2- Steam Tables

Dr. Amr Ibrahim

Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

❑ compressed liquid, or a subcooled liquid (liquid not about to vaporize)

❑ saturated liquid (liquid about to vaporize) . Any heat addition will cause some of the
liquid to vaporize

❑ saturated liquid–vapor mixture (liquid and vapor phases coexist in equilibrium)

❑ saturated vapor ( vapor that is about to condense)

❑ superheated vapor. ( vapor that is not about to condense)

❑ Critical point: is defined as the point at which the saturated liquid and saturated vapor
states are identical. The critical-point properties of water are Pcr = 22.06 MPa, Tcr =
373.958C, and vcr = 0.003106 m3/kg.
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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

• The statement “water boils at 100 oC” is incorrect. The correct

statement is “water boils at 100 oC at 1 atm pressure.”
• At a given pressure, the temperature at which a pure substance
changes phase is called the saturation temperature Tsat
• at a given temperature, the pressure at which a pure substance
changes phase is called the saturation pressure Psat.

The atmospheric pressure, and thus the boiling temperature of water, decreases
with elevation. Therefore, it takes longer to cook at higher altitudes than it does
at sea level.

At higher pressures, water boils at higher temperatures. Higher boiling

temperatures mean shorter cooking times and energy savings using the pressure
cooker.
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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

The state of a simple compressible system is completely specified by two

independent, intensive properties.

❑ Pressure and Temperature are independent for

compressed liquid and super heated vapor. You can
change the temperature while the pressure is
maintained constant
❑ Pressure and temperature are dependent properties for
the saturated water vapor mixture region

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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

Given: • Saturated liquid water or saturated water vapor Use saturation tables arranged by
• Pressure or temperature temperature or pressure

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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

Given: • x (dryness fraction or quality) Use saturation tables arranged by

• Pressure or temperature temperature or pressure and calculate properties

x is the ratio of the mass of the vapor

to the total mass of the mixture (0-1),
(1-x): wetness fraction

V=Vf+Vg 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑥ℎ𝑓𝑔
𝑚𝑣 = 𝑚𝑓𝑣𝑓+mgvg (v-vf)=x(vg-vf)
ℎ = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥ℎ𝑓𝑔
mv=(m-mg)vf+ mgvg v=vf+x(vg-vf)
𝑢 = 𝑢𝑓 + 𝑥𝑢𝑓𝑔
m(v-vf)=mg(vg-vf) v=vf+xvfg
𝑠 = 𝑠𝑓 + 𝑥𝑠𝑓𝑔
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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

Use saturation pressure and get the Tsat

Given: • Pressure
• If T > Tsat at a given P use superheated vapor table
• Temperature
• If T < Tsat at a given P  use subcooled liquid table

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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

Use saturation pressure table and get the vf and vg

Given: • Pressure
o If v< vf  use subcooled liquid table
• Sp volume, enthalpy, …… o If v>vg  use superheated vapor table
o If vf<v<vg  use pressure table and calculate x

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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

Given: • Temperature Use saturation Temperature table and get the vf and vg
• Sp volume, enthalpy, …… If vf < v <vg  use temperature table.
If v<vf  use temperature table
If not  chart .

Subcooled region properties can be taken

approximately equal to the saturated liquid properties
function at this temperature only. (Not pressure)
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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

Given any two properties

of (sp. Volume, sp.
Enthalpy, sp. Entropy, sp.
Internal energy)  Chart

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What is the difference between water
boiling and evaporation?
Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

A rigid tank contains 50 kg of saturated liquid water at 90oC. Determine the pressure in the tank and
the volume of the tank.

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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

A rigid tank contains 50 kg of saturated liquid water at 88oC. Determine the pressure in the tank.

T, OC Psat , Kpa
85 57.868
88 X
90 70.183

88 − 85 𝑋 − 57.868
= , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑋 = ⋯
90 − 85 70.183 − 57.868

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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

A mass of 200 g of saturated liquid water is completely vaporized at a constant pressure of 100
kPa. Determine the volume change.

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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

A rigid tank contains 10 kg of water at 90 C. If 8 kg of the water is in the liquid form and the rest is
in the vapor form, determine (a) the pressure in the tank and (b) the volume of the tank.

Or:

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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

Determine the temperature of water at a state of P= 0.5 MPa and h=2890 kJ/kg.
At 0.5 MPa, the enthalpy of saturated water vapor is hg = 2748.1 kJ/kg.
Since h . hg, we again have superheated vapor.
Under 0.5 MPa in Table A–6 we read

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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

Determine the internal energy of compressed liquid water at 80 C and 5 MPa, using (a) data from
the compressed liquid table and (b) saturated liquid data. What is the error involved in the second
case?
At 5 MPa , the saturation temperature of water is 263.94 C, and since the current
temperature is 80 C, we obviously have compressed liquid.

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