnen Jurnalitebs.
e.i. rodesac vinmes undoda kulumbegovis an CoCievis
naxva, midioda am bazaSi da iq xvdeboda. aqedan gansa-
jeT, Tu vis vebrZviT. amis gamo protestis weriliT mi-
vmarTeT amierkavkasiis jarebis sardals patrikeevs.
is TiTqos dampirda saqmis mowesrigebas. magram Cemi
werilis Semdeg ori javSantransportiori Tavs
daesxa qarTul sofels da cecxli dauSina, erTi mil-
icieli mZimed daiWra, meore javSantransportiori
SeiWra sofel eredvSi da qarTul mosaxleobas sanad-
iro Tofebi CamoarTva. e.i. namdvili omia. sabWoTa
jarisTvis osi eqstremistebi daqiravebuli agentebi
arian. amitom saboloo gamarjvebas jer ver mivaRwi-
eT.
CrdiloeTSi alagirTan dabanakebulia genera-
li cagolovi, romelic diversantebs gzavnis Cvens
teritoriaze. isini SeiraRebulni arian araCeveu-
lebrivad, Tanamedrove teqnikiT. amis damtkiceba
ki CvenTvis Zalian Znelia. xelmZRvaneloba ambobs,
TiTqos es momdinareobs calkeuli jariskacebisa da
oficrebisagan, viTom es moskovidan ar modis. sinam-
148
dvileSi ki yvelaferi swored iqidan momdinareobs.
rac kremlma litvaSi gaakeTa erovnuli xsnis komite-
tis saxeliT, aq amas akeTebs osi eqstremistebis xeliT.
scenari igivea. amis Sesaxeb telegrama gavugzavne
gorbaCovs, riTac vuTxari, rom Tu ar Sewydeba aseTi
moqmedeba, me vamxel maT mTeli msoflios winaSe. jer-
jerobiT pasuxi ar aris.
rac Seexeba dakavebul cru prezidents, igi ban-
debis meTauri kulumbegovia, romelsac prokuratura
brals sdebs omis propagandaSi, teroris propaganda-
Si, erovnuli SuRlis gaRvivebaSi, rac praqtikulad
ganaxorciela. gamoZieba mimdinareobs da gairkveva
misi braleulobis sakiTxi.
– ganzraxuli gaqvT Tu ara gasvla sazRvargareT
saqarTvelos erovnuli interesebis dasacavad?
– ganzraxuli mqonda gasvla SveicariaSi – davosSi,
sadac miwveuli viyavi, magram ver movaxerxe, radgan
aq omis mdgomareobaa, amas kremli qmnis xelovnurad,
rom Cven versad ver wavideT, ver movicaloT Sinau-
ri problemebis gamo. es Segnebuli politikaa. Cveni
sagareo ministri dadis da amyarebs kavSirebs, axla
bevri dasavleTis firma Tu banki gvTavazobs daxmare-
bas. es yvelaferi male praqtikulad ganxorcieldeba.
– axla Cvens milicias uamravi problema aqvs, ar
SeiZleba, rom msurvelebi CaerTvnen am saqmeSi, ioli
rom gaxdes wesrigis damyareba?
– amasTan dakavSirebiT, raionebSi municipaluri
milicia SemoviReT, romelic SeiaraRebulia da wes-
rigs icavs. es gakeTdeba TbilisSic. municipalur
miliciaSi Seva yvela, visac survili eqneba da iaraRis
tareba SeeZleba.
– ras ityviT samaCablodan qarTvel ltolvileb-
ze?
– Seqmnilia daxmarebis fondi, Cvenc vexmarebiT da
yvelanairad vcdilobT xelis Sewyobas. momavali ki
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad swrafad mivaR-
149
wevT cxinvalSi wesrigis damyarebas. ltolvilebis
problema politikuri sakiTxia, romelic Cven unda
gavitanoT msoflios dasanaxad.
– sirTuleebis miuxedavad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
samaCabloSi garkveul warmatebas mivaRwieT. axla xom
ar apirebT raimes daTmobas?
– arafris daTmobas ar vapirebT. piriqiT, ufro
gavamkacrebT zomebs osi eqstremistebis mimarT. ga-
vaZlierebT mxilebis kompanias – yvelas davanaxvebT,
rom es aris pirdapiri aliansi moskovTan. aman SeiZle-
ba dadebiTi nayofi gamoiRos. Tu imas mivaRwieT, rom
jari CamovaSoreT, eqstremistebs iolad movuvliT.
– batono zviad, Cveni baltiispireli kolegebi
gansakuTrebuli simpaTiiT arian ganwyobilni Tqven-
dami, radgan Tqven erTaderTi uzenaesi sabWos Tavmj-
domare xarT, romelic kremlSi ar yofilxarT. rogor
fiqrobT, SexvdebiT gorbaCovs Tu ara? an miiRebT
monawileobas federaciis sabWos muSobaSi, Tu ara?
– Tu mTeli eri amogvidgeba mxarSi, ase iqneba moma-
valSic. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am kursis gagrZelebas va-
pirebT. Cven exla kavSiri gvaqvs mxolod ekonomikur
doneze. isic unda iTqvas, rom politikuri damou-
kideblobis miRweva gacilebiT advilia, vidre ekono-
mikurisa.
– Tqveni damokidebuleba referendumis mimarT?
– referendumi kremls surs gamoiyenos respublike-
bis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. amiT unda miaRwios
samokavSireo xelSekrulebis dadebas. Cven unda vamx-
iloT am referendumis usamarTloba. rodis iyo, rom
sxva qveynebSi Catarebuli referendumi wyvetda meo-
re qveynis beds. es aris usamarTlo samarTali, rom-
lis absurdulobac msoflios unda davumtkicoT.
150
CeCen da inguS xalxebs
151
xalxebs ukve „humanuri“ sabWoTa xelisuflebis wyalo-
biT 1944 wlis 23 Tebervals, sabWoTa wiTeli armiis
„brwyinvale“ dRes, roca erT dRe-RameSi mTeli xalxi
didian-patarianad CatvirTes vagonebSi da Soreuli
yazaxeTis gzas gauyenes. uamravi adamiani Seiwira am
aqciam.
1944 wlis 23 Tebervali sisxliani asoebiT Caiwera
msoflio istoriaSi, rogorc genocidis dRe. CeCe-
ni da inguSi xalxebis Wriloba mouSuSebelia, xolo
mwuxareba usazRvro da ukidegano. es iseTi Wrilobaa
CeCeni da inguSi xalxebis istoriaSi, romlis daviwye-
ba ar SeiZleba, xolo mwuxareba ki ar gaqreba, aramed
iqceva im Zalad, romelic saTaves xalxis wiaRidan
iRebs da masve ubrundeba, rogorc ganaxlebis wyaro,
eris sulieri aRorZinebis niSansveti.
Zvirfaso Zmebo da debo! miiReT qarTveli xalxis,
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos da piradad
Cemi Rrma samZimari 1944 wlis 23 Tebervlis aqciis msx-
verplTa xsovnis aRsaniSnavad.
zviad gamsaxurdia
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos
Tavmjdomare
152
zviad gamsaxurdia:
„kremlis zRurbls mxolod maSin
gadavabijeb, roca Tavisufali
saqarTvelos moqalaqe viqnebi“
153
rac, nawilobriv, dakavSirebuli iyo stalinistebis
moZraobasTan. maSin axalgazrdoba protests acxadeb-
da erovnuli siamayis gamo, roca xedavda rogor lanZ-
Ravdnen stalins...
– hoda, Tqvenc gadawyviteT misi dacva, roca saT-
aveSi CaudeqiT axalgazrdobis stiqiuri protestis
procesebs?
- piriqiT, sul sxva mizani gvqonda – ara stalinis
ukvdavyofa, ara misi gandideba, aramed damoukide-
beli qarTuli saxelmwifos aRdgena. erTi muWani vi-
yaviT, magram es moZraobis dasawyisi iyo... rac Seexe-
ba stalins, ai ra minda mogaxsenoT: Secdoma iqneboda
gvelaparaka masze, rogorc qarTuli erovnebis kacze.
igi totalitarizmma Sva. iseve rogorc nebismier sxva
diqtators, tirans, arc mas aqvs erovneba. SemTxvevi-
Ti ar aris, rom Cveni xalxi erT-erTi yvelaze dazara-
lebuli aRmoCnda. mTeli Cemi cxovrebis manZilze
stalinis winaaRmdeg gamovdiodi.
– stalinisadmi aseTma damokidebulebam xom ar
gaamravla Tqveni oponentebi? kavSiris zogierT res-
publikaSi dRemde darwmunebuli arian, rom am saxels
saqarTveloSi mowiwebiT, TayvaniscemiTac ki ixsenie-
ben.
– ramdenime wlis winaT stalinizmi aq marTlac
Zlieri iyo. dRes faqtobrivad aRar arsebobs, mx-
olod Zalze dabali kulturis mqoneni an politi-
kuri avantiuristebi RaRadeben kvlav mis sidiades.
marto erTi ram ician: stalini qarTveli iyo. Tvi-
Ton gansajeT: respublikis uzenaesi sabWos ukanask-
nel arCevnebSi stalinis dacvis sazogadoebam sruli
kraxi ganicada. maTi warmomadgenlebi arc ki Seutani-
aT saarCevno siebSi...
– bevri Tqveni gamosvla mowmobs, rom Tqven uryevi
antikomunisti brZandebiT. magram rogorc uzenaesi
sabWos Tavmjdomare iZulebuli xarT dialogi awar-
mooT sxvadasxva politikur partiasTan, maT Soris
154
– komunistebTanac, xom ar aris raime winaaRmdegoba
Tqvens pirad mrwamssa da saxelmwifo moRvawis rols
Soris?
– araerTgzis msmenia: ra saWiroao sakuTari an-
tikomunizmis warmoCena? aqaoda, es mxolod zrdiso
oponentTa rigebs. magram, gamigeT, sxvagvarad ar Sem-
iZlia – es ormagi TamaSi iqneboda. ar SeiZleba sa-
kuTari Tavisa da sakuTari xalxis motyueba, – amaze
mware xvedri, amaze Semzaravi danaSuli ar arsebobs.
sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partia mimaCnia pasux-
ismgeblad mTeli im ubedurebisaTvis, romelic Tavs
daatyda Cems xalxs (iseve, rogorc sabWoTa imperiis
yvela xalxs) ukanasknel Svidwleulze meti xnis gan-
mavlobaSi... dialogio brZaneT. me mzad var amisaT-
vis da ara marto komunistebTan, aramed nebismier
sxva politikur partiasTanac. magram raze velapara-
koT? mas Semdeg, rac am kabinetSi vmuSaob, saqarTve-
los kompartiis centraluri komitetidan mxolod
erT sakiTxze mommarTes – centraluri komitetis ad-
ministraciuli Senobis Taobaze. rogorc Cans, meti
araferi awuxebdaT. verafers vityvi imaze, rom am sau-
brebis tonaloba pirdapir Seuwynarebelia. rogorc
ki mwvavdeba saubari maSinve imuqrebian: „medesanteebs
gamoviZaxebTo“.
- Tqven realurad migaCniaT movlenaTa amgvari
ganviTareba?
- ara mgonia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, jerjerobiT,
CvenSi xom ramdenadme sxvagvari pirobebia, sxvag-
vari politikuri da socialuri garemoa, vidre, vTq-
vaT, litvaSi. sabWoTa kavSiris komunistur partias
saqarTveloSi dasayrdeni ara aqvs. baltiispireTSi
komunistebi imis imedad arian rom erovnul-ganmaT-
avisuflebel moZaraobas moswyveten rusulenovan
mosaxleobas, maT Soris konfliqts gaaCaReben. Cven
ki mxars gviWers ara marto qarTuli mosaxleoba, uy-
oymanod vambob, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovreb rusTa
155
umravleosoba Cvens mxarezea. Cvens Soris ar aris da
arc yofila konfliqti. cxadia, ramdenadme sxvagvari
situaciaa samxreT oseTSi da afxazeTSi – iq sabWoTa
kavSiris komunisturma partiam miagno sayrden wer-
tils, romelic esoden sWirdeba CvenTan sabrZolve-
lad. amgvar cnobebs rom avyveT, Cven Turme imis garda
aras vakeTebT, rom saqarTveloSi mosaxle xalxebis
megobrobas vangrevT. viTomda SeviaraRdiT lozu-
ngiT – “saqarTvelo – qarTvelebs” da araqarTvelebs
vaviwrovebT. samwuxarod, Cveni informacia central-
uri gazeTebis furclebze ver xvdeba da xalxs sjera
es sisulele... amas winaT Cvens gazeTebSi gamoqveynda
Cemi gamosvla, romelic samxreT oseTs exeboda. gaze-
Tis sami sveti faqtebi, istoriuli cnobebi – gana
moaswreb yovelive amas xanmokle saubrisas? samwux-
arod, ruseTSi ar ician am eTnikuri konfliqtis arc
istoria da arc arsi... magram me mgonia saWiroa misi
politikuri arsis codna. samxreT oseTSi konfliqtis
gaRviveba xels aZlevs imaT, vinc mTavar miznad daisaxa
– radac unda daujdes ar dauSvas damoukidebeli qar-
Tuli saxelmwifos aRdgena.
- Tqveni azriT dRes realurad vin axorcielebs
saxelmwifo xelisuflebas samxreT oseTSi?
- sruliad aravin. Saragzebs mosdebian Sei-
araRebuli adamianebi, avazakebi da terorSi hyavT
mosaxleoba – sxvaTa Soris, ara marto qarTuli. xSir
SemTxvevaSi es armiis bralic aris. cota rodi gvaqvs
imis faqti, romelic adasturebs mis TanamSromlo-
bas destruqciul ZalebTan. zogierTi maTgani amas
winaT vacnobe sabWoTa kavSiris prezidents... erTi
mibrZaneT, ra kvalifikacia unda mivceT samxedro mo-
samsaxureebis – oficer a. poleSCukisa da praporSCik
e. starolubcevis saqciels, romlebmac “boevikebis”
forma Caijajes, niRbebi gaikeTes, saqarTvelos Sina-
gan saministros saguSagos daesxnen Tavs da avtomate-
bi dauSines? an imas ra vuwodoT, rom separatist-
156
Ta liderebi t. kulumbegovi da a. CoCievi, mdevars
ganridebuli, xSirad pouloben TavSesafars sahae-
ro-sadesanto polkis bazaSi? dRemde ar migviRia
mkafio pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu vin amaragebs eqstrem-
istTa bandebs raketebiT da tyvia-wamliT. amis gamo
prezidents zustad ase mivwere. iseTi STabeWdileba
iqmneba, rom cxinvalSi yvelaferi litvur-latviuri
scenariT xdeba-meTqi.
- Cveni saubris dros erTxelac ar wamogcdeniaT
sityva “nacionaluri”... Tqven nacionalisti xarT?
- ara, me patrioti var. magram es Cemi mrwamsis
emociuri mxarea, magram, Tu ideologiur platformas
ganvixilavT, me qristian-demokrati var. gana SeiZleba
saxelmwifo wyobilebis aseTi formis pirobebSi erTi
eris raime problemebi meore aramkvidri eris ufle-
baTa Selaxvis xarjze gadaiWras? cxadia, ara. roca
jer kidev viwyebdiT brZolas, CvenTan erTad iyvnen
ruseTis saukeTeso Svilebi – demokratiuli inteli-
gencia, demokratiuli sazogadoeba. Cven erTad vmoq-
medebdiT. CvenSi, saqarTveloSi, ibeWdeboda TiTqmis
mTeli rusuli “samizdati” da mTel kavSirSi vrcel-
deboda. dRes ki centrSi viRac-viRaceebs Zalze surT
rusi adamianebis sulSi eWvi daTeson, faSistebi xom
ar moeqcneno xelisuflebis saTaveSi?
- arasodes ar mogsurvebiaT SexvedrodiT m.s.
gorbaCovs da gecadaT saqarTvelosadmi kavSiris Sem-
dgomi damokidebulebis principebis SemuSaveba?
- Tavmjdomaris postze yofnis manZilze, arc
erTxel ar gadamibijebia kremlis zRurblisaTvis.
es SemTxveviTi ar gegonoT. es poziciaa. me kremlis
zRurbls mxolod maSin gadavabijeb, roca Tavisu-
fali saqarTvelos moqalaqe viqnebi. es araerTgzis
miTqvams gorbaCovisaTvis. ar SeiZleba suverenul re-
spublikebze ilaparako, Tan ki maT ise moeqce, TiTqos
Seugnebeli bavSvebi iyvnen, romlebsac yoveldRiuri
meurveoba da mamis qamaric sWirdebaT! urTierTobis
157
aseTi principiT kavSiri veRar ganaxldeba. am mxriv
Cven yvelas ruseTis, elcinis didi imedi gvaqvs. vic-
iT, rogor uWirs – iqneb yvelaze metadac, Cvens Soris.
yvelaze metad mas uteven. rogor davexmaroT am kacs?
erTaderTi imedi isaa – mebrZolia da mainc vSiSob...
miT umetes, reaqciuli Zalebi centrSiac uteven.
- SevardnaZis gancxadebam gadadgomis Sesaxeb
momavali diqtaturis winaaRmdeg protestis niSnad,
mTeli mosaxleobis yuradReba misken miapyro...
- me ramdenadme sxvagvarad vuyureb amas. me mgo-
nia es nabiji gadaadgmevina, rogorc yvela sxva nabi-
ji, kremlis nebam. ra Tqma unda, SevardnaZis gancxa-
debam didi aurzauri gamoiwvia qveynis SigniTac da
sazRvargareTac, magram, amasTanave, es daexmara kidec
gorbaCovs. bevri sakavSiro deputati xom yrilobaze
prezidentTan sabrZolvelad Camovida, sagareo saqme-
Ta ministris am gancxadebam ki es daaviwya da mxolod
SevardnaZeze laparakobda.
- zogierTi Cveni mkiTxveli daeWvdeba – gamsaxur-
dia amas imitom ambobs, rom saqarTveloSi SevardnaZis
dabrunebisa eSiniao.
– sruliadac ara. modi ase vimsjeloT: ra
poziciebs daadgeba SevardnaZe, Tu mainc dabrundeba
saqarTveloSi? piradad me mgonia, igive poziciebs,
rogorc yovelTvis – kremlisas. aqvs Tu ara imis Sansi,
rom xalxi gaiyolios, me mgonia, araviTari!
– yvelaze metad ra gawuxebT dRes? ra uwinaresi
amocanebia Tqvens winaSe?
mawuxebs kriminaluri bandebi. mawuxebs is, rom ma-
fiozuri dajgufebani Seekvrnen xelmocarul poli-
tikosebs da damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis droSiT
gvevlinebian, asuleleben xalxs. Cven unda davamTav-
roT saxelmwifo xelisuflebis struqturebis Camoy-
alibeba; bolo unda moeRos qaossa da anarqias, rom-
lebic saqarTvelos zogierT raionSi sufevs. xalxs
Wama-sma da Cacma-daxurva unda. amas ki axali ekonomika
158
sWirdeba. erTi sityviT, sazrunavi da sawuxari uamra-
vi gvaqvs. erTaderTi, rac ar gvyofnis, – droa.
intervius uZRveboda
pavle voSCanovi
(gaz. „komsomolskaia pravda“
#36 (56) 1991 w. 21 Tebervali)
159
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos
Tavmjdomaris baton zviad gamsaxurdias
preskonferencia qarTveli daucxoeli
JurnalistebisTvis
161
moskovSi gadafrinda. magram, mTavari, rac Cven unda
vicodeT, da sjobia vicodeT simarTle, vidre Tavi
movityuoT, isaa, rom e.w. samxreT oseTis konfliqti
aris sinamdvileSi centrisa da osi eqstremistebis
omi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. es araviTari eTnikuri
konfliqti ar aris.. esaa centris sadamsjelo opera-
cia, romelic miznad isaxavs mTeli teritoriis Camo-
cilebas saqarTvelodan. es ukve igegmeba. ai, axla mog-
vivida winadadeba, rom sam dReSi SemoviRoT sagangebo
mdgomareoba. Cven amas, rasakvirvelia, ar gavakeTebT,
amis Semdeg, albaT, prezidentis brZanebuleba gam-
ova, romelic Cvens gareSe SemoiRebs sagangebo md-
gomareobas da rogorc es yarabaRSi moxda, moaxdens
mTeli am teritoriis izolirebas saqarTvelosagan.
es imas niSnavs, rom mTeli es teritoria dakarguli
iqneba saqarTvelosaTvis. ai, mizani centrisa, romel-
isTvisac igi ibrZvis yovelnairi saSualebebiT. moxda
dezinformireba sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilisa.
es iqneba, rasakvirvelia, katastrofuli Sedegi. Cven,
ra Tqma unda, amas pasuxis gareSe ar davtovebT. iqne-
ba qarTveli eris Zalze mwvave reaqcia. vimeoreb, cen-
tris gegmaa samaCablos Camocileba saqarTvelodan.
ai, esaa maTi mTavari mizani. rac Seexeba sabWoTa kav-
Siris uzenaes sabWos, iq ra Zalebi batonoben, es yvel-
asaTvis kargadaa cnobili da isini am imperialistur
kurss emorCilebian, rasakvirvelia, mas uWeren mxars.
magram ai, ruseTis uzenaesi sabWos garkveuli nawili
xedavs am usamarTlobas da Cven ufro gviWers mxars.
guSin iyo, magaliTad, osebis mier mowyobili preskon-
ferencia moskovSi. awyobda generali cagolovi. igi
eqstremistebis lideria, romelic axla profesorad
SeiniRba, mouSva wveri lev tolstois msgavsad. es
aris teroristuli bandebis meTauri, romelic di-
versantebs agzavnis samaCabloSi. moskovSi igi cdi-
lobs didi mSvidobis mqadageblis rolSi gamosvlas,
magram iq Cavidnen osi ltolvilebi samaCablodan da
162
es preskonferencia faqtobrivad CaSales. amxiles
iqve cagalovi da misi banda da maT ver SeZles sazoga-
doebis motyueba. amiT aixsneba is, rom guSin „vremia“
SedarebiT Cumad iyo am sakiTxze da presac ase Tu ise
koreqtulad iqceva. magram es, rasakvirvelia, ar ain-
teresebs centrs. centrs aqvs mizani. centris mizania
Cveni dasja. Cveni dasja imisaTvis, rom Cven damoukide-
blobisaTvis vibrZviT da ar vawerT xels samokavSir-
eo xelSekrulebaze. da ai, amisaTvis iyenebs centri
samaCablos. aseTia mdgomareoba.
– batono zviad, Cven, rasakvirvelia, viciT, rom
amJamad, am dReebSi, roca mimdinareobs (mxedveloba-
Si maqvs „mxedrionis“ wevrTa izolireba), Tu SeiZleba
ase iTqvas, es aris Sinagan saqmeTa saministros pozi-
cia, magram mainteresebs, rogoria amasTan dakavSire-
biT uzenaesi sabWos pozicia da ras gvetyviT amis gamo.
– mogaxsenebT, rom arc erT saxelmwifoSi ar aris
daSvebuli terorizmi. terorizms gmobs saerTaSori-
so samarTali, yvela saxelmwifo, TviT totalitaru-
li saxelmwifoebic, TviT sabWoTa kavSiric. ase rom,
terorizmis daSveba yovlad gamoricxulia nebismi-
er samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi. terorizmis Tavisu-
fleba arsad ar arsebobs da amaze erTi azria mTels
msoflioSi. mxolod da mxolod saqarTveloSi Cveni
gadagvarebuli inteligenciis garkveulma nawilma sa-
WoWmano gaxada es WeSmariteba da am bandebTan alian-
siT gamodis. am teroristebis ganTvisuflebas moiTx-
ovs da, viTomcda, arademokratiul RonisZiebebs
uwodebs amgvar moqmedebas. es yovlad dauSvebeli,
aRmaSfoTebeli ambavia da Cven amas vamxelT. vamxelT
da davamtkicebT, rom inteligenciis am gadagvarebul
warmomadgenlebs marTavs moskovi, da imaTac male ga-
movaaSkaravebT, vinc mas warmosaxavs da visi inspir-
aciiTac moqmedeben es teroristuli bandebi e.w. „mx-
edrionisa“ saqarTveloSi. davamtkicebT imasac, rom
Savnabadas incidenti iyo dadgma, rom es iyo insceni-
163
reba saqarTveloSi viTomda SeiaraRebuli ajanyebisa.
ra surs centrs, megobrebo? centrs surs, rom saqarT-
veloSi moxdes SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba, rom saqarTve-
loSi sabWoTa armias pirdapir daesxas Tavs garkveu-
li Zalebi, moxdes maT Soris Sejaxeba da Semdeg
centrma Semoiyvanos aq didi Zalebi da mTel saqarT-
veloSi gamocxaddes komendantis saaTi da sagangebo
mdgomareoba. amaSi SesaniSnavad uwyoben xels centrs
e.w. „mxedrionis“ bandebi. moxda es Savnabadaze, da es
iyo dasawyisi. Cven rom ar dagvepatimrebina am bandis
xelmZRvanelebi, dRes mTel saqarTveloSi sagangebo
mdgomareoba SeiZleba gvqonoda. gesmiT, ai aseTi sa-
frTxe emuqreboda saqarTvelos. magram, sabednierod,
yvelaferi es droulad avicileT Tavidan, Tu kidev
raRaca axali ar moisazra centrma. rogorc Cans, axla
mxolod samaCablos imedad darCnen isini. albaT, am sa-
frTxesac Tavidan avicilebT.
irakli kenWoSvili „jorjian (mesinjeri“): batono
zviad, arsebobs Tu ara raime monacemi imis Taobaze,
Tu iseTi formirebebis, rogoricaa „mxedrioni“ da
saerTod, kongresis moZraobis ukan mosaxleobis ram-
deni procenti dgas, radgan saxelwodeba – kongresi
pompezurad JRers da Cven, albaT, unda vicodeT es.
da meore SekiTxva, barem aqve getyviT: moeliT Tu ara
Tqven, rom, roca erayis omi dasruldeba, SeiZleba
moskovi ufro frTxili gaxdes saqarTvelos mimarT?
– rasakvirvelia, rasakvirvelia ufro frTxili
gaxdeba da erayis omis mizeziT aris swored aseTi md-
gomareoba Seqmnili da centri amitom Seecada balti-
ispireTis, ase vTqvaT, moTvinierebas, rom mas hqonda
erayis omis imedi. da axla saqarTveloSic igives axor-
cielebs, e.w. samxreT oseTSi. rac Seexeba kongressa da
„mxedrions“, mas mxars uWers Zalze mcire nawili saqa-
rTvelos mosaxleobisa, romelic albaT erT procent-
sac ar Seadgens. Cven amas davamtkicebT, davusabuTebT
referendumiT. Cven movawyobT gamokiTxvas Tu ramden-
164
ma procentma misca xma e.w. erovnul kongress, da da-
vamtkicebT, rom es iyo falsificirebuli arCevnebi
da gamovavlenT yvelas, vinc am arCevnebSi namdvilad
miiRo monawileoba. Tqven darwmundebiT, rom es saqa-
rTvelos mosaxleobis meased procentsac ar udris. es
erTi. meore, unda mogaxsenoT, rom e.w. kongresi da mas-
Si gaerTianebuli partiebi Cveni erovnuli moZraobis
moRalateebi arian, da ai, ratom – Tavdapirvelad,
rogorc mogexsenebaT, Cveni moZraoba imTaviTve iyo
mSvidobiani, yovelgvari SeiaraRebisagan Tavisufa-
li, da TviT koncefcia Cveni moZraobisa iyo mSvidobi-
ani politikuri brZolis koncefciis. es iyo is, rasac
indoeTSi qadagebda mahaTma gandi, rasac poloneT-
Si qadagebda leh valensa da amiT iyo Cveni moZraoba
Zlieri, amaSi iyo Cveni moZraobis udidesi moraluri
Zala da ai, am moralurma Zalam gaimarjva 9 aprilis
Semdeg. miuxedavad imisa, rom 9 aprils jarebi gamoi-
yvanes, dagvarbies, Cven moralurad gavimarjveT. Cven
arc erTi dana, araviTari iaraRi ar gvqonda. viyaviT
sruliad SeuiaraRebelni da msoflios TvalSi es iyo
udidesi mogeba, udidesi gamarjveba. ai, amas xedavda
kremli. da manac dainaxa aseTi seriozuli safrTxe
Cveni mSvidobiani politikuri moZraobis saxiT da
gadawyvita, Tavis agenturis meSveobiT, Cveni moZrao-
ba gadaiyvanos SeiaraRebuli brZolis, SeiaraRebuli
ajanyebis relsebze, vinaidan maSin Cvens moZraobas Tav-
isuflad daamarcxebs. ai, es anbanuri WeSmariteba, ro-
gorc Cans, cxadi gaxda kremlisaTvis 9 aprilis ambebis
Semdeg da man intensiurad daiwyo zrunva imisaTvis,
rom Tavisi agenturis meSveobiT Cveni moZraobis Sig-
niT Seeqmna SeiaraRebuli jgufebi da miaRwia kidevac
amas. swored es adasturebs, rom kongresis ukan dgas
kremlis agentura, vinaidan kongresi dRes emyareba
ukve SeiaraRebul Zalebs da ukanono SeiaraRebul
formirebebs. kongresSi gaerTianebuli partiebi ukve
mSvidobiani politikuri brZolis gzas ki ar adganan,
165
aramed SeiaraRebuli teroris gzas, SeiaraRebuli
ajanyebis gzas. vinaidan pirdapir, gansakuTrebiT Wan-
turias partia, ukve Seezarda „mxedrions“, maT Soris
araviTari gansxvaveba ar aris. esenia SeiaraRebuli
teroristuli bandebi, romlebic mTel saqarTveloSi
teroritul aqtebs axorcieleben. Tavs esxmian mili-
cias, moqalaqeebs, politikur oponentebs. ai, es aris
kremlis udidesi gamarjveba. ratom daadgnen kongre-
sis partiebi am gzas? imitom, rom maT xalxSi mxardaW-
era ara aqvT da surT teroriT, SeiaraRebuli Zal-
adobiT danergon TavianTi ideebi da aiZulon xalxi
gaxdes misi mimdevari. ai, es aris mTavari ubedureba
da amaSi mdgomareobs kongresis Ralati erovnuli
moZraobisadmi. ase, rom mTeli qarTveli xalxi unda
dairazmos, raTa erisagan moikveTos es moRalateebi,
romelTac qarTveli eri daRupvisaken mihyavT. Cven ar
davuSvebeT imas, rom saqarTveloSi moqmedebdes es
Zala da gagrZeldes is anarqia, romelic dRemde iyo.
arc erT demokratiul saxelmwifoSi amas ar dauSve-
ben. arsad ar dauSveben imas, rom SeiaraRebuli ban-
debi emuqrebodnen mosaxleobas, xelisuflebas, Tavs
esxmodnen milicias, prefeqturas da sxva. ase rom
kongresis moRvaweoba ukve mTlianad identuria mxe-
drionis moRvaweobisa, xolo yovelive amis ukan dgas
kremli, moskovi, romelsac saqarTveloSi erovnuli
moZraobis CaxSoba da ganadgurebis Sors gamiznuli
zraxvebi aqvs.
kaxa sixaruliZe („saqarTvelos respublika“) bato-
no zviad, TbilisSi grovdeba xelmowerebi jaba iose-
lianis TavdebiT gamoSvebis moTxovniT. Tqven ra Se-
fasebas miscemdiT am faqts da erTi SekiTxvac – axla,
am wuTebSi, kinos saxlTan mimdinareobs erovnuli
damoukideblobis partiis mitingi saokupacio jaris
saqarTvelodan gayvanis moTxovniT. amasTan dakav-
SirebiT Tqveni pozicia, Tu SeiZleba.
– diax, xelmowerebi teroristebis ganTavisu-
166
flebis moTxovniT – es aris znedacemulobis udidesi
gamovlineba, magram me ar gamovricxav imasac, rom es
xelmowerebi daSinebisa da teroris gziT xorcield-
eba. mosaxleobis garkveul nawils jerac eSinia maTi.
ase, rom me es ar gamikvirdeba, magram amas araviTari
mniSvneloba ara aqvs. aseTi xalxis moraluri saxe
naTelia. rac Seexeba mitings, me mimaCnia es provoka-
ciad. centrs surs daasabuTos, rom saqarTveloSi
aris SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba, Tavdasxma jarebze da
sxva. yovelgvari gaRizianeba samxedroebisa mimaCnia
ugunurebad. saokupacio jaris gayvana aucilebelia,
magram es unda moxdes mSvidobiani saSualebebiT,
saerTaSoriso samarTlis CareviT da ara xelovnuri
TavdasxmebiT jarsa da sabWoTa armiaze. amas mxolod
uaryofiTi Sedegebi SeiZleba mohyves.
giorgi fofxaZe (radio „Tvisuflebis“ qarTuli
redaqcia): batono zviad, mapatieT, me mTeli kaskadi
maqvs, eqvsi kiTxva maqvs, sxvadasxva mizezisda gamo me
didi xania ara mqonia TqvenTan Sexvedrisa da inter-
vius saSualeba da amitom mapatieT, bevr SekiTxvas
mogcemT. pirveli kiTxva iqneba aseTi: ra gegmebi aqvs
saqarTvelos parlaments samaCablos konfliqtis reg-
ulirebis? garkveuli politikuri wreebi saqarTve-
los uzenaes sabWos brals sdeben diqtaturis gzas,
maT magaliTad mohyavT prefeqtis institutis SemoRe-
ba. rogor pasuxs gascemT oponentTa am gancxadebas?
da mesame, garkveuli politikuri wreebi da ucxoeTis
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi mxedrionis wev-
rebsa da Tavmjdomares jaba ioselians politikur pa-
timrebad acxadeben. Tqveni azriT, arian Tu ara saqa-
rTveloSi politpatimrebi. meoTxe, afxazeTSic igive
situaciaa...
– moiTmineT, TxuTmeti kiTxva erTad ar SeiZleba. Tu
gnebavT erTi swori kiTxva damisviT, romelic yvelaze
mniSvnelovnad migaCniaT da gagcemT pasuxs. es erTi,
da meorec, me radio „Tavisuflebis“ qarTul ganyo-
167
filebas vucxadeb boikots, vinaidan is moRalatur
saqmianobas eweva, Tqven piradad ki gagcemT pasuxs, ma-
gram moviTxov, rom Cemi saxeliT ar gadaices araferi
radio „TavisuflebaSi“, vinaidan is moRalatur gzas
adgas.
Seexo ra „Tavisuflebis“ qarTuli redaqciis gad-
acemebs, b-ma zviad gamsaxurdiam aRniSna, rom provok-
aciuli siuJetebiT da dezinformaciis gavrcelebiT
gansakuTrebiT gamoirCevian korespondentebi – gi-
uli anTelava da TavxeliZe. magaliTad, amas winaT ga-
daica cnoba, TiTqos erovnul-demokratiuli partiis
Stab-binas Tavs dasxmian uzenaesi sabWos deputatis
Culokavas meTaurobiT, aseTi gvaris deputati ar
arsebobs. sinamdvileSi viTareba aseTi iyo: edp-s wev-
rebma uzenaesi sabWos manqana gaitaces. manqanis dasa-
bruneblad edp-s StabSi mivida uzenaesi sabWos ga-
raJis gamge (!) Wolokava (igi oficialuri piri ar
gaxlavT), romelic cemes da iaraRi waarTves masTan
erTad myof ramodenime gvardiels. ai, rogor iyo
saqme, korespondentebma ki Segnebulad dezinforma-
cia gadasces. ciliswamebisaTvis isini miecemian sisx-
lis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi.
– maSin me gkiTxavT or ZiriTad mimarTulebaze,
pirveli: ra gegmebi aqvs saqarTvelos parlaments kon-
fliqtis regulirebisa da politpatimrebis mimarT?
– ki, batono, konfliqtis regulirebis yvela cda,
samwuxarod, amoiwura. Cven molaparakeba vcadeT.
SevxvdiT cxinvalis qalaqis mmarTvelobis warmomad-
genlebs, magram maT Turme, araviTari gavlena ar hqo-
niaT eqstremistebze. erTaderTi isRa dagvrCenia, rom
davicvaT Cveni mosaxleoba da ar davuSvaT samaCablos
mTel teritoriaze gavrceleba sagangebo mdgomare-
obisa. vecadoT, rom centrs gadavafiqrebinoT aseTi
gadawyvetilebis miReba. esRa dagvrCenia. rac Seexeba
politpatimrebs, kidev vimeoreb, rom qurdoba, yaCa-
Roba, iaraRisa da manqanis gataceba – es politikuri
168
danaSuli ar aris. isini, marTalia, TavianT moqmede-
bas politikur sarCuls udeben, magram es aris Cveu-
lebrivi sisxlis samarTlis danaSulobebi, ase, rom me
maT, politikur teroristebsac ki ar davarqmevdi.
iciT, ubralod, maT iyeneben centris garkveuli Za-
lebi. maTi danaSauli sisxlis Cveulebrivi samarTlis
danaSulia, rogoricaa – reketi, manqanebis gataceba,
adamianebis motaceba fulis gamoZalvis mizniT, ro-
goricaa miliciaze Tavdasxma da iaraRis gataceba da
sxva. amas mogaxsenebT Tqvens SekiTxvaze. sxvaTa Soris,
Wanturias da sxvebs politpatimrebis Saravandedi
surT Seuqmnan mxedrionis wevrebs. TavianT partieb-
Si awevrianeben, rom maT erqvaT politpatimrebi.
qurdobisa da yaCaRobisaTvis daWeril pirovnebebs
erovnul-demokratiuli partiis wevrebad acxadeben.
sxvaTa Soris, maTi partiis wevrebic mravlad arian
daWerili yaCaRobisaTvis, qurdobisaTvis da a.S. da
imis iluzia, rom me erovnul-demokratiuli partiis
wevri var da nu miWer, yaCaRobis, qurdobis da ada-
mianis motacebis neba maqvso, amis iluzia nuravis nu
eqneba. arc ise advilia dRes ukve Tvalaxelili mosax-
leobis motyueba.
SoTa maWaraSvili (gazeTi „respublika“): batono
zviad, isev Sida qarTlis konfliqts mivubrundebi,
Tu SeiZleba. guSin ruseTis federaciis sesiaze Crdi-
loeT oseTis warmomadgenlebma gancxadebiT mimarTes
boris elcins, raTa igi Sexvdes saqarTvelos xelis-
ufalT neitralur teritoriaze, saqarTvelos saz-
RvrebTan da moagvaros e.w. samxreT oseTSi Seqmnili
rTuli mdgomareoba, ra SeiZleba mogvces aman?
– ukve sakmao xania, rac mimdinareobs molaparakeba
Cvensa da elcins Soris Sexvedraze, magram elcini, ra
vici, centris eSinia Tu ra aris, TbilisSi Camosvlas
yoymanobs. SeiZleba moxdes Sexvedra sxvagan. Cven
vfiqrobT, sad ufro mniSvnelovani iqneba, magram jer
gadawyvetili ar aris. albaT, moxdeba es Sexvedra da
169
iqneba saubari oseTis problemebze.
estoneTis radio: batono zviad, Tu SeiZleba aseT
SekiTxvas dagisvamT: erTi wlis win estoneTis radio-
saTvis micemul interviuSi Tqven saqarTveloSi Seqm-
nil situaciebs analogiiT baltiispireTSi momxdar
movlenebs ukavSirebdiT. Tu SeiZleba mogvceT dRes-
dReobiT mimdinare movlenebis analogia?
– baltiispireTis qveynebi imisaTvis isjebian, rom
ibrZvian damoukideblobisaTvis. maT winaaRmdeg samx-
edro Zalas iyeneben. aseve, saqarTvelos winaaRmdegac
iyeneben samxedro Zalas. centri ibrZvis saqarTve-
los winaaRmdeg Tavis jarebze da os eqstremistebze
dayrdnobiT, magram amas aZleven eTnikuri konfliqtis
saxes. mxolod es aris sxvaoba Cvensa da baltiispire-
Tis qveynebSi mimdinare ambebs Soris. sxva gansxvavebe-
bi ar arsebobs. TqvenTan aris interfronti, CvenTan
arian osi eqstremistebi, romlebsac centri CvenTan
sabrZolvelad iyenebs. ai is ZiriTadi, risi Tqmac Sei-
Zleba.
– batono zviad, sazogadoebriobam didi kmayo-
filebiT waikiTxa Tqveni mimarTva CeCeni da inguSi
xalxebisadmi, romelic am dReebSi gamoqveynda presa-
Si. ra urTierTobebs amyarebs saqarTvelos respub-
likis uzenaesi sabWo mezobel xalxebTan da respub-
likebTan?
– Cven gvaqvs urTierToba somxeTisa da azerbai-
janis parlamentarebTan, agreTve CeCen-inguSeTis
warmomadgenlebTan da vcdilobT, rom yvelgan keTi-
li urTierToba gvqondes, arsad ar aRmocendes kon-
fliqti. osebTan konfliqti Cveni brali ar aris. es
centris inspirirebulia. centrma moawyo. ase, rom aq
arian garkveuli wreebi eqstremistebisa, romlebsac
iyenebs moskovi. sakmarisia iTqvas: amas winaT gamo-
qveynda cnoba, rom CoCievi moskovis sukis polkovni-
kia da kulumbegovic kriuCkovis TanamSromelia, rac
imiT dasturdeba, rom Sinaganma jarebma saidumlo
170
Sifrograma miiRes moskovidan, romliTac pirdapir
ubrZaneben Sinagan jarebs, gaanTavisufleT kulum-
begovi, ra saSualebebiTac gnebavT da wamoiyvaneT
moskovSio. e.i. jars ubrZaneben. ase, rom eTnikur kon-
fliqts iwveven moskovis agentebi. sabednierod, aseTi
eTnikuri konfliqtebi ar gvaqvs Cven arc CeCneTTan da
arc inguSebTan. maTTan keTili urTierToba gvaqvs.
sxvaTa Soris, afxazebi rom cdiloben Crdilo kavka-
siis xalxebis gaerTianebas Cvens winaaRmdeg, es ar ga-
mouvaT, radgan CeCnebi da inguSebi amas ar dauSveben.
CaiSleba afxazeTis is cdac, rom e.w. mTis respublika
Seqmnan centriT soxumSi, esec CaiSleba CeCeni da ingu-
Si xalxis Zalisxmevis Sedegad.
– Jurnali „sovetski voin“: batono Tavmjdomarev,
oficialurad Tu aRZravT saqarTvelos teritori-
aze amierkavkasiis samxedro olqis jarebis oficial-
uri statusis sakiTxs? Tu aRvZravT, rogori iqneba
centris reaqcia, da Tu ara, ras apirebT amasTan daka-
vSirebiT?
– samwuxarod, jer es sakiTxi ar aRZrula. saqme is
aris, rom amas sagangebo momzadeba unda da saqarTve-
loSi mimdinare movlenebi amis saSualebas ar iZleva.
magram, ra Tqma unda, es sakiTxi gairkveva saerTaSori-
so samarTlis normebze dayrdnobiT.
zviad qoriZe, gazeTi „7 dRe“. arCevnebSi gamar-
jvebisas gamarTul orTave preskonferenciaze Tqven
aRniSnavdiT, rom erT-erT pirvel sxdomaze uzenaesi
sabWo ganixilavs da kooptaciis wesiT Tavis rigebSi
Seiyvans imaT, vinc ver gaxda deputati da romelTa
yofnac parlamentSi saerTo saqmes waadgeba. mas mere
es sakiTxi saerTod arc dasmula uzenaes sabWoSi, ra
iyo am Tqveni gancxadebis sababi, da Tu dResac am azri-
sa brZandebiT, ra uSlis xels mis Sesrulebas?
– iciT ra, samwuxarod moxda ise, rom saarCevno
kanonis SemuSavebis dros es ver gaviTvaliswineT. am-
itom es iuridiulad SeuZlebelia. SeuZlebelia imi-
171
tom, rom saarCevno kanonSi es ar aris, Torem es Cvenc
gvsurda. Tqven mogexsenebaT, ra pirobebSi vadgendiT
saarCevno kanons. iyo faqtobrivad omi, gaficvebi,
SimSilobani. Zalian daZabuli viTareba iyo. hoda, es
niuansi gamogvrCa.
Tu SeiZleba meore SekiTxvac, romelic ukavSird-
eba prefeqtTa institutis SemoRebas. am institutis
SemoRebam gaamwvava situacia garkveul raionebSi,
da afxazeTSic – galis raionSi. garda amisa, afxaze-
Tis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomarem arZinbam SeaCera
sakrebuloebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos respublikis
kanoni. liberaluri opoziciis nawilic winaaRmde-
gia sakrebuloebis arCevnebSi monawileobisa. maint-
eresebs, prefeqtTa instituti xom ar SeuSlis xels
sakrebuloebis arCevnebs saqarTveloSi.
– vinc ambobs prefeqtis instituti demokratiuli
ar ariso, umecaria. es elementaruli umecrebaa, maT
ar ician, rom iseT demokratiul qveynebSi, rogori-
caa safrangeTi da italia, moqmedebs prefeqtis in-
stituti, da ufro metic, italieli Jurnalistebi,
romlebic amas winaT iyvnen saqarTveloSi, gancvi-
frdnen – rogor aZlevT uflebas, rom demonstracie-
bi moawyon prefeqtebTan dakavSirebiTo, CvenSi aseTi
ram warmoudgeneliao. gaocebulni iyvnen, ra demokra-
tia yofila TqvenTan, rom prefeqtis Taobaze SeiZle-
ba demonstraciis mowyoba da mosaxleobis survilis
gaTvaliswineba. Cven TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi viT-
valiswinebT mosaxleobis survils. xdeba gamokiTxva
mosaxleobisa da ise iniSneba prefeqti. e.i. faqto-
brivad arCeuli pirovnebaa. rac Seexeba prefeqtTan
arsebul winaaRmdegobas, es e.w. erovnul- demokrati-
uli partiis da „mxedrionis“ bandebma moawyves. es iyo
obstruqcia, romelsac xalxma mxari ar dauWira.
ingliseli korespondenti: arsebobs Tu ara
safrTxe centris mxriv pirdapiri zegavlenisa,
prezidentis mmarTvelobis SemoRebisa.
172
- rasakvirvelia, arsebobs safrTxe moskovis mx-
riv. arsebobs didi zegavlena swored imitom, rom
Cven damoukideblobisaTvis vibrZviT. da ai, swored
am e.w. samxreT oseTis konfliqtiT moskovi emzadeba
saomrad, rom moaxdinos intervencia mTels saqarT-
veloSi, SemoiRos mTel saqarTveloSi prezidentis
mmarTveloba da sagangebo mdgomareoba. Tanac centrs
unda es TandaTanobiT ganaxorcielos. amis gakeTeba
erTbaSad ar SeuZlia. aris cnoba, rom dRes afxaz-
eTSi Semoiyvanes sadesanto jari, 400-mde kaci. esec,
rasakvirvelia, Zalian avismomaswavebeli niSania. de-
santi kerZod, babuSeraSi Semoiyvanes. viTomcda, ro-
meliRac agarakis garemontebas apireben, magram mede-
sante jaris mier agarakis garemonteba, cota ar iyos,
saeWvoa. e.i. raRac sxva miznebs isaxaven.
ingliseli Jurnalisti: daapatimrebT Tu ara gi-
orgi Wanturias?
– rac Seexeba gia Wanturias, misi moqmedeba poli-
tikosis moqmedebas aRar hgavs. igi daukavSirda mxe-
drionis bandebs, misi partia, TaviT fexebamde Sei-
araRebulia. sCadis sisxlis samarTlis danaSauls.
misi wevrebi dapatimrebulni arian qurdobisaTvis,
yaCaRobisaTvis, manqanebis motacebisaTvis. sul ufro
da ufro Wirs zRvaris dadgena misi partiis wevrebi-
sa da mxedrions Soris. ase, rom Cven aseT pirovnebebs
politikuri moRvaweobis wodebas veRar mivaniWebT.
rac Seexeba dapatimrebas, nebismieri pirovneba agebs
pasuxs, Tundac me, sisxlis samarTlis danaSuli rom
Cavidino, kanoniT unda davisajo. ar SeiZleba adamians
apatio sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli imis gamo, rom
igi romelime partiis lideria, es absurdia. gamodis,
rom politikiT niRbaven konkretul danaSaulobebs,
visac raime konkretuli danaSuli daumtkicdeba, mas
veraviTari partia ver ixsnis pasuxismgeblobisagan.
– wina xuTSabaTs micemul interviuSi Tqven ga-
nacxadeT, rom afxazeTis parlaments SeuTanxmebdiT
173
prefeqtis daniSvnis sakiTxs, rogorc centraluri
presidan Sevityve, galis raionSi raRac momxdara,
rogor ganmartavdiT am movlenebs?
– Tu afxazeTi ar warmogvidgens winadadebebs
prefeqtis Sesaxeb, maSin Cven vniSnavT. samwuxarod,
afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare arZinba, mi-
uxedavad imisa, rom Cveni prezidiumis wevria, saer-
Tod ar gamogvexmaura da TbilisSic ar Camovida.
swored amitom iZulebuli gavxdiT TviTon dagveniS-
na prefeqti. es kanonis mixedviT moxda. kanonis mixed-
viT avtonomiur respublikas aqvs prefeqtis kandida-
turis dasaxelebis ufleba, magram Tu es ar moxdeba,
prefeqts Cven vniSnavT. ase, rom aq salaparako bevri
araferia.
– is, rom samxreT oseTSi gamorTulia eleqtro-
energia, me mimaCnia adamianis uflebebis xelyofad.
Tqven, rogorc mTel msoflioSi cnobili mebrZoli
adamianTa uflebebis dasacavad, rogor ganmartavdiT
am movlenas?
– Tqven rogor fiqrobT, helsinkis procesi krZalavs
gaficvebs? gaficva gamoacxades energetikosebma, Cven
ara gvaqvs maTi dapatimrebis ufleba, radgan gaficvis
ufleba nebismier organizaciasa da dawesebulebas
aqvs. Cven isic viciT, rom cxinvalSi qarxnebi eqstrem-
istebs iaraRs umzadeben. energetikosebma, raki iq Ses-
vla ar SeuZliaT, mTlianad gamorTes eleqtroenergia
qalaqSi. metic, rom moxerxdes iq eleqtroenergiis
CarTva, mosaxleoba imdenadaa aRSfoTebuli, TviTon
gamorTavs mas. unda Sewydes osebis mxriv terorizmi,
bandituri gamoxdomebi da yvelaferi Tavis kalapot-
Si Cadgeba.
vaxtang baxtaZe, saqarTvelos sainformacio kor-
poracia „macne“: amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ra-
diosadgurma „amerikis xmam“ da gazeTma „saqarTvelos
respublikam“ gamoaqveynes informacia, rom moewyo
saqarTvelos xelisufalTa pirveli oficialuri
174
viziti SeerTebul StatebSi. Cven Zalze mwiri infor-
macia gvaqvs amis Tobaze.
– jerjerobiT axali araferia, garda imisa, rom
Cveni warmomadgenlebi ramdenime kongresmens Sex-
vdnen da, albaT, iqneba Sexverda vice-prezident
den-kuelTan. Zalze rTuli droa vizitisaTvis sparse-
Tis yuris ambebis gamo da moxerxdeba Tu ara Sexvedra
vice-prezidentTan, ar viciT.
viqtor variniuki, gazeTi „leninskoe znamia“:
gvainteresebs Tqveni damokidebuleba amierkavkasiis
olqis jarebis xelmZRvanelobasTan, da kidev, riT aix-
sneba samxedro mosamsaxureebisaTvis miwisa da binis
gamoyofis SeCereba.
– saqme is aris, rom Cven konfrontaciis winaaRmde-
gni varT. Cvenc igive pozicia gviWiravs, rac balti-
ispireTis qveynebs. Cveni azriT, sabWoTa jari saok-
upacio jaria, magram es imas ar niSnavs TiTqos yvelas
mtrebad vacxadebdeT. ara, Cven yovelgvari dapirisp-
irebisa da Zaladobis winaRmdegni varT. vcdilobT,
Cveni mxriT ar gavamwvavoT situacia. Cven viciT, rom
cxinvalSi ganlagebuli jaris samxedro SenaerTebi,
sadac bevri osi oficeri msaxurobs, uSualod ebrZ-
vian qarTul mosaxleobas, os eqstremistebs iaraR-
iT, raketebiTac ki amarageben. Cven ramdenjerme gava-
frTxileT amis gamo olqis sardloba. magram Sedegi
ar Cans. saerTod, Tqvenive wesdebiT, Tqveni jari ar
unda daemorCilos ara marto centrs, aramed Cvens xe-
lisuflebasac. ase, rom Tu urTierToba mowesrigde-
ba, vfiqrob, gamokeTdeba mdgomareoba. jaris gasvlis
sakiTxi ki saerTaSoriso samarTalma unda gadawyvi-
tos, rogorc vTqvi.
paata cincaZe, saqinformi: axlaxan Seiqmna erovnu-
li gvardiis SenaerTebi. monawileoben Tu ara isini
Sida qarTlSi da samaCabloSi mimdinare operaciebSi
Cvens miliciasTan erTad?
– jerjerobiT imdeni ar arian, rom monawileoba
175
miiRon am operaciebSi.
– mosaxleobaSi gamokveTilia azri, rom dRevande-
li situacia Zalze hgavs 1921 wlis situacias. Tqve-
neuli Sefaseba?
– namdvilad waagavs ocdaerTi wlis wina periodis
situacias, radgan maSinac da axlac imperia gviwyobda
da gviwyobs provokaciebs. kidev imiT waagavs, rom im-
peria cdilobda dasayrdeni enaxa TviT saqarTveloSi,
bolSevikuri ruseTi cdilobda moRalate qarTveli
bolSevikebis xeliT daemxo arsebuli xelisufleba.
axlac igive meordeba. dRes centri eyrdnoba mxedri-
ons, kongress. es SevardnaZisa da mgelaZis dRevande-
li moRvaweobis Sedegia. moskovSi Seqmnili maTi „rev-
komi“ warmarTavs moRalate qarTvelTa saqmianobas.
– ras etyodiT saqarTvelos araqarTvel mosaxleo-
bas. rogor fiqrobT, SesaZlebeli iqneba Tu ara ise
warvmarToT Cveni moqmedeba, rom saqarTvelos araqa-
rTuli mosaxleoba Cveni erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebe-
li moZraobis organuli nawili gaxdes?
– Cveni mizania saqarTvelos mosaxleobis, rogorc
qarTvelis, ise araqarTvelis, konsolidacia. saqarT-
veloSi maTi uflebebi arasodes darRveula da ase
iqneba Semdgomac. magram Tu isini daarRveven kanons,
miwebis ukanonod mitaceba iqneba es Tu sxva ram, Cven
amis winaaRmdegni varT. Cveni mtrebi ki sawinaaRmdego
xmebs avrceleben, – TiTqos saqarTvelodan maTi gasax-
leba gvindodes da sxva. es Woria, es sicruea, es kargad
uwyian araqarTvelebma. amitomac ar aris maTi mxriv
konfrontacia, rasakvirvelia, Tu kremli ar Caereva
am saqmeSi Tavisi agenturiT. me minda movuwodo araqa-
rTvel mosaxleobas: vicxovroT megobrulad, mSvido-
bianad. Cven arasodes ar davarRvevT Tqvens uflebebs,
oRond nurc Tqven ecdebiT daarRvioT saqarTvelos
respublikis kanonebi. maSin Cvens Soris mSvidoba da
keTili damokidebuleba iqneba. es aris Cveni pozicia
da principi.
176
zaza gomarTeli, „saqarTvelos respublika“: sul
ramdenime dRea, rac gadadgnen saqarTvelos damou-
kidebeli kompartiis liderebi. maT axsnes TavianTi
moqmedeba, magram xom ar aris rame sarCuli? Tveni az-
riT, rogor SeiZleba amis axsna?
– me mgonia, maT dainaxes, Tu ra arasaxarbielo md-
gomareobaSi aRmoCndnen. qarTvelma erma isini moRa-
lateebad gamoacxada, isini ki Tavmoyvare adamiane-
bi arian. me vityodi – isini ufrTxildebian TavianT
avtoritets da TavianT renomes. margiani ar aris is-
eTi pirovneba, rom iTminos Seuracxyofa sistemati-
urad, ar eameba samSoblos moRalatis roli. pirda-
pir dasturdeba, rom es partia ucxo qveynis dotaciiT
arsebobs, centridan finansdeba. am dotacias iudas
30 vercxli uwodes amas winaT, da ar moisurva am kac-
ma, rom iudas saxeli daimkvidros, an amtkicos – Cven
erovnuli partia varTo, eris interesebisaTvis vi-
brZviTo da sxva. am dros ki gaawamos uzenaesi sabWo
da aRar gadasces Tavisi Senoba ministrTa sabWos im
dros, roca komisiebs ar hyofniT samuSao oTaxebi da
faqtobrivad am mizeziT CaSlilia muSoba. ai, es dain-
axes maT. ase SeiZleba amis axsna.
177
zviad gamsaxurdia: „Cven uRmerTobis,
rbevisa da teroris
gzas ver davadgebiT“
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomares
zviad gamsaxurdias esaubreba „ogoniokis“
sakuTari korespondenti gevorq martirosiani
197
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos
mimarTva
gaeros, msoflios qveynebis xalxebsa
da mTavrobebs
ukve ramdenime Tvea, rac Sida qarTlis yofili
egreT wodebuli „samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis“
teritoriaze, anu teritoriaze, romelic saqarTve-
los geografiul centrs, qarTveli xalxis istoriul
samSoblos, sulieri da materialuri kulturis ak-
vans warmoadgens, - mimdinre procesebs ssrk masobrivi
informaciis saSualebebi da sazRvargareTis mTeli
rigi saagentoebi aSuqeben, rogorc eTnokonfliqts,
romelSic saqarTvelos respublikis axali mTavroba
cdilobs os xalxs erovnuli avtonomia waarTvas. si-
crue da monagoni, romelsac Tan axlavs centraluri
televiziis mier falsificirebuli videoinforma-
cia, miaxloebiTac ki ver asaxavs realobas.
sinamdvileSi Sida qarTlSi mimdinareobs centris
- sakavSiro mTavrobis gamocxadebuli omi respub-
likasTan, romelmac uari Tqva monawileoba miiRos
„ganaxlebuli federaciis“ SeqmnaSi da xeli moaweros
samokavSireo xelSekrulebas.
swored os biurokratiaze dayrdnobiT, romelmac
moaxdina xelisuflebis uzurpacia 1922 wels ukanon-
od Seqmnil avtonomiur olqSi, e.w. „samxreT oseTSi“,
cdilobs dRes centri xel-fexi Seuborkos 1921 wels
ZaliT warTmeuli sruli saxelmwifo damoukideblo-
bis aRdgenisaken mimaval qarTvel xalxs.
osi moieriSeebis moqmedebaSi centris aqtiuri
monawileoba aSkaraa Tundac mxolod imitom, rom re-
gionSi ganlagebuli ssrk Sinagani saministros jare-
bi xels uwyoben maT Tavdasxmebs qarTul miliciasa da
mSvidobian mosaxleobaze, xolo uaxlesi tipis iaraR-
iT, raketebiTac ki, moieriSeebi regionSi ganlagebu-
li samxedro nawilidan maragdebian.
osi eqstremistebis, sajariso danayofebisa da
masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebis, gansakuTrebiT
198
ki ssrk centraluri televiziis koordinirebuli mo-
qmedeba imas mowmobs, rom saqarTvelos respublikas
dilemis winaSe ayeneben - an xeli moaweros samokavSir-
eo xelSekrulebas, anda dakargos Sida qarTlisa da
afxazeTis odiTgan Tavisi teritoriebi.
rogorc mdgomareoba gviCvenebs, afxazeTSi kvlav
ikveTeba axali konfliqti, ramdenadac am regionSi
saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobis Seutyobineblad
ramdenime aseuli medesante gamoCnda. saqarTvelos
kremlis mxridan emuqreba masobrivi sisxliani repre-
siebi, romelTa propagandistul momzadebas emsaxure-
ba masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa mier gaCaRebu-
li zemoaRniSnuli antiqarTuli kampania.
yvelanairad iCqmaleba is faqti, rom saqarTvelos
okupaciisa da faqtobrivi aneqsiis Semdeg samxreT
oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnas da, amrigad, saqa-
rTvelos nawilis „oseTad“ monaTvlas (maSin, rode-
sac namdvili oseTi saqarTvelos gareT, CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi mdebareobs) arc istoriuli, arc samarT-
lebrivi, arc moraluri safuZvlebi ar gaaCnda da
mxolod erTi mizani hqonda - Seeqmna saqarTvelos
teritoriaze politikuri placdarmi ruseTis kom-
partiisaTvis, romelic manamde osebs saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg sabrZolve-
lad iyenebda Sida qarTlSi.
gasakviri ar aris, rom dResac osi komunisti ter-
oristebis antiqarTuli putCi Sida qarTlSi mimdin-
areobs skkp idealebisadmi erTgulebisa da sabWoTa
kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi darCenis politikuri lo-
zungiT.
qarTveli xalxi mzad aris daicvas rogorc Tavisi
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba, aseve teritori-
uli mTlianoba.
cnobs ra Sida qarTlis osi mosaxleobis - erovnu-
li umciresobis uflebas srul erovnul-kulturul
avtonomiaze, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTlis
dawesebuli normebis erTguli saqarTvelos respub-
likis mTavroba ar dauSvebs, rom saqarTvelos teri-
199
toriis farglebSi maT hqondeT avtonomia an saxelm-
wifoebriobis pretenziis mqone sxva warmonaqmni.
saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobam ukve wamoayena
Sida qarTlSi konfliqtis mosgvareblad mTeli rigi
winadadebani. maTgan mTavaria sisxlisRvris dauyovne-
bliv Sewyveta da yvela SeiaraRebuli formirebebis
ganiaraReba. aman unda uzrunvelyos molaparakebis
dawyeba Sida qarTlSi mcxovrebi yvela piris da, uwin-
ares yovlisa, osi mosaxleobis warmomadgenelTa sru-
li usafrTxoebis pirobebSi, romlebTanac gaimarTeba
molaparakeba Sida qarTlis osi mosaxleobis statu-
sis saboloo mowesrigebisaTvis.
miuxedavad amisa, sabWoTa armiis mxardaWeriT
moieriSeebis moqmedeba kvlav grZeldeba da Tan sul
ufro intensiuri xdeba. aseT pirobebSi kremlis mier
saqarTvelos teritoriaze destabilizaciis axali
kerebis Sesaqmnelad miRebuli zomebi SeiZleba ganxi-
lul iqnes mxolod da mxolod rogorc saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli agresia.
Seqmnil viTarebaSi saqarTvelos respublikis uzen-
aesi sabWo msoflios qveynebis xalxebsa da mTavrobebs
mimarTavs Semdegi mowodebiT:
1. dauyovnebliv Seiqmnas kompetenturi saerTaSor-
iso komisia gaerosa da evroparlamentis eqspertebis
monawileobiT adgilze sinamdvilis Sesaswavlad,
raTa farTo sazogadoebriobam utyuari informacia
miiRos saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebze.
2. daxmareba gauwios sqarTvelos respublikas yve-
la im saSualebiT, rac ki saerTaSoriso samarTliT
aris gaTvaliswinebuli suverenuli saxelmwifos
nebismieri formis agresiisagan dasacavad.
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare
z. gamsaxurdia
Tbilisi. 1991 wlis 28 Tebervali
gaeros, msoflios qveynebis xalxebsa da mTavrobebs : saqarTvelos
respublikis uzenaesi sabWos mimarTva // saqarTvelos respublika.
- 1991. - 2 marti. - #42 (62). - 1gv.
200
mimarTva
Sida qarTlisa da q. cxinvalis
osi mosaxleobisadmi
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare
zviad gamsaxurdia
Tbilisi. 1991 wlis 4 marti
204
vidobisa da Tvisuflebis moyvare xalxma ganicada.
maradiuli iyos daRupulTa xsovna.
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare
zviad gamsaxurdia
205
baTumis universitetis TanamSromlebs!
1990 wlis 28 oqtombris arCevnebiT saqarTveloSi
usisxlo revolucia moxda. 70-wliani monobiTa da gve-
miT gatanjulma xalxma istoriuli arCevani gaakeTa
da zurgi Seaqcia imperiuli politikis gamtarebel
partias, amiT axali etapi daiwyo Cveni eris cxovre-
baSi, win didi da Zneli gzaa gasavleli - am gzis sir-
Tules emateba Sinaur mterTa mzakvrobanic. amgvari
mtrobis gamovlenaa 30 ianvris sesiaze Cemi zepiri
gamosvlis teqstis gayalbebis mcdeloba. am da sxva
provokaciuli gamoxdomebiT mowinaaRmdegeebs surT
saxeli gautexon blok - „mrgvali magida - Tavisufal
saqarTvelos“, erovnul parlaments. aWaris ZirZveli
mosaxleobisaTvis aravis daubralebia panTurqizmi da
panislamizmi, magram imazec nu davxuWavT Tvals, rom
moqmedebs erTi muWa provokatorTa jgufi, swored am
lozungebiT, romelsac yovelnairad unda gadavuke-
toT gza.
Cveni xalxi gonieria da amitom verc erTi ambici-
uri politikani Tu karieristi ver SesZlebs saqarT-
velos romelime kuTxis amxedrebas saerTo erovnuli
erTianobis winaaRmdeg...
rac Seexeba Cems Camosvlas aWaraSi: uaxloes xanSi
dagegmili maqvs Sexvedrebi aWaris mosaxleobasTan.
CvenTvis naTelia, rom aWaram gansakuTrebiT bevri
Wir-varami gadaitana da axla mainc saTuTi mopyro-
ba sWirdeba. swored amis gaTvaliswinebiT moxda
prefeqtebis daniSvna. Cven iseTi kandidaturebi Se-
varCieT, romelTaTvisac upirvelesia mSobliuri
kuTxe, eri, mTlianad Cveni mamuli.
Rrmad mwams, rom sruliad saqarTvelos yvela kuTxe,
aWara upirveles yovlisa, saqarTvelos Tavisuflebi-
saTvis brZolaSi Tavis istoriul rols Seasrulebs.
zviad gamsaxurdia
baTumis univeristetis TanamSomlebs / gamsaxurdia z. // saqarTve-
los respublika.- 1991. - 7 marti. - #45 (65). - 1gv.
206
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris
zviad gamsaxurdias
gamosvla saqarTvelos televiziiT
1991 wlis 5 marts
saRamo mSvidobisa, pativcemulo telemayureble-
bo! minda gesaubroT CvenTvis yvelaze arsebiT da saW-
irboroto problemebze Cvens sazogadoebas rom awux-
ebs. minda icodeT Cveni pozicia, xelisufalTa pozicia
TiToeul sakiTxSi. axlovdeba referendumi, romel-
ic gamoxatavs respublikis mcxovrebTa Tvalsazriss
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenaze. Cven naT-
lad unda gamovTqvaT Cveni azri, ganvsazRvroT Cveni
pozicia – gvsurs Tu ara samSoblos damoukidebloba.
da es unda Tqvas ara marto qarTvelma xalxma, aramed
Cveni qveynis araqarTvelma mosaxleobamac.
Cveni brZola damoukideblobisaTvis, Cveni prin-
cipuli pozicia samokavSireo xelSekrulebis mimarT
sul ufro metad awuxebs kremls. igi yovelnairad cdi-
lobs saxeli gautexos Cven xelisuflebas aqac da saz-
RvargareTac, risTvisac yalb informacias agrovebs,
kampanias eweva sabWoTa presaSi. amas samwuxarod, xels
uwyobs Cveni e.w. opoziciac, imperiis ZalebTan Sex-
matkbilebulad rom moqmedebs, romlebic aseve cdi-
loben CvenTvis saxelis gatexvas. maT erTi mizani aqvT:
daabrkolon Cveni miswrafeba damoukideblobisaTvis.
SemdgomSi ki daadamblaon Cveni brZola saqarTvelos
damoukideblobisaTvis.
moskovis xelSi umniSvnelovanesi iaraRia – ekono-
mikuri blokada, romelic Cven gamogvicxades, energe-
tikuli blokada, romelzec, sxvaTa Soris arafers am-
bobs e.w. opozicia. roca mTavrobas akritikebs. roca
ekonomikuri pirobebis gauaresebaze laparakobs, ar-
avin ar ixsenebs moskovs, romelic yvela Cveni ubed-
urebis mTavari mizezia. centrma pirveli dReebidanve
207
gamogvicxada ekonomikuri blokada, Segvimcira gazis
mowodeba da elementaruli uzrunvelyofa, maqsi-
malurad Segvimcira sursaT-sanovagiT momarageba. es
pirdapir ganacxada ssrk premier-ministrma pavlovma
da sagangebod aRniSna, rom saqarTvelos yvela Sekve-
Ta unda moisposo.
ai, amas arsad ar ambobs Cveni e.w. opozicia, Cvens
winaaRmdeg roca gamodis. hoda vfiqrob, Tu am momen-
tebs gaviTvaliswinebT, es opozicia ki ara, moskovis
agenturaa saqarTveloSi. amas sruli pasuxismgeblo-
biT vacxadeb. es sruliadac ar niSnavs, rom Cven saer-
Tod opoziciis diskusiebis azrTa dapirispirebis
winaaRmdegi viyoT. yvela demokratiul qveyanaSia
opozicia, magram iq konstruqciul miznebs isaxavs, iq
ideaTa brZolaa, SexedulebaTa dapirispireba, magram
ara Ralati, ara qveynis interesebisaTvis dabrkole-
baTa Seqmna da antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianoba, ro-
melic xelsayrel pirobebs uqmnis mtrebis xrikebs, ase,
rom Cvens kurss, vTqvaT samaCabloSi mimdinare pro-
cesebs, afxazeTSi mimdinare procesebs akritikeben,
arafers amboben imaze, rom yvela es konfliqti mosko-
vis inspirirebulia da mTeli taqtika gamiznulad
aris mimarTuli Cvens winaaRmdeg, raTa saqarTvelos
xeli moawerinon samokavSireo xelSekrulebaze. avi-
RoT, magaliTad, samaCablos situacia. e.w. opozicia
gvarwmunebs, TiTqos samaCablos ambebi Cvens sindisze
iyos. es igivea, rom vilniusis ambebi landsbergiss
daabralo da ara kremls, romelmac litvaSi tankebi
gagzavna.
samaCabloSi os eqstremistebs samxedroebi exmare-
bian, uaxloesi teqnikiT amarageben da Cveni milicia
ver umklavdeba maT. yovelive amas ki e.w. opozicia
Cven gvabralebs, Tumca nebismieri moazrovne da mi-
ukerZoebeli kacisaTvis naTelia, rom kremlma am ter-
itoriaze omi gaaCaRa – omi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg.
Cvenve gvabralebebn afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWos Tav-
208
mjdomared v.arZinbas daniSvnas, romelic afxazeTSi
kremlis politikas anxorcielebs. sinamdvileSi ki
rogorc saqarTvelos, ise afxazeTis konstitucia
isea agebuli, rom saqarTvelos uzenaes sabWos da
mis Tavmjdomares araviTari ufleba ara aqvT Caeri-
on afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWos aCevnebSi, miT umetes,
misi Tavmjdomaris arCevnebSi. afxazeTis uzenaesi
sabWos Tavmjdomaris arCeva mTlianad afxazeTis uze-
naes sabWozea damokidebuli. Cvens uzenaes sabWos ki
arc vetos ufleba aqvs, arc Tavisi azris gamoTqmi-
sa. es ganzrax aris gakeTebuli. raRa Tqma unda, kon-
stituciis reforma, romelic ganzraxuli gvaqvs,
gaiTvaliswinebs da momavalSi gaasworebs am Seusa-
bamobas. ase, rom arZinbas daniSvnasTan saqarTvelos
uzenaes sabWos araviTari damokidebuleba ara aqvs.
unda mogaxsenoT, rom afxazeTis qarTul mosaxleobas
proteseti ar gamouTqvams arZinbas daniSvnis gamo,
radgan imis safrTxec iyo, rom mis nacvlad ozgani
daeniSnaT, es kidev uaresi kandidatura iqneboda.
arc amaze ambobs raimes opozicia, romelic Cvenze
aTasgvar dezinformacias da ciliswamebas avrcelebs,
rasac cxadia, maSinve aitaceben xolme kremlis imperi-
uli Zalebi. am sakiTxze dokumentur argumentacias
gagacnobT.
sakmarisia iTqvas, rom e.w. opoziciis erT-erTi lid-
eris, qurdisa da recidivistis ioselianis gulisTvis
sakavSiro „Savrazmuli“ presa farisevlurad gangaSs
texs, mas gamoCenil pirovnebad, Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis profesorad acxadebs da protests
gamoTqvams misi dapatimrebis gamo. bedad, masalebi,
romlebic xels gvaqvs, male yvelas daanaxvebs, risT-
vis daapatimres ioseliani. yvelam icis, rom Tbilisis
universitetTan gamarTul mitingze ioseliani gamov-
ida da sajarod mouwoda TavmoyrilT Tavs dasxmodnen
amierkavkasiis samxedro olqis Stabs, xelT egdoT da
aefeTqebinaT yvelaferi. es moskovis daprogramebu-
209
li iyo, raTa saqarTveloSi SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis
inscenireba moexdinaT, Semdeg ki masobrivad gaswore-
bodnen saqarTvelos. swored am Zalebis waqezebiT mo-
qmedebdnen e.w. opozicionerebi, romlebsac Cveni Rrma
rwmeniT, sul male mohkiTxavs saqarTvelo da qarTve-
li xalxi.
didi aurzauri atyda prefeqtebis institutis
damtkicebis gamoc. unda mogaxsenoT, rom mosaxleoba
prefeqturis institutis, rogorc aseTis, winaaRm-
degi ar aris. aqa-iq protests gamoTqvamen ama Tu im
kandidatis gamo, magram xalxs vuxsniT, rom prefeq-
tis daniSvnisas mosaxleobis umravlesobis survils
viTvaliswinebT. yvelgan ewyoba mcxovrebTa gamokiTx-
va prefeqtebis kandidaturaTa gamo. iqmneba komis-
iebi, da Tu prefeqtebis muSaoba ar daakmayofilebs
mosaxleobas, maT Secvlian. prefeqti, ministri ga-
mosacdeli vadiT iniSneba. es yvelas unda axsovdes,
Tu gamosacdel periodSi igi ar gaamarTlebs Cvens
ndobas, xalxis ndobas, cxadia, SevcvliT. amitom yve-
las vTxovT, aJiotaJs nu atexen ama Tu im pirovnebis
gamo. droTa ganmavlobaSi yvelaferi gairkveva, da
Tu makomprometirebeli faqtebi gamovlinda, gaviT-
valiswinebT da xalxis nebis Sesabamisad vimoqmedebT.
minda oriode sityva vTqva Cveni e.w. opoziciis erTi
argumentis gamoc. Cven gvabraleben, rom ar vSliT
kolmeurneobebs da dauyovnebliv ar vurigebT mosax-
leobas miwebs. aseTi gancxadebani elementaruli kri-
tikuli sibecea, uvicobaa. isini ar iTvaliswineben
imas, rom jer saWiroa moqalaqeobis kanoni, romelsac
intensiurad vamuSavebT. moqalaqeobis kanonis miRe-
bisTnave miwebis ganawilebaze laparakic ki SeuZlebe-
lia.
gansakuTrebiT minda aRvniSno 31 martis referen-
dumis mniSvneloba. Cven boikots vucxadebT 17 martis
sabWoTa referendums, magram Cveni referendumi uSua-
lod aris dakavSirebuli miwis sakuTrebis, moqalaqe-
210
obis sakiTxebTan. man unda gansazRvros, vin SeiZleba
iyos saqarTvelos kanonieri moqalaqe. referendumi
gamoavlens ara marto saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
momxreebs, aramed imaTac, vinc saqarTvelos moqalaqe-
obis Rirsia. vTqvaT, mosaxleobis garkveulma nawil-
ma xma ar misca saqarTvelos damoukideblobas. gana
swori iqneba, kacs, romelsac Cveni saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukidebloba ar surs, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba
mivarTvaT da sakuTrebaSi gadavceT qarTuli miwa?
ise, rom referendumi Cveni respublikis mosaxleobis
loialobis, saqarTvelosadmi keTilganwyobilebis,
saqarTvelos WeSmariti momxreebis gamovlinebis
Semowmebacaa. mxolod referendumis Semdeg ga-
davwyvetT, vin iqneba saqarTvelos moqalaqe da vis
miecema qarTuli miwa, Cveni mama-papebis miwa sakuTre-
baSi. referendumi, megobrebo, marto qarTvelebs ki
ara, respublikaSi saukuneebiT mosaxle sxvadasxva
erovnebis adamianebsac sWirdebaT. isini, vinc Cven-
Tan erTad daadgnen saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
gzas, moqalaqeobas miiReben. cxadia, Tu Seasruleben
im elementarul pirobebs, romlebsac Cven wavuyenebT.
ise, rom referendumamde nuravin nu ifiqrebs saqarT-
velos moqalaqeobis statusze, qarTuli miwis xelSi
Cagdebaze. aseTia Cveni pozicia. saqarTvelos mtrebi,
Cveni respublikis mtrebi, romlebic uaryofen saqa-
rTvelos damoukideblobas, romelsac surT saqarT-
velo uqarTvelebod ixilon, verc moqalaqeobas ver
miiReben da verc miwas.
aseTia Cveni pozicia, e.w. opozicia ki yovelive
amas ganzrax „iviwyebs“ da gvisayvedurebs, ratom mi-
was ar anawilebT, ratom kolmeurneobebs ar SliTo.
sicruea, megobrebo! muSavdeba miwis kodeqsi, romel-
Sic gansazRvruli iqneba am miwebis mosaxleobisaT-
vis gadacemis pirobebi. dro unda, rogorc kodeqsis
mecnierul da iuridiul damuSavebas, ise moqalaqeo-
bis kanonis momzadebasac. ase, rom yovelive momavlis
211
saqmea, magram, vimeoreb, dRevandeli umniSvnelovane-
si problemaa referendumisaTvis mzadeba. misTis unda
movamzadoT uwinaresad mTeli araqarTuli mosaxleo-
ba. me mgonia, qarTvel mosaxleobasTan am mxriv prob-
lemebi ar gveqneba. ara mgonia, Tundac erTi qarTve-
li iyos, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRgena
ar surdes 1918 wlis 26 maisis deklaraciis safuZ-
velze. minda respublikis mcxovrebT Sevaxseno, rom
saqarTveloSi yovelTvis mSvidobianad cxovrobdnen
yvela eris warmomadgenlebi. es aris Cveni respublik-
is fenomeni. aq arasodes ar darRveula araqarTveli
mosaxleobis uflebebi. kvlavac ase iqneba da me dar-
wmunebuli var, rom yvelani miscemen xmas damoukide-
blobas, pativs scemen qarTul enas, pativs scemen saqa-
rTvelos da samarTls, ar daarRveven kanonebs da ar
Caidenen danaSauls Cveni xalxis winaaRmdeg. ai, aseTia
Cveni pozicia, megobrebo! minda yvelani moemzadoT
momavali referendumisaTvis, romelic municipalur
arCevnebs emTxveva.
municipalur arCevnebSi sakrebuloebs avirCevT.
sakrebulo iqneba yovel raionSi, yovel sofelSi,
da maTSi unda avirCioT isini, vinc mosaxleobis in-
teresebisaTvis zrunvas ikisrebs, visac pativs sce-
men da mxars uWeren masebi. ar SeiZleba sakrebuloeb-
Si uRirsi adamianebis arCeva. es pirveli moTxovnaa.
sakrebulos arCevnebic iseTive aRmavlobiT unda Cav-
ataroT, rogorc 28 oqtombris arCevnebi. sakrebulos
udidesi uflebebic eqneba. sruliad umarTebuloa
laparaki martooden prefeqtis uflebebze, sakreb-
uloebsac yvela ufleba eqneba. igi makontrolebeli
organo iqneba. sakrebuloebs yovelgvari uflebamo-
sileba eqnebaT da, Tu, vTqvaT, daniSnuli prefeqti
ver gaamarTlebs ndobas, sakrebulo aRZravs prefeq-
tis Secvlis sakiTxs. Tavis mxriv prefeqtsac eqneba
sakrebulos kontrolis ufleba, anu Seiqmneba urT-
ierTmakontrolebeli sistema. raionSi Cveni poli-
212
tikis gatarebas isini erTmaneTs SeuTanxmeben.
ai, aseTia Cveni pozicia am sakiTxSi. erTxel kidev
minda vusurvi respublikis mcxovrebT, rom Cven, yve-
la erTad, didi politikuri da moqalaqeobrivi Seg-
nebiT, didi pasuxislgeblobiT mivcemT xmas momaval
referendumze saqarTvelos damoukideblobas.
213
mimarTva afxazi xalxisadmi
Zvirfaso Tanamemamuleno!
afxazTa da qarTvelTa Zmoba uxsovari droidan iw-
yeba. Cveni saerTo kolxuri warmoSoba, genetikuri
naTesaoba Cvens xalxebsa da enebs Soris, saerTo isto-
ria, saerTo kultura gvavalebs dRes did dafiqrebas
Cveni xalxebis momaval bed-iRbalze. Cven erT miwa-wy-
alze vcxovrobdiT mudam da erTmaneTis Wir-varams
viziarebdiT. Cven saerTo samefo gvqonda saukuneTa
ganmavlobaSi, erT taZarSi vloculobdiT da erT
brZolis velze vibrZodiT saerTo mtrebis winaaRm-
deg.
uZvelesi afxazuri gvarebis warmomadgenlebi dRe-
sac ar ansxvaveben urTierTisagan afxazsa da qarT-
vels. afxazTa mTavrebi ServaSiZeebi, sakuTar Tavs ara
mxolod afxaz, aramed qarTvel Tavadebsac uwodebd-
nen, qarTuli ena maTTvis deda ena iyo, iseve rogorc
imJamindeli afxazi mwerlebisaTvis. ,,vefxistyaosnis“
kultura gvakavSirebda Cven da uZvelesi qarTuli taZ-
rebi, Zveli qarTuli warwerebiT damSvenebulni, dRe-
sac rom dganan afxazeTSi da xiblaven mnaxvels. Cvens
Soris iyo gadebuli Tamaris xidi mdinare besleTze,
soxumis maxloblad, dResac rom amSvenebs uZvelesi
qarTuli warwera. bedia da moqvi, ambara, biWvinTa da
mravalni sxvani mowmeni arian am Zmobisa, am erTobisa.
afxazi mudam amaRlebuli, rainduli keTilSo-
bilebis simbolo iyo qarTvelis cnobierebaSi. amas
mowmobs akakis ,,gamzrdeli“ da mravali sxva Sedevri
qarTuli mwerlobisa. Cven vamayobT imiT, rom swored
qarTvelma mweralma konstantine gamsaxurdiam kidev
metad gauTqva saxeli mTels qveyanaze afxazur kul-
turasa da yofas, afxazi xalxis gmirobasa da keTil-
Sobilebas Tavisi ,,mTvaris motacebiT“. qarTvelma
mecnierebma – niko marma, arnold Ciqobavam, qeTevan
lomTaTiZem gadamwyveti roli Seasrules afxaz-
ologiis dafuZnebaSi, afxazuri enis gramatikis
214
sistematizaciis saqmeSi; qarTvelma istorikosebma
– ivane javaxiSvilma, simon janaSiam, niko berZeniS-
vilma da sxvebma ki – afxazeTis istoriis sakvanZo
sakiTxebis kvlevaSi, xolo afxazebi yovelTvis did
rols TamaSobdnen Cveni saerTo samefos ganmtkiceba-
sa da kulturul aRmSeneblobaSi. Cven mravali impe-
riis Semotevas gavuZeliT. Cveni Zmoba da megobroba
ver Searyies verc romaelebma, verc bizantielebma,
verc arabebema, verc Turqebma da verc sxvebma, magram
ai, XIX-XX saukuneSi, Cven dagvipirispirda imperiaTa
Soris uveragesi da uborotesi – ruseTis imperia,
romelmac arnaxuli ubedureba moutana Cvens xalxebs.
ruseTis imperiam TurqeTSi gadaasaxla afxazi xalxis
didi nawili, manve gaauqma afxazeTis samTavro, gaau-
qma saqarTvelos samefo da miznad daisaxa Cveni xalx-
ebis sruli asimilacia da mospoba. man dainaxa, rom
amas ver ganaxorcielebda mxolod sisxliani repre-
siebiT da genocidiT, amitom gamoiyena yvela imperiis
nacadi xerxi ,,divide et impera“ – gaTiSe da ibatone da
yovelgvar Rones xmarobda afxazi da qarTveli xalx-
ebis urTierTdasapirispireblad. Tumca, miuxedavad
amisa, rogorc amas aRniSnavs nestor lakoba, carizm-
mac ver SesZlo afxazebsa da qarTvelebs Soris SuRl-
is Camogdeba. magram dRevandelma modernizebulma ko-
munisturma imperiam saubedurod miaRwia amas Tavisi
agenturis meSveobiT, rac misi gegmiT dasawyisi unda
gaxdes kavkasiis balkanizaciisa da libanizaciisa,
raTa centrma SeinarCunos Tavisi poziciebi da hege-
monia kavkasiaSi.
Cven pativs vcemT afxazi xalxis erovnul da kul-
turul uflebebs: Tqvens saxelmwifoebriobas, Tqvens
enas, kulturas, afxazur skolas, Teatrs, yovelnai-
rad vcdilobT molaparakebis gziT gadaiWras sada-
vo sakiTxebi, magram, samwuxarod, afxazeTis avtono-
miuri respublikis oficialuri xelmZRvaneloba ar
amJRavnebs saTanado mzadyofnas molaparakebisaTvis,
215
adgas Cvens mimarT konfrontaciis gzas, nergavs sep-
aratistul tendenciebs, safrTxeSi agdebs mSvidobas
afxazeTis teritoriaze.
dRes didi xmauria atexili galSi Cvens mier prefeq-
tis daniSvnasTan dakavSirebiT. rogorc iciT, Cveni
kanonis Tanaxmad, avtonomiuri respublikis xelmZ-
Rvanelobam unda warmoadginos prefeqtis kandida-
turebi, romelic Cven unda davamtkicoT. amave kanonis
ganmartebis mixedviT, Tu avtonomiuri respublikis
xelmZRvaneloba ar warmoadgens aseT kandidaturebs,
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos prezidiums ufleba aqvs
Tavad daniSnos prefeqti. miuxedavad Cveni araerTg-
zisi Txovnisa, batoni arZinba ar Camovida TbilisSi,
ar daeswro prezidiumis sxdomebs, romlis wevric
aris igi da ar warmoadgina prefeqtis kandidatura,
amitom dainiSna galSi prefeqti. amJamad mas Cven mi-
veciT vada sxva kandidaturebis warmodgenisa, rasac
igi kvlav aWianurebs.
amis mizezi ki is gaxlavT, rom igi boikots ucxadebs
Cvens parlaments, Cvens politikas prefeqturebTan
dakavSirebiT da surs afxazeTSi dromoWmuli komu-
nisturi wyobilebis SenarCuneba, mmarTveloba komu-
nisturi sistemisa, magram Cven unda SevaxsenoT mas,
rom komunisturi sistema da sabWoTa imperia dRes
ganwirulia da amaod cdiloben mavanni da mavanni is-
toriis Carxis ukuRma datrialebas. adre Tu gvian
sabWoTa kavSiris damonebuli xalxebi gadaigdeben ko-
munisturi diqtaturis uRels da maSin arZinbas msgav-
si moRvaweebi Sefasdebian, rogorc sakuTari xalxis
moRalateni.
dRes, mTeli msoflio gmobs gorbaCovis represi-
ul politikas dapyrobili erebis mimarT, litvaSi
da latviaSi Cadenil barbarosobas. ase, rom, sabWoTa
tankebis imedi nuravis eqneba. msoflio gmobs, agreTve,
centris mier interfrontebis da ,,xsnis komitetebis“
Seqmnis mcdelobas xalxis mier arCeuli mTavrobebis
damxobis mizniT. da ai, aseT dros afxazeTSi Seiqm-
216
na interfronti, romelsac surs gaimeoros balti-
ispireTis modeli, xolo arZinba gamudmebiT iwvevs im-
periis jars, raTa sisxlisRvra gamoiwvios afxazeTSi.
man ukve miaRwia Sinagani jaris Semoyvanas babuSeraSi,
magram mas unda axsovdes, rom msoflio iseve dagmobs
mis saqciels, rogorc dagmo baltiispireTis ,,xsnis
komitetebi“. amiT arZinbas surs afxazi xalxi CaiTri-
os saxifaTo avantiuraSi, romelic mas sircxvilsa da
ubedurebas moutans. aseve saxifaTo iqneba afxazeTis
mosaxleobisaTvis monawileoba 17 martis sakavSiro
referendumSi, rac miznad isaxavs erovnebaTSorisi
SuRlis gaRvivebas afxazeTSi, qarTvelebis, afxaze-
bis, somxebis, rusebis da sxva erovnebebis urTierTda-
pirispirebas, xalxTa Soris sisxlisRvris provocire-
bas. amitom, mogiwodebT: nu ayvebiT prokomunistebs
– Cveni istoriuli mtrebis agentebs da provoka-
torebs, boikoti gamoucxadeT sabWoTa referendums
da monawileoba miiReT saqarTvelos respublikis 31
martis referendumSi, romelic dakavSirebuli iqneba
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenasTan. damou-
kidebeli saqarTvelo Tqven gacilebiT mets mogcemT,
vidre modernizebuli sabWoTa imperia, romlis miza-
nic aris yvela patara xalxis asimilacia da rusifika-
cia. TviTmyofad saqarTveloSi iarsebebs WeSmaritad
TviTmyofadi afxazeTi, WeSmariti TviTmmarTvelo-
biT, rogoric mas hqonda afxazTa da qarTvelTa er-
Tiani samefos arsebobis dros saukuneTa ganmavloba-
Si.
gaumarjos Cvens istoriul Zmobas, erTobas da da-
moukideblobas!
gvfaravdes RmerTi siyvarulisa da WeSmaritebisa!
siyvaruliT da pativiscemiT
zviad gamsaxurdia
217
baton zviad gamsaxurdias preskonferencia
qarTveli, sabWoTa da ucxoeli
JurnalistebisTvis
229
preskonferencia
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaes sabWoSi
231
- gvqonda Sexvedra inteligenciis im nawilT-
an, romelic CvenTan garkveulad dapirispirebulia
da aqvs garkveuli pretenziebi Cvens mimarT. Cven-
gan isini moiTxoven amas winaT dapatimrebuli Sei-
araRebuli formirebebis xelmZRvanelis ioselianis
TavdebSi gamoSvebas. garda amisa moiTxoven, rom meti
Tavisufleba iyos presaSi, televiziaSi. maT konkret-
uli faqtebiT davusabuTeT, rom presaSi da televi-
ziaSi araviTari SezRudvebi ar aris, ibeWdeba yovel-
gvari masala, garda aSkarad Seuracxmyofeli da
dausabuTebeli werilebisa. rac Seexeba ioselianis
dapatimrebas, es Cveulebrivi sisxlis samarTlis da-
naSaulia da igi amisaTvis aris dapatimrebuli. misi,
ase vTqvaT, SeiaraRebuli formireba Zalian did usi-
amovnebas ayenebs saqarTvelos - Zarcvavs mosaxleobas,
Cadiodnen aTasgvar danaSauls, risTvisac arian dapa-
timrebulni. ai, aseT sakiTxebze gvqonda msjeloba am
Sexvedraze. bolos SevTanxmdiT erT rameSi: unda mox-
des erovnuli Serigeba, aRar unda iyos dapirispire-
ba da unda vibrZoloT 31 martis referendumSi gamar-
jveisaTvis, sadac, mogexsenebaT, pasuxi unda gaeces
kiTxvas - gvsurs Tu ara saqarTvelos damoukidebloba
1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtis safuZvelze da SevTanxmdiT,
rom am mimarTulebiT unda gaiSalos Cveni urTierT-
TanamSromloba da unda aRmoifxvras yvela is winaaRm-
degoba, romelic aris Cvens Soris.
- preskonferenciaze saqarTvelos Sinagan saqme-
Ta saministros prescentris ufrosma v. gogolaSv-
ilma gaakeTa gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom samaCablos
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sakavSiro masobrivi infor-
maciis saSualebani kvlav avrceleben dezinformacias
da rom saWiroa gatardes garkveuli RonisZiebani,
Tundac saqarTvelos xelisuflebis oficialuri pro-
testiT.
amasTan dakavSirebiT batonma zviad gamsaxurdiam
Tqva:
232
- vapirebT oficialuri protestis gakeTebas,
teqsti ukve dgeba. ufro metic. Cven ultimatumi
unda wavuyenoT sakavSiro televizias, rom, Tu igi
ar Sewyvets amgvari cilismwamebluri informaciebis
gadacemas, maSin saqarTveloSi sruliad SevwyvetT
moskovis gadacemebs, aRar vuCvenebT moskovis arc erT
gadacemas - arc „vremias“ da arc sxvas.
- orSabaTs sruldeba wlisTvi litvis damou-
kideblobis gamocxadebidan. am erT weliwadSi litvam
didi ambebi gadaitana, magram mainc SeiZleba saiubil-
eo TariRad misi aRniSvna. gaakeTebs Tu ara Cveni uzen-
aesi sabWo mimarTvas litveli xalxisadmi?- SeekiTxnen
baton zviads.
- ra Tqma unda, Cven aucileblad gavugzavniT
milocvas. es didmniSvnelovani TariRia. igi kidev
erTxel Seaxsenebs msoflios, rom e.w. sabWoTa kavSir-
Si gaerTianebuli arian iaraRis ZaliT aneqsirebu-
li qveynebi, romelTa damoukideblobisTvisac unda
ibrZolos mTelma civilizebulma msofliom da, up-
irveles yovlisa, dasavleTis mTavrobebma, romlebic
amas iviwyeben da ibrZvian e.w. sabWoTa kavSiris ganmt-
kicebisa da gorbaCovis xelisuflebis SenarCunebi-
saTvis.
- batono zviad, axlaxans, davbrundi afxaz-
eTidan, - Tqva gazeT „vestnik gruziis“ warmomadgen-
elma Tamaz lomsaZem, - iq viTareba Zalze daZabulia.
igi iqamdea misuli, rom Seiqmna axali politikuri
bloki, romelSic Sedis „aidgilara“, somxuri sazo-
gadoeba da demokratiuli kavSiri. ras apirebs Cveni
parlamenti, rom iq viTarebis stabilizacia moxdes
da meore SekiTxvac: rogor afasebT dezinformaciis
talRis momatebasTan dakavSirebiT moskovSi Cveni
warmomadgenlobis muSaobas?
- Zalian susti muSaobaa Cveni warmomadgenlobis,
magram axla viRebT yovelgvar zomebs, rom gavaaqti-
uroT igi.
233
rac Seexeba afxazeTs, viRebT zomebs, rom CavSaloT
sabWoTa referendumi afxazeTSi, romlic dagegmilia.
gansakuTrebiT gvsurs movuwodoT afxazeTis somxur
mosaxleobas, ar miiRos am referendumSi monawileo-
ba, vinaidan es iqneba Ralati ara marto saqarTvelosi,
aramed somxeTisac. cnobilia, rom somxeTi Tavis ter-
itoriaze ar atarebs sabWoTa referendums da damou-
kideblobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Cvens msgavsad,
igi atarebs sakuTar referendums. garda amisa, Cven
arZinbas miveciT vada, TxuTmet martamde warmoadg-
inos prefeqtTa kandidaturebi, Tu ar warmoadens,
maSin Cven TviTon davniSnavT prefeqtebs afxazeTSi,
vinaidan gvaqvs mis ufleba kanoniT.
- visTan Sesaxvedrad da ra problemebis gada-
saWrelad CaxvidodiT moskovSi, Tu amis saSualeba
iqneba? - SeekiTxa respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavm-
jdomares moskovur gazeT „kurantis“ sakuTari kore-
spondenti.
- jerjerobiT, ar vapirebT iq wasvlas, vinaidan
moskovi ar iSlis Cvens mimarT diqtats da cdilobs
Tavs mogvaxvios Tavisi gadawyvetilebebi, Tavisi
politika. me vTqvi, sanam saqarTvelo ar iqneba Tavisu-
fali, kremlis zRurbls ar gadavabijeb-meTqi da amas
Sevasruleb.
- aravisTvis dasamali ar aris, rom mTels sabWo-
Ta kavSirSi farTo frontiT midis Seteva demokra-
tiaze, rac yvela normalurad moazrovne adamianSi
iwvevs SeSfoTebas. Tu SeiZleba Tqveni, rogorc poli-
tikuri moRvawis azri imaze, ra realuri Zala Sei-
Zleba aRudges win dResdReobiT ssrk-Si diqtaturis
Semotevas? - aseTi iyo Semdegi kiTxva, romelzec z.
gamsaxurdiam upasuxa:
- mxolod da mxolod mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris
demokratiuli Zalebis gaerTianeba, sxva gamosavals
ver vxedav da, agreTve, dasavleTis zegavlena, raTa
sazogadoebrivi azris darazmviT maT ufro metad
234
dauWiron mxari sabWoTa kavSirSi demokratiul moZ-
raobas da ara am Savbnel reaqciul moZraobas, rom-
lis danaSaulobebze isini sul ufro da ufro xuWaven
Tvals. roca ssrk-Si aRmocenda demokratiuli moZ-
raoba, igi miznad isaxavda dasavleTis mTavrobebze
zegavlenis moxdenas. Cven ufro da ufro unda mivmar-
ToT dasavleTis mTavrobebs, raTa ufro metad dagvi-
Wiron mxari.
- batonma zviad gamsaxurdiam qarTvel da ucx-
oel Jurnalistebs upasuxa sxva mraval SekiTxvaze.
235
litvis respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomares
baton landsbergiss
Tqveno aRmatebulebav!
qarTveli eris saxeliT gilocavT Tqven da Tqveni
saxiT mTel litvel xalxs litvis saxelmwifos aRdge-
nis Sesaxeb litvis respublikis uzenaesi sabWos aqtis
miRebis wlisTavs.
vimedovnebT, rom Cveni respublikebis megobruli
urTierToba kvlavac ganviTardeba Cveni xalxebis in-
teresebisa da miswrafebebis Sesabamisad.
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos saxeliT
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare
z. gamsaxurdia
236
CrdiloeT oseTis sabWoTa socialisturi
respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomares
a.x. galazovs
ssr kavSiris masobrivi informaciis
centralur saSualebebs
gancxadeba
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWo protests
gamoTqvams imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom araobieqturi
pozicia daikaveT yofil samxreT oseTis avtonomiur
olqSi mimdinare ambebis gamo. amaxinjebT da ayalbebT
ra faqtebs, axdenT saerTaSoriso da sabWoTa sazo-
gadoebriobis dezinformacias, amiT meTodikurad
amzadebT niadags yofili samxreT oseTis avtono-
miuri olqis mTel teritoriaze sagangebo wesebis
SemoRebisaTvis. es veraguli nabiji miznad isaxavs
saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriuli mTlianobis
danawevrebas. saqarTvelos suverenuli respublikis
mmarTvelobis Sinagan struqturebSi Careva uxeSad
arRvevs saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv normebs.
Tu kvlavac gagrZeldeba masobrivi informaciis cen-
traluri saSualebebisa da CrdiloeT oseTis uzenaesi
sabWos TavmjdomaresTan arsebuli sagangebo komitetis
prescentris mizanmimarTuli dezinformaciis eskala-
cia, saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWo itovebs
kanonier uflebas saerTaSoriso iuridiul uflebaTa
safuZvelze ganaxorcielos Tqveni provokaciuli saqmi-
anobis mxilebisa da aRkveTis Sesabamisi RonisZiebani.
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare
z. gamsaxurdia
237
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos
dadgenileba
1991 wlis 31 marts saqarTvelos respublikis
referendumis CatarebasTan dakavSirebuli
zogierTi sakiTxis Sesaxeb
gaiTvaliswina ra saqarTvelos respublikis cen-
traluri sareferendumo komisiis winadadebebi 1991
wlis 31 marts saqarTvelos respublikis referen-
dumis CatarebasTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelos res-
publikis uzenaesi sabWo adgens:
239
respublikis prokuratura, rac SeCerebul iqna ssr
kavSiris generaluri prokuroris miTiTebiT.
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos prezid-
iumi adgens:
240
saarCevno olqSi1991 wlis 17 marts gamarTuli arCev-
nebis Sedegebi da dainiSnos xelaxali arCevnebi.
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare
z. gamsaxurdia
Tbilisi.
1991 wlis 22 marti.
241
soxumi
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare
z. gamsaxurdia.
1991 wlis 25 marti.
242
b-n vladislav arZinbas
243
tiviscemis, maRalzneobrivi principebiT, ar ahyves pi-
rad ambiciebs Tu waqezebas. dRes afxazeTis mosaxle-
obis bedi (aqedan 47-procentze meti qarTveli) Tqven
gabariaT, Secdomis ufleba ara gvaqvs, radgan erTa So-
ris WidilSi gamarjvebuli ar arsebobs. kidev erTxel
dafiqrdiT, gaiTvaliswineT istoriis gakveTilebi
da rogorc saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos prezidium-
is wevrma, monawileoba miiReT mis muSaobaSi da, rac
mTavaria, SeusabameT Tqveni politika saqarTvelos
respublikis kanonmdeblobas, romlis iurisdiqciis
qveSac brZandebiT.
z. gamsaxurdia.
1991 wlis 27 marti.
244
„kremli ultimatumebiT gvelaparakeba“
„nezavisimaia gazetas“ specialurma
korespondentma andrei karaulovma 5 marts
TbilisSi interviu CamoarTva saqarTvelos
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomares
zviad gamsaxurdias
245
armiis regularuli nawilebi maT iaraRiT amarageben
da yovelnairad exmarebian. isini aq qiraoben, tyviam-
frqvevebs, snaiperebs, raketebs, uaxles teqnikas,
yovelgvar saWurvels, aZleven yvelafers, rac gne-
bavT. hoda, isinic omoben. ra unda moskovs? saqarT-
veloSi Tavisufali arCevnebi gaimarTa, komunisturi
wyobileba daemxo da xelisufleba Seicvala. es namd-
vili revolucia iyo. swored mis winaaRmdeg omoben.
ra mizani aqvs centrs? uwinares yovlisa is, rom sama-
Cablo moswyviton saqarTvelos.
jer winadadeba mogvces sam dReSi sagangebo wese-
bi SemogveRo aq. es Cven miuReblad CavTvaleT. axla,
rogorc Cans, male gamova prezidentis brZanebuleba,
romelic TviTon SemoiRebs am sagangebo wesebs ro-
gorc es yarabaRSi iyo da samaCablos gamoacalkevebs
saqarTvelosagan. ese igi, ultimatumi wamogviyenes. me
piradad gorbaCovma wamomiyena es ultimatumi marTa-
lia zepiri, magram mainc ultimatumia. xeli moawer-
eTo samokavSireo xelSekrulebas, Torem is rac samx-
reT oseTSi xdeba, uares formebSi gagrZeldebao. ai
ase mokled da naTlad.
– Tqven ra upasuxeT.
– rasac vfiqrobdi. rac magas ar gamouva da es qarT-
veli eris poziciaa.
– magram Tu ase ganagrZes, omi iqneba.
– iqneba, ra Tqma unda. iqneba sanam imperia arsebobs,
yvelani aseT mdgomareobaSi viqnebiT.
– mereda, sad aris gamosavali, batono zviad?
– msofliosTvis aris gamosavali? kacobriobisaT-
vis? Tu aris maSasadame CvenTvisac iqneba. erTaderTi
gamosavalia Tavi davaRwioT am imperias, meti araferi.
– landsbergisTan Tu gilaparakiaT?
– velaparake magram ras gviSvelis?! TviTonac am
dReSia.
– elcinTan?
– arc imas ayria kargi dRe. unda SevxvedrodiT erT-
246
maneTs, magram ratomRac CaiSala.
– maSasadame, Tqveni azriT, katastrofuli viTare-
baa?
– Zalian mZime, Zalian. axla saqarTveloSi miRe-
bulia kanoni gardamaval periodze. aseTi perio-
di aucilebelia da, mainc ar davyovndebiT. axal
politikur struqturebs davamtkicebT. raionebSi
prefeqtebs davniSnavT, reformebs ganvaxorcielebT,
miviRebT kanonebs damoukidebeli saqarTvelos moqa-
laqeobis, sakuTrebis, miwis, samarTaldamcavi orga-
noebis departizaciis, erovnuli gvardiis Sesaxeb da
bevr sxvas. Cven mtkiced vdgavarT Cvens poziciebze da
gvwams misi.
– xalxi mxars giWerT?
– diax. sxvagvarad rogor iqneba? gana xalxi ver
xedavs Tu ra xdeba? ver xedavs saqarTvelos os eqs-
tremistebTan erTad rogor ebrZvian sabWoTa armiis
nawilebi? xalxi yvelafers xedavs, yvelafers. rogor
ugzavnian iaraRs, rogor aZleven raketebs.
– cxinvalSi eleqtroba ar aris. qalaqis samSobia-
ro saxlSi minus eqvsia, gana es SeiZleba batono zviad?
– energetikosebma cxinvals gaficva gamoucxades.
ratom? imitom, rom qalaqSi aris qarxnebi, sadac
eqstremistebs iaraRs umzadeben. rogor SegviZlia
gaficva avkrZaloT? magram kidevac rom mogveTxova,
kidevac rom SegveZlos eleqtroenergiis CarTva cx-
invalis mosaxleoba isea aboboqrebuli – rom sul er-
Tia gamorTavs. magram rogorc ki osi eqstremistebi
Sewyveten aSkara banditizms, ganiaraRdebian, cxovre-
ba swrafad Cadgeba Tavis Cveulebriv kalapotSi, gar-
wmunebT.
– maSasadame, moskovidan dialogis saSualebani
amoiwura?
– raRa Tqma unda, amoiwura. gorbaCovi erTaderT
ultimatums gvTavazobs – xeli moawereTo samokav-
Sireo xelSekrulebas. ar moawerT da vai Tqvenio. ai
247
aseTi urTierToba gvaqvs.
– ra azrisa xarT SevardnaZis gadadgomaze?
– es kremlis nabiji iyo. rogorc yovelTvis SeniR-
buli da Zalze eSmakuri im mizniT, rom SevardnaZe
demokratiisaTvis wamebulad warmoedginaT. igi da
gorbaCovi. esaoda aseTi nabiji reaqciulma Zalebma
gadaadgmevineso. hoda, gaukeTes aseTi „imiji“ orives.
sinamdvileSi ki, me mgonia, yovelive es kremls imi-
saTvis sWirdeboda, rom erTi mxriv daeSoSminebina
samxedro da reaqciuli Zalebi, meore mxriv ki isev
da isev erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenlisaTvis
daebralebina yvela Secdoma da marcxi sagareo poli-
tikaSi. es TamaSia.
– keTili. Tqven rogor ggoniaT, SevardnaZe rod-
isme dabrundeba saqarTveloSi? – ara mgonia.
– aq ramdenadme igrZnoba misi gavlena? – nulovani.
– rogor situaciaSia kompartia?
– praqtikulad aRar arsebobs. xalxi mxars ar uW-
ers. zustad ase SeiZleba iTqvas: igi aRar arsebobs.
– maS ratom aRar iZleva partia Tavis Senobas?
rogor ggoniaT, kargad gaiges is rac moxda? Tu mainc
raRacis imedi aqvT?
– Zneli saTqmelia. albaT imedi aqvT. rac Seexeba
Senobas es moskovis sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi
partiis ambavia. aseTi sakiTxi ukve damdgara, Tanac –
araerTxel. komunistebi gveubnebian xalisiT mogcem-
diT Senobas, magram ssrk imuqrebao, es saxli Tavisad
miaCniao. Senoba ki Zalze sWirdeba ministrTa sabWos
normaluri muSaobisaTvis. xedavT ra xdeba: moskovs
ver gaubedia, moskovs vaJkacoba ar hyofnis imisaT-
vis, rom erTxel da samudamod aRiaros: saqarTveloSi
sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partia aRar arsebobs,
rom igi politikuri gvamia, Tumca Cvendami dapirisp-
irebas mainc ar iSlian. yvelaze ar vambob. maT Soris
sxvadasxvagvari adamianebi arian. arian mecnierebi, ak-
ademikosebi. aba, amaT ra ekomunistebaT? formalurad
248
komunistoben. am partiaSi imitom Sevidnen, rom iZu-
lebuli gaxdnen.
– rogori urTierToba gaqvT inteligenciasTan?
– inteligenciasTan kargi, inteligencia parla-
mentSia, mis umravlesobas Seadgens. magram arian
zog-zogi inteligentebi politikur sarbielze xel-
mocarulni axla gaborotebulni arian Cvens winaaRm-
deg da amitom icaven „mxedrionis“ kriminalebs. ai,
magaTTan ki ar gvaqvs kargi urTierToba. „mxedrio-
nis“ bandebi aq, saqarTveloSi, pirdapir exmarebod-
nen kremls. Savnabadas incidenti sxva ara aris ra, Tu
ara, viTomda, SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis inscenireba.
scenari moskovSi daiwera da „mxedrionis“ xelmZRvan-
eloba, igive jaba ioseliani rom ar dagvepatimrebi-
na saqarTvelos teritoriaze, ukve dRes SeiZleboda
yofiliyo sagangebo wesebi. ai es aris centris mizani.
– Tqvens ukanasknel preskonferenciaze gvagrZno-
bineT, rom gamoricxulad ar migaCniaT daapatimron
giorgi Wanturia. erT-erTi lideri erovnuli kongre-
sisa – parlamentgareSe opoziciisa, romelSic ramde-
nadac vici, ormocamde partiaa gaerTianebuli. amis
pasuxad dasavleTSi weren, rom saqarTveloSi Tqveni
gamarjvebis Semdeg piradi Zalauflebis reJimi myar-
deba –axladmovlenili diqtatoriao. Tu iciT rame am
publikaciebze?
– yovelive es kremlis Worebia. ai ase vityodi da
kidev kremlis propaganda. maTi agentebi gvyavs saqa-
rTveloSi.
– rogor uyurebT amas?
rogor unda vuyurebdeT? rogorc mtris xrikebs.
kremls saqarTveloSi Zalze bevri agenti hyavs. Zal-
ze bevri arian aqedan, Tbilisidan gaqceuli moskove-
li qarTvelebic. saqarTvelos moRalateebi. ai magaTi
naxelavia eg. maT ki xels uwyoben SevardnaZe, mgelaZe,
fofxaZe da sxva partiuli funqcionerebi – yofilni
da amJamindeli.
249
– Tqven rogor urigdebiT am „agentebis“ TqvenTan
yofnas?
– vurigdebiT? araviTar SemTxvevaSi. yovel nabi-
jze vamxelT.
– Tu gaqvT am mxilebaTa konkretuli magaliTebi?
– me mgonia CvenSi zog-zogebi samarTalSi miecemi-
an ciliswamebisaTvis. ciliswameba politikuri dana-
Sauli ar aris, aramed sisxlis. marTlebrivia, Tu me
vityvi, rom Tqven kaci mokaliT da amas gazeTSi davbe-
Wdav. Tqven SegiZliaT sasamarTloSi miCivloT. hoda,
Cven vuCivlebT sasamarTloSi – zogierTebs. da iciT
ratom? ai, beWdaven TiTqos Cven mRvdeli mogveklas.
ar ki asaxeleben vin, romeli mRvdeli movkaliT. ro-
gor ggoniaT, amisaTvis sasamarTloSi ar unda mivceT?
rac Seexeba Wanturias, misi moqmedeba ar hgavs poli-
tikosisas da es araerTxel miTqvams sajarod. Wantur-
ias partia „mxedrionis“ bandebs Seezarda. misi par-
tia TaviT fexebamde SeiaraRebulia. misi wevrebi ukve
dapatimrebuli arian qurdobisaTvis, yaCaRobisaTvis,
avtomobilebis gatacebisaTvis. aseT adamianebs poli-
tikur moRvaweebs ver vuwodebT. maS rogor? aq poli-
tikiT niRbaven sisxlis samarTlis danaSuls. mova
dro da davamtkicebT, rom maTi „erovnuli kongresis“
arCevnebi falsificirebuli iyo – da davamtkicebT
dokumenturad referendumiT. saxalxo referendums
movawyobT da SevityobT mosaxleobis ramdenma pro-
centma misca xma arCevnebSi. maSin yvelani mixvdebian,
rom es saqarTvelos mosaxleobis Zalze mcire nawili
iyo. rac Seexeba „mxedrions“, verc erTi saxelmwifo
ver Seurigdeba SeiaraRebul formirebaTa saqmiano-
bas, romlebic mTavrobas ar emorCilebian. ver naxavT
qveyanas, sadac es SesaZlebeli iyos. miT umetes ban-
dituri dajgufebebisa, romlebic pirdapir Tavzars
scemen mosaxleobas. jaba ioselianis dapatimreba, ra
Tqma unda, iZulebiTi RonisZiebaa. man pasuxi unda agos
sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulisaTvis.
250
TviTon yofili patimari var. oTxjer viyavi patim-
robaSi. CemTvis advili rodia kacis dapatimreba. vici
ra aris satusaRo da represiebi, magram mTeli xalxi
fexze dadga da gvaiZula, diax gvaiZula, saqarTvelo-
Si wesrigi dagvemyarebina.
– me ki ai ras vfiqrob, batono zviad, ratomRac
mgonia, rom erovnuli TviTSegnebis gamoRviZebas-
Tan erTad SeiZleba gadaxra moxdes meore mxares. ai,
sturuac ar dgams TbilisSi „sam das“, aramed inglis-
Si midis.
– es misi Wirveulobaa. sturuas surs dasavleTi
sazogadoebriobis yuradRebis centrSi iyos. Torem
CvenSi yvela pirobaa, yvela. CexovisTvisac da kidev
visTvisac gnebavT. vin aris CvenSi rusuli kulturisa
da rusuli literaturis winaaRmdegi? CvenSi rusu-
li armiis, rusuli blokadis winaaRmdegi arian. diax,
me araferi maqvs Cexovis sawinaaRmdego.
– roca saqarTvelos mimarTeT mesxeTeli Turqebis
sakiTze, Tqven brZaneT, „ar davuSvebT arc erTi eTni-
kuri Turqis Camosaxlebas“ da kidevac vibrZolebo am
adamianebis TurqeTSi repatriaciisaTvis, amave dros
parlamentis tribunidan dReniadag ambobT, saqa-
rTvelosaTvis ucxoao eTnikuri siZulvili. rogor
SevuTavsoT erTmaneTs es ori ram?
– ara, saqarTveloSi azerbaijanidan Camosaxle-
bulebi (da sxva araqarTvelebic) Zalze xSirad fri-
ad agresiulad iqcevian mkvidri qarTveli mosaxle-
obis mimarT. saqarTvelos respublikis teritoriis
mTlianobis xelyofis pirdapiri cdebic ki aris, saku-
Tar miwa-wyalze mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleobis Sevi-
wroeba nebismieri saerTaSoriso normiT danaSulia.
gana mosaTmenia, qarTuli miwebis mitaceba, unebarTvo
mSenebloba? ar aris rom saqarTveloSi qarTvelebs
ukanonod ungreven saxlebs? gana es Sesawynarebelia?
aseve Cven ar gvsurs ukontrolod SemovuSvaT Cvens
teritoriaze mravali aTasi ucxo moqalaqe. amas verc
251
erTi saxelmwifo ver izams. yvela demokratiul saxel-
mwifoSi arsebobs moqalaqeobis kanoni. saqarTveloSi
jerjerobiT aseTi kanoni ar aris. magram Cveni mosax-
leobis 35 procenti isedac araqarTvelia. CvenTvis
e.w. „Turqi mesxebi“ ucxoelebi arian. amasTanave dar-
wmunebuli var, rogorc ki kremlis Careva Sewydeba,
saqarTveloSi eTnikuri problemebi swrafad mogvar-
deba. isev da isev, TiTqmis yvelaferi kremlzea damok-
idebuli. anu imaze, uars ityvis Tu ara kremli Cvens
winaaRmdeg omze. ai mTavari mizezi da Tu ar ityvis
uars, maSin dasavleTi, imedi maqvs, aTqmevinebs uars
moskovs agresiul avantiuristul politikaze.
– gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciisaTvis xom ar
migimarTvT?
– diax. am oriode dRis win, Cven msoflios yvela
mTavrobas da gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciebs
mivmarTeT.
– Tu arian moskovSi politikosebi, romelTa imedi
gaqvT? nuravis daasaxelebT, pirdapir gviTxariT – ho
Tu ara?
– politikosebi... saeWvoa... arian adamianebi. zogi-
erTi deputati. kidev ramdenime kaci, magram ara wamy-
vani figurebi.
– gorbaCovi xSirad girekavT?
– ki.
– rogorc Tanaswori TanasworTan ise laparakobT
Tu mainc... rogorc prezidenti ise girekavT?
– ara. piriqiT. yovelTvis cdilobs ise... taqtianad
melaparakos, magram iciT, mainc mudam ismis frazebi,
Tu samokavSireo xelSekrulebas xels ar moawerT cu-
dad geqnebaT saqme ara marto samxreT oseTSi, aramed
afxazeTSic. TqvenTvis es kargi ar iqnebao.
– Tu asea, marTlac ultimatumi yofila.
– ultimatumi diax. magram amas ise ambobs xolme,
viTom xumrobiT.
– kargi xumrobaa.
252
– TiTqos verc CaeWidebi sityvas ise ityvis xolme...
ai... viTomda mTlad seriozulad ara. ki ar mibrZanebs,
aramed daaxloebiT ase. ai, xedav ra mdgomareoba Seiqm-
na iq. hoda kidev ufro gauaresdeba. moifiqreT, iqneb
moaweroT xeli. gegoneba TanagigrZnobso.
– marTla unda aq saqarTveloSi Camosvla?
– ra vici, ambobs mindao.
– mereda, rogor Sexvdeba xalxi?
– vSiSob, rom Zalze cudad.
– zustad 15 wuTi gavida batono zviad. magram Tu
gcaliaT ganvagrZobdi.
– keTili.
– rogor ggoniaT, gorbaCovs aqvs momavali?
– iciT... iqneb aqvs kidec. iseTi moxerxebuli kacia,
me mgonia SeiZleba am situaciidanac gamoZvres. mainc –
Zalze marjve kacia. didi diplomatia.
– Tqven marTla aRTqmuli gaqvT „kremlis zRurbls
gadaabijoT mxolod rogorc Tavisufali saqarTve-
los moqalaqem“?
– diax. ar gadavabijeb. azri ara aqvs. me ar SemiZlia
iq viyo aseTi pirobiT – ai – mona, ai – batoni.
– magram maSin xom getyvian: raki aseT pozicias
daadeqiT, Tqven TviTon SliTo gorbaCovTan dialogs.
– dialogs keTili neba sWirdeba da ara ultima-
tumebi.
Tu gorbaCovTan Tavis saSinao politikas gadaxe-
davs dialogi iqneba.
– magram iqneb saqarTvelom mainc moaweros xeli
samokavSireo xelSekrulebas.
– Cveni xalxi damoukideblobisaTvis ibrZolebs.
damoukideblobis aRgenisaTvis ai axla referendums
movawyobT. erTaderTi kiTxva iqneba. gsurT Tu ara da-
moukidebeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifos aRdgena saqa-
rTvelos damoukideblobis 1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtis
safuZvelze? amas vkiTxavT yovel kacs. yovels da Cveni
xalxi mkafiod da naTlad ityvis hos an aras. ra Sua-
253
Sia samokavSireo xelSekruleba? romel „kavSirzea“
laparaki. Cven arasodes araviTar kavSirSi ar Sev-
sulvarT, ZaliT Segviyvanes. maS rogor SegviZlia Cven
Tavi sabWoTa kavSiris wevrebad CavTvaloT?
– saqarTvelos damoukideblobis saxelmwifo aqti
xelmowerilia 1918 wlis 26 maiss. saqarTvelo ruseTs
gamoeyo da amisTvis lenini aravis ar daumunaTebia.
Semdeg 1921 wels saqarTveloSi samxedro gadatri-
aleba moxda da saqarTvelo – ukve Zalad „gasabWovda“.
miuxedavad amisa, am samocdaaTi wlis manZilze, saqa-
rTvelo da kavSiri Seexorcnen erTmaneTs. axla ukve
SeuZlebelia am kvanZis gaCexva ise, rom ziani ar miadg-
es arc erT da arc meore mxares. mesmis, rom gorbaCovma
9 aprilisa da samxreT oseTis ambebis Semdeg moimdu-
ra qarTveli xalxi. bevri ramis patieba SeuZlebelia,
magram Tu iseTi kaci iqna, rogoric elcinia, iqneba
saqarTvelos aRarc dasWirdes gamoyofa? gorbaCovs
nu davukargavT amas, axla dReniadag imeorebs: meti
suvereniteti, kidev ufro metio...
– diax, sityviT. magram rogorc ki gadavwyviteT
erovnuli gvardia, sakuTari Sinagani jarebi Segveqm-
na moskovidan muqara daiwyo: ar gabedoTo da ase Sem-
deg. ai asea. axla mas Semdeg, rac gorbaCovma Tavazi-
anad gamafrTxila – moemzadeT afxazeTSi SeiZleba
oseTis msgavsi ambebi moxdeso, irkveva: afxazeTSi 250
SeiaraRebuli medesante Camosula da pansionatSi da-
binavebula. es ra, provokacia ar aris? rogor Sevxe-
doT amas?
– maSasadame, moskovi pirdapir gaiZulebT rom
erovnulma gvardiam sapasuxo moqmedeba daiwyos?
– ara mgonia. erovnuli gvardia jer ar arsebobs.
meomari ara gvyavs. Sinagani razmi da milicia – es aris
da es.
– cotani arian?
– diax, ra Tqma unda.
– ratom ar gamoaqveynebT dokuments, romelzec
254
laparaki iyo 29 Tebervlis preskonferenciaze? ma-
Sin Tqven brZaneT osi eqstremistebis xelmZRvanelebi
CoCievi da kulumbegovi moskovis uSiSroebis TanamS-
romlebi ariano da „amas adasturebs Sinagan jarebSi
miRebuli saidumlo Sifrograma moskovidan, romel-
ic Sinagan jarebs pirdapir ubrZanebs gaaTavisuflon
kulumbegovi nebismieri saSualebiT da waiyvanon
moskovSi“. sad aris es Sifrograma? ratom ar daibeW-
da gazeTebSi?
– diax, es unda gakeTdes. sadme mivagnebT am doku-
ments.
– da mainc, rogor dauSva moskovma rom swored
Tqven agirCies saqarTveloSi?
– Zalianac ar undoda, Zalian... yvelaferi iRona.
ai, amisTvis sWirdeboda jabac da yvela danarCenic...
saqarTveloSi isini mexuTe kolonas warmoadgenen da
maT avalebdnen CaeSalaT Cemi saaarCevno kampania. erTi
sityviT, yvelaferi ise iyo, rogorc yvelgan keTdeba
xolme. magram araferi gamouvidaT. xalxma ar dauSva.
bednieri var, rom Cemma xalxma mxari damiWira.
– mainc ras Svrebodnen isini?
– ras? yvelafers! saqarTveloSi 12 aTasi kaci
SeaiaraRes da mzad iyvnen yvelani daeglijaT. iaraRs
ki suki da samxedroebi aZlevdnen farulad sxvisi xe-
liT.
– amis damtkicebac SeiZleba?
– damtkicdeba. aucileblad. yvelaferi iqneba.
– ar geSiniaT, rom SeiZleba mogklan?
– Zalianac, SeiZleba, yoveldRe memuqrebian: amas
gizamTo, imas gizamTo, werilebsac migzavnian, tele-
foniTac mirekaven. erTi sityviT, arafers ar Takilo-
ben.
– rogor cxovrobT aseT atmosferoSi?
– normalurad. miveCvie.
– normalurad?
– gana mTeli cxovreba ase ar gavatare? mTeli cx-
255
ovreba.
– ras ityoda dRes konstantine gamsaxurdia saqa-
rTvelos momavalze? Tqvens poziciaze? im politi-
kur kursze, romelic misma Svilma gamoacxada?
– mamaCemi Cemi sulieri moZRvari iyo. yovelTvis es-
moda Cemi. cxadia, mifrTxildeboda. ar undoda, rom
represiebis msxverpli gavmxdariyavi, gavecimbire-
bineT da ase Semdeg. roca gardaicvala, jer arc ki
gacivebuliyo, Sin gvesvena, rom nacnobi prokurori
mewvia da gamafrTxila, rame iRoneo, radgan, albaT,
mamaSenis dakrZalvamde dagapatimrebeno. Tu winan-
deli cekas mdivnebi – kaxiani, mamulia, mgelaZe da sx-
vebi konstantine gamsaxurdias saqveynod ebrZodnen,
SevardnaZe mas, Cvens ojaxs, SefarviT ebrZoda da amas
adasturebs uamravi dokumenti, uamravi mowme. is,
rac mamaCemis gardacvalebis Semdeg datrialda, ukve
yvelam icis. 14 dRiani Cxreka, romelic konstantine
gamsaxurdias saxlSi moawyo SevardnaZis miTiTebiT
sukis ormocamde TanamSromelma, darbevas ufro hgav-
da, vidre Cxrekas, romlis drosac uamravi unikaluri
xelnaweri da wigni moispo da daikarga. xolo kalami,
romelsac mamaCemi xumrobiT „generals“ uwodebda,
radgan am kalmiT iyo dawerili yvela misi didi nawar-
moebi, sukis TanamSromlebma moipares da SerCa kidec
SevardnaZis dacvis erT-erT TanamSromels. ai ase iyo.
– ramdeni ena iciT?
– ramdeni? sami – evropuli, ZvelberZnuli. laTinu-
rad vkiTxulob. cot-cota espanurad da italiurad-
ac, oRond leqsikoniT.
– ZvelberZnuli ratomRa, TviTon enam gagitacaT?
– ara, me xom filologi var. vTargmnidi homeross,
piradad vicnob averincevs. erTadac ki gvimuSavnia
teqstebze.
– hoo?
– ho, ra Tqma unda Zvel slavur testebze. Zal-
ze mwyins, rom moskoveli inteligenciis wreSi axla
256
nair-nairi Worebi vrceldeba. bevrs eSinia kidec Cven-
Tan Camosvla. xmebi dadis mand xalxs xocaven, Tanac
rusebso, Semzaravi qaosi da samoqalaqo omiao. yve-
laferi es ganzrax keTdeba. am Worebs suki da sakdesi
avrceleben. sruli sainformacio blokadaa presaSi.
protestebs vacxadebT, werilebs vugzavniT, magram ar
aqveyneben. ai maTi sindisi da maTi simarTle. gadaxe-
deT centralur gazeTebs. xedavT am suraTs? „aq odes-
Rac skola iyo“. ki ar aweren, rom es qarTuli skola
iyo. gesmiT? viRacas ki uTuod egoneba: raki samxreT
oseTia, maSasadame osuri skola iqnebodao. oRond,
sinamdvileSi, piriqiT aris. ai, aseTi meTodebi aqvT.
Tanac weren TiTqos Cveni deputati viRac avazakebTan
erTad Tavs dasxmia erovnul-demokratiuli partiis
Stab-binas da daurbevia. asaxeleben deputats, aseTi
deputati ki ar arsebobs. gvarebi ar emTxveva. gana es
ciliswameba ar aris? ai, rogori meTodebiT gvebrZvi-
an.
– maSasadame, mzad xarT bolomde am gziT iaroT.
Tu situacia mainc ufro rTuli aRmoCnda, vidre ge-
gonaT da iqneb Sinaganad ramdenadme yoymanobT?
– ara. mzad var. magram ra Tqma unda, Zalian miWirs.
moskovs daTmoba ar surs, Cven ki, miT umetes, ar davT-
mobT!
– dRe-RameSi ramden saaTs muSaobT?
– sul cota 12 saaTs, zogjer ToTxmetsac.
– saRamoobiT rames werT?
– Tu movaswari. upiratesad Cems im wignebs vas-
woreb, romlebic axla gamodis. aqac bevri samuSao ma-
qvs. magram axla xelovnebisaTvis ar mcalia. xom ambo-
ben: roca zarbaznebi grialebs muzebi sdumano. aseTia
viTareba.
– rogor mimdinareobs dasavleTTan saqarTve-
los urTierToba. ra mogcaT saqarTvelos amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi Tqveni moadgilis vizitma?
– Zalze bevri ram. Cven dasavleTTan patiosani da
257
pirdapiri dialogis momxreni varT. es haeriviT gvWir-
deba. axla amerikaSi zogierTi senatori acxadebs,
kremls saqarTvelos ar movaspobinebTo, amas ar da-
vuSvebTo, maT Soris, viciT, arian adamianebi, romleb-
mac buSs werili gaugzavnes da mosTxoves dagvicvas,
ar dauSvas saqarTveloSi meore vilniusi.
– kidev ori kiTxva: mainc rogor afasebT elcinis
momavals? ra moxdeba ruseTis am sagangebo yriloba-
ze?
– vxedav, rom ruseTis parlamentSi dramatuli
situaciaa. ar vici iq vin vis moereva. ise, Zalze SemaS-
foTebeli niSnebi Cans.
– ratom ar daapatimres patiaSvili 9 aprilisaT-
vis?
– imitom, rom Cveni xalxi Semwynarebelia da yvel-
as yvelafers patiobs. qarTvelebi boRmiani xalxi ara
varT. aba miaqcieT yuradReba: Semzaravi 9 aprilis
Semdeg TbilisSi araviTari siZulvili ar igrZnoba
ruseTisadmi. saerTod ar igrZnoba arc sxva erebis
mimarT, viRas axsovs patiaSvili, Tumca, man danaSauli
Caidina da amisaTvis daisjeba kidevac, magram xalxs es
ar eCqareba.
„nezavisimaia gazeta“
7 aprili, 1991 w.
258
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi
sabWos Tavmjdomaris
zviad gamsaxurdias
gamosvla saqarTvelos televiziiT
1991 wlis 16 marts
263
mimarTva kavkasiis xalxebisadmi
kavkasia unikaluri msoflio mniSvnelobis fenome-
nia Tavisi mravalferovnebiT, TavisTavadi kul-
turebiT, erebs Soris urTierTobis myarad Camoy-
alibebuli tradiciebiT, ganumeorebeli istoriiT,
landSaftiT, floriT da fauniT. sxvadasxva warmo-
Sobisa da sxvadasxva sarwmunoebis kavkasiel xalxebs
Soris eTnikuri siZulvili e.w. „eTnokonfliqtebi“ am
erTa Tanaarsebobis manZilze ucxo iyo, sanam kavkasia
cecxliTa da maxviliT, veragulad ar daipyro imperi-
aTa Soris usastikesma da uborotesma – ruseTis impe-
riam. carizmis mier gakvaluli gza, romelic kavkasi-
is xalxebs Soris mtrobis, undoblobis da erTmaneTis
siZulvilis danergvas gulisxmobda, „Rirseulad“ ga-
nagrZo modernizebulma komunisturma imperiam, ro-
melmac garkveulwilad Tavis mizans mainc miaRwia.
kavkasieli xalxebi ise moxerxebulad gadahkides
erTmaneTs, rom amJamad kavkasiaSi mcxovreb TiTmis
yovel xalxs imperiis mier Tavsdatexili yvela ubed-
urebis mizezi mis gverdiT mcxovrebi sxva xalxi hgo-
nia.
centri Tavisuflebismoyvare, amay kavkasielTa sa-
zianod iyenebs e.w. „eTnokonfliqtebs“, aferxebs ka-
vkasielT swrafvas damoukideblobisa da WeSmariti
suverenitetisaken. amgvari boroti xerxebiT erT-
maneTs wakidebul xalxTa Soris urTierToba ukve sax-
ifaTod aris daZabuli. maT Soris mtrobas TandaTan
aRviveben, zogan sisxlic iRvreba, centri ki mosyid-
uli informaciis saSualebebiT mTel msoflios „umt-
kicebs“, uCvenod es „veluri da kaciWamia“ kavkasiele-
bi erTmaneTs mospobeno, Tanac msoflios umalaven
imas, rom kavkasiel xalxebs uZvelesi kulturuli da
humanuri tradiciebi gaaCniaT da surT isini „tuzem-
cebad“ gamoacxadon.
Zvirfaso kavkasielebo!
droa gons movegoT! nu gavebmebiT centris mier Cvens
264
sazianod dagebul maxeSi! movigonoT Cveni didebuli
winaprebis sibrZne da SorsmWvreteloba! aRvadginoT
Zmoba, urTierTpativiscema da ndoba.
nebismieri kavkasieli xalxis bedi, yvela kavkasi-
elis mSvidobian TanacxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebi isev Cvenive erTsulovnebiT, kavkasiaSive
unda wydebodes. amisTvis aucilebelia kavkasiel xalx-
Ta erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis koordi-
nacia, dialogi, raTa erTobliv iqnes SemuSavebuli
erTiani moqmedebis taqtika da strategia.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba „mrgvali
magida – Tavisufali saqarTvelos“ saxeliT giwvevT
kavkasiis xalxTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZ-
raobebis liderebs kavkasiis xalxTa forumis Ses-
aqmnelad, romelsac miznad ar eqneba raime sazoga-
doebriv-politikuri erTeulis daarseba, romelsac
ar marTaven centris agentebi, kavkasiis gamyidvelebi.
Cveni mizani iqneba kavkasiis konsolidacia, misi gan-
Tavisufleba imperiis marwuxebisagan da dafuZneba
msoflios Tavisufal xalxTa ojaxSi. es aseve aRad-
gens Cvens gulwrfel megobrobas rus xalxTan, rome-
lic TviT aris totalitarizmisa da komunizmis msx-
verpli.
Tqveni Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi, kavkasiis xalxTa fo-
rumis damfuZnebeli sxdomis mowyobis adgilisa da
zusti TariRis Sesaxeb damatebiT gauwyebT.
gaumarjos kavkasiis xalxTa erTian, Zmur ojaxs!
gaumarjos Cvens Zmobas, erTobasa da Tvisuflebas!
gvfaravdes RmerTi!
pativiscemiTa da siyvaruliT
zviad gamsaxurdia
„mrgvali magida – Tavisufali saqarTvelos“ spikeri,
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos
Tavmjdomare
mimarTva : kavkasiis xalxebisadmi / gamsaxurdia z. // saqarTvelos
respublika. - 1991. - 23 marti. - #57 (77). - 1gv.
265
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris
zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla
televiziiT 1991 wlis 25 marts
267
SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva: ratom aris dainteresebuli
ruseTis xelmZRvaneloba Sida qarTlSi mdgomareobis
stabilizaciiT? imis gamo, rom es uSualod exeba mas –
egreTwodebul CrdiloeT oseTs, ris Sesaxebac me gan-
vmarte, rom es ar aris araviTari CrdiloeTi oseTi,
aramed namdvili, erTaderTi oseTia. garda amisa gan-
vmarte isic, rom arasodes ar arsebobda da arc axla
arsebobs samxreT oseTi.
yuradReba unda mivapyroT im faqts, rom am doku-
mentSi, romelic xelmowerilia orive mxaris mier,
figurirebs gamoTqma: yofili samxreT oseTis avtono-
miuri olqi. amiT, vgoneb, gamokveTilia is faqti, rom
ruseTis xelmZRvaneloba, ruseTis saxelmwifo ar
ereva Cvens saSinao saqmeebSi da centris msgavsad da-
JinebiT ar moiTxovs Cvengan egrT wodebuli samxreT
oseTis olqis aRdgenas. amave dros, aq aris CamoTvli-
li RonisZiebebi, romlebic Cven unda gavataroT, raTa
moxdes stabilizacia da mSvidobianobis aRdgena moce-
mul regionSi. kerZod, Cven gadavwyviteT, SevqmnaT
saqarTvelos Sinagan saministros erToblivi komisia.
ratom xdeba es? imis gamo, rom samaCabloSi moqmedi
ukanono SeiaraRebuli formirebani Semodian, Zir-
iTadad, ruseTis federaciidan da amdenad, isic uSu-
alod aris dainteresebuli, rom moxdes am bandebis
likvidacia. amitom Cveni Sinagan saqmeTa saministroe-
bi qmnian erTian komisias, ris Sedegad Seqmnian erTian
razmebs am SeiaraRebul formirebaTa ganiaraRebi-
saTvis yofili samxreT oseTis teritoriaze. e.i. Cveni
mizania eqstremistTa es bandebi, romlebic moqmedeben
dausjelad, ganiaraRdnen mTlianad, rac erTader-
Ti safuZveli iqneba am regionSi mSvidobis aRdgeni-
saTvis. amasTan, dagegmilia calkeuli RonisZiebebi
ltolvilebis dasabruneblad, rom maT mSvidovianad
icxovron im adgilebSi, sadac uwin cxovrobdnen. saqa-
rTvelos respublikis, ruseTis federaciis ministr-
Ta sabWoebi – da aq ukve CamoTvlilia CrdiloeT ose-
268
Tis ministrTa sabWoc – praqtikul zomebs Rebuloben
kompensaciisaTvis, ltolvilTa mowyobisa da yovelg-
vari danakargebis anazRaurebisaTvis. am xelSekrule-
baSi aris Zalze mniSvnelovani punqtic: ruseTs fed-
eraciis mTavroba kisrulobs valdebulebas, rom igi
mimarTavs sabWoTa kavSiris Tavdacvis saministros,
raTa samaCablodan gayvanil iqnan sabWoTa jaris naw-
ilebi, romlebic iq xels uSlian mdgomareobis stabi-
lizacias.
mogexsenebaT, sabWoTa jaris bazaze Tavs iyrian
osi eqstremistebi, maT amarageben iaraRiT, (Semdeg es
iaraRi Cveni mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg aris gamoyenebu-
li) vertmfrenebiT, romlebic faqtobrivad emsaxure-
bian osi eqstremistebis bandebs da gadahyavT isini
CrdiloeT oseTSi, awarmoeben sadazvervo samsaxurs.
e.i. sabWoTa jarebi da osi eqstremistebi moqmedeben
koordinirebulad.
yovelive amis aRmosafxvrelad, am oqmSi Setanilia
muxli samaCblodan sabWoT jaris gayvanis aucileblo-
bis Sesaxeb.
am RonisZiebebis gatareba praqtikaSi, albaT, migvi-
yvans samaCabloSi srul mSvidobamde... sasixaruloa,
rom meore mxarem, e.i. ruseTma aRiara Cvens mier ga-
dadgmuli nabijis kanonzomiereba da samxreT oseTi
ukve moxseniebulia yofil samxreT oseTis avtonomi-
ur olqad.
ai, es aris ZiriTadi is pozitiuri Sedegebi, rom-
lebic miRweulia Cveni SexvedriT da mjera, rom ruseT-
sa da saqarTvelos Soris momavali xelSekruleba sxva
mraval problemasac gadawyvets CrdiloeT kavkasi-
asTan, afxazeTTan da sxva regionebTan dakavSirebiT.
amasTan, unda mogaxsenebT, rom axlovdeba 31 martis
referendumi, axlovdeba municipaluri arCevnebi da
uaxloes dReebSi, albaT 28 marts, TbilisSi, mrgvali
magidis politikuri organizaciebi moawyoben did
mitings, sadac vimsjelebT referendumis, agreTve
269
sxva saxelmwifoebTan, kerZod, ruseTis federaci-
asTan urTierTobis problemebze. am mitingis TariRi,
dro da adgili gamocxaddeba.
270
mimarTva
javaxeTis somex mosaxleobas
Zvirfaso Tanamemamuleno! debo da Zmebo!
Cveni saqarTvelosaTvis am saWirboroto momen-
tSi, roca 31 marts qarTvelma xalxma respublikaSi
mcxovreb sxva xalxebTan erTad unda moaxdinos arCev-
ani – surs Tu ara saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi da-
moukideblobis aRgena damoukideblobis Sesaxeb 1918
wlis 26 maisi aqtis safuZvelze, mogmarTvT Tqven, ax-
alqalaqisa da ninowmindis raionebSi mcxovreb Cems
Zvirfas da pativcemul, mTel saqarTveloSi unikalu-
ri SromismoyvareobiT cnobil Tanamoqalaqeebs – mi-
waTmoqmedebs, mekartofileebs, mecxoveleebs, adgi-
lobrivi inteligenciis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic
javaxeTis maRali mTis umZimes pirobebSi oflis
RvriT, Tavdadebuli SromiT amravlebT Cveni respub-
likis simdidres.
referendumSi sityva „diax“ niSnavs imas, rom saqa-
rTvelom moipovos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukide-
bloba aqedan gamomdinare yvela SedegiTurT. „diax“
– niSnavs mivceT xma yvela moqalaqis Tanaswor mo-
qalaqeobriv uflebebs erovnebisa da sarwmunoebis
miuxedavad. referendumSi Tu ityviT – „diax“ – amiT
amravlebT im garantiebis Zalas, rom Tqven, Tqveni
Svilebi da Tqveni SviliSvilebi icxovrebT Tavisu-
fal, demokratiul saqarTveloSi, totalitaruli
saxelmwifosagan gansxvavebiT, TqvenTvis garantire-
buli iqneba gacilebiT meti Tavisufleba da usafrTx-
oeba politikur da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. me, Cemo
Zvirfaso Tanamemamuleno, darwmunebuli var: Tqven
ganacxadebT, rom mzad xarT qarTvel xalxTan erTad
daicvaT saqarTvelos demokratia da damoukideblo-
ba. dRes winandelze metad aris saWiro Cveni xalx-
271
ebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTianoba, moTmineba da
gonivruli nabijebi Cveni miznisken mimaval gzaze. mx-
olod Cven, erTad Tu gamovavlenT solidarobas, sur-
vils, gavugoT erTmaneTs dialogis gziT, SevZlebT
avaSenoT Cveni demokratiuli damoukidebeli saqa-
rTvelo.
vici, rom zogierTebi cdiloben Searyion Cveni
xalxebis mravalsaukunovani megobroba. isic vici,
rom gamoCnda Tqvens Soris ramdenime kaci, romlebic
Cems mier gamoTqmul azrs savsebiT damaxinjebulad
ganmartaven. diax, vTqvi, rom is, vinc monawileobas ar
miiRebs 31 martis referendumSi, amiT eWvqveS ayenebs
saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis uflebas. es, Cemo Zvir-
fasebo, vaWroba rodia. mTel civilizebul msoflio-
Si moqalaqeobas iReben maSin, roca aris urTierTval-
debulebebisadmi mzadyofna: potenciuri moqalaqisa
– saxelmwifos winaSe da saxelmwifosi – moqalaqis
winaSe. yvela demokratiul qveyanaSi moqalaqeobis
miReba gulisxmobs qveynis enisa da suverenitetisadmi
pativiscemas. es is balansia, romelic saWiroa imisaT-
vis, rom moqalaqeoba formaluri ar iyos. Tanasworo-
ba uflebebSi SeuZlebelia movaleobebSi Tanasworo-
bis gareSe.
mawuxebs, rom „ucxoelebze“ vlaparakobT. amas somx-
ebi TavianTi misamarTiT aRiqvamen. araviTar SemTx-
vevaSi. es sxvebs exeba, imaT, vinc ukanonod dasaxlda
Cvens miwebze, ukanonod SeiZina saxlebi, Tanac raRac
gaugebari pretenziebi aqvs.
vici, rom aris problemebi prefeqtebis daniSvnas-
Tan dakavSirebiTac. es problemebi, garwmunebT, ad-
vilad gadaiWreba. maT daniSvnis dros, vimeoreb,
viTvaliswinebdiT mSromelTa survils. magram Tqven
xom jer kidev ar migiciaT saSualeba, rom maT Tavic
gamoiCinon saqmeSi. roca winaT somexs niSnavdnen ro-
272
melime qalaqis meTaurad saqarTveloSi, sadac qar-
Tuli mosaxleoba Warbobda, gana vinme ukmayofilebas
gamoTqvamda? mTavaria, rom es xelmZRvanelebi iyvnen
kompetenturi, wminda, patiosani adamianebi. vfiqrob,
yvela am problemis gadaWra SeiZleba ise, rogorc
xalxs unda, Sexvedrebis, dialogebis, WeSmaritebis
Ziebis gziT. vimeoreb, ise iqneba, rogorc xalxs surs.
31 marts wydeba saqarTvelos, iseve, rogorc moZme
somxeTis momavlis sakiTxi, romelic seqtemberSi
Caatarebs referendums sabWoTa kavSiridan gamosv-
lis Sesaxeb.
yoveli Cvenganis xma 31 marts SeiZleba is erTad-
erTi iyos, romelic gadawyvets Cveni saxelmwifos –
saqarTvelos beds. Tu iqneba damoukidebeli demokra-
tiuli saqarTvelo, socialurad daculi iqneba
Cveni mravalerovani ojaxis TiToeuli wevri, daculi
iqnebian Cveni ojaxebi, Cveni ojaxebi da SviliSvilebi.
martSi Tu vityviT – „diax“, Tavisufal saqarTvelos,
– niSnavs, rom seqtemberSi gacilebiT ufro gauad-
vildeba – somxeTs. ori demokratiuli damoukidebe-
li respublika – saqarTvelo da somxeTi – unda iyos!
maSasadame iqneba mSvidobisa da samoqalaqo Tanxmobis
garantiebi. Tu ver davicavT – ise iqneba, rogorc gan-
vlili 70 wlis manZilze iyo – sruli ubedureba da
gaWirveba, kvlavac iqneba moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da
Tavisuflebis masobrivi damcireba.
mogiwodebT yvela Tqvengans – 31 marts gaaerTianoT
rigebi da xma misceT saqarTvelos damoukideblobas.
rogorc Cveni mravalsaukunovani istoriidan aris
cnobili, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxebi gaWirvebis
Jams mudam iaraRiT xelSi qarTvelebTan erTad ica-
vdnen Cvens qveyanas. axla Tqveni mxardaWera gvWird-
eba. Cven darwmunebulebi varT, rom mxars dagviWerT
– saqarTvelo da somxeTi – es ori qristianuli patara
273
kunZuli kavkasiaSi – erTad eswrafvian Tavisufleba-
sa da damoukideblobas. dae aRsruldes Cvens winapar-
Ta mravalsaukunovani ocneba Cveni saxelmwifoebis
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb.
didi pativiscemiT,
zviad gamsaxurdia
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare
1991 wlis 27 marti
274
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris
baton zviad gamsaxurdias Sexvedra
aSS-s yofil prezidentTan
baton riCard niqsonTan
275
periisgan dapyrobili xalxebis ganTavisuflebaSi,
rogoric kuveitis ganTavisuflebaSi Seasrula. ra-
sakvirvelia, es gulisxmobs daxmarebas mxolod poli-
tikuri da ekonomikuri saSualebebiT da gamoricxavs
Zalismier Carevas. ssrk-Si Semavali xalxebisadmi dax-
mareba, romelTa erovnuli arsebobac safrTxeSia,
iqneba im misiis aRsruleba, romelic ekisreba aSS-s
mTeli msoflios winaSe. es aris adamianis da ere-
bis uflebis, gaeros wesdebis dacvis, helsinkis xe-
lSekrulebis Sesrulebis misia.
batonma riCard niqsonma xazi gausva imas, rom amer-
ikeli xalxi da mTavroba did pativs scemen xalxis mier
arCeul mTavrobas. man imedi gamoTqva, rom gardamava-
li periodi saqarTveloSi usisxlod damTavrdeba.
batonma zviad gamsaxurdiam kvlav xazi gausva imas,
rom msoflios didma saxelmwifoebma ar unda dauSvan
kremlis Zaladoba respublikis mimarT.
batonma riCard niqsonma aRniSna – amerikas yovelT-
vis miaCnda, rom yovelma xalxma, maT mier arCeulma
mTavrobam TviTon unda ganagos Tavisi bedi.
batonma zviad gamsaxurdiam gamoxata Tavisi mza-
dyofna upasuxos stumrebisTvis saintereso yvela
kiTxvas, raTa maT miiRon obieqturi da amomwuravi
informacia saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, rac kremlis mier
gaCaRebuli cilismwamebluri kampaniis viTarebaSi
saqarTvelosTvis aucilebel interess warmoadgens.
276
preskonferencia
baton zviad gamsaxurdiasTan
qarTveli da ucxoeli JurnalistebisTvis
277
ba gamomZalon. mogaxsenebT, arc erT konfidencialur
Sexvedraze saxelmwifos meTaurebs Soris ar xdeba
ise, rom Jurnalistebs yvela saidumloeba gaandon.
aqve, imasac davamateb, rom ZiriTadi Cemi da batoni
elcinis saubridan Jurnalistebs ecnobaT.
– batono zviad, bolo xanebSi gamoqveynda Tqveni
erTi oficialuri mimarTva da depeSa afxazeTis assr
umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris arZinbas saxelze. mo-
hyva Tu ara am mimarTvas oficialuri pasuxi da ra
Sedegebs elodebiT afxazeTidan xvalindel referen-
dumze?
– oficialuri pasuxi jerjerobiT ar mimiRia,
vinaidan arZinba guSin Camovida moskovidan, rac Se-
exeba viTarebas afxazeTSi, igi damakmayofilebelia.
darwmunebuli var mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba
iqac saqarTvelos damoukideblobas miscems xmas.
– batono zviad, Tu SeiZleba mokled Tqveni Sex-
vedris Sesaxeb amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis yofil
prezidentTan riCard niqsonTan.
– batoni niqsoni megobruli vizitiT imyofeba saqa-
rTveloSi. misi mizania politikuri situaciis Ses-
wavla. rogorc TviTon brZana, amiT aSS-s axlandeli
prezidenti buSi yofila dainteresebuli. xval bato-
ni niqsoni daaTvalierebs ramdenime sareferendumo
da saarCevno ubans TbilisSi da gaemgzavreba moskovs.
– batono zviad. 1969 wels swored prezident
niqsonis iniciativiT SemuSvda e.w. guamis doqtrina,
romelic gulisxmobda amerikis Carevas regionalur
movlenebSi. Tqvenis azriT, ramdenad realuria amer-
ikis mTavrobis interesebi saqarTvelos mimarT?
– oficialuri amerikis interesebi, amJamad mimar-
Tulia ara centrisaken, aramed sabWoTa kavSirSi re-
gionebisaken. amis dasturia niqsonis viziti da misi
gancxadeba, rom saqarTveloTi TeTri saxlia dainter-
esebuli. amasve adasturebs sabWoTa kavSirSi viziti
baton beikerisa, romelic ara marto gorbaCovs, res-
278
publikis xelmZRvnelebsac Sexvda.
– batono zviad, referendumi afxazeTSi didi dar-
RvevebiT Catarda...
– referendumi ara marto afxazeTSi, aramed mTel
kavSirSic didi darRvevebiT Catarda. es yvelam
kargad icis. vakeTebT yvelafers, rac Cvens xelTaa.
prokuraturam mosTxova, e.w. komisias siebi, magram
arZinba acxadebs, rom isini ukve moskovSi, centralur
sareferendumo komisiaSia gadagzavnili.
– batono zviad, Tqveni da elcinis Sexvedris Sem-
deg, gamoqveynda Sexvedris oqmi, romlis erT-erTi
punqtis mixedviT samaCablodan gayvanil unda iqnes
sakavSiro jarebi, raTa erToblivi moqmedeba daiwyos
saqarTvelosa da ruseTis miliciam. amas ki sakavSiro
Tavdacvis saministro ar daeTanxmeba, yovelive es
situaciis daZabvas xom ar gamoiwvevs?
– es SeiZleba dRes da xval ar moxdes, magram moma-
valSi aucileblad moxdeba, vinaidan elcinis gavlena
sakavSiro Tavdacvis saministroze dRiTidRe izrde-
ba, SesaZloa man amas miaRwios. garda amisa, es piroba
mimaCnia erTaderT SesaZlo gadawyvetad im mZime prob-
lemisa, romelsac e.w. samxreT oseTis problema ewode-
ba. sxva gza namdvilad ar arsebobs.
– albaT, TqvenTvis ar iyo advili, uari geTqvaT
saqarTvelos im mcxovrebTa xmebze, romlebic refer-
endumis dRes ucxoeTSi iqnebian?
– maT ufleba ar aqvT warTmeuli. ubralod, isini
Seadgenen peticiebs TavianTi xelmoweriT, rom uerT-
debian referendums. ukve daiwyo aseTi werilebis
mosvla, kerZod, parizidan.
– TviTon ruseTSi Catarebuli referendumis Sede-
gad, amomrCevelTa samma meoTxedma xma misca preziden-
tobis SemoRebas. es sakiTxi saerTod ar iqna ganxi-
luli parlamentSi. eqneba Tu ara garantia qarTvel
xalxs, rom rasac moiTxovs, imas Seusruleben?
– upirveles yovlisa, minda mivapyro Tqveni yur-
279
adReba im gansxvavebas, romelic arsebobs saqarT-
velosa da ruseTis parlamentebs Soris. kerZod, im
arnaxul erTsulovnebas, romelic saqarTvelos par-
lamentSi arsebobs da im orad gaxleCilobas Soris,
romelic ruseTis parlamentSia. ase, rom darwmunebu-
li brZandebodeT, rom Cveni parlamenti erTsulovnad
miiRebs gadawyvetilebas da ganixilavs referendumis
Sedegebs.
– Tqven TqviT, rom referendumiT gaarkvevT, Tu vin
iqneba saqarTvelos moqalaqe. rogor moaxerxebT amas?
– araqarTvelebis umravlesoba miiRebs moqalaqeo-
bas, vinaidan umravlesoba xmas damoukidebel saqarT-
velos miscems.
– yoveldRiurad axal-axali konfliqtebi xdeba
saqarTveloSi. jer oseTi, Semdeg javaxeTi, afxazeTi.
rogor fiqrobT, raSia am konfliqtebis saTaveebi?
– pirvelad mesmis Tqvengan, rom raRac konfliqtebia
javaxeTSi da afxazeTSi. ase, rom viRacam SecdomaSi
SegiyvanaT. rac Seexeba yofil samxreT oseTis avtono-
miur olqs, iqac Semcirda daZabuloba da naklebia
konfliqtebi.
– saidumlo ar aris, rom mosaxleobas surs TviT-
gamorkveva da Tavisufleba, referendumis Sedegebis
Semdgomi nabijebi?
– Cvens mier gadaidgmeba garkveuli nabijebi, poli-
tikuri nabijebi, romlebic gaiTvaliswineben mosax-
leobis survils, oRond es bevrad iqneba damokidebu-
li dasavleTis qveynebze da centris mzadyofnaze
molaparakebisaTvis.
– TvliT Tu ara, rom moskovis damsjelma RonisZie-
bebma fasebis momatebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba gamoiwvios
destabilizacia saqarTveloSi?
– jerjerobiT mosaxleoba gagebiT ekideba am prob-
lemas, vinaidan xvdeba, rom es Cveni brali ar aris, yove-
live centridan momdinareobs. Cven mivmarTeT mosax-
leobas am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. presaSi gamoqveynda
280
Cveni mimarTva, sadac ganmartebulia amis mizezi. gar-
da amisa, fasebis momatebis gadawyvetilebisaTvis me
ar momiweria xeli, arc baton Tengiz siguas. masze
xeli moawera premier-ministris yofilma moadgilem,
romelic amJamad ganTavisuflebulia.
– Tqveni prognozi xvalindel arCevnebze?
– rac Seexeba xvalindel prognozs arCevnebis Ses-
axeb, Cemis azriT, mosaxleoba mxars dauWers bloks
„mrgvali magida – Tavisufali saqarTvelo“, Tumca,
SesaZloa, sxva blokebisa da partiebis warmomadgen-
lebic iqnen arCeulni.
– me minda ufro naTlad davinaxo, Tu ra kavSiri
aqvs xmis micemas, saqarTvelos referendumsa da saqa-
rTvelos moqalaqeobis statuss Soris. aris Tu ara
garantia, rom xmis micema iqneba saidumlo da misi Se-
degebi ar imoqmedebs pirovnebis Semdgom cxovrebaze?
– arc erT qveyanaSi ar aZleven moqalaqeobas im
pirebs, romlebic mtrulad arian ganwyobilni saxel-
mwifosadmi, erisadmi, cud miznebs isaxaven da pativs
ar scemen enas, suverenitets. ase, rom nuravis ukvirs,
Tu Cven aseT gadawyvetilebas miviRebT.
– TvliT Tu ara, rom yvelaze didi movlena msof-
lioSi elcinis politikis gamarjveba iqneba?
– batoni elcinis popularoba dRiTi-dRe izrdeba
da Cven mivesalmebiT am pirovnebas, vinaidan igi impe-
riuli ruseTis gansaxiereba ki ar aris Cvens TvalSi,
aramed demokratiuli ruseTisa.
– batono zviad, gvainteresebs, scnobs Tu ara saqa-
rTvelos respublika sabWoTa kavSiris mier xelmow-
eril xelSekrulebebs adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
sferoSi?
– xSirad, vinc aseT SekiTxvebs gvisvams, Tavad ar ic-
nobs am xelSekrulebebis teqstsa da Sinaarss.
– me eWvi ar mepareba, rom xval saqarTvelo Tavis-
ufali iqneba. mainteresebs, ra urTierToba geqnebaT
Cems qveyanasTan, moldaveTTan?
281
– ukve mzaddeba xelSekruleba saqarTvelosa da
moldaveTs Soris da es iqneba, albaT, keTili dasawy-
isi Cveni suverenuli saxelmwifoebis megobrobisa da
urTierTobisa.
preskonferenciis dasasrul batonma zviad gamsax-
urdiam ramdenime sityviT mimarTa Jurnalistebs:
qalbatonebo da batonebo, minda mogaxsenoT, rom
xvalindel dRes udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTve-
losaTvis. amitom gTxovT, maqsimumi gaakeToT imisaT-
vis, rom msoflioSi swori informacia gavides xvalin-
deli referendumis Sesaxeb.
282
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomares
z.k. gamsaxurdias
m. gorbaCovi
1991 wlis 30 marti
283
ssr kavSiris prezidents
m.s. gorbaCovs
z. gamsaxurdia
Tbilisi. 1991 wlis 1 aprili
285
mimarTva ruseTis sfsr-is saxalxo
deputatTa III sagangebo yrilobas
287
gveqmneba STabeWdileba, rom yalibdeba imperiulad
ganwyobili Zalebis erTiani fronti kanonierad ar-
Ceul saqarTvelos respublikis parlamentTan sa-
brZolvelad, romelic eswrafvis daibrunos 1921
wlis TebervalSi ZaliT warTmeuli saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba. aRadginos fex-
qveS gaTelili istoriuli samarTlianoba. am pozi-
cias mxars uWers saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi um-
ravlesoba, rasac mowmobs gamarTuli referendumis
Sedegebi, romelSic monawileoba miiRo siebSi Set-
anil amomrCevelTa saerTo ricxvis 95-mde procentma.
is faqti, rom 1918 wlis 26 maisis deklaraciis safuZ-
velze damoukidebeli saqarTvelos aRdgenas dadebi-
Ti pasuxi gasca kenWisyris monawileTa 99,6 procentma,
da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom araqarTveli mosax-
leoba 30 procents Seadgens, mowmobs saqarTvelos
respublikaSi mimdinare procesebis samarTlianoba-
sa da Seuqcevadobas, im socialuri bazis namdvilad
mravalerovnul xasiaTs, romelsac eyrdnoba saqarT-
velos respublikis parlamenti.
31 martis referendumi istoriuli movlenaa, rome-
lic realur gzas uxsnis saqarTvelos Tavisuflebasa
da damoukideblobas. swored am dRes ruseTis sfsr
yrilobam miiRo dadgenileba, romelic sxva ara aris
ra, Tu ara sakavSiro mTavrobis imperiuli ambiciebis
mxardaWera, rasac adasturebs yrilobis mimarTva ssr
kavSiris prezidentisa da ssr kavSiris federaciis
sabWosadmi, romelSic moiTxoven ganxorcieldes „sas-
wrafo RonisZiebani samxreT oseTSi viTarebis nor-
malizaciisaTvis...“
ra SeiZleba mohyves wesrigis dasamyareblad cen-
traluri mTavrobis saswrafo RonisZiebebs, Sege-
ZloT genaxaT TbilisSi, baqoSi, vilniusSi, rigasa da
sxva regionebSi.
gaocebas iwvevs, rom dadgenileba miiRo umravle-
sobam, ruseTis demokratiuli Zalebis warmomadgen-
288
lebis CaTvliT, romlebic TiTqosda sakavSiro mTav-
robis diqtaturisa da imperiul zraxvaTa winaaRmdeg
ibrZvian.
gvwamda ra Cveni marTali saqmisa, Cven amave dros
Segnebuli gvqonda, rom referendumis Semdeg sakav-
Siro mTavroba gaamkacrebda Tavis pozicias da amis-
aTvis gamoiyenebda swored Sida qarTlis ambebs.
ruseTis sfsr saxalxo deputatTa yrilobis dadge-
nileba amiT xels uwyobs centris zraxvebs, rac wesri-
gis dasamyareblad „saswrafo RonisZiebaTa“ sababiT
SeiZleba gauTvliswinebeli tragikuli SedegebiT
damTavrdes.
faqtobrivad mzaddeba kidev erTi agresia saqarT-
velos respublikis winaaRmdeg. samwuxarod, miRebu-
li dadgenilebiT ruseTis yriloba sanqcias aZlevs
samxedro Zalis gamoyenebas suverenuli respublikis
winaaRmdeg.
amrigad, miiRes ra es dadgenileba, ruseTis sfsr
saxalxo deputatebma ikisres moraluri pasuxismge-
bloba sakavSiro mTavrobis SesaZlo moqmedebisaTvis,
kanonieri demokratiuli mTavrobis winaaRmdeg, ro-
melsac Tavisi qveyana damoukideblobis gziT mihyavs.
289
ssr kavSiris prezidents
m.s. gorbaCovs
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare
zviad gamsaxurdia
Tbilisi, 1991 wlis 3 aprili
290
mimarTva ssr kavSiris uzenaes sabWos
a.w. 1 aprils ssrk-s uzenaesma sabWom miiRo dadge-
nileba „samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi Seqmnili
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb“.
es dadgenileba kidev erTi, amjerad Tavisi Sedege-
biT ganuWvreteli aqtia, romelic miznad isaxavs Sida
qarTlSi, ese igi yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri
olqis teritoriaze viTarebis Semdgom gamwvavebas.
mxolod garedan mxardaWeriT Cadiodnen osi eqs-
tremistebi umsgavsobasa da Zaladobas odiTganve qar-
Tul miwaze, iwvevdnen viTarebis destabilizacias saqa-
rTvelos respublikis teritoriaze, romelic ZaliT
warTmeuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis gzas daadga.
es dadgenileba mohyva analogiur dokuments, miRe-
buls ruseTis sfsr saxalxo deputatTa mesame sagange-
bo yrilobaze. igi 1991 wlis 23 marts ruseTis sfsr-s
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris – b.n. elcinisa da saqa-
rTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris
– z.k. gamsaxurdias Sexvedris oqmis miuxedavad (ro-
melSic dasaxulia problemebis gadaWris gza saqarT-
velos respublikisa da CrdiloeT oseTis respublikis
interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT), konservatiuli Zalebis
zegavleniT, mimarTavda konfliqtis gadawyvetis ul-
timatumur formas. ssrk-is uzenaesma sabWom Tavis mx-
riv yvelaferi iRona iZulebiT RonisZiebaTa eskalaci-
isaTvis.
Seiqmna erTiani fronti damoukideblobisadmi
saqarTvelos miswrafebis winaaRmdeg. iqmneba STabe-
Wdileba, rom maSin, roca qarTvelma erma erovnul
umciresobebTan erTad, romlebic saqarTvelos res-
publikis teritoriaze mcxovrebi mosaxleobis daax-
loebiT 30% Seadgenen, respublikuri referendumis
dros, TiTqmis erTxmad, mxari dauWira saqarTvelos
damoukideblobas, centris mxridan mzaddeba saqarTve-
los respublikis xelmeore aneqsia da okupacia samxreT
oseTis putCis sababiT.
saqarTvelos respublikis demokratiuli gziT ar-
291
Ceulma mravalpartiulma uzenaesma sabWom gaiTval-
iswina ssrk-Si Seqmnili uaRresad rTuli sazoga-
doebriv-politikuri da ekonomikuri situacia da
gamoacxada gardamavali periodi sruli saxelmwofoe-
briobis aRsadgenad.
Cven vimedovnebdiT, rom es nabiji iqneboda stabili-
zaciis faqtori, romlis dros demokratiuli poli-
tikuri saSualebebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda saqarT-
velos respublikis mSvidobiani etapobrivi gamosvla
ssr kavSiris Semadgenlobidan. Cveni arCeuli gza Sees-
abameba rogorc saqarTvelos mTeli mosaxleobis, aseve
yvela keTili nebis adamianis interesebs. magram cnobi-
li marjvniv Semobrunebis Semdeg sakavSiro mTavrobas,
romelic ugulvebelyofs saR azrs, ar gamouCenia ar-
aviTari gonivruli iniciativa am mimarTulebiT, risi
Sedegi iyo sisxliani movlenebi moldovaSi, litvaSi,
latviaSi da xelovnurad gaCaRebuli konfliqti yo-
fil samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis teritoriaze.
saqarTvelo dReisaTvis aneqsirebuli saxelmwifoa, ma-
gram hyavs demokratiuli gziT arCeuli xelisufleba,
romelic mosaxleobis sayovelTao mxardaWeriT sarge-
blobs.
sakavSiro xelisuflebis provokaciul moqmedebas,
romelmac SeiZleba saqarTvelos teritoriis nebismi-
er nawilSi sagangebo wesebis, an saprezidento mmarT-
velobis gamocxadebis forma miiRos, Cven SevafasebT,
rogorc saqarTvelos respublikisaTvis omis gamocxa-
debas.
kategoriulad vacxadebT, rom mTeli pasuxismge-
bloba mosalodneli SedegebisaTvis daekisreba sakav-
Siro xelmZRvanelobas.
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos prezidiumi,
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos
Tavmjdomare z. gamsaxurdia
mimarTva : ssr kavSiris uzenaes sabWos / saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare gamsaxurdia z. // saqarTvelos res-
publika. – 1991. - 4 aprili. - #68 (86). – 1gv.
292
ssrk-s prezidents m.s. gorbaCovs,
ssrk-s uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomares
a.i. lukianovs
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare
zviad gamsaxurdia
Tbilisi. 1991 wlis 6 aprili
295
saubari ar iqneba arc politikaze, arc ekonomikaze,
arc samomavlo prognozebze. Cveni mizania ufro ax-
los gagacnoT zviad gamsaxurdia, rogorc pirovneba,
oRond, erTi Txovna gveqneba: davarRvioT tradicia
da araordinalur pirovnebebs davumegobrdeT ara
imisTvis, rac maT SeuZliaT mogvcen, aramed imisTvis,
rac Cven SegviZlia maT vuwiladoT.
– batono zviad!
mamaCemisganac da ufro xandazmuli adamianebis
wreSic xSirad msmenia erTi ambavi: 1957 wels, uni-
versitetis pirvelkurselebisaTvis rusuli enis
pedagogs, baton giorgi mdivans Tavisi Tavi rusul
enaze warudgenia. wamomdgara erT-erTi studenti da
mouTxovia, mas es qarTulad gaekeTebina... im dRidan
bevrma wyalma Caiara. ra akavSirebs pirvelkursel
zviad gamsaxurdiasa da saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tvmjdomares zviad gamsaxurdias?
– pirvelad rom damapatimres, Cvidmeti wlis, me-11
klasis moswavle viyavi. Cemi saqme asakovan „gamobrZm-
edil“ gamomZiebels Caabares. rodesac saqarTvelos
Tavisuflebaze, imperiidan Tavis daxsnaze, erovnul
aRorZinebaze Cemi Sexedulebebi moismines, bevri ic-
ines. bolos miTxres, getyoba, rom bavSvi xar, darw-
munebuli varT, asakTan erTd Wkuac mogemateba, gons
moegebi da aseT raRaceebze fiqrs samudamod Tavs
daanebebo. Tqven kargad iyaviT da oTxmoci wlisac
igiveze vidardeb-meTqi, – ar CamovrCi „ufrosebs“.
marTali miTqvams! ager 52 wlis gavxdi da zustad ise
mwyuria saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, Tavisufleba,
rogorc maSin!
Cems siymawvilesTan, albaT, upirvelesad es makav-
Sirebs.
– warmoudgenelia, rom Tqven da Tqvens Tanamoaz-
reebs maSin xelisuflebis TavSi moqcevaze gefiqraT.
miT umetes, kargad uwyodiT, rom dasjis garda
296
araferi gelodaT.
– marTals brZanebT, xelisuflebis TavSi moqcev-
aze arasodes miocnebia, arc mdomebia. danamdvilebiT
mxolod is vicodi, rom Cemi saqmianobisTvis mxolod
davisjebodi. Cemi dRevandeli Tanamdebobac mxolod
viTarebam ganapiroba. eris nebam gansazRvra. am savar-
ZelSi jdomas arasodes veswrafodi da es Cems garSe-
mo myofma adamianebmac kargad ician.
– warsulSi Tqveni devnis ambavi yvelam kargad
icis, magram konkretuli faqtebi ucnobia. iqneb mok-
led mogviTxroT, Tundac Tqvens pirvel patimrobaze,
gadasaxlebis wlebze.
pirad arqivSi Cemi devnisa da Seviwrovebis zRva ma-
sala damigrovda. am masalas ueWvelad gamovamzeureb.
patimrobaSi, gadasaxlebaSi yofnisas nanaxs, gadat-
anils xalxi Seityobs. Cems gatexvas imperia yovelnai-
rad cdilobda. arafers ar Takilobda, raTa mrwamsi
Semecvala, brZolaze xeli ameRo. marTalia, taqtiku-
ri TvalsazrisiT garkveuli ukandaxevebi mqonda, ma-
gram Cemi idealebisTvis arasodes miRalatia, brZola
ar Semiwyvetia da saqarTvelos momavalze fiqri ara-
sodes gadamidvia.
– Homo liber – Tavisufali adamiani, rogoria igi
TqvenTvis?
– Tavisufleba metafizikuri mcnebaa da bevri mas
sakuTari Tavis miRma eZiebs. Tavisufali adamiani ki
sinamdvileSi isaa, vinc sindisis winaSe marTalia.
sindisis karnaxiT cxovrobs, iRwvis da garemoebebs
Tu sxvis diqtats ar epueba. aseT adamians veraferi
daimonebs, igi mudam Tavisufalia.
– xalxSi moaruli erT naxevrad simarTle, naxevrad
anekdoti minda mogiyveT: moqeife qarTvelebs sanuk-
vari survilis sadRegrZlos Tqma gadauwyvetiaT. zo-
gma qoneba inatra, zogma ulamazesi qalebi. bolos su-
frasTan mjdari erTi somexi gaxsenebiaT da misTvisac
ukiTxavT, ras inatrebdio. saqarTvelos damoukide-
297
blobaso! – uTqvams mas. es sarkazmi ar gaSinebT?
– hm, somexi megobaric bevri gvyavs da naklebad moke-
Tec, rac Seexeba qarTvels, aseTebi, Cemi Rrma rwmeniT,
cotani arian, da Tu arian, isini sufTa qarTvelebi ar
iqnebian.
– 1990 wels, arCevnebis win, erTi Tqveni davaleba
Sevasrule. muSaobis procesi kargad maxsovs. Tqveni
maqsimaluri momTxovneloba da simkacre bevr Tqvens
momxres xom ar aSinebs? anu ufro metic, bevr erTgul-
sac xom ar gakargvinebT?
– momTxovnelobas rac Seexeba, WeSmaritebasTan ax-
los xarT. simkacrisa ki ra mogaxsenoT. Cemi simkacre
ufro vizualuria. piriqiT, iciT, simkacre kidec mi-
natria. aucilebel simkacres xSirad ver viCen da am
mizeziT bevri ram wamigia... gansakuTrebiT uzenaesi
sabWos Tavmjdomared yofnisas.
– saqarTvelos dRevandeli da 1918-1921 wlebis
mdgomareobis msgavsebaze bevrs laparakoben. Cemi az-
riT, maT Soris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi principu-
li sxvaoba isicaa, rom noe Jordanias mTavroba aTeis-
turi iyo.
– geTanxmebiT, noe Jordanias mTavrobis umTavre-
si Secdoma is iyo, rom marqsistuli aTeizmi irwmu-
na, uRalata ilias WeSmariti RvTismosaobisa da pa-
triotizmis gzas. aman daRupa saqarTvelos pirveli
damoukidebli respublika, qarTvel xalxs mraval-
saukunovani msoflmxedveloba Seuryia. me maT gzas
simbolurad „barabas gza“ vuwode.
– universitetis studentebi, rogorc Cans, „pir-
velebis“ stumrobas SeeCvivnen da, ramdenadac vici,
ukanaskneli usiamovno eqscesis erTi mizezTagani is
iyo, Sexvedraze zviad gamsaxurdia ratom ar movidao.
– studentebis erTi jgufis ganwyobas mTel uni-
versitets nu mivawerT. es jgufi e.w. „kanonieri qur-
debis“ kults nergavs. mas saTaveSi zogierTi leqtori
udgas, romlebsac moskovis jaSuSebs vuwodebT. maTi
298
mizania Cveni axalgazrdebi kriminalebad da narko-
manebad aqcion, aseTebi xom naklebad saSiSni iqnebian
moskovisTvis. axalgazrdebis gaxrwnas, gadagvarebas
aravis davanebebT. ivane javaxiSvilis universitetSi
„kanonieri qurdebis“ da mafiebis adgili ar aris. da-
viT aRmaSeneblis da rusTavelis qveyanaSi isini ver
ibogineben.
– gamomcemoba „saqarTvelom“ gamosca bodler-
is Tqveneuli Targmani. es konkretuli avtorisad-
mi simpaTiaa, Tu im literaturuli mimdinareobiT
„gaxeleba“ (tolstois Seqspiri „axelebda“), romelsac
bodleri ekuTvnis?
– rac Seexeba bodlers, es axalgazrdobis droin-
deli Targmanebia. me isini davxvewe da gamoveci, raTa
xalxs Cemi, ase vTqvaT, literaturuli biografiis
kidev erTi faqti scodnoda. bodleri simbolistebis
sulieri mama iyo, xolo simbolizmma ra gamoZaxili
hpova qarTul literaturaSi, yvelas kargad moex-
seneba. garda amisa, mindoda mkiTxveli am SesaniSnavi
avtoris sulier samyaros gascnoboda.
– daistamba agreTve Tqveni wigni, romelSic ge-
nialuri „vefxistyaosani“ sruliad axleburadaa
wakiTxuli. profesional literatorebTan saubarSi
winaswari varaudic gamoiTqva, rom igi iseTive revo-
luciuri iqneba, rogorc Tavis droze ioane -zosimes
„qebais“-s axleburi gaazreba.
– Cems namuSevarze me TviTon verafers vityvi, ma-
gram mizani marTlac revoluciuri mqonda. sasurveli
iqneboda, rom am wignTan dakavSirebiT rusTvelolo-
gebma TavianTi azri gamoTqvan.
– „mTvaris motacebis“ realuri msoflmxedvelo-
ba sakvanZo momentSi gamoCnda: „axali xelisuflebis“
warmomadgeneli sakuTari xeliT klavs mamas... dido-
stats igi Seacvlevines. es pirveli da ukanaskneli
Zaladoba ar yofila.
– „mTvaris motacebis“ sakvanZo momenti – „axali
299
xelisuflebis“ warmomadgenlis mier sakuTari ma-
mis mokvlis epizodi, mamaCemis ukiTxavad Secvales.
yvelaze aRmaSfoTebeli swored es iyo. avtoris da-
Jinebuli protestebic ar iRes yurad. sabednierod,
Cven SevZliT am wignis pirvandeli saxiT gamocema.
– Tqveni biblioTkis uZvirfasesi wigni dag-
visaxeleT.
– Cemi biblioTekis uZvirfasesi wignia biblia, sax-
areba, ieso qriste.
– ucxoels saqarTveloSi upirvelesad ris naxvas
urCevdiT?
– ucxoels saqarTveloSi, upirveles yovlisa,
Tbilisis, quTaisisa da gelaTis Semdeg, Cveni wminda
adgilebis daTvalierebas vurCevdi.
– batoni merabi, misive TqmiT, Tqveni „qristesmieri
Zma“, moaxloebul ... dRes, rogor mogilocavdaT?
– merabi rom cocxali yofiliyo, saqarTveloSi
dRes sul sxva viTareba iqneboda. merabi Zalze daakl-
da erovnul moZraobas, mTel saqarTvelos da yvelaze
metad – me, diax, yvelaze metad – me.
– gagvimxileT raime iseTi, rac JurnalistebisaT-
vis jer ar giTqvamT.
– ra gagimJRavnoT? imperia samaCabloSi jaris
Semoyvanas, axal sisxlisRvras gegmavs. Cven yvelafers
gavakeTebT, raTa es ar davuSvaT. mapatieT, rom sasix-
arulos verafers geubnebiT.
esaubra
daviT demetraSvili
300
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti
302
dovnebs, rom saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso Tana-
megobroba ar darCeba gulgrili qarTveli xalxis
kanonieri da samarTliani nabijisadmi da aRiarebs
saqarTvelos aRorZinebul saxelmwifoebriv damou-
kideblobas, rac saqarTvelos uSiSroebis erT-erTi
yvelaze mtkice garantia iqneba.
303
304
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos pirveli sesiis
sagangebo sxdoma
9 aprils gaimarTa saqarTvelos respublikis pirve-
li mowvevis uzenaesi sabWos pirveli sesiis sagangebo
sxdoma. mis dawyebamde Sekrebilebma wuTieri dumil-
iT pativi miages saqarTvelos Svilebis xsovnas, rom-
lebic emsxverplnen TbilisSi 1989 wlis 9 aprilis
tragikul movlenebs.
dRis wesrigis mTavari sakiTxi iyo saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo damoukideblobis aRdgena. misi damou-
kideblobis Sesaxeb 1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtis safuZ-
velze. am sakiTxis gamo moxseneba gaakeTa saqarT-
velos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomarem
zviad gamsaxurdiam. istoriuli eqskursis Semdeg man
dawvrilebiT gaaanaliza Tavisuflebisa da damou-
kideblobisaTvis qarTveli xalxis brZolis yvela
peripetia, romelic daiwyo maSinve, rogorc ki ruse-
Tis imperiam gasuli saukunis damdegs moaxdina saqa-
rTvelos aneqsia da gaauqma misi saxelmwifoebrioba.
batonma zviad gamsaxurdiam waikiTxa saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo damoukideblobis aqtis proeqti. mis ganx-
ilvaSi monawileobdnen deputatebi nodar naTaZe,
apolon silagaZe, nino javaxiSvili, aliko melaZe,
saqarTvelos respublikis sagareo saqmeTa ministri –
giorgi xoStaria, deputati – grigol margiani, mzeqa-
la SaniZe, ruslan RonRaZe, levan aleqsiZe da sxvebi.
uzenaesma sabWom erTxmad miiRo es nanatri, WeSmar-
itad istoriuli dokumenti da Tavisi neba daadastu-
ra xangrZlivi taSiT da ovaciebiT. darbazSi sazeimod
agugunda saqarTvelos respublikis himni „dideba“.
es RirsSesaniSnavi dRe saqarTvelos marTlmadide-
beli eklesiisa da misi meTauris, sruliad saqarTve-
los kaTalikos-patriarqis, uwmindesisa da unetare-
sis – ilia II-is saxeliT, damswreT miuloca uzenaesi
305
sabWos wevrma, qaSueTis eklesiis winamZRvarma mama ar-
Cilma. man aRniSna, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
mopoveba daemTxva iveriis RvTismSoblis xatis xsene-
bas, romlis pativsacemad dRes sruliad saqarTvelos
kaTalikos-patriarqi locvas aRavlens mcxeTaSi. es
uaRresad simboluria, radgan iveriis RvTismSobeli
mfarvelobs saqarTvelos da swored man aCuqa saqarT-
velos didi xnis nanatri Tavisufleba.
sesiaze miiRes mimarTvebi msoflios xalxebisa da
ssr kavSiris prezidentis m. gorbaCovisadmi, romel-
Ta teqsti waikiTxa Tedo paataSvilma.
saqarTveloSi mcxovreb ebraelTa saxeliT respub-
likis uzenaes sabWos miesalma mwerali guram baTi-
aSvili. man waikiTxa qarTvel ebraelTa mimarTva sxva
qveynebSi mcxovreb yvela ebraelisadmi da mowode-
ba, msoflio sazogadoebriobas gaagebinon simarTle
saqarTveloze, Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobi-
saTvis misi xalxis brZolaze.
gulTbilad miesalma SekrebilT inguSi xalxis
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis lideri isa
kaZoevi da guliTadad miuloca qarTvel xalxs es
RirsSesaniSnavi dRe. man xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom ingu-
Si xalxi gulwrfelad solidarobs qarTvel Zmebs Ta-
visuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi. man
mouwoda kavkasiis yvela qristian da musliman xalx-
ebs mxari dauWiron Tavisufal saqarTvelos.
Semdeg uzenaesma sabWom miiRo kanoni saqarTvelos
respublikis konstituciisa da kanonmdeblobis moq-
medebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi
sabWos Tvmjdomaris pirveli moadgilis, akaki asa-
Tianis winadadebiT sesiam erTxmad miiRo dadgenile-
ba saqarTvelos respublikis prezidentis Tanamdebo-
bis SemoRebis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWosa da mTav-
robis wevrebma xeli moaweres saqarTvelos saxelm-
wifo damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqts.
306
amiT saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos
morigma sxdomam muSaoba daamTavra.
saqinformi
307
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi
sabWos Tavmjdomaris baton
zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla
pativcemulo deputatebo!
pativcemulo stumrebo!
pativcemulo sazogadoebav!
dRes Cven unda vimsjeloT Cveni eris, Cveni respub-
likis momaval bedze, mis iuridiul, samarTlebriv
statusze, Cven unda SevajamoT Cveni gamocdileba am
mimarTulebiT da gadavwyvitoT, Tu ra gzas davadgeT
dRevandel rTul politikur situaciaSi, raTa da-
vicvaT Cveni qveynis suvereniteti, Cveni erovnul-gan-
maTavisuflebeli brZolis monapovari. vidre uSua-
lod dRevandeli dRis politikur da samarTlebriv
problemebze gadavidodeT, gavakeTeb mcireoden is-
toriul eqskurss, SegaxsenebT sayovelTod cnobil
istoriul faqtebs, romelTac udidesi mniSvneloba
aqvT dRevandelobisaTvis.
rogorc cnobilia, 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos
erovnulma sabWom gamoacxada qveynis damoukideblo-
ba da Seqmna demokratiuli respublika. amierkavkasi-
is seimi, romelic TurqeTTan gamwvavebulma urTier-
Tobam krizisis winaSe daayena, imave dRes daiSala.
erovnuli sabWo jer kidev 1917 wlis noemberSi
airCia saqarTvelos pirvelma erovnulma yrilobam.
saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom miiRo damoukide-
blobis aqti, romelSic naTqvami iyo:
„1. amieridan saqarTvelos xalxi suverenul ufle-
baTa matarebelia da saqarTvelo sruluflebiani da-
moukidebeli saxelmwifoa.
2. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos politikuri forma
demokratiuli respublikaa.
3. saerTaSoriso omianobaSi saqarTvelo mudmivi
neitraluri saxelmwifoa.
4. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika Tavis
308
sazRvrebSi Tanasworad uzrunvelyofs yvela moqa-
laqis samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebs ganurCev-
lad erovnebisa, sarwmunoebisa, socialuri mdgomare-
obisa da sqesisa.
5. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika ganvi-
Tarebis Tavisufal asparezs gauxsnis mis teritori-
aze mosaxle yvela ers“.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Sem-
deg erovnul sabWos daekisra sakanonmdeblo saxelm-
wifo organos funqciac. Seiqmna koaliciuri mTavro-
ba.
1919 wlis martSi erovnuli sabWo Secvala dam-
fuZnebelma krebam, romlis arCevnebSi monawileobda
amomrCevelTa 60%-ze meti.
damfuZnebelma krebam daadastura saqarTvelos
damoukidebloba da demokratiuli respublikis ga-
mocxadeba.
***
310
diplomatiur warmomadgenlobas, arc saqarTvelos
mTavrobas, romelsac sabWoTa xelisufleba miiCnevs
ruseTis kanonieri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg mebrZol
meamboxeTa jgufad“ (l.m. karaxani).
aseTi poziciis miuxedavad, 1918 wlis 18 ivliss
momxdari memarcxene eserebis amboxebis gamo seriozu-
lad garTulebuli saerTaSoriso mdgomareobis gav-
leniT, sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobam Tanxmoba ganacxa-
da arapirdapir ecno saqarTvelos damoukidebloba.
1918 wlis 27 agvistos ruseT-germaniis damatebiTi xe-
lSekrulebis me-13 muxliT sabWoTa ruseTi eTanxmebo-
da imas, rom „germania saqarTvelos cnobs damoukideb-
el saxlmwifoebriv organizmad“.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis poli-
tikuri da iuridiuli institutebis stabilurobis
miuxedavad, am periodSi ara marto sabWoTa ruseTi,
aramed dasavleTis qveynebic Tavs ikavebdnen saqarT-
velos damoukideblobis iuridiuli aRiarebisagan.
dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi saqarTvelos sakiTxs ru-
seTTan urTierTobis konteqstSi ganixilavdnen. maT
ar surdaT ruseTTan damokidebulebis garTuleba
saqarTvelos gamo. parizis sazavo konferenciam am mo-
tiviT Seikava Tavi mieRo raime gadawyvetileba saqa-
rTvelos Sesaxeb (gamonakliss Seadgenda argentina,
romelmac saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika
1919 wlis 13 seqtembers cno).
mdgomareoba arsebiTad Seicvala mas Semdeg, rac
saqarTvelos damoukidebloba TviT sabWoTa ruseTma
aRiara de iured. es aRiareba, romelic am or qveyanas
Soris 1920 wlis 7 maiss dadebul xelSekrulebas mo-
hyva, aRorZinebuli qarTuli saxelmwifos cxovrebis
umniSvnelovanes politikur movlenad iqca.
1920 wlis damdegisaTvis wiTelma armiam daamarcxa
denikinis armia da amierkavkasiis sazRvrebs moadga.
mxaris gasabWoebis perspeqtiva realuri gaxda. sabWo-
Ta mTavrobas jer kidev 1917 wlis damlevs miaCnda
311
SesaZleblad sabWoTa xelisuflebis gamarjveba am-
ierkavkasiaSi. swored am mizniT moavlines kavkasiaSi
sagangebo komisrad s.g. Saumiani.
1920 wlis 17 marts v.i. lenini g.k. orjonikiZes de-
peSiT auwyebda: „baqos aReba CvenTvis uaRresad, uaR-
resad saWiroa. mTeli RonisZiebani aqeT warmarTeT.
amasTan aucilebelia, gancxadebebSi uaRresi diplo-
matiuroba gamoiCinoT da maqsimalurad darwmundeT
mtkice adgilobrivi sabWoTa xelisuflebis momza-
debaSi. igive exeba saqarTvelos, Tumca, girCevT, mas
kidev ufro frTxilad moepyroT, jarebis gayvanaze
SeuTanxmdiT mTvarsardals. lenini“.
1920 wlis aprilis damlevs sabWoTa xelisufleba
damyarda azerbaijanSi. XI armiis xelmZRvanelobam ma-
Sinve daayena saqarTveloSi SeWris sakiTxi. swored
am dros saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
mTavrobis iniciativiT daiwyo molaparakeba sabWoTa
ruseTTan samSvidobo xelSkrulebis dadebis Tobaze.
saqarTvelos respublikis mTavroba imedovnebda, rom
xelSekruleba daicavda saqarTvelos wiTeli armi-
is Semotevisagan. igi xelsayreli iyo sabWoTa mxari-
saTvisac, romelic im dros poloneTisa da general
vrangelis TeTrgvardieli armiebis ieriSebs igerieb-
da. sazavo xelSekruleba SesaZleblobas aZlevda
sabWoTa ruseTs mTeli Zalebi miemarTa poloneTisa da
vrangelis winaaRmdeg.
sabWoTa ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris 1920 wlis
7 maiss dadebuli xelSekruleba SemuSavda da ZalaSi
Sevida saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis dacviT. v.i.
lenini am xelSekrulebas axasiaTebda, rogorc „mego-
brobis xelSekrulebas“ (ix. „uflebamosilebanis“ te-
qsti, romelic v.i. leninisa da g.v. CiCerinis xelmow-
erebiT 1920 wlis 7 maiss gadaeca l.m. karaxans).
xelSekrulebas xeli moaweres l.m. karaxanma (ro-
melsac v.i. leninis mier micemuli rwmuneba hqon-
da) da saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis wevrma g.i.
312
urataZem, mxareTa SeTanxmebiT igi savaldebulo xde-
boda xelmowerisTanave. sagangebo ratifikaciis ga-
reSe xelSekrulebis saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv
namdvilobaSi arasodes eWvi ar SeutaniaT arc saqa-
rTvelosa da arc sabWoTa ruseTis kompetentur or-
ganoebs.
sabWoTa ruseTma, romelic erTa Tavisufali
TviTgamorkvevis principiT xelmZRvanelobda, am xe-
lSekrulebiT yovelgvari pirobis gareSe cno saqa-
rTvelos damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba. (mux I.).
sabWoTa ruseTi valdebulebas kisrulobda ar Ca-
reuliyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
saSinao saqmeebSi. (mux. II) orive mxare kisrulobda
valdebulebas ar daeSva TavianT teritoriebze meo-
re mxarisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili organizaciebisa
da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis moqmedeba (muxlebi V da VI).
xelSekrulebas erTvoda gansakuTrebuli saidum-
lo damateba, romlis ZaliT saqarTvelos komunistur
organizaciebs legaluri muSaobis, kerZod, komunis-
turi programis sajaro propagandis, krebebis mowve-
visa da sagamomcemlo saqmianobis ufleba eZleodaT.
amrigad, 1920 wlis xelSekruleba ruseTis yofi-
li imperiis xalxTa Tanasworuflebianobis leninuri
principebis dadasturebas warmoadgenda. es iyo um-
niSvnelovanesi samarTlebrivi aqti, romelic ganamt-
kicebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis samarTlebriv
statuss saerTaSoriso masStabiT, safuZvels uyrida
axal Tanasworuflebian urTierTobas qarTvel da
rus xalxebs Soris. xelSekruleba udavod xels
uwyobda axalgazrda saxelmwifos suverenitetisad-
mi pativiscemis gazrdas. saqarTvelos demokrati-
uli respublikisadmi evropis sazogadoebrivi azris
pozitiuri damokidebuleba ganamtkica meore inter-
nacionalis beladebis vizitmac, romlebic 1920 wlis
Semodgomaze ewvivnen saqarTvelos, raTa piradad gac-
nobodnen msoflioSi pirveli social-demokratiuli
313
damoukidebeli mTavrobis praqtikul saqmianobas.
amis Sedegi is iyo, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublika cnes: germaniam (1920 wlis 24 seqtemberi),
belgiam, safrangeTma, inglisma, italiam, iaponiam
(1921 wlis 27 ianvari), poloneTma (1921 wlis 22 ian-
vari), avstriam (1921 wlis 17 Tebervali), rumineTma
(1921 wlis 18 Tebervali), luqsemburgma (1921 wlis 23
Tebervali), meqsikam (1921 wlis 14 aprili) da sxva, amg-
varad, ucxo qveynebis mier saqarTvelos damoukidebe-
li respublikebis cnoba saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Sem-
degac grZeldeboda.
magram didi qveynebis, gansakuTrebiT didi brita-
neTis mmarTveli wreebi ukve samoqalaqo omSi gamar-
jvebul ruseTTan urTierTobis politikur Serbile-
bas aZlevdnen upiratesobas da amitom, saqarTvelos
respublikis problemebs, oficialurad, ruseTis sa-
Sinao saqmed aRiarebdnen. isini kargad xedavdnen, rom
sabWoTa ruseTi sabolood ver Seurigdeboda saqa-
rTvelos damoukideblobas. am or qveyanas Soris omi
gardauvali Canda. evropis qveynebi saqarTvelosad-
mi realur daxmarebas uperspeqtivod Tvlidnen. es
agreTve erT-erTi mizezi iyo imisa, rom saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublika erTa ligaSi ar miiRes. am
garemoebam xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelos mimarT sabWo-
Ta ruseTis politikis gaaqtiurebas. saqarTvelo-
Si sabWoTa ruseTis pirvelive elCoba, romelsac s.m.
kirovi xelmZRvanelobda, miznad isaxavda, rom TviT
saqarTveloSi Seemzadebina niadagi demokratiuli
respublikis mTavrobis dasamxobad. aq mTavari roli
ganekuTvneboda saqarTvelos komunistur partias,
romelsac moRvaweobis farTo asparezi gauxsna 1920
wlis maisis xelSekrulebam. magram bolSevikTa gavle-
na qarTvel xalxze imdenad umniSvnelo iyo, rom maT
ver SeZles misi umravlesobis darwmuneba saqarTve-
los demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis damxobisa
da sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis aucileblobaSi.
314
miuxedavad amisa, rkp (b) centraluri komitetis
kavkasiis biuro da XI wiTeli armiis xelmZRvaneloba
cdilobdnen dauyovnebliv daemyarebinaT saqarTve-
loSi sabWoTa xelisufleba. isini ar iTvaliswinebd-
nen arc saerTaSoriso viTarebas, arc sakuTriv saqa-
rTvelos politikur mdgomareobas da, rac mTavaria,
arc imas, rom sabWoTa ruseTma oficialurad cno saqa-
rTvelos damoukidebloba.
wiTeli armia saqarTvelos gasabWoebas Seecada
azerbaijanSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebisTa-
nave. 1920 wlis maisSi igi SemoiWra kidec saqarTve-
los teritoriaze. pirveli cda warumateblad dam-
Tavrda. Semdgomi cdebi aRkveTa 1920 wlis 7 maisis
xelSekrulebam. 1920 wlis 4 maiss v.i. lenini da i.b.
stalini atyobinebdnen g.k. orjonikiZes: „central-
uri komiteti gavalebT gamoiyvanoT nawilebi saqa-
rTvelos farglebidan sazRvarze da Tavi SeikavoT
saqarTveloze Setevisagan. TbilisTan molaparakebis
Semdeg cxadia, rom saqarTvelosTan zavi gamoricxu-
li ar aris“. (v.i. lenini, Txz., t. 35, gv.474).
rkp (b) centraluri komitetis kavbiurom saqarTve-
los gasabWoeba kvlav SesaZleblad miiCnia somxeTSi
sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg. 15 dekembers
g.k. orjonikiZem v.i. lenins Seatyobina: gadavwyviteT,
wiTelma armiam saqarTvelos sazRvari xvalve gada-
laxoso. imave dRes v.i. leninma da l.d. trockim g.k.
orjonikiZes acnobes: „es Zireulad ewinaaRmdegeba
centraluri komitetis gadawyvetilebas. SeiZleba
damRupveli Sedegi mohyves. centraluri komiteti ar-
aviTar SemTxvevaSi ar damrTavs nebas. kategoriulad
moviTxovT gadawyvetilebis Sesrulebis SeCerebas da
gauqmebas“. (v.i. lenini, Txz., t.44, gv. 373).
rogorc vxedavT, sabWoTa ruseTis xelmZRvane-
loba maSin mizanSeuwonlad miiCnevda saqarTvelos
gasabWoebas, radgan amas SeiZleboda saerTaSoriso
garTuleba mohyoloda.
315
1921 wlis 2 ianvars g.k. orjonikiZe da s.m. kirovi
kavbiuros saxeliT rkp (b) centraluri komitetisad-
mi wardgenil moxsenebiT baraTSi kvlav asabuTebdnen
saqarTvelos dauyovneblivi gasabWoebis aucileblo-
bas. saqarTvelo, acxadebdnen isini, gadaiqca amierka-
vkasiis kontrrevoluciis bazad da daxmarebas uwevs
sabWoTa respublikis yvela mtrul Zalas. rkp (b) cen-
traluri komitetis 1921 wlis 12 ianvris plenumma
ganixila es moxsenebiTi baraTi da kvlav naadrevad
miiCnia wiTeli armiis meSveobiT saqarTveloSi xeli-
suflebis damyareba.
saqarTvelos gasabWoebas daJinebiT moiTxovda me-
11 armiis samxedro revoluciuri sabWo. XI armiis
sardalma a.i. hekerma jer kidev 1920 wlis 18 dekem-
bers kavkasiis frontis revoluciur samxedro sabWos
warudgina moxseneba, romelSic Camoyalibebuli iyo
mosazreba, „Tu ra pirobebSi unda momxdariyo saqa-
rTveloSi SeWra“. dokumentSi aRiarebulia, rom saqa-
rTvelos mosaxleoba mtrulad aris ganwyobili wiTe-
li armiis mimarT. a.i. hekeri werda: „saqarTveloze
Tavdasxma da Tbilisze Seteva unda moxdes mxolod
da mxolod kargi momzadebis Semdeg, raTa saswrafod
movuTavoT xeli Tbilisis xalxs“. misi azriT, Tu me-11
armiis revoluciuri samxedro sabWo miiRebs imis re-
alur garantiebs, rom qiazim yarabeqiris jarebi Cvens
mimarT megobrulad ganewyobian, saqarTvelos da, up-
irveles yovlisa, Tbilisis okupaciis problema ufro
realuri gaxdeba“.
1921 wlis damdegs sabWoTa ruseTisaTvis Seqmnil xe-
lsayrel saerTaSoriso viTarebaSi (TeTrpolonelTa
da vrangelis armiebis ganadgureba, did britaneTTan
savaWro xelSekrulebis momzadeba da sxv.) SemuSavda
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis
damxobisa da saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis
damyarebis gegma.
es gegma wiTel armias sakuTari ZaliT unda ganex-
316
orcielebina, radgan 1920 wlis zafxulidan saqarTve-
loSi ajanyebebi aRar xdeboda. „saqarTvelos mTavro-
bas uWirs, magram qveynis SigniT ar arseboben Zalebi,
romelTac SeeZloT misi damxoba“, – aRniSnavda rsfs
respublikis elCi saqarTveloSi a. Seinmani.
wiTeli armiis mier amierkavkasiis, kerZod, saqa-
rTvelos gasabWoeba antantis winaaRmdeg sabWoTa
ruseTis brZolasa da socialisturi revoluciis
interesebs ukavSirdeboda. miaCndaT, rom saqarTve-
los geografiul mdebareobas, mis wiaRiseuls, sim-
didreebs, umniSvnelovanes strategiul da ekonomi-
kur gzebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda kavkasiaSi
sabWoTa ruseTis poziciebis ganmtkicebisaTvis.
wiTeli armiis mier saqarTvelos gasabWoeba gare
samyaros mis dapyrobad rom ar aReqva, saWiro gaxda
saqarTvelosTan omis dawyebisaTvis sababis gamoZebna.
saamiso muSaoba adreve daiwyo. saqarTveloSi sabWo-
Ta ruseTis saelCo gulmodgined afiqsirebda saqarT-
velos demokratiuli respublikis mier 1920 wlis 7
maisis xelSekrulebis darRvevis faqtebs da tenden-
ciur Sefasebas aZlevda maT.
1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebas met-naklebad
orive mxare arRvevda, Tumca es arc erT mxares ar
aZlevda omis dawyebis arc uflebasa da arc sababs.
sabWoTa ruseTma ki ugulebelyo saerTSoriso samar-
Tlis normebi da mis mier iuridiulad aRiarebuli
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mimarT Zalismieri aqci-
is ganxorcielebas Seudga.
1921 wlis 24 ianvars i.b. stalini rkp (b) centralu-
ri komitetis wevrebs swerda: „winadadebas gaZlevT,
moiwonoT amxanag CiCerinis xazi saqarTvelos sakiTxze
da misceT respublikis samxedro revoluciur sabWos
direqtiva, rom saWiroa myisve Seudges mosamzadeb-
el muSaobas kavkasiaSi im sakiTxis gadasawyvetad, Tu
ra wesiT ganxorcieldes samxedro Careva. amave dros
misces direqtiva amxanag orjonikiZes, rom saWiroa
317
ajanyebulTa gamosvlebis momzadeba saqarTvelos
garkveul raionebSi“.
rkp(b) centraluri komitetis plenumma i. stalinis
winadadebas mxari dauWira.
1921 wlis 28 ianvars i.b. stalini g.k orjonikiZes
acnobebda: „cekam miiRo gadawyvetileba gawios mo-
samzadebeli muSaoba im varaudiT, rom SesaZloa saW-
iro Seiqnes samxedro Careva da saqarTvelos okupa-
cia. gadawyda agreTve, SekiTxva gaugzavnon kavkasiis
fronts Cveni samxedro Zalebis mdgomareobaze, imaze,
Tu ra Zalebi dagvWirdeba kidev, rom ueWvelad dava-
marcxoT saqarTvelo, Torem trocki irwmuneba Tqvens
frontze Cven erTob sustni varTo. aucileblad Cems
saxelze gamogzavne cnoba, SegviZlia Tu ara viqoni-
oT sruli gamarjvebis imedi ZalTa arsebuli raode-
nobiT. Tu unda daviwyoT maSin, roca xelmowerili
gveqneba inglisTan xelSekruleba, rac moxdeba daax-
loebiT erTi-ori Tvis Semdeg. me da vladimer ilia Ze
zust gauzviadebel pasuxs veliT Sengan“.
amrigad, 1921 wlis damdegs rkp(b) centralur
komitetSi momwifda azri saqarTvelos gasabWoebis
realuri SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb.
saqarTveloSi SemoWris sababad gamoiyenes lores
(borCalos mazris nawilis) neitralur zonaSi Seqmni-
li viTareba, romelic sadavo teritoria iyo saqarT-
velosa da somxeTs Soris da iq bolo sami Tvis manZil-
ze qarTuli garnizoni idga, kavbiurom igi saomari
operaciebis (igive „ajanyebis“) dawyebis adgilad
SearCia. kavbiuro uTuod imasac iTaliswinebda, rom
neitralur zonaSi qarTuli jarebis yofnis ofi-
cialuri vada 1921 wlis 13 Tebervals Tavdeboda. am
dRis Semdeg qarTuli jari zonidan gamovidoda da ma-
Sin „ajanyebis“ sababic gaqreboda. amrigad, ajanyebis
adgilis SerCevam misi dawyebis droc ganapiroba.
„ajanyeba“, romelic 11 Tebervals daiwyo, borCalos
mazris somxur da rusul soflebSi, mTel neitralur
318
zonas moedo da saqarTvelos teritoriaze wiTeli
armiis SemoWris sababi gaxda.
1921 wlis 15 Tebervals, i.b. stalini, g.k. orjoni-
kiZes acnobebda: „seRCas peredam SifrovannTR otvet
ck, a poka predlagay: axlave Seutie. dasturiW. aige
kalaki“.
16 Tebervals, ese igi saomari moqmedebis dawyebis
Semdeg, saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT Seiqmna saqarT-
velos revkomi, romelmac sabWoTa ruseTs samxedro
daxmareba sTxova. am dros ki wiTeli armia omis ga-
moucxadeblad ukve Semosuli iyo saqarTvelos teri-
toriaze.
wiTel armias, romelic saqarTvelos yvela mxridan
– somxeTidan, azerbaijanidan, CrdiloeT kavkasiidan
utevda, saqarTvelo ubrZolvelad ar daukavebia.
mas medgar winaaRmdegobas uwevda saqarTvelos reg-
ularuli armia da saxalxo gvardia. mwvave brZolebi
gaimarTa vazianSi, soRanluRSi, kojorTan, tabaxme-
lasTn, kaxeT-zaqaTalis xazze, osiaurTan da sxv.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis emigri-
rebuli mTavrobis 1921 wlis aprilis gancxadebaSi
naTqvamia: „saqarTvelos yoveli mxridan Semoesien
ruseTis jarebi, kerZod, me-11 armia, Semdeg ki me-8,
me-9 da me-13 armiebi da agreTve budionisa da Jlobas
kavaleriis nawilebi... samxedro teqnikas da masalas
moklebuli, umokavSireod, Tavis bedis anabarad mi-
tovebuli saqarTvelo, romelic arsaidan daxmarebas
ar moeloda, xangrZlivad ver gauZlebda did ruseTs.
1921 wlis 25 Tebervals wiTelma armiam Tbilisi
daikava. saomari operaciebi 1921 wlis martis meore
naxevarSi dasrulda. saqarTvelos demokratiuli re-
spublikis mTavroba emigraciaSi gaixizna.
saqarTvelos emigrantuli mTavrobis oficial-
ur gancxadebebSi, memorandumebsa da moxsenebiT ba-
raTebSi Sefasebulia 1921 wlis Tebervlis movlen-
ebi; sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobas brali edeboda, rom
319
man uxeSad daarRvia damoukidebeli da suverenuli
respublikis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi statusi,
ugulebelyo mis mierve dadebuli xelSekrulebis Zir-
iTadi debulebani da daiwyo saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg
samxedro moqmedeba raime seriozuli mizezis gareSe,
omis gamoucxadeblad.
1921 wlis Tebervlis aqciis namdvili politikuri
Sefaseba mocemulia i. stalinis, l. trockis, g. orjon-
ikiZis, f. maxaraZisa da b. lominaZis gamonaTqvamebSi,
rac, rogorc Cans, 1921 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis
politikuri da samarTlebrivi Sefasebis erT-erT um-
niSvnelovanes amosaval principad unda miviCnioT.
i. stalini am aqts „samxedro Carevas da saqarTve-
los okupacias uwodebda“, l. trocki – „samxedro in-
tervencias“.
f. maxaraZe 1921 wlis 6 dekembers daweril moxsen-
ebiT baraTSi, romelic rkp (b) centralur komitets
gadaeca, aRniSnavda: „1921 wlis damdegs, e.i. saqarT-
velos gasabWoebis momentSi, aq Cveni partiuli or-
ganizaciebis mdgomareoba uaRresad savalalo iyo...
da moxda ise, rom, roca wiTeli jarebis Seteva dai-
wyo, am Setevis miznebsa da ganzraxvebze saqarTve-
loSi arc erTma ujredma ki ara, partiis arc erTma
wevrmac sruliad araferi icoda. amrigad, gamovida
Semdegi: jer erTi, saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi wiTeli
jarebis Sesvlam da sabWoTa xelisuflebis gamocxade-
bam garedan dapyrobis xasiaTi miiRo, radgan am qvey-
anaSi am dros ajanyebis dawyeba arc ufiqria vinmes,
meore, saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis gamocxa-
debis dros adgilebze arc iseTi partiuli ujrede-
bi aRmoCnda da arc iseTi partiis calkeuli wevrebi,
romelTac unari eqnebodaT moewyoT xelisufleba da
cxadia, am saqmisaTvis metwilad xeli unda moekidaT
saeWvo an pirdapir danaSaulebriv elementebs“.
1924 wels saqarTvelos kp centraluri komitetis
mdivani b. lominaZe werda: „Cvens revolucias 21 wels
320
saqmis dawyeba imiT mouxda, rom saqarTvelo wiTeli
armiis xiStebiT daipyro“.
marTlia, iuridiulad saqarTvelos sabWoTa so-
cialisturi respublika inarCunebda damoukidebeli
saxelmwifos statuss, romelic cno sabWoTa ruseTis
mTavrobam 1921 wlis 21 maisis xelSekrulebiT da daa-
dastura saqarTvelos ssr 1922 wlis konstituciamac,
magram es iuridiuli forma ar asaxavda politikur
sinamdviles, saqarTveloSi wiTeli armiis yofna zRu-
davda qarTveli xalxis mier Tavisi politikuri ne-
ba-survilis gamoxatvis SesaZleblobas.
aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoebac. zemoaRniSnul bar-
aTSi f. maxaraZe miuTiTebda, rom gasabWoebis dros
saqarTveloSi „ramdenime organo gaCnda: erTi mxriv,
saqarTvelos centraluri komiteti da revoluciu-
ri komiteti, romlebic mxolod nominalurad iyvnen
am qveynis umaRlesi organoebi, meore mxriv, rkp (b)
centraluri komitetis kavkasiis biuro da sruliad
ruseTis centraluri profsabWo da XI armiis rev-
oluciuri samxedro sabWo, romlebic faqtobrivad
namdvilad xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoebi iyvnen.
es ukanaskneli organoebi umeteswilad saqarTvelos
centraluri komitetisa da revoluciuri komiteti-
saTvis Seutyobineblad, uapelaciod wyvetdnen yvela
umniSvnelovanes politikur sakiTxs, romlebic uSua-
lod saqarTvelos exeboda“.
saqarTvelos kompartia ruseTis komunisturi
partiis (b) Semadgeneli nawili iyo da mTel Tavis
saqmianobas misi miTiTebebiT warmarTavda. es niadags
aclida saqarTvelos kompartiisa da xelisuflebis
realur damoukideblobas, rac iwvevda qarTvel ko-
munistTa erTi nawilis („nacional-uklonistebis“)
ukmayofilebas. isini ibrZodnen saqarTvelos iurid-
iulad ganmtkicebuli damoukideblobis SezRudvis,
amierkavkasiis federaciis Seqmnisa da am federaciis
meSveobiT ssr kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis wi-
321
naaRmdeg. arsebul politikur viTarebaSi „nacion-
al-uklonistebis“ es cdebi ganuxorcielebeli darCa.
amitom specialurma komisiam, romelic Seiqmna 1989
wels saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi sabWos mier, savse-
biT marTebulad daaskvna, rom saqarTveloSi jarebis
Semoyvana da mTeli teritoriis dapyroba samarTle-
brivi TvalsazrisiT warmoadgenda samxedro Carevas
(intervencias) da okupacias arsebuli politikuri
wes-wyobilebis Secvlis mizniT. es aqcia misgan ga-
momdinare SedegebiT politikuri TvalsazrisiT
unda Sefasdes, rogorc faqtobrivi aneqsia. (masale-
bi amokrefilia krebulidan: „saqarTvelos okupacia
da faqtobrivi aneqsia“. gamomcemloba „saqarTvelo“.
Tbilisi: 1990 weli. gv. 3-26).
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damxoba-
sa da saqarTvelos faqtobriv aneqsias mohyva qarTve-
li xalxis suverenuli uflebebis ugulebelyofa, mas
Tavs moaxvies iseTi politikuri da samarTlebrivi in-
stitutebi, ekonomikuri sistema, romlebic ucxo iyo
misTvis.
saqarTvelos sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi
ZaldatanebiTi Seyvanis procesma da mTelma momdev-
no istoriam savsebiT daadastura, rom saqarTvelo-
Si sabWoTa konstituciiT TiTqosda garantirebuli
saxelmwifoebrioba, adamianis uflebebi realurad
ar arsebobda. piriqiT, rac dro gadioda, am insti-
tutebis Semdgomi „gamoSigvna“ xdeboda.
qarTveli xalxi arasodes Sehguebia Seqmnil mdgo-
mareobas da ibrZoda dakarguli saxelmwifoebriobis
aRdgenisaTvis. mTeli sabWoTa periodi savsea repre-
siebiTa da teroriT erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis mimarT.
magram erovnuli Zalebi ar yridnen far-xmals,
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba sul ufro da
ufro masobriv xasiaTs iRebda.
9 aprilis tragediis Semdeg saqarTvelos saxelm-
322
wifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRgenisaTvis brZolam
Tvisebrivad axali xasiaTi miiRo, komunisturi xe-
lisufleba iZulebuli gaxda wasuliyo daTmobaze,
erovnuli Zalebis winaSe, ris Sedegad mTeli rigi
mniSvnelovani sakanonmdeblo aqtebi iqna miRebuli.
1989 wlis 18 noembers saqarTvelos ssr uzenaes-
ma sabWom moiwona saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa ruseTs
Soris 1920 wlis 7 maiss dadebuli xelSekrulebis
darRvevis politikuri da samarTlebrivi Sefasebis
sakiTxTa komisiis daskvna da ssr kavSiris saxalxo
deputatTa yrilobis winaSe daayena sakiTxi saTanado
Sefaseba mieca am faqtisaTvis. magram dRemde sakav-
Siro xelisufleba dums.
1990 wlis 9 marts saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom
miiRo dadgenileba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo suveren-
itetis dacvis garantiebis Sesaxeb, romelSic, sxvaTa
Soris Camoyalibebulia Semdegi debuleba:
saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi sabWo adasturebs saqa-
rTvelosa da sabWoTa ruseTs Soris 1920 wlis 7 maiss
dadebuli xelSkrulebis darRvevis politikuri da
samarTlebrivi Sefasebis sakiTxTa saqarTvelos ssr
uzenaesi sabWos komisiis daskvnas da aRiarebs, rom
1921 wlis TebervalSi saqarTveloSi sabWoTa ruse-
Tis jarebis Semoyvana da mTeli teritoriis dakaveba
samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT warmoadgenda samxedro
Carevas (intervencias) da okupacias arsebuli poli-
tikuri wyobis damxobis mizniT, xolo politikuri
TvalsazrisiT – faqtobriv aneqsias; gmobs saqarTve-
los okupacias da faqtobriv aneqsias sabWoTa ruseTis
mier rogorc saerTaSoriso danaSauls da eswrafvis
saqarTvelosaTvis 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis
darRvevis Sedegebis gauqmebas da sabWoTa ruseTis
mier am xelSekrulebiT aRiarebuli uflebebis aRdge-
nas.
saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi sabWo acxadebs ukanonod
da baTilad 1921 wlis 21 maisis muSur-glexur samoka-
323
vSireo xelSekrulebas saqarTvelos sabWoTa social-
istur respublikasa da ruseTis sabWoTa federaciul
socialistur respublikas Soris, 1922 wlis 12 mar-
tis samokavSireo xelSekrulebas amiekavkasiis sabWo-
Ta socialistur respublikaTa federaluri kavSiris
Seqmnis Sesaxeb.
daiwyos molaparakeba saqarTvelos damoukidebe-
li saxelmwifos aRdgenis Sesaxeb, vinaidan 1922 wlis
30 dekembris xelSekruleba sabWoTa socialisturi
respublikebis kavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos
mimarT arakanonieria.
magram es dadgenilebac saTanado msvelobis gareSe
darCa da mas raime realuri politikuri da samarTle-
brivi Sedegebi ar mohyolia.
yovelive aman gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi erovnul-gan-
maTavisuflebeli moZraobis Semdgomi gaaqtiureba.
rogorc aRiniSna, saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavi-
suflebeli moZraoba, romelic arasodes Sewyvetila
sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos faqtobrivi an-
eqsiis Semdgom periodSi, yovelTvis Tavis umTavres
miznad isaxavda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aR-
dgenas. opoziciuri Zalebis yvela didi Tu mcire aq-
cia am miznisaken iyo mimarTuli. miuxedavad kremlis
mier ganxorcielebuli represiuli politikisa, saqa-
rTveloSi mudam arsebobdnen legaluri da aralega-
luri opoziciuri jgufebi, romelTa erToblivi moq-
medebiT 1987 wlis damdegidan saqarTveloSi farTod
gaiSala masobrivi saprotesto moZraoba, romlis
kulminacia iyo 1989 wlis 4-9 aprilis demonstraciebi
da mitingebi, esoden barbarosulad darbeuli imperi-
is damsjeli Zalebis mier.
paralelurad, saqarTvelos opoziciuri organi-
zaciebi da pirvel rigSi helsinkis kavSiri, eZebd-
nen gzebs saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebis sa-
fuZvelze saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis
kanonierebis dasabuTebisaTvis, sxvadasxva samarTle-
324
brivi aqtebis, pirvel rigSi helsinkis xelSekrulebis
moSveliebiT, romelsac sabWoTa kavSirmac moawera
xeli. rogorc cnobilia, am xelSekrulebiT garan-
tirebulia xalxTaTvis TviTgamorkvevis uflebis
miniWeba.
aqedan gamomdinare peticiebi da moTxovnebi, rom-
lebic igzavneboda sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso in-
stanciebSi, xazs usvamdnen yovelTvis saqarTvelos
aneqsirebuli mdgomareobis arasamarTlebriobas
da mouwodebdnen dasavleTis mTavrobebs sakuTari
demokratiuli principebis dacvisaken. amaTgan gagac-
nobT yvelaze seriozul dokuments, deklaracias,
mimarTuls gaerosadmi, evropis da amerikis qveynebis
mTavrobebisadmi, romlebic Sedgenil iqna helsinkis
kavSiris iniciativiT, sxva opoziciur politikur
organizaciebTan erTad da miRebul iqna 1989 wlis 25
Tebervals Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ezo-
Si gamarTul mitingze. am dokumentSi, mokle isto-
riuli eqskursis Semdeg, romelSic moTxrobili iyo
faqtebi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebi-
sa sabWoTa ruseTis mier misi aneqsiisa, gancxadebuli
iyo Semdegi:
„saqarTvelos erTiani erovnuli moZraobis warmo-
madgenlobas gaaCnia istoriuli, iuridiuli, poli-
tikuri, moralur-samarTlebrivi safuZveli moiTx-
ovos saqarTvelos erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aRdgena. saqarTvelos momavali
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli imaze, Seiyvans Tu ara
mas demokratiuli samyaro msoflio politikis are-
alSi, rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqts.
miuxedavad imisa, rom venis SeTanxmebis daskvni-
Ti dokumenti iZleva amis garkveul perspeqtivas, is
mainc ar warmoadgens srul garants saqarTvelos mier
Tavisi uflebebis aRdgenisa damoukidebeli da Tavis-
ufali qveynis statusis mopovebis Semdgom.
aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos patriotuli,
325
opoziciuri Zalebis Tavisufali da demokratiuli
erToba mogmarTavT Tqven TxovniT:
1. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi Seiqmnas
specialuri komisia ruseTis socialisturi fed-
eraciuli sabWoTa respublikis mier saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg agresiis faq-
tis Seswavlisa da damtkicebis mizniT.
2. agresiis faqtis damtkicebis Semdgom 1921 wlis
25 Tebervlis aqti aRiarebul iqnas aneqsiad, xolo
saqarTveloSi sabWoTa wyobilebis arseboba da saqa-
rTvelos sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi yofna
Sefasdes, rogorc agresiis uSualo Sedegi da misi
gagrZleba.
3. saqarTvelos ssr e.w. suvereniteti ararsebulad
iqnas CaTvlili da amiT SesaZlebloba mieces qarTvel
xalxs samarTlebrivi da politikuri qmedebiT miaR-
wios damoukideblobis aRdgenas.
4. mxilebul iqnas aRniSnuli suverenitetis fal-
sificirebuli xasiaTi, rac gamoixateba „mokavSire
sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis“ statusis arse-
bobaSi. ganisazRvros saqarTvelos statusi, rogorc
damonebuli qveynisa, romelic imyofeba kolonialur
mdgomareobaSi da saqarTvelo, rogorc TviTmmarTv-
elobas moklebuli teritoria, Seyvanil iqnas saer-
TaSoriso meTvalyureobis sistemaSi.
5. saqarTvelos, rogorc damonebuli qveynis de-
kolonizaciis sakiTxi gatanil iqnas gaeros Semdeg
organoebSi.
a) usafrTxoebis sabWoSi
b) meTvalyureobis sabWoSi
g) generaluri asambleis meoTxe mTavar komitetSi
(TviTmmarTvelobisa da meTvalyureobas moklebuli
teritoriebis sakiTxebi).
d) meTvalyureobisa da TviTmmarTvelobas mokle-
buli teritoriebis departamenti
e) deklaraciebis ganxorcielebisa da kolonialu-
326
ri xalxebisa da qveynebisaTvis damoukideblobis mini-
Webis specialuri komiteti
6. amis Sedegad qarTvel xalxs mieniWos TviTga-
morkvevisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis
ufleba, rogorc suverenul ers, gaeros wesdebis
mixedviT.
7. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar unda CaTvalos, rom modernizebuli im-
periis, bolSevikuri ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneq-
siis faqtis ganxilva warmoadgens ssrk Sinagan saqme-
Si Carevas, piriqiT, es unda ganixilebodes, rogorc
avRaneTisa da baltiispireTis qveynebis winaaRmdeg
agresiis SemTxvevaSi. saqarTvelos erovnuli da
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena iqneba
samarTlianobis didi gamarjveba zogadsakacobrio
saerTaSoriso asparezze. ramdenadac erTa Soris har-
moniuli urTierTobis damyareba gulisxmobs adami-
anTa da erTa uflebebis srul uzrunvelyofas msof-
lio samarTlianobis safuZvelze, dae, am didi madls
eziaros yoveli eri da yoveli adamiani, razec damok-
idebulia kacobriobis momavali ganviTarebis pro-
cesSi zneobriv-politikuri principebis gamarjveba
da damkvidreba. RmerTi iyos Cveni mfarveli!
25.02.1989 w. Tbilisi
327
aRdgenis sakiTxisa respublikeli senatoris jeferi
helmsis mier (Tavdapirvelad es sakiTxi wamoayena 1975
wels kongresmenma vagonerma, romelmac gaacno kon-
gress kaTolikos patriarqis, ambrosi xelaias werili
genuis konferenciisadmi).
senatorma helmsma da uilsonma moiTxoves kongre-
sisagan ganxilva da kenWisyris Catareba mimarTvaze,
romelic qarTvelma disidentebma, helsinkis kavSiris
wevrebma 1988 wels gaugzavnes prezident reigans saqa-
rTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis sakiTxTan da-
kavSirebiT. kerZod, iTqva, rom kongresma kenWi unda
uyaros mimarTvas ori Tvis manZilze, agreTve Semdeg
winadadebebs.
1. mxari dauWiron qarTvel xalxs ZalisxmevaSi, raTa
miaRwios Tavisuflebis aRgenas.
2. mianiWon maT ufleba TviTgamorkvevisa helsinkis
daskvniTi aqtis Sesabamisad, romelsac sabWoTa kav-
Sirmac moawera xeli.
3. mxari dauWiron saqarTvelos moTxovnas adamian-
is uflebebis dacvaSi, rac garantirebulia adamian-
is uflebebis saerTaSoriso deklaraciiT, romelsac
agreTve xeli moawera sabWoTa kavSirma.
4. mouwodon sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobas gulisyu-
riT moekidos saqarTvelos mosaxleobis moTxovnas da
uzrunvelyos misi ufleba TviTgamorkvevisa da adami-
anis uflebaTa dacva.
marTalia helmsis iniciativas SeuerTda ramden-
ime kongresmeni, maT Soris mak kiuini, romelic Sem-
deg saqarTveloSi Camovida da romlis iniciativiTac
aRimarTa kapitoliumze droSa, magram oficialuri
kenWis yra saqarTvelos sakiTxze amerikis kongresSi
jerjerobiT Wianurdeba, vinaidan oficialuri amer-
ika jerjerobiT Tavs ikavebs sabWoTa kavSirSi Sema-
vali TviTgamorkvevisaTvis mebrZoli erebisaTvis Ria
328
mxardaWerisagan. Tumca, Cvenis Rrma rwmeniT, saqarT-
velos parlamentis mier saxelmwifoebrivi damou-
kideblobis aRdgenis oficialurad gamocxadeba met
safuZvels da SesaZleblobas miscems ucxoeTis saxel-
mwifoebs Cveni mxardaWerisas.
am mimarTulebiT bevri ram ukve gakeTda. magram
Cvens absoluturad samarTlian miswrafebas sakav-
Siro xelisuflebam kvlav nacadi iaraRi daupirisp-
ira. formalurad man ar gaauqma miRebuli arc erTi
samarTlebrivi aqti, romlebic miznad isaxavda saqa-
rTvelos respublikis realuri suverenitetis aRd-
genas, magram saqmiT SeuZlebels xdis dasaxuli amoca-
nis realizacias.
sakmarisia gavixsenoT ssrk kanonebi mokavSire res-
publikebis kavSiridan gasvlis wesis Sesaxeb, sabWoTa
kavSirsa da federaciis subieqtebs Soris uflebamo-
silebaTa gamijvnis Taobaze, aseve mTeli rigi kanone-
bi ekonomikis sferoSi. gansakuTrebiT, aRsaniSnavia
sakavSiro xelisuflebis wadili Tavs mogvaxvios ax-
ali kabaluri samokavSireo xelSekruleba, risTvisac
yvela zomas mimarTavs. maT Soris umTavresia eTnokon-
fliqtebis xelovnuri gaRviveba, ekonomikuri bloka-
da da saerTaSoriso samarTliT dagmobili sxva moq-
medebani.
amJamad, faqtobrivad gamocxadebuli omi warmoebs
Sida qarTlSi, sadac osi eqstremistebi sabWoTa armi-
is nawilebTan erTad cdiloben saqarTvelos moswyvi-
ton misi ganuyofeli nawili, daarRvion saqarTvelos
teritoriuli mTlianoba.
sabWoTa kavSiris prezidenti, kremlis xelmZRvan-
eloba dResac cdilobs gamoiyenos yofili samxreT
oseTis avtonomiuri olqis teritoriaze Seqmnili
viTareba saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis Cveni
brZolis dasamuxruWeblad, raTa gvaiZulon xeli avi-
RoT am brZolaze da xeli movaweroT e.w. samokavSireo
329
xelSekrulebas. am mizniT imperialisturma Zalebma
gaaZlieres osi eqstremistebis mxardaWera samaCablo-
Si. katastrofuli mdgomareobaa Seqmnili TamaraSen-
Si, kexvSi, aCabeTSi, sverSi da sxva soflebSi. kremlis
xelmZRvanelobam undobloba gamoucxada ara mxolod
qarTul milicias, aramed, rac ufro gansacvifrebe-
lia, sakuTar Sinagan jars, romelic TbilisSia gan-
lagebuli (e.w. „merve polki“) da gamoiyvana igi cxin-
validan. mis nacvlad cxinvalSi Seiyvanes Sinagani
jaris sxva nawilebi, ssrk-s sxvadasxva mxareebidan,
daaxloebiT 1500-mde jariskaci, 51-mde javSantrans-
portiori, romelTac xelmZRvaneloben moskovidan
Camosuli polkovnikebi. am ukanasknelT undobloba
gamoucxades ara mxolod Cvens mier daniSnul komen-
dants polkovnik T. epitaSvils, aramed mis moadgiles,
polkovnik puzirnisac, viTomdac araobieqturobi-
saTvis. namdvili mizezi ki is gaxlavT, rom isini uars
amboben qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg mtrul moqmedebaze
da osi eqstremistebis mxardaWeraze. axladSemosuli
Sinagani jari ki, nacvlad imisa, rom ganaiaraRos eqs-
tremistebi, maTTan erTad daeria qarTul soflebs,
alya Semoartya maT da amzadebs maT genocids.
yovelive amis gamo, „mrgvalma magidam“ mimarTa cen-
trs ultimatumiT: Tu uaxloes dReebSi ar Sewydeba
axali agresia Cveni respublikis winaaRmdeg da ar aR-
dgeba samarTlianoba, daiwyeba politikuri gaficva
amierkavkasiis rkinigzaze, rac CrdiloeT kavkasiis
da rostovis rkinigzis paralizebasac gamoiwvevs.
gaficulebi SeuerTdebian sabWoTa kavSirSi moqmedi
sagaficvo komitetis moTxovnebs.
ram gamoiwvia Sida qarTlSi situaciis aseTi gam-
wvaveba?
rogorc mogexsenebaT, 31 marts saqarTveloSi
Catarda referendumi. mis monawileTa 90,08 procent-
330
ma dadebiTad upasuxa SekiTxvaze – Tanaxma xarT Tu ara
aRdges saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukide-
bloba 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtis sa-
fuZvelze.
saqarTvelos respublikis centraluri sareferen-
dumo komisiisagan miRebulia daskvna, romelic avlens
gansacvifrebel Sedegebs saqarTveloSi Catarebuli
referendumisas. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia zogi-
erTi detali, romelic dakavSirebulia araqarTuli
mosaxleobis monawileobasTan referendumSi. gagac-
nobT zogierT cifrebs, romlebic jer presaSi ar ga-
moqveynebula.
demografiuli monacemebi aRebulia mosaxleobis
aRweris 1989 wlis monacemebis mixedviT.
axalqalaqis r-ni: qarTvelebi – 4,3 %; somxebi – 91,3
%; kenWisyraSi monawileoba miiRo amomrCevelT 90 %,
kiTxvas upasuxa „diax“ 97,01 % anu yvela amomrCevlis
87,31 %. ninowmindis (yof. bogdanovkis) r-ni: qarT-
velebi – 1,1 %; somxebi – 90,4 %; rusebi – 8,3 %; ken-
WisyraSi monawileoba miiRo 88,5 %; kiTxvas upasuxa
„diax“, 91,8 % anu yvela amomrCevlis 81,04 %. walkis
r-ni: qarTvelebi – 3,3 %; berZnebi – 61 %; somxebi – 28,5
%; azerbaijanelebi – 5,1 %; kenWisyraSi monawileoba
miiRo 88,19 %. kiTxvas upasuxa „diax“ 96,56 %, anu yve-
la amomrCevlis 85,16 %. dmanisis r-ni: – qarTvelebi
– 28 %; azerbaijanelebi – 63,7 %; berZnebi – 6,1 %. ken-
WisyraSi monawileoba miiRo 93,19 %; kiTxvas upasuxa
„diax“ 99,17 % anu yvela amomrCevlis 92,42 %. bolnisis
r-ni: – qarTvelebi – 21,6 %; azerbaijanelebi – 65,9 %;
somxebi – 6,8 %; kenWisyraSi monawileoba miiRo 90,86
%; kiTxvas upasuxa „diax“ 99,54 %, anu yvela amomrCev-
lis 90,44 %. marneulis r-ni: – qarTvelebi – 6,6 %;
azerbaijanelebi – 80 %; somxebi – 6,6 %; kenWisyraSi
monawileoba miiRo 97,7 %; kiTxvas upasuxa „diax“ 98,94
331
%, anu yvela amomrCevlis 96,74 %.
esaa javaxeTisa da qvemo qarTlis raionebi, sadac
qarTvelebi umciresobaSi arian.
Sida qarTli
afxazeTi
332
lis 48,98 %. galis r-ni: qarTvelebi – 93,5 %; rusebi –
3,1 %; kenWisyraSi monawileoba miiRo 97,67 %; kiTxvas
upasuxa „diax“ 99,71 %, anu yvela amomrCevlis 97,39 %.
gulrifSis r-ni: qarTvelebi – 52,7 %; somxebi – 25,3 %;
rusebi – 13,8 %; afxazebi – 2,3 %. kenWisyraSi monawil-
eoba miiRo 85,35 %; kiTxvas upasuxa „diax“ 97,85 %, anu
yvela amomrCevlis 83,52 %. oCamCiris r-ni: qarTvelebi
– 49,2 %; somxebi – 8,2 %; rusebi – 5,8 %; afxazebi – 33,6 %.
kenWisyraSi monawileoba miiRo 54,76 %; kiTxvas upa-
suxa „diax“ 99,1 %, anu yvela amomrCevlis 54,27 %. sox-
umis r-ni: qarTvelebi – 44,2 %; somxebi – 29,4 %; rusebi
– 7,2 %; berZnebi – 10,5 %; afxazebi – 5 %. kenWisyraSi
monawileoba miiRo 60,83 %; kiTxvas upasuxa „diax“
99,44 %, anu yvela amomrCevlis 60,61 %. gudauTis r-ni:
qarTvelebi – 13,4 %; somxebi – 15,5 %; rusebi – 13,1 %;
afxazebi – 53,3 %. referendumi Catarda mxolod erT
ubanSi. kenWisyraSi monawileoba miiRo 8,13 %; kiTx-
vas upasuxa „diax“ 99,9 %, anu yvela amomrCevlis 8,12
%. q. tyvarCeli: qarTvelebi – 23,5 %; rusebi – 24,3 %;
afxazebi – 42,7 %. referendumi ar Catarebula. 7,840
amomrCevelma xma misca q. oCamCireSi, kiTxvas upasuxa
„diax“ 99,9 %, anu amomrCevlis 7,83 %. mTlianad afxaz-
eTSi 347 135 amomrCevlidan kenWisyraSi monawileoba
miiRo 61,23 %; kiTxvas upasuxa „diax“ 97,73 anu yvela
amomrCevlis 59,84%.
333
xelisuflebas qarTvelebTan erTad mxars uWeren
araqarTvelebic da rom miTi imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos ax-
ali xelisuflebis mizania araqarTvelTa devna, krem-
lis agentebis mier aris moWorili, romelTac Tavisi
propagandiT moaxerxes motyueba araqarTvelTa Zalze
mcire nawilisa, romelmac uari sTqva referendumSi
monawileobaze an uaryofiTi pasuxi gasca referen-
dumis kiTxvas (es gaxlavT sul ramdenime aTasi amom-
rCeveli mTels saqarTveloSi).
Cven madlierebis grZnobiT aRvniSnavT am mxardaW-
eras da did madlobas vucxadebT Cvens araqarTvel
Zmebs da debs, rom ar migvatoves am gaWirvebaSi da
Rirseulad amogvidgnen mxarSi.
miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, sabWoTa kav-
Siris xelmZRvaneloba ar Cqarobs saqarTveloSi momx-
dari uzarmazari mniSvnelobis politikuri faqtis
aRiarebas. mas arad miaCnia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
neba, romlis esoden srulyofilad gamoxatvas dRes
mTeli msoflio exmaureba.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan mizanSewonilad migvaCnia,
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma sabWom refer-
endumze gamoxatuli xalxis nebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
msoflios civilizebul erTa winaSe gamoacxados saqa-
rTvelos damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdge-
na 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtis safuZ-
velze, raTa saqarTvelom daikavos Rirseuli adgili
msoflios suverenul saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi.
marTalia, Cven vacnobierebT im gansxvavebas, rome-
lic arsebobs saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damou-
kideblobis aRdgenis iuridiul faqtsa da imperiis
tyveobidan saqarTvelos faqtobriv ganTavisuflebas
Soris, magram isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom samarTle-
brivi da sakanonmdeblo safuZveli umTavresia aseT
SemTxvevaSi, raTa moxdes msoflios saxelmwifoTa
mier saqarTvelos de iure cnoba, misi Sesvla gaer-
TianebaSi da sxva organizaciebSi. amis Semdeg ufro
334
SesaZlebeli gaxdeba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aRdgena da centrTan molaparakeba saokupacio jare-
bis gayvanis Tobaze.
saqarTvelos respublika avtonomiis SenarCunebis
mtkice konstituciur garantias aZlevs afxaz xalxs,
xolo aWaris avtonomiis sakiTxi gadawydeba referen-
dumiT.
simboluria saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdge-
nis gamocxadeba 9 aprils. vinaidan am dRes gadawyda
saqarTvelos bedi, 9 aprils wamebulTa sulebi dagvc-
qerian Cven, da xaroben zeciur naTelSi, rameTu aR-
srulda neba maTi, aRsrulda neba qarTveli erisa.
335
ssr kavSiris prezidents
m.s. gorbaCovs
ssr kavSiris Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs
b.k. pugos
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare
zviad gamsaxurdia
Tbilisi, 1991 wlis 12 aprili
337
saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris
zviad gamsaxurdias preskonferencia
qarTveli da ucxoeli JurnalistebisaTvis
1991 wlis 10 aprils
es baton zviad gamsaxurdias pirveli preskon-
ferencia iyo mas Semdeg, rac uzenaesma sabWom miiRo
aqti saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-
bis aRdgenis Sesaxeb. dRes, mkiTxvels vTavazobT sau-
bris ZiriTad momentebs.
338
xalxi dawves. iyo iseTi faqtebic, roca armia cecxls
uSenda mSvidobian mosaxleobas. igi namdvili agre-
soriviT iqceva da uxeSad arRvevs Cvens suverenitets.
ra Tqma unda, protests gavugzavniT.
– rogoria Tqveni politikuri prognozi uaxloesi
momavlisaTvis?
– axal provokaciebs unda velodoT. miT umetes,
rom Sida qarTlis ambebze informaciasTan erTad
moskovidan sxva axali ambebic modis. magaliTd, ssrk-s
Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma pugom gamogvigzavna depeSa,
romelSic naTqvamia, TiTqos „ukanono“ iyos Cveni Sina-
gani jarebis – erovnuli gvardiis Seqmna; igi imowmebs
ssrk prezidentis brZanebulebas ukanono samxedro
formirebaTa daSlis Sesaxeb. erTi sityviT, did-
masStabian provokaciebs unda velodoT. arc pirdapi-
ri intervenciaa gamoricxuli.
– centris reaqcia rom negatiuri iqneboda, amas
laparaki ar unda. ra SegviZlia amas davupirispiroT,
ra rezervebi gvaqvs?
– nebismier okupirebul qveyanas, miT umetes ssr
kavSirSi Semavals, erTaderTi rezervi aqvs – cen-
tris politikas mZlavri saprotesto moZraoba unda
davupirispiroT, sayovelTao erovnuli daumor-
Cilebloba. dasavleT saqarTveloSi rkinigzaze, saz-
Rvao portSi, sakavSiro daqvemdebarebis sawarmoebSi
ukve daiwyo gaficva, SeiZleba aeroportebis muSao-
bac Sewydes. Cveni moTxovnebi yvelam icis – gaiyvanon
jarebi Sida qarTlidan. imedi viqonioT, rom yove-
live es centrs aiZulebs Caufiqrdes Tavis saqciels.
– rogor afasebT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
saxelmwifo departamentis gancxadebas, romelSic ga-
moTqmuli iyo survili, rom saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa
kavSirs Soris wamoWrili problemebi demokratiuli
gziT gadawydes.
339
– kargi ambavia. gansakuTrebiT imitom, rom ba-
ton jorj buSs gavugzavne depeSa, romliTac vatyo-
binebdi, saqarTveloSi SeiaraRebuli intervencia
mzaddeba, uxeSad, iaraRiT erevian Cvens saSinao
saqmeebSi-meTqi. etyoba, saxelmwifo departamentis
gancxadeba am depeSaze reaqcia unda iyos. Cveni erT-
derTi imedi dasavleTia – mxolod demokratias Zalu-
Zs Cveni dacva.
– Tqveni azriT, rodis miaRwevs saqarTvelo srul
damoukideblobas?
– yvelaferi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad
aris mzad kremli daiwyos molaparakeba da ramdenad
male ityvis uars im diqtatis politikaze, romelsac
daJinebiT adgas. cxadia, dasavleTis poziciazec. rac
ufro xSirad dauTmoben yuradRebas saqarTvelos,
rogorc, magaliTad amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
departamentma qna, miT ufro meti garantiebi iqneba
imisa, rom male mivaRwevT srul damoukideblobas da
saokupacio jarebis gayvanas.
– rogor ekideba egreT wodebuli opozicia da-
moukideblobis aqts? da kidev, rogor gamoexmaura
amas afxazeTis oficialuri xelisufleba?
– egreT wodebuli opoziciisgan jerjerobiT ara-
viTari nota ar migviRia. rac Seexeba afxazeTs, Tav-
ad arZinba soxumSi ar brZandeba. ai, misma moadgilem
– qarTvelma ki momiloca. saerTod, saqarTvelos da-
moukideblobis aRdgenaze reaqcia dadebiTia afxazTa
Sorisac. miT umetes, rom darwmundnen – avtonomiis
SenarCunebis konstituciur garantiebSi.
– ramdenad daexmareba brZolaSi saqarTvelos
prezidentis instituti?
– udavod daexmareba. Tundac imiT, rom nebismier
Tavisufal qveyanas unda hyavdes Tavisi prezidenti,
saxelmwifos xelmZRvaneli, es aucilebeli pirobaa.
340
– ra aris parizSi giorgi xoStarias Casvlis um-
Tavresi mizani?
– Casvlis mizania qveynebs gaacnos marTali in-
formacia CvenSi mimdinare procesebze. garda ami-
sa, kontaqtebi damyardeba safrangeTis oficialur
wreebTan.
– rogor aris dasavleTis saxelmwifoTa mxriv
ekonomikuri daxmarebis saqme?
– pirveli nabijebi ukve gadaidga. mniSvnelovan
kreditebs moveliT, sxvagvaradac dagvexmarebian.
– xom ar SeiZleba ufro dawvrilebiT gviTxraT
wamowyebul gaficvaze?
– rac Seexeba saqarTvelos rkinigzas, misi gaficva
damblas dascems saWoTa kavSiris rkinigzis did naw-
ils – adleridan donis rostovamde. baTumisa da fo-
Tis gaficvasac didi mniSvneloba aqvs. swored aqedan
gaaqvs sabWoTa kavSirs saeqsporto navTobi da qvanax-
Siri.
– amas winaT, litva zogierT saerTaSoriso xe-
lSekrulebas SeuerTda. magaliTad, adamianis ufle-
bebis deklaracias da a.S.
– magas Cvenc aucileblad vizamT.
– dRes, sruliad aSkaraa boris elcinisa da mixeil
gorbaCovis dapirispireba. rogor ggoniaT, riT dam-
Tavrdeba es?
– eg dapirispireba male elcinis gamarjvebiT dam-
Tavrdeba. centri sul ufro kargavs Tavis mniSvnelo-
bas. Tu raRa Tqma unda, memarjvene Zalebma raime gadam-
wyveti ar iRones, vTqvaT, samxedro gadatrialeba. an,
Tu gorbaCovi romelime reaqcionerma ar Secvala.
– rogor uyurebT imas, rom, Turme, sabWoTa kav-
SirSi saSualo xelfasi eqvsi dolari yofila?
– Cven yovelnairad vcdilobT davaCqaroT erovnu-
li valutis Seqmnis procesi.
341
– baltiispira respublikebSi miiRes kanonebi
erovnul umciresobaTa Sesaxeb. ra keTdeba am mxriv
saqarTveloSi?
– kanoni mzadaa da male gamovitanT gansaxilvelad.
– gazeT „komersantSi“ gamoqveynda boris elcinis
depeSa, romelSic naTqvamia, saqarTveloSi daamax-
injeso yazbegSi Sexvedris Sedegebi. Tqven ras ityo-
diT amaze?
– CemTvis es gaugebaria. elcins gavugzavne sapa-
suxo depeSa, romelSic vwerdi, „samxreT oseTis“
Sesaxeb sabWouri wyaroebis informacias nu daeyrd-
nobiT-meTqi, realuri faqtebis safuZvelze erTxel
kidev davumtkice, rom yofil samxreT oseTSi swored
qarTvel mosaxleobas esxmian Tavs. amis Semdeg, ruse-
Tis sfsr uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomares telefoniT
vesaubreT. kvlav dadasturda, rom kargad gvesmis
erTmaneTisa. am cota xnis winaT interviuSi man kvlav
daadastura, rom, razec yazbegSi movrigdiT, ZalaSi
rCeba.
– rogor gaimarTeba saqarTvelos prezidentis
arCevnebi?
– es iqneba sayovelTao saxalxo arCevnebi.
– rogor daaxasiaTebdiT elcins?
misTvis populizmis dabraleba kremlidan, misi xe-
lmZRvanelobidan modis, romlebic xalxs sZuls. es
Suria. xalxi ki umizezod, usafuZvlod aravis Seiyva-
rebs. elcini sada, gulRia kacia, gansakuTrebiT sau-
bris dros, uborotoa, araviTari diqtatoruli mid-
rekilebani ara aqvs. patiosani kacia, magram rogorc
Cans, mis garemocvaSi arian adamianebi, romlebic xSir-
ad jiutad moiTxoven gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic mis
bunebas ar Seesabameba. sxvaTa Soris, amas adasturebs
ruseTis sfsr saxalxo deputatTa yrilobis Carevac
saqarTvelos saqmeebSi, gorbaCovisadmi mimarTvac,
342
romelSic sTxovdnen wesrigi daemyarebinaT egreT
wodebul samxreT oseTSi. mimarTes gorbaCovs, romlis
gadadgomasac TviT elcini moiTxovs?! paradoqsia!
– saqarTvelos axali konstituciis Seqmnisas Tu
daeyrdnobiT dasavluri qveynebis konstituciebs?
– albaT, ar iciT, rom CvenSi ukve miRebulia damou-
kidebeli demokratiuli saqarTvelos konstitucia?
swored is daedeba safuZvlad axal konstitucias.
– dRes cxinvalSi brZandeba generali Satalini.
xom ar gicdiaT masTan dialogi? da kidev: saZraxisad
cnobil kim cagolovs TqvenTan molaparakeba mousur-
vebia. Tqven ras ityodiT?
– Tavad Satalins ar surs CvenTan araviTari kon-
taqtebi, maSasadame, arc Cven gadavdgamT nabijs. saer-
Tod ki adre iyo CemTan. ganacxada, Tqven marTli xarT,
konfliqti osma separatistebma wamoiwyeso. gamikvir-
da kidec, axla ki sxvagvarad moqmedebs, maSasadame,
axali instruqciebi miuRia. rac Seexeba cagolovs, eg
lideri ar aris. eg generali, ufro swored, gafilo-
sofosebuli eqstremisti, kargs arafers akeTebs, ada-
mianTa mcire jgufi uWers mxars da masTan mosalapar-
akebeli araferi maqvs. iq osTa ramdenime dajgufebaa
da erTmaneTSi davoben, gavlenis sferoebi ver gauyvi-
aT.
– saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis aucilebe-
lia gorbaCovis kraxi, Tu sxva variantebic arsebobs,
magaliTad, molaparakeba?
– molaparakebis araviTari saSualeba ara gvaqvs,
miT umetes, rom centri kvlav diqtatis politikas ad-
gas. magram imedi gvaqvs, rom imperiisa da gorbaCovis
kraxi axloa – ai, es iqneba saqarTvelos faqtobrivi
Tavisuflebis dasawyisi.
– SeiZleba Tu ara laparaki sabWoTa kavSirTan
ekonomikur omze da SeZlebs Tu ara saqarTvelo aseT
343
omSi gamarjvebas?
– saqarTveloSi demokratiuli arCevnebi swored
ekonomikur omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg gaimarTa, roca
rkinigza Caiketa adleridan rostovamde. centrma mx-
olod im gaficvis Semdeg daTmo poziciebi da dauSva
CvenSi demokratiuli arCevnebi. dRes ki, ra Tqma unda,
gvawuxebs, rom nebsiT Tu uneblied, garkveul mizezTa
gamo, zarals mivayenebT somxeTs. Cven gavafrTxileT
da bodiSi movuxadeT baton ter-petrosians. ra Tqma
unda, nawilobriv azerbaijanic da TviT yazaxeTic,
magram gansakuTrebiT somxeTi dazaraldeba. magram
ra vqnaT, sxva gamosavali ara gvaqvs, faqtobrivad,
saomari mdgomareobaa. maSasadame, unda gavuZloT.
ise ki vityvi, gaficvis dawyeba Cveni brali ar aris.
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis, xalxis war-
momadgenlebisa, kerZod, „mrgvali magida – Tavisufa-
li saqarTvelos“ blokis organizaciebis sagaficvo
komitetebma SemogvTavazes.
– rogor gesaxebaT gorbaCovis politikuri por-
treti?
– gorbaCovma gardaqmna mxolod imitom daiwyo, rom
sakuTari xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba undoda, es aris
mTavari. Zalauflebis gulisTvis arafers ar Taki-
lobs. mixvda, dainaxa ra kraxic moeliT mas da mis im-
perias, swored amitom gaiTamaSa „gardaqmnis“ speqtak-
li.
– gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciebidan pasuxi
xom ar migiRiaT Tqvens mimarTvebsa da peticiebze?
– samwuxarod, jer ara, jerjerobiT gaerTianebu-
li erebis organizacia mxolod azia-afrikis qveynebi-
saTvis arsebobs da ara sabWoTa kavSiris damonebuli
xalxebisTvis. CvenTan kontaqtebs ise afaseben, ro-
gorc sabWoTa kavSiris saSinao saqmeebSi Carevas.
– rogor gamoexmaurnen kuzbaseli muSebi daxmare-
344
bas, romelic amas winaT gauwieT?
– madlobis depeSebs viRebT. mxari dagviWires da mi-
aCniaT, rom saerTo mizani gvaqvs – brZola kompartiis
monopoliis winaaRmdeg da arsebuli danaSulebrivi
saxelmwifo struqturebis winaaRmdeg.
– gamoiTqva idea, rom moewyos mierTebuli saxel-
mwifoebis konferencia da Seiqmnas am respublikebis
sakoordinacio sabWo...
– diax, aris aseTi idea. kiSiniovSi unda gamarTuli-
yo Sexvedra, magram gadaido.
– rogor gamoexmaura saqarTvelos damoukideblo-
bis gamocxadebas taxtis memkvidre giorgi batoniSvi-
li?
– guSin mogviloca.
345
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1. mimarTva: aWaris mosaxleobisadmi / gamsaxurdia z. // axalgazrda
iverieli. – 1990. – 8 noemberi. - #123 (11609). - 1 gv.
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12. dadgenileba : deputat v. domuxovskis mier SekiTxvis wesiT
dasmuli sakiTxis Semswavleli komisiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb / gamsax-
urdia z. // axali saqarTvelo. – 1990. – 25 noemberi. - #10-11(21019).
– 1gv.
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gamsaxurdias saaxalwlo mimarTva televiziiT // respublika. -
1991. - 1 ianvari. - #1 (34). – 1,2 gv.
348
35. saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris
zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla saqarTvelos televiziiT 1991 wlis
5 marts // samSoblo. – 1991. - marti. - #5. - 1gv.
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59. ssrk-s prezidents m.s. gorbaCovs, ssrk-s uzenaesi sabWos Tavmj-
domares a.i. lukianovs / gamsxurdia z. // saqarTvelos respublika.
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