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Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc
Xbij - 2
Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xbij - 5Notrakuftnao a` tmj Xradjft Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc4
[mj "Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc" mbs ejjo kjvjlapjk ta avjrrnkj tmj
praeljcsprjvbnlnoi no tmj prbftnfnoi cboubl systjc. [mns sa`twbrj ns suppartjk ta
jlncnobtj bokno sacj fbsjs rjkufj tmj mbrksmnps `bfjk ey tmns jxnstnoi systjc.
Carjavjr tmnssystjc ns kjsniojk àr tmj pbrtnfulbr ojjk a` tmj facpboy ta fbrry aut
apjrbtnaos no bscaatm bok j``jftnvj cboojr.[mj bpplnfbtnao ns rjkufjk bs cufm bs
passnelj ta bvank jrrars wmnlj jotjrnoi tmj kbtb.Nt blsa pravnkjs jrrar cjssbij
wmnlj jotjrnoi novblnk kbtb. Oa àrcbl goawljkij nsojjkjk àr tmj usjr ta usj tmns
systjc. [mus ey tmns bll nt pravjs nt ns usjr-`rnjokly.Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi
Vystjc , bs kjsfrnejk beavj, fbo ljbk ta jrrar `rjj, sjfurj,rjlnbelj bok `bst
cbobijcjot systjc. Nt fbo bssnst tmj usjr ta faofjotrbtj ao tmjnratmjr bftnvntnjs
rbtmjr ta faofjotrbtj ao tmj rjfark gjjpnoi. [mus nt wnll mjlp aribonzbtnaono
ejttjr utnlnzbtnao a` rjsaurfjs.Jvjry aribonzbtnao, wmjtmjr eni ar scbll, mbs
fmblljoijs ta avjrfacj bok cbobinoitmj noàrcbtnao a` [nfgjt, Cavnj, Fustacjr,
Cavnj [ypj, Cavnj Lboiubij. Jvjry Cavnj[nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc mbs kn``jrjot Cavnj
ojjks, tmjrjàrj wj kjsnio jxflusnvjjcplayjj cbobijcjot systjcs tmbt brj bkbptjk ta
yaur cbobijrnbl rjqunrjcjots.[mns ns kjsniojk ta bssnst no strbtjinf plboonoi, bok
wnll mjlp yau josurj tmbt yauraribonzbtnao ns jqunppjk wntm tmj rnimt ljvjl a`
noàrcbtnao bok kjtbnls àr yaur ùturjiabls. Blsa, àr tmasj eusy jxjfutnvj wma
brj blwbys ao tmj ia, aur systjcs facj wntmrjcatj bffjss `jbturjs, wmnfm wnll bllaw
yau ta cbobij yaur wargàrfj boytncj, bt blltncjs. [mjsj systjcs wnll ultncbtjly
bllaw yau ta ejttjr cbobij rjsaurfjs.

Xbij - 6Bestrbft a` tmj Xradjft Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc4
[mj purpasj a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc ns ta butacbtj tmj jxnstnoi cboublsystjc
ey tmj mjlp a` facputjrnzjk jqunpcjots bok ùll-`ljkijk facputjr
sa`twbrj,ùl`nllnoi tmjnr rjqunrjcjots, sa tmbt tmjnr vblubelj kbtb/noàrcbtnao fbo
ej starjk àr blaoijr pjrnak wntm jbsy bffjssnoi bok cbonpulbtnao a` tmj sbcj. [mj
rjqunrjk sa`twbrjbok mbrkwbrj brj jbsnly bvbnlbelj bok jbsy ta warg wntm.Cavnj
[nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc, bs kjsfrnejk beavj, fbo ljbk ta jrrar `rjj,sjfurj, rjlnbelj
bok `bst cbobijcjot systjc. Nt fbo bssnst tmj usjr ta faofjotrbtj aotmjnr atmjr
bftnvntnjs rbtmjr ta faofjotrbtj ao tmj rjfark gjjpnoi. [mus nt wnll
mjlparibonzbtnao no ejttjr utnlnzbtnao a` rjsaurfjs. [mj aribonzbtnao fbo
cbnotbnofacputjrnzjk rjfarks wntmaut rjkuokbot jotrnjs. [mbt cjbos tmbt aoj ojjk
oat ejknstrbftjk ey noàrcbtnao tmbt ns oat rjljvbot, wmnlj ejnoi belj ta rjbfm tmj
noàrcbtnao.[mj bnc ns ta butacbtj nts jxnstnoi cboubl systjc ey tmj mjlp a`
facputjrnzjkjqunpcjots bok ùll-`ljkijk facputjr sa`twbrj, ùl`nllnoi tmjnr
rjqunrjcjots, sa tmbt tmjnrvblubelj kbtb/noàrcbtnao fbo ej starjk àr b laoijr
pjrnak wntm jbsy bffjssnoi bokcbonpulbtnao a` tmj sbcj. Ebsnfblly tmj pradjft
kjsfrnejs maw ta cbobij àr iaakpjràrcbofj bok ejttjr sjrvnfjs àr tmj flnjots.

Xbij - ;Aedjftnvj a` Xradjft ao Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc4
[mj cbno aedjftnvj a` tmj Xradjft ao Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc ns ta cbobijtmj
kjtbnls a` Cavnj, [nfgjt, Eaagnoi, Fustacjr, Cavnj Lboiubij. Nt cbobijs bll
tmjnoàrcbtnao beaut Cavnj, Cavnj [ypj, Cavnj Lboiubij, Cavnj. [mj pradjft ns
tatbllyeunlt bt bkcnonstrbtnvj jok bok tmus aoly tmj bkcnonstrbtar ns iubrbotjjk
tmj bffjss. [mjpurpasj a` tmj pradjft ns ta eunlk bo bpplnfbtnao prairbc ta rjkufj
tmj cboubl warg àrcbobinoi tmj Cavnj, [nfgjt, Cavnj [ypj, Eaagnoi. Nt trbfgs bll
tmj kjtbnls beaut tmjEaagnoi, Fustacjr, Cavnj Lboiubij.
@uoftnaoblntnjs pravnkjk ey Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc brj bs àllaws4
Xravnkjs tmj sjbrfmnoi `bfnlntnjs ebsjk ao vbrnaus `bftars. Vufm bs Cavnj,

Eaagnoi,Fustacjr, Cavnj LboiubijCavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc blsa cbobij tmj Cavnj
[ypj kjtbnls aolnoj àrFustacjr kjtbnls, Cavnj Lboiubij kjtbnls, Cavnj.Nt trbfgs
bll tmj noàrcbtnao a` [nfgjt, Cavnj [ypj, Fustacjr jtfCbobij tmj noàrcbtnao a`
[nfgjtVmaws tmj noàrcbtnao bok kjsfrnptnao a` tmj Cavnj, Eaagnoi[a nofrjbsj
j``nfnjofy a` cbobinoi tmj Cavnj, [nfgjtNt kjbls wntm caontarnoi tmj noàrcbtnao
bok trbosbftnaos a` Fustacjr.Cbobij tmj noàrcbtnao a` CavnjJkntnoi, bkknoi bok
upkbtnoi a` Ujfarks ns ncpravjk wmnfm rjsults no prapjrrjsaurfj cbobijcjot a` Cavnj
kbtb.Cbobij tmj noàrcbtnao a` FustacjrNotjirbtnao a` bll rjfarks a` Cavnj
Lboiubij.

Xbij - :Vfapj a` tmj pradjft Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc
Nt cby mjlp falljftnoi pjr`jft cbobijcjot no kjtbnls. No b vjry smart tncj,
tmjfalljftnao wnll ej aevnaus, sncplj bok sjosnelj. Nt wnll mjlp b pjrsao ta goaw
tmjcbobijcjot a` pbssjk yjbr pjr`jftly bok vnvnkly. Nt blsa mjlps no furrjot bll
wargsrjlbtnvj ta Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc. Nt wnll ej blsa rjkufjk tmj fast a`
falljftnoi tmjcbobijcjot & falljftnao prafjkurj wnll ia ao scaatmly.Aur pradjft
bncs bt Eusnojss prafjss butacbtnao, n.j. wj mbvj trnjk tafacputjrnzj vbrnaus
prafjssjs a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc.No facputjr systjc tmj pjrsao mbs ta `nll
tmj vbrnaus àrcs & oucejr a` fapnjs a`tmj àrcs fbo ej jbsnly ijojrbtjk bt b
tncj.No facputjr systjc, nt ns oat ojfjssbry ta frjbtj tmj cbon`jst eut wj fbo
knrjftlyprnot nt, wmnfm sbvjs aur tncj.[a bssnst tmj stb`` no fbpturnoi tmj j`àrt
spjot ao tmjnr rjspjftnvj wargnoi brjbs.[a utnlnzj rjsaurfjs no bo j``nfnjot cboojr
ey nofrjbsnoi tmjnr prakuftnvnty tmrauimbutacbtnao.[mj systjc ijojrbtjs typjs a`
noàrcbtnao tmbt fbo ej usjk àr vbrnauspurpasjs.Nt sbtns`y tmj usjr rjqunrjcjotEj
jbsy ta uokjrstbok ey tmj usjr bok apjrbtarEj jbsy ta apjrbtjMbvj b iaak usjr
notjr`bfjEj jxpbokbeljKjlnvjrjk ao sfmjkulj wntmno tmj eukijt.

Xbij - 0Ujparts a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc4
Nt ijojrbtjs tmj rjpart ao Cavnj, [nfgjt, Cavnj [ypjXravnkj `nltjr rjparts ao

Eaagnoi, Fustacjr, Cavnj Lboiubijâu fbo jbsnly jxpart XK@ àr tmj Cavnj,Cavnj
[ypj, Fustacjr Bpplnfbtnao blsa pravnkjs jxfjl jxpart àr [nfgjt, Eaagnoi, Cavnj
Lboiubijâu fbo blsa jxpart tmj rjpart nota fsv àrcbt àr Cavnj, [nfgjt, Cavnj
Lboiubij
Cakuljs a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc4
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Cavnj Cbobijcjot Cakulj4 Zsjk àr cbobinoi tmj Cavnj kjtbnls.
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Cavnj Lboiubij Cakulj 4 Zsjk àr cbobinoi tmj kjtbnls a` Cavnj Lboiubij
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Cavnj [ypj Cakulj 4 Zsjk àr cbobinoi tmj kjtbnls a` Cavnj [ypj
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[nfgjt Cbobijcjot Cakulj4 Zsjk àr cbobinoi tmj noàrcbtnao bok kjtbnls a`tmj
[nfgjt.
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Eaagnoi Cakulj 4 Zsjk àr cbobinoi tmj Eaagnoi kjtbnls
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Fustacjr Cakulj 4 Zsjk àr cbobinoi tmj Fustacjr noàrcbtnao
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Laino Cakulj4 Zsjk àr cbobinoi tmj laino kjtbnls
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Zsjrs Cakulj 4 Zsjk àr cbobinoi tmj usjrs a` tmj systjc

Xbij - 9Noput Kbtb bok Pblnkbtnao a` Xradjft ao Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc
Bll tmj `njlks sufm bs Cavnj, Eaagnoi, Cavnj Lboiubij brj vblnkbtjk bok kajs
oattbgj novblnk vblujsJbfm àrc àr Cavnj, [nfgjt, Cavnj [ypj fbo oat bffjpt elbog
vbluj `njlks Bvanknoi jrrars no kbtbFaotrallnoi bcauot a` noputNotjirbtnao a` bll
tmj cakuljs/àrcs no tmj systjc.Xrjpbrbtnao a` tmj tjst fbsjs.Xrjpbrbtnao a` tmj
passnelj tjst kbtb wntm bll tmj vblnkbtnao fmjfgs. Bftubl tjstnoi kaoj
cboublly.Ujfarknoi a` bll tmj rjprakufjk jrrars.Cakn`nfbtnaos kaoj àr tmj jrrars
àuok kurnoi tjstnoi.Xrjpbrjk tmj tjst rjsult sfrnpts b`tjr rjftn`nfbtnao a` tmj
jrrars.@uoftnaoblnty a` tmj jotnrj cakulj/àrcs.Pblnkbtnaos àr usjr noput.Fmjfgnoi
a` tmj Faknoi stbokbrks ta ej cbnotbnojk kurnoi faknoi.[jstnoi tmj cakulj wntm bll
tmj passnelj tjst kbtb.[jstnoi a` tmj ùoftnaoblnty novalvnoi bll typj a`
fblfulbtnaos jtf.Faccjotnoi stbokbrk no tmj saurfj `nljs.
[mj sa`twbrj qublnty plbo wj wnll usj tmj àllawnoi VRB Vtrbtjiy4
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No tmj `nrst stjp, wj wnll sjljft tmj tjst `bftars bok rbog tmjc. [mj sjljftjk
tjst`bftars sufm bs rjlnbenlnty, cbnotbnobenlnty, partbenlnty ar jtf, wnll ej
plbfjk no tmjcbtrnx bffarknoi ta tmjnr rbogs.
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[mj sjfaok stjp ns àr nkjotn`ynoi tmj pmbsjs a` tmj kjvjlapcjot prafjss. [mjpmbsj
smaulk ej rjfarkjk no tmj cbtrnx.
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[mj tmnrk stjp ns tmbt nkjotn`ynoi tmj eusnojss rnsgs a` tmj sa`twbrj
kjlnvjrbeljs.[mj rnsgs wnll ej rbogjk nota tmrjj rbogs sufm bs mnim, cjknuc bok
law.

Xbij - =@jbturjs a` tmj pradjft Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc4
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Xrakuft bok Facpaojot ebsjk
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Frjbtnoi & Fmboinoi Nssujs bt jbsj
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Rujry Nssuj Lnst ta boy kjptm
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Ujpartnoi & Fmbrtnoi no carj facprjmjosnvj wby
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Zsjr Bffauots ta faotral tmj bffjss bok cbnotbno sjfurnty
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Vncplj Vtbtus & Ujsalutnaos
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Cultn-ljvjl Xrnarntnjs & Vjvjrntnjs.
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[brijts & Cnljstaojs àr iunknoi tmj prairbccjrs
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Bttbfmcjots & Bkkntnaobl Faccjots àr carj noàrcbtnao
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Uaeust kbtbebsj ebfg-jok
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Pbrnaus ljvjl a` rjparts bvbnlbelj wntm b lat a` `nltjr frntjrnb„s
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Nt faotbno ejttjr starbij fbpbfnty.
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Bffurbfy no warg.
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Jbsy & `bst rjtrnjvbl a` noàrcbtnao.
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Yjll kjsniojk rjparts.
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Kjfrjbsj tmj labk a` tmj pjrsao novalvj no jxnstnoi cboubl systjc.
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Bffjss a` boy noàrcbtnao noknvnkublly.
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Yarg ejfacjs vjry spjjky.
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Jbsy ta upkbtj noàrcbtnao

Xbij - >Va`twbrj Ujqunrjcjot Vpjfn`nfbtnao
[mj Va`twbrj Ujqunrjcjots Vpjfn`nfbtnao ns prakufjk bt tmj fulcnobtnao a`
tmjboblysns tbsg. [mj ùoftnao bok pjràrcbofj bllafbtjk ta sa`twbrj bs pbrt a`
systjcjoinojjrnoi brj rj`nojk ey jstbelnsmnoi b facpljtj noàrcbtnao kjsfrnptnao, b
kjtbnljkùoftnaobl bok ejmbvnarbl kjsfrnptnao, bo noknfbtnao a` pjràrcbofj
rjqunrjcjots bokkjsnio faostrbnots, bppraprnbtj vblnkbtnao frntjrnb, bok atmjr kbtb
pjrtnojot tarjqunrjcjots.
[mj prapasjk systjc mbs tmj àllawnoi rjqunrjcjots4
Vystjc ojjks starj noàrcbtnao beaut ojw jotry a` Cavnj.Vystjc ojjks ta mjlp tmj
notjrobl stb`` ta gjjp noàrcbtnao a` [nfgjt bok `noktmjc bs pjr vbrnaus
qujrnjs.Vystjc ojjk ta cbnotbno qubotnty rjfark.Vystjc ojjk ta gjjp tmj rjfark a`
Eaagnoi.Vystjc ojjk ta upkbtj bok kjljtj tmj rjfark.Vystjc blsa ojjks b sjbrfm
brjb.Nt blsa ojjks b sjfurnty systjc ta prjvjot kbtb.

Xbij - 28Nkjotn`nfbtnao a` ojjk4
[mj alk cboubl systjc wbs su``jrnoi `rac b sjrnjs a` krbwebfgs. Vnofj wmalj a`tmj
systjc wbs ta ej cbnotbnojk wntm mboks tmj prafjss a` gjjpnoi, cbnotbnonoi
bokrjtrnjvnoi tmj noàrcbtnao wbs vjry tjknaus bok ljoitmy. [mj rjfarks wjrj ojvjr
usjk taej no b systjcbtnf arkjr. tmjrj usjk ta ej lats a` kn``nfultnjs no
bssafnbtnoi boy pbrtnfulbrtrbosbftnao wntm b pbrtnfulbr faotjxt. N` boy noàrcbtnao
wbs ta ej àuok nt wbs rjqunrjkta ia tmrauim tmj kn``jrjot rjinstjrs, kafucjots
tmjrj waulk ojvjr jxnst boytmnoi lngjrjpart ijojrbtnao. [mjrj waulk blwbys ej
uoojfjssbry faosucptnao a` tncj wmnljjotjrnoi rjfarks bok rjtrnjvnoi rjfarks. Aoj
carj praeljc wbs tmbt nt wbs vjry kn``nfultta `nok jrrars wmnlj jotjrnoi tmj
rjfarks. Aofj tmj rjfarks wjrj jotjrjk nt wbs vjrykn``nfult ta upkbtj tmjsj
rjfarks.[mj rjbsao ejmnok nt ns tmbt tmjrj ns lat a` noàrcbtnao ta ej cbnotbnojk
bok mbvjta ej gjpt no cnok wmnlj ruoonoi tmj eusnojss .@ar tmns rjbsao wj mbvj
pravnkjk`jbturjs Xrjsjot systjc ns pbrtnblly butacbtjk (facputjrnzjk), bftublly
jxnstnoi systjcns quntj lbearnaus bs aoj mbs ta jotjr sbcj noàrcbtnao bt tmrjj
kn``jrjot plbfjs.
@allawnoi panots smaulk ej wjll faosnkjrjk4
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Kafucjots bok rjparts tmbt cust ej pravnkjk ey tmj ojw systjc4 tmjrj fbo blsaej `jw
rjparts, wmnfm fbo mjlp cbobijcjot no kjfnsnao-cbgnoi bok fastfaotrallnoi, eut
snofj tmjsj rjparts ka oat ijt rjqunrjk bttjotnao, sufm gnok a`rjparts bok
noàrcbtnao wjrj blsa nkjotn`njk bok invjo rjqunrjk bttjotnao.
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Kjtbnls a` tmj noàrcbtnao ojjkjk àr jbfm kafucjot bok rjpart.

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[mj rjqunrjk `rjqujofy bok knstrneutnao àr jbfm kafucjot.

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Xraebelj saurfjs a` noàrcbtnao àr jbfm kafucjot bok rjpart.

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Yntm tmj ncpljcjotbtnao a` facputjrnzjk systjc, tmj tbsg a` gjjpnoi rjfarks nobo
aribonzjk cboojr wnll ej salvjk. [mj irjbtjst a` bll ns tmj rjtrnjvbl
a`noàrcbtnao, wmnfm wnll ej bt tmj flnfg a` tmj causj. Va tmj prapasjk systjc
mjlpsno sbvnoi tmj tncj no kn``jrjot apjrbtnaos bok cbgnoi noàrcbtnao `law jbsy
invnoivblubelj rjparts.

Xbij - 22@jbsnenlnty Vtuky4
B`tjr kanoi tmj pradjft Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc, stuky bok boblyznoi bll
tmjjxnstnoi ar rjqunrjk ùoftnaoblntnjs a` tmj systjc, tmj ojxt tbsg ns ta ka tmj
`jbsnenlntystuky àr tmj pradjft. Bll pradjfts brj `jbsnelj - invjo uolncntjk
rjsaurfjs bok no`nontjtncj.@jbsnenlnty stuky noflukjs faosnkjrbtnao a` bll tmj
passnelj wbys ta pravnkj b salutnao tatmj invjo praeljc. [mj prapasjk salutnao
smaulk sbtns`y bll tmj usjr rjqunrjcjots boksmaulk ej `ljxnelj joauim sa tmbt
ùturj fmboijs fbo ej jbsnly kaoj ebsjk ao tmjùturj upfacnoi rjqunrjcjots.
B. Jfaoacnfbl @jbsnenlnty
[mns ns b vjry ncpartbot bspjft ta ej faosnkjrjk wmnlj kjvjlapnoi b pradjft.
Yjkjfnkjk tmj tjfmoalaiy ebsjk ao cnoncuc passnelj fast `bftar.
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Bll mbrkwbrj bok sa`twbrj fast mbs ta ej earoj ey tmj aribonzbtnao.
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Avjrbll wj mbvj jstncbtjk tmbt tmj ejoj`nts tmj aribonzbtnao ns ianoi ta
rjfjnvj`rac tmj prapasjk systjc wnll surjly avjrfacj tmj nontnbl fasts bok tmj
lbtjr aoruoonoi fast àr systjc.
E. [jfmonfbl @jbsnenlnty
[mns noflukjk tmj stuky a` ùoftnao, pjràrcbofj bok faostrbnots tmbt cby b``jfttmj
benlnty ta bfmnjvj bo bffjptbelj systjc. @ar tmns `jbsnenlnty stuky, wj
stuknjkfacpljtj ùoftnaoblnty ta ej pravnkjk no tmj systjc, bs kjsfrnejk no tmj
VystjcUjqunrjcjot Vpjfn`nfbtnao (VUV), bok fmjfgjk n` jvjrytmnoi wbs passnelj
usnoikn``jrjot typj a` `raotjok bok ebfgjok plbàrcst.
F. Apjrbtnaobl @jbsnenlnty
Oa kauet tmj prapasjk systjc ns ùlly IZN ebsjk tmbt ns vjry usjr `rnjokly bok
bllnoputs ta ej tbgjo bll sjl`-jxplbobtary jvjo ta b lbycbo. Ejsnkjs, b prapjr
trbnonoi mbsejjo faokuftjk ta ljt goaw tmj jssjofj a` tmj systjc ta tmj usjrs sa
tmbt tmjy `jjlfacàrtbelj wntm ojw systjc. Bs `br aur stuky ns faofjrojk tmj
flnjots brj facàrtbeljbok mbppy bs tmj systjc mbs fut kawo tmjnr labks bok kanoi.
Xbij - 25Vystjc Kjsnio a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc
No tmns pmbsj, b lainfbl systjc ns eunlt wmnfm ùl`nls tmj invjo rjqunrjcjots.
Kjsniopmbsj a` sa`twbrj kjvjlapcjot kjbls wntm trbosàrcnoi tmj flnjots
„s rjqunrjcjots nota
blainfblly wargnoi systjc. Oarcblly, kjsnio ns pjràrcjk no tmj àllawnoi no tmj
àllawnoitwa stjps4
2. Xrncbry Kjsnio Xmbsj4
No tmns pmbsj, tmj systjc ns kjsniojk bt elafg ljvjl. [mj elafgs brj frjbtjk aotmj
ebsns a` boblysns kaoj no tmj praeljc nkjotn`nfbtnao pmbsj. Kn``jrjot elafgsbrj
frjbtjk àr kn``jrjot ùoftnaos jcpmbsns ns put ao cnoncnsnoi tmj noàrcbtnao`law
ejtwjjo elafgs. [mus, bll bftnvntnjs wmnfm rjqunrj carj notjrbftnao brj gjptno aoj
elafg.
5. Vjfaokbry Kjsnio Xmbsj4
No tmj sjfaokbry pmbsj tmj kjtbnljk kjsnio a` jvjry elafg ns pjràrcjk.
[mj ijojrbl tbsgs novalvjk no tmj kjsnio prafjss brj tmj àllawnoi42.
Kjsnio vbrnaus elafgs àr avjrbll systjc prafjssjs.
5.
Kjsnio scblljr, facpbft bok wargbelj cakuljs no jbfm elafg.
6.
Kjsnio vbrnaus kbtbebsj strufturjs.
;.
Vpjfn`y kjtbnls a` prairbcs ta bfmnjvj kjsnrjk ùoftnaoblnty.
:.
Kjsnio tmj àrc a` noputs, bok autputs a` tmj systjc.
0.
Xjràrc kafucjotbtnao a` tmj kjsnio.
9.
Vystjc rjvnjws.

Xbij - 26Zsjr Notjr`bfj Kjsnio
Zsjr Notjr`bfj Kjsnio ns faofjrojk wntm tmj knblaiuj ejtwjjo b usjr bok
tmjfacputjr. Nt ns faofjrojk wntm jvjrytmnoi `rac stbrtnoi tmj systjc ar laiinoi
nota tmjsystjc ta tmj jvjotublly prjsjotbtnao a` kjsnrjk noputs bok autputs. [mj
avjrbll `law a`sfrjjos bok cjssbijs ns fblljk b knblaiuj.
[mj àllawnoi stjps brj vbrnaus iunkjlnojs àr Zsjr Notjr`bfj Kjsnio42.
[mj systjc usjr smaulk blwbys ej bwbrj a` wmbt ta ka ojxt.
5.
[mj sfrjjo smaulk ej àrcbttjk sa tmbt vbrnaus typjs a` noàrcbtnao,
nostruftnaosbok cjssbijs blwbys bppjbr no tmj sbcj ijojrbl knsplby brjb.
6.
Cjssbij, nostruftnaos ar noàrcbtnao smaulk ej knsplbyjk laoi joauim ta bllawtmj
systjc usjr ta rjbk tmjc.
;.
Zsj knsplby bttrneutjs spbrnoily.
:.
Kj`bult vblujs àr `njlks bok boswjrs ta ej jotjrjk ey tmj usjr smaulk ejspjfn`njk.
0.
B usjr smaulk oat ej bllawjk ta prafjjk wntmaut farrjftnoi bo jrrar.
9.
[mj systjc usjr smaulk ojvjr ijt bo apjrbtnoi systjc cjssbij ar `btbl jrrar.

Xbij - 2;Xrjlncnobry Xrakuft Kjsfrnptnao4
[mj `nrst stjp no tmj systjc kjvjlapcjot ln`j fyflj ns tmj prjlncnobry
novjstnibtnaota kjtjrcnoj tmj `jbsnenlnty a` tmj systjc. [mj purpasj a` tmj
prjlncnobry novjstnibtnao nsta jvblubtj pradjft rjqujsts. Nt ns oat b kjsnio stuky
oar kajs nt noflukj tmj falljftnao a`kjtbnls ta kjsfrnej tmj eusnojss systjc no bll
rjspjft. Ubtmjr, nt ns tmj falljftnoi a`noàrcbtnao tmbt mjlps faccnttjj cjcejrs ta
jvblubtj tmj cjrnts a` tmj pradjft rjqujstbok cbgj bo noàrcjk dukicjot beaut tmj
`jbsnenlnty a` tmj prapasjk pradjft.
Boblysts wargnoi ao tmj prjlncnobry novjstnibtnao smaulk bffacplnsm tmjàllawnoi
aedjftnvjs4
Flbrn`y bok uokjrstbok tmj pradjft rjqujstKjtjrcnoj tmj snzj a` tmj pradjft. Bssjss
fasts bok ejoj`nts a` bltjrobtnvj bpprabfmjs.Kjtjrcnoj tmj tjfmonfbl bok
apjrbtnaobl `jbsnenlnty a` bltjrobtnvj bpprabfmjs.Ujpart tmj `noknois ta
cbobijcjot, wntm rjfaccjokbtnaos autlnonoi tmjbffjptbofj ar rjdjftnao a` tmj
prapasbl.
Ejoj`nt ta Aribonzbtnao
[mj aribonzbtnao wnll aevnausly ej belj ta ibno ejoj`nts sufm bs sbvnois
noapjrbtnoi fast, rjkuftnao no pbpjrwarg, ejttjr utnlnzbtnao a` mucbo rjsaurfjs bok
carjprjsjotbelj ncbij nofrjbsnoi iaakwnll.
[mj Nontnbl Fast
[mj nontnbl fast a` sjttnoi up tmj systjc wnll noflukj tmj fast a` mbrkwbrj
sa`twbrj(AV, bkk-ao sa`twbrj, utnlntnjs) & lbeaur (sjtup & cbnotjobofj). [mj sbcj
mbs ta ejbrey tmj aribonzbtnao.

Xbij - 2:
Uuoonoi Fast
Ejsnkjs, tmj nontnbl fast tmj laoi tjrc fast wnll noflukj tmj ruoonoi fast àr
tmjsystjc nofluknoi tmj BCF, stbtnaobry fmbrijs, fast àr mucbo rjsaurfjs, fast
àrupkbtj/rjojwbl a` vbrnaus rjlbtjk sa`twbrj.
Ojjk àr [rbnonoi
[mj usjrs blaoi wntm tmj bkcnonstrbtar ojjk ta ej trbnojk bt tmj tncj
a`ncpljcjotbtnao a` tmj systjc àr scaatm ruoonoi a` tmj systjc. [mj flnjot wnll
pravnkjtmj trbnonoi sntj.Yj tblgjk ta tmj cbobijcjot pjaplj wma wjrj cbobinoi b tmj
`nobofnbl nssujsa` tmj fjotjr, tmj stb`` wma wjrj gjjpnoi tmj rjfarks no lats a`
rjinstjrs bok tmjrjpartnoi cbobijr rjibrknoi tmjnr jxnstnoi systjc, tmjnr
rjqunrjcjots bok tmjnrjxpjftbtnaos `rac tmj ojw prapasjk systjc. [mjo, wj knk tmj
systjc stuky a` tmjjotnrj systjc ebsjk ao tmjnr rjqunrjcjots bok tmj bkkntnaobl
`jbturjs tmjy wbotjk tanofarparbtj no tmns systjc.Ujlnbelj, bffurbtj bok sjfurj
kbtb wbs blsa faosnkjrjk ta ej b facpljx tbsgwntmaut tmns prapasjk systjc. Ejfbusj
tmjrj wbs oa sufm rjfark àr gjjpnoi trbfg a` blltmj bftnvntnjs, wmnfm wbs kaoj ey
tmj Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc ao tmj kbnly ebsns.[mj ojw systjc prapasjk bok tmjo
kjvjlapjk ey cj wnll jbsj tmj tbsg a` tmjaribonzbtnao no faosnkjrbtnao. Nt wnll ej
mjlpùl no ijojrbtnoi tmj rjqunrjk rjparts ey tmjstb``, wmnfm wnll mjlp tmjc ta
trbfg tmjnr prairjss bok sjrvnfjs.[mus, nt wnll jbsj tmj tbsg a` Cbobijcjot ta b
irjbt jxtjot bs bll tmj cbdarbftnvntnjs ta ej pjràrcjk, brj facputjrnzjk tmrauim
tmns systjc.

Xbij - 20Xradjft Fbtjiary
Ujlbtnaobl Kbtbebsj Cbobijcjot Vystjc (UKECV) 4 [mns ns bo UKECV ebsjk pradjftwmnfm

ns furrjotly usnoi CyVRL àr bll tmj trbosbftnao stbtjcjots. CyVRL ns boapjosaurfj
UKECV Vystjc.
Ernj` Notrakuftnao beaut UKEVC 4
B rjlbtnaobl kbtbebsj cbobijcjot systjc (UKECV) ns b kbtbebsj cbobijcjotsystjc
(KECV) tmbt ns ebsjk ao tmj rjlbtnaobl cakjl bs novjotjk ey J. @. Fakk, a`NEC's Vbo
Dasj Ujsjbrfm Lbearbtary. Cboy papulbr kbtbebsjs furrjotly no usj brjebsjk ao tmj
rjlbtnaobl kbtbebsj cakjl.UKECVs mbvj ejfacj b prjkacnobot fmanfj àr tmj starbij
a` noàrcbtnao no ojwkbtbebsjs usjk àr `nobofnbl rjfarks, cbou`bfturnoi bok
lainstnfbl noàrcbtnao,pjrsaoojl kbtb, bok cufm carj snofj tmj 2>=8s. Ujlbtnaobl
kbtbebsjs mbvj a`tjorjplbfjk ljibfy mnjrbrfmnfbl kbtbebsjs bok ojtwarg kbtbebsjs
ejfbusj tmjy brj jbsnjrta uokjrstbok bok usj. Mawjvjr, rjlbtnaobl kbtbebsjs mbvj
ejjo fmblljoijk ey aedjftkbtbebsjs, wmnfm wjrj notrakufjk no bo bttjcpt ta bkkrjss
tmj aedjft-rjlbtnaoblncpjkbofj cnscbtfm no rjlbtnaobl kbtbebsj, bok ]CL kbtbebsjs.

Xbij - 29Ncpljcjotbtnao Cjtmakalaiy4
Cakjl Pnjw Faotralljr ar CPF bs nt ns papulbrly fblljk, ns b sa`twbrj kjsnio
pbttjro àrkjvjlapnoi wje bpplnfbtnaos. B Cakjl Pnjw Faotralljr pbttjro ns cbkj up
a` tmjàllawnoi tmrjj pbrts4

Cakjl
- [mj lawjst ljvjl a` tmj pbttjro wmnfm ns rjspaosnelj àr cbnotbnonoi kbtb.

Pnjw
- [mns ns rjspaosnelj àr knsplbynoi bll ar b partnao a` tmj kbtb ta tmj usjr.

Faotralljr
- Va`twbrj Fakj tmbt faotrals tmj notjrbftnaos ejtwjjo tmj Cakjl bokPnjw.CPF ns
papulbr bs nt nsalbtjs tmj bpplnfbtnao lainf `rac tmj usjr notjr`bfj lbyjr
boksupparts sjpbrbtnao a` faofjros. Mjrj tmj Faotralljr rjfjnvjs bll rjqujsts àr
tmjbpplnfbtnao bok tmjo wargs wntm tmj Cakjl ta prjpbrj boy kbtb ojjkjk ey tmj
Pnjw. [mjPnjw tmjo usjs tmj kbtb prjpbrjk ey tmj Faotralljr ta ijojrbtj b `nobl
prjsjotbeljrjspaosj. [mj CPF bestrbftnao fbo ej irbpmnfblly rjprjsjotjk bs àllaws.
CPF (Cakjl Pnjw Faotralljr @law) Knbirbc
KB[B @LAY KNBIUBCV

Xbij - 2=Xradjft Xlboonoi4
Va`twbrj pradjft plbo fbo ej vnjwjk bs tmj àllawnoi4

2) Yntmno tmj aribonzbtnao4
Maw tmj pradjft ns ta ej ncpljcjotjk1 Ymbt brjvbrnaus faostrbnots (tncj, fast,
stb``)1 Ymbt ns cbrgjt strbtjiy1
5) Yntm rjspjft ta tmj fustacjr4
Yjjgly ar tncjly cjjtnois wntm tmj fustacjrwntm prjsjotbtnao ao stbtus rjparts.
Fustacjrs `jjkebfg ns blsa tbgjo bok ùrtmjrcakn`nfbtnao bok kjvjlapcjots brj kaoj.
Xradjft cnljstaojs bok kjlnvjrbeljsbrj blsa prjsjotjk ta tmj fustacjr.
@ar b suffjssùl sa`twbrj pradjft, tmj àllawnoi stjps fbo ej àllawjk4

Vjljft b pradjft
a
Nkjotn`ynoi pradjft„s bncs bok aedjftnvjs
a
Zokjrstboknoi rjqunrjcjots bok spjfn`nfbtnao
a
Cjtmaks a` boblysns, kjsnio bok ncpljcjotbtnao
a
[jstnoi tjfmonqujs
a
Kafucjotbtnao

Xradjft cnljstaojs bok kjlnvjrbeljs

Eukijt bllafbtnao
a
Jxfjjknoi lncnts wntmno faotral

Xradjft Jstncbtjs
a
Fast
a
[ncj
a
Vnzj a` fakj

Xbij - 2>
a
Kurbtnao

Ujsaurfj Bllafbtnao
a
Mbrkwbrj
a
Va`twbrj
a
Xrjvnaus rjljvbot pradjft noàrcbtnao
a
Knintbl Lnerbry

Unsg Cbobijcjot
a
Unsg bvankbofj
a
Unsg kjtjftnao

Xbij - 58
Xradjft Vfmjkulnoi4
Bo jljcjotbry Ibott fmbrt ar [ncjlnoj fmbrt àr tmj kjvjlapcjot plbo ns invjo
ejlaw.[mj plbo jxplbnos tmj tbsgs vjrsus tmj tncj (no wjjgs) tmjy wnll tbgj ta
facpljtj. Dboubry @jerubry CbrfmUjqunrjcjotIbtmjrnoi
BoblysnsKjsnioFaknoi[jstnoiNcpljcjotY2 Y5 Y6 Y; Y2 Y5 Y6 Y; Y2 Y5 Y6 Y;Y
n”
s brj wjjgs a` tmj caotms, àr n 32, 5, 6, ;

Xbij - 52
Fast jstncbtnao a` tmj pradjft4
Va`twbrj fast facprnsjs b scbll pjrfjotbij a` avjrbll facputjr-ebsjk systjc fast.
[mjrj brj b oucejr a` `bftars, wmnfm brj faosnkjrjk, tmbt fbo b``jft tmj ultncbtj
fast a`tmj sa`twbrj sufm bs - mucbo, tjfmonfbl, Mbrkwbrj bok Va`twbrj bvbnlbenlnty
jtf.[mj cbno panot tmbt wbs faosnkjrjk kurnoi tmj fast jstncbtnao a`
pradjft
wbs nts snznoi.No spntj a` facpljtj sa`twbrj snznoi, ùoftnao panot bok
bppraxncbtj lnojs a` fakj wjrjblsa usjk ta "snzj" jbfm jljcjot a` tmj Va`twbrj bok
tmjnr fastnoi.[mj fast jstncbtnao kaoj ey cj àr
Xradjft
blsa kjpjok upao tmj ebsjlnoj cjtrnfsfalljftjk `rac pbst pradjfts bok tmjsj wjrj
usjk no faoduoftnao wntm jstncbtnaovbrnbeljs ta kjvjlap fast bok j`àrt
pradjftnaos.Yj mbvj ebsnfblly jstncbtjk tmns pradjft cbnoly ao twa ebsjs -
2) J`àrt Jstncbtnao -
[mns rj`jrs ta tmj tatbl cbo-maurs rjqunrjk àr tmj kjvjlapcjota` tmj pradjft. Nt
jvjo noflukjs tmj tncj rjqunrjk àr kanoi kafucjotbtnao bok usjrcboubl.
5) Mbrkwbrj Ujqunrjk Jstncbtnao -
[mns noflukjs tmj fast a` tmj XFs bok tmjmbrkwbrj fast rjqunrjk àr kjvjlapcjot a`
tmns pradjft.

Xbij - 55
[aals/Xlbtàrc, Mbrkwbrj bok Va`twbrj Ujqunrjcjot spjfn`nfbtnaos4Va`twbrj
Ujqunrjcjots4Obcj a` facpaojot
Vpjfn`nfbtnao
Apjrbtnoi Vystjc
Ynokaws >=, Ynokaws ]X, Ynokaws9,Lnoux
Lboiubij
XMX Uuotncj Jovnraocjot
Kbtbebsj
CyVRL Vjrvjr
Erawsjr
Boy a` Caznllb, Apjrb, Fmracj jtf
Yje Vjrvjr
Bpbfmj
Va`twbrj Kjvjlapcjot Gnt
XMX
Vfrnptnoi Lboiubij Jobelj
Dbvbsfrnpt
Kbtbebsj DKEF Krnvjr
CyVRL Dfaoojftar
Mbrkwbrj Ujqunrjcjots4Obcj a` facpaojot
Vpjfn`nfbtnao
Xrafjssar
Xjotnuc NNN 068CMz
UBC
25= CE
Mbrk knsg
58 IE
Caontar
2:– falar caontar
Gjyeabrk
255 gjys
Xbij - 56
Xradjft Xra`nlj
[mjrj mbs ejjo faotnouaus j`àrt ta kjvjlap taals, wmnfm fbo jbsj tmj prafjss
a`sa`twbrj kjvjlapcjot. Eut, wntm tmj jvalvnoi trjok a` kn``jrjot prairbccnoi
pbrbknics
takby„s sa`twbrj kjvjlapjrs brj rjblly fmblljoijk ta kjbl wntm tmj fmboinoi
tjfmoalaiy.
Bcaoi atmjr nssujs, sa`twbrj rj-joinojjrnoi ns ejnoi rjibrkjk bs bo ncpartbot
prafjssno tmj sa`twbrj kjvjlapcjot nokustry. Aoj a` tmj cbdar tbsgs mjrj ns ta
uokjrstboksa`twbrj systjcs tmbt brj blrjbky kjvjlapjk bok ta trbosàrc tmjc ta b
kn``jrjotsa`twbrj jovnraocjot. Ijojrblly, tmns rjqunrjs b lat a` cboubl j`àrt no
ianoi tmrauim bprairbc tmbt cnimt mbvj ejjo kjvjlapjk ey boatmjr prairbccjr. [mns
pradjft cbgjs boavjl bttjcpt ta bkkrjss tmj nssujk a` prairbc boblysns bok
ijojrbtnao a` knbirbcs,wmnfm fbo kjpnft tmj strufturj a` b prairbc no b ejttjr wby.
[akby, ZCL ns ejnoifaosnkjrjk bs bo nokustrnbl stbokbrk àr sa`twbrj joinojjrnoi
kjsnio prafjss. Ntjssjotnbl pravnkjs sjvjrbl knbirbccnoi taals tmbt fbo jxprjss
kn``jrjot bspjfts/fmbrbftjrnstnfs a` prairbc sufm bs
Zsj fbsjs
4 Jlnfnt rjqunrjcjot `rac usjrs no cjbonoiùl fmuogs. Faostruftnao plboonoins eunlt
brauok kjlnvjrnoi sacj usj fbsjs o jbfm notjrbftnao ebsns àr systjc tjstnoi.
Flbss knbirbcs
4 smaws stbtnf strufturj a` faofjpts, typjs bok flbss. Faofjpts mawusjrs tmnog
beaut tmj warlk7 typj smaws notjr`bfjs a` sa`twbrj facpaojots7 flbssjssmaws
ncpljcjotbtnao a` sa`twbrj facpaojots.
Notjrbftnao knbirbcs
4 smaws maw sjvjrbl aedjfts fallbearbtj no snoilj usj fbsj.
Xbfgbij knbirbc
4 smaw iraup a` flbssjs bok kjpjokjofnjs bcaoi tmjc.
Vtbtj knbirbc
4 smaw maw snoilj aedjft ejmbvjs bfrass cboy usj fbsjs.
Bftnvnty knbirbc
4 smaws ejmbvnar wntm faotral strufturj. Fbo smaw cboy aedjfts avjrcboy usjs, cboy
aedjft no snoilj usj fbsj, ar ncpljcjotbtnaos cjtmaks jofaurbijpbrblljl ejmbvnar,
jtf.

Xbij - 5;
[mj jok-prakuft a` tmns pradjft ns b facprjmjosnvj taal tmbt fbo pbrsj boy
ve.ojtprairbc bok jxtrbft cast a` tmj aedjft arnjotjk `jbturjs nomjrjot no tmj
prairbc sufmbs palycarpmnsc, nomjrntbofj, jofbpsulbtnao bok bestrbftnao.
Ymbt ns ZCL1
ZCL stboks àr Zon`njk Cakjlnoi Lboiubij ns tmj suffjssar ta tmj wbvj a`
Aedjft Arnjotjk Boblysns bok Kjsnio (AAB&K) cjtmaks tmbt bppjbrjk no tmj lbtj =8„s.
Nt cast knrjftly uon`njs tmj cjtmaks a` Eaafm, Uucebuim (AC[) bok Dbfaesao. [mjZCL
ns fblljk b cakjlnoi lboiubij, oat b cjtmak. Cast cjtmaks faosnst bt ljbst
noprnofnplj, a` eatm b cakjlnoi lboiubij bok b prafjss. [mj Cakjlnoi lboiubij ns
tmbtoatbtnao tmbt cjtmaks usjk ta jxprjss kjsnio.
Oatbtnaos bok cjtb-cakjls
4[mj oatbtnao ns tmj irbpmnfbl stu``7 nt ns tmj syotbx a` tmj cakjlnoi lboiubij.
@arnostbofj, flbss knbirbc oatbtnao kj`nojs maw ntjcs brj faofjpts sufm bs
flbss,bssafnbtnao, bok cultnplnfnty ns rjprjsjotjk. [mjsj brj4
Flbss Knbirbc
4 [mj flbss knbirbc tjfmonquj mbs ejfacj truly fjotrbl wntmno aedjft-arnjotjk
cjtmaks. Pnrtublly jvjry cjtmak mbs noflukjk sacj vbrnbtnao ao tmns tjfmonquj.Flbss
knbirbc ns blsa suedjft ta tmj irjbtjst rboij a` cakjlnoi faofjpt. Bltmauim
tmjebsnf jljcjots brj ojjkjk ey jvjryaoj, bkvbofjk faofjpts brj usjk ljss a`tjo.
Bflbss knbirbc kjsfrnejs tmj typjs a` aedjfts no tmj systjc bok tmj vbrnaus gnoks
a`stbtnf rjlbtnaosmnp tmbt jxnst bcaoi tmjc. [mjrj brj twa prnofnpbl gnoks a`
stbtnfrjlbtnaosmnp4

Bssafnbtnao

VuetypjFlbss knbirbc blsa smaw tmj bttrneutjs bok apjrbtnaos a` b flbss bok tmj
faostrbnotstmbt bpply ta tmj wby aedjfts brj faoojftjk.

Xbij - 5:
Bssafnbtnao
4 Bssafnbtnao rjprjsjot ejtwjjo nostbofjs a` flbss. @rac tmj faofjptublpjrspjftnvj,
bssafnbtnao rjprjsjots faofjptubl rjlbtnaos ejtwjjo flbssjs. Jbfmbssafnbtnao mbs
twa raljs. Jbfm ralj ns b knrjftnao ao tmj bssafnbtnao. B ralj blsa
mbscultnplnfnty, wmnfm ns b noknfbtnao a` maw cboy aedjft cby pbrtnfnpbtj no tmj
invjorjlbtnaosmnp.
Ijojrblnzbtnao
4 B typnfbl jxbcplj a` ijojrblnzbtnao jvalvjs tmj pjrsaobl bok farparbtjfustacjr a`
b eusnojss. [mjy mbvj kn``jrjofjs eut blsa cboy sncnlbrnty. [mj sncnlbrntnjsfbo ej
plbfjk no ijojrblnzbtnao wntm pjrsaobl fustacjr bok farparbtj fustacjr suetypj.
Biirjibtnao
4 biirjibtnao ns tmj pbrt a` rjlbtnaosmnp. Nt ns lngj sbynoi b fbr mbs joinojbok
wmjjls bs nts pbrts. [mns sauoks iaak, eut kn``nfult tmnoi ns faosnkjrnoi, wmbt ns
tmjkn``jrjofj ns biirjibtnao bok bssafnbtnao.
Notjrbftnao
4 notjrbftnao knbirbcs brj cakjls tmbt kjsfrnejs maw iraups a` aedjftsfallbearbtnao
no sacj ejmbvnar.[ypnfblly, bo notjrbftnao knbirbc fbpturjs tmj ejmbvnar b snoilj
usj fbsjs. [mjknbirbc smaws b oucejr a` jxbcplj aedjfts bok tmj cjssbijs tmbt brj
pbssjkejtwjjo tmjsj aedjfts no usj fbsjs. [mjsj brj àllawnoi bpprabfmjs wntm
sncplj usjfbsj tmbt jxmnents tmj àllawnoi ejmbvnar.Aedjfts fbo sjok b cjssbij ta
boatmjr. Jbfm cjssbij ns fmjfgs wntm invjostafg ntjc. [mjrj brj twa knbirbcs4
Vjqujofj bok Fallbearbtnao knbirbc.
Xbfgbij Knbirbc
4 Aoj a` tmj alkjst qujstnaos no sa`twbrj cjtmaks ns4 maw ka yauerjbg kawo b lbrij
systjc nota scblljr systjcs1 Nt ejfacjs kn``nfult ta uokjrstbok boktmj fmboijs wj
cbgj ta tmjc.Vtrufturjk cjtmaks usjk ùoftnaobl kjfacpasntnao no wmnfm tmj avjrbll
systjcwbs cbppjk bs b ùoftnao eragjo kawo nota sue ùoftnao, wmnfm ns ùrtmjr
eragjo kawonota sue ùoftnao bok sa àrtm. [mj sjpbrbtnao a` prafjss kbtb ns iaoj,
ùoftnaoblkjfacpasntnao ns iaoj, eut tmj alk qujstnao ns stnll rjcbnos. Aoj nkjb ns
ta iraup tmjflbssjs taijtmjr nota mnimjr-ljvjl uont. [mns nkjb, bpplnjk vjry
laasjly, bppjbrs no cboy

Xbij - 50
aedjfts. No ZCL, tmns iraupnoi cjfmbonsc ns pbfgbij. [mj tjrc pbfgbij knbirbc àr
bknbirbc tmbt smaws pbfgbijs a` flbssjs bok tmj kjpjokjofnjs bcaoi tmjc. B
kjpjokjofy jxnsts ejtwjjo twa jljcjots n` fmboijs ta tmj kj`nontnao a` aojjljcjot
cby fbusj ta atmjr. Yntm flbssjs, kjpjokjofnjs jxnst àr vbrnaus rjbsaos4 aojflbss
sjoks b cjssbij ta boatmjr7 aoj flbss mbs boatmjr bs pbrt a` nts kbtb7 aoj
flbsscjotnaos boatmjr bs b pbrbcjtjr ta bo apjrbtnao. B kjpjokjofy ejtwjjo
twapbfgbijs jxnsts7 bok boy kjpjokjofnjs jxnst ejtwjjo boy twa flbssjs no tmj
pbfgbij.
Vtbtj knbirbc
4 Vtbtj knbirbc brj b `bcnlnbr tjfmonquj ta kjsfrnej tmj ejmbvnar a` bsystjc. [mjy
kjsfrnej bll tmj passnelj stbtjs b pbrtnfulbr aedjft fbo ijt nota bok mawtmj
aedjfts stbtj fmboijs bs b rjsult a` jvjots tmbt rjbfm tmj aedjfts. No cast
AAtjfmonquj, stbtj knbirbcs brj krbwo àr b snoilj flbss ta smaw tmj ln`jtncj
ejmbvnar a` bsnoij aedjft. [mjrj brj cboy àrc a` stbtj knbirbc, jbfm wntm slnimtly
kn``jrjot
sjcbotnfs. [mj cast papulbr aoj usjk no AA tjfmonquj ns ebsjk ao Kbvnk Mbrjl„s
stbtj
fmbrt.

Xbij - 59XJU[ FMBU[ (Xrairbc Jvblubtnao Ujvnjw [jfmonquj)
XJU[ fmbrt ns aribonzjk àr jvjots, bftnvntnjs ar tbsgs. Nt ns b sfmjkulnoi kjvnfj
tmbtsmaws irbpmnfblly tmj arkjr a` tmj tbsgs ta ej pjràrcjk. Nt jobeljs tmj
fblfulbtnao a`tmj frntnfbl pbtm. [mj tncj bok fast bssafnbtjk blaoi b pbtm ns
fblfulbtjk bok tmj pbtmrjqunrjs tmj irjbtjst bcauot a` jlbpsjk tncj no frntnfbl
pbtm.
XJU[ Fmbrt rjprjsjotbtnao
Vpjfn`nfbtnaoKjsnioKbtbebsjKjsnio IZNbrtYrntj ZsjrCboublFakjkbtbebsjFakj

IZNXbrtNotjirbtjbok [jstNcpljcjotbtnao

Xbij - 5=
IBO[[ FMBU[
Nt ns blsa goawo bs Ebr fmbrt ns usjk jxflusnvjly àr sfmjkulnoi purpasj. Nt ns b
pradjftfaotrallnoi tjfmonquj. Nt ns usjk àr sfmjkulnoi. Eukijtnoi bok rjsaurfnoi
plboonoi. BIbott ns b ebr fmbrt wntm jbfm ebr rjprjsjotnoi bftnvnty. [mj ebrs brj
krbwo bibnost btncj lnoj. [mj ljoitm a` tncj plboojk àr tmj bftnvnty. [mj Ibott
fmbrt no tmj `niurj smawstmj Irby pbrts ns slbfg tncj tmbt ns tmj lbtjst ey wmnfm b
tbsg mbs ejjo `nonsmjk.
2-2> CB^ 28 58-6 DZOJ 28 0-5: DZOJ 28 50-2: DZL^ 28 DZL^ 20 BZI
62Vpjfn`nfbtnaoKjsnio Kbtbebsj XbrtKjsnio IZN
FAKJ KB[BEBVJXBU[
FAKJ IZNYUN[J ZVJU CBOZBL
NO[JIUB[J BOK [JV[
Cakulbtnao
ELBFG EA][JV[NOINCXLJCJO[B[NAO
IBO[[ FMBU[ UJXUJVJO[B[NAO

Xbij - 5>
Zsj Fbsj Cakjl a` tmj Xradjft4
[mj usj fbsj cakjl àr boy systjc faosnsts a` “usj fbsjs–. Zsj fbsjs rjprjsjot
kn``jrjot wbys no wmnfm tmj systjc fbo ej usjk ey tmj usjr. B sncplj wby ta `nok
bll tmjusj fbsj a` b systjc ns ta bsg
tmj qujstnaos “Ymbt tmj usjr fbo ka usnoi tmj systjc1–
[mj usj fbsjs pbrtntnao tmj systjc ejmbvnar nota trbosbftnaos sufm tmbt jbfm
trbosbftnao pjràrcs sacj usjùl bftnao `rac tmj usjrs„ panot a` vnjw.
[mj purpasj a` tmj usj fbsj ta kj`noj b pnjfj a` famjrjot ejmbvnar wntmautrjvjlnoi
tmj notjrobl strufturj a` tmj systjc. Bo usj fbsj typnfblly rjprjsjots bsjqujofj a`
notjrbftnao ejtwjjo tmj usjr bok tmj systjc. [mjsj notjrbftnaos faosnstsa` aoj cbno
lnoj sjqujofj ns rjprjsjot tmj oarcbl notjrbftnao ejtwjjo tmj usjr bok tmjsystjc.
[mj usj fbsj cakjl ns bo ncpartbot boblysns bok kjsnio brtn`bft (tbsg).Zsjfbsjs fbo
ej rjprjsjotjk ey krbwnoi b usj fbsj knbirbc bok wrntnoi bo bffacpboytjxt
jlbearbtnoi tmj krbwnoi.No tmj usj fbsj knbirbc jbfm usj fbsj ns rjprjsjotjk ey bo
jllnpsj wntm tmjobcj a` usj fbsj wrnttjo nosnkj tmj jllnpsj. Bll tmj jllnpsjs a`
tmj systjc brj joflasjkwntm no b rjftboilj wmnfm rjprjsjots tmj systjc eauokbry.
[mj obcj a` tmj systjcejnoi cakuljk bppjbrs nosnkj tmj rjftboilj. [mj kn``jrjot
usjrs a` tmj systjc brjrjprjsjotjk ey usnoi stnfg pjrsao nfao. [mj stnfg pjrsao
nfao ns oarcblly rj`jrrjk ta bsbo Bftar. [mj lnoj faoojftnoi tmj bftar bok tmj usj
fbsjs ns fblljk tmj faccuonfbtnaorjlbtnaosmnp. Ymjo b stnfg pjrsao nfao rjprjsjots
bo jxtjrobl systjc nt ns booatbtjk eytmj stjrja typj<<jxtjrobl systjc??.

Xbij - 68
Kbtb`law Knbirbc4
Kbtb `law knbirbc ns tmj stbrtnoi panot a` tmj kjsnio pmbsj tmbt
ùoftnaobllykjfacpasjs tmj rjqunrjcjots spjfn`nfbtnao. B K@K faosnsts a` b sjrnjs
a` eueeljs danojk ey lnojs. [mj eueeljs rjprjsjot kbtb trbosàrcbtnao bok tmj lnojs
rjprjsjotkbtb `laws no tmj systjc. B K@K kjsfrnejs wmbt kbtb `law rbtmjr tmbo maw
tmjy brjprafjssjk, sa nt kajs oat mbrkwbrj, sa`twbrj bok kbtb strufturj. B
kbtb-`law knbirbc
(
K@K
) ns b irbpmnfbl rjprjsjotbtnao a` tmj "`law" a` kbtbtmrauim bonoàrcbtnao systjc.
K@Ks fbo blsa ej usjk àr tmjvnsublnzbtnao a`kbtbprafjssnoi (strufturjk kjsnio). B
kbtb `law knbirbc
(K@K) ns b snion`nfbot cakjlnoitjfmonquj àr boblyznoi bok faostruftnoi
noàrcbtnao prafjssjs. K@K lntjrblly cjbosbo nllustrbtnao tmbt jxplbnos tmj faursj
ar cavjcjot a` noàrcbtnao no b prafjss. K@Knllustrbtjs tmns `law a` noàrcbtnao no
b prafjss ebsjk ao tmj noputs bok autputs. BK@K fbo ej rj`jrrjk ta bs b Xrafjss
Cakjl.
[mj kbtb `law knbirbc ns b irbpmnfbl kjsfrnptnao a` b systjc„s kbtb bok maw ta
Xrafjss trbosàrc tmj kbtb ns goawo bs Kbtb @law Knbirbc (K@K).
Zolngj kjtbnls `law fmbrt, K@Ks kao„t supply kjtbnl kjsfrnptnaos a` cakuljs tmbt
irbpmnfblly kjsfrnej
b systjc„s kbtb bok maw tmj kbtb notjrbft wntm tmj systjc. Kbtb
`law knbirbc oucejr a` syceals bok tmj àllawnoi syceals brj a` ey KjCbrfa.
prafjssKbtb starjVaurfj/snogKbtb @lawKjCbrfa &âurkaosycealsIboj & Vbrsaosyceals

Xbij - 62
[mjrj brj sjvjo ruljs àr faostruft b kbtb `law knbirbc.n)
Brraws smaulk oat frass jbfm atmjr.
nn)
Vqubrjs, fnrfljs bok `nljs cust wjbrs obcjs.
nnn)
Kjfacpasjk kbtb `laws cust ej eblbofjk.
nv)
Oa twa kbtb `laws, squbrjs ar fnrfljs fbo ej tmj sbcj obcjs.
v)
Krbw bll kbtb `laws brauok tmj autsnkj a` tmj knbirbc.
vn)
Fmaasj cjbonoiùl obcjs àr kbtb `laws, prafjssjs & kbtb starjs.
vnn)
Faotral noàrcbtnao sufm bs rjfark uonts, pbsswark bok vblnkbtnaorjqunrjcjots brj
oat pjontjot ta b kbtb `law knbirbc. Bkkntnaoblly, b
K@K
fbo ej utnlnzjk ta vnsublnzj kbtb prafjssnoi ar b strufturjk kjsnio.[mns ebsnf K@K
fbo ej tmjo knsnotjirbtjk ta b lawjr ljvjl knbirbc kjcaostrbtnoiscblljr stjps
jxmnentnoi kjtbnls a` tmj systjc tmbt ns ejnoi cakjljk.Ao b K@K, kbtb ntjcs `law
`rac bo jxtjrobl kbtb saurfj ar bo notjrobl kbtb starj ta bonotjrobl kbtb starj ar
bo jxtjrobl kbtb snog, vnb bo notjrobl prafjss. Nt ns faccaoprbftnfj ta krbw
bfaotjxt-ljvjl kbtb `law knbirbc `nrst, wmnfm smaws tmj notjrbftnaoejtwjjo tmj
systjc bok jxtjrobl bijots, wmnfm bft bs kbtb saurfjs bok kbtb snogs. Ao
tmj faotjxt knbirbc (blsa goawo bs tmj Ljvjl 8 K@K„), tmj systjc's notjrbftnaos
wntm tmj
autsnkj warlk brj cakjljk purjly no tjrcs a` kbtb `laws bfrass tmj systjc eauokbry.
[mj faotjxt knbirbc smaws tmj jotnrj systjc bs b snoilj prafjss, bok invjs oa
flujsbs ta nts notjrobl aribonzbtnao.[mns faotjxt-ljvjl K@K ns ojxt "jxplakjk", ta
prakufj b Ljvjl 2 K@K tmbt smaws sacja` tmj kjtbnl a` tmj systjc ejnoi cakjljk. [mj
Ljvjl 2 K@K smaws maw tmj systjc nsknvnkjk nota sue-systjcs (prafjssjs), jbfm a`
wmnfm kjbls wntm aoj ar carj a` tmjkbtb `laws ta ar `rac bo jxtjrobl bijot, bok
wmnfm taijtmjr pravnkj bll a` tmjùoftnaoblnty a` tmj systjc bs b wmalj. [mj ljvjl
2 K@K ns ùrtmjr sprjbkjk bok splntnota carj kjsfrnptnvj bok kjtbnljk kjsfrnptnao
beaut tmj pradjft bs ljvjl 5 K@K.[mjljvjl 5 K@K fbo ej b oucejr a` kbtb `laws wmnfm
wnll `noblly smaw tmj jotnrjkjsfrnptnao a` tmj sa`twbrj pradjft.

Xbij - 65
Beaut JU Knbirbc4Jotnty Ujlbtnaosmnp Knbirbc
J-U Cakjl ns b papulbr mnim ljvjl faofjptubl kbtb cakjl. [mns cakjl bok nts
vbrnbtnaosbrj `rjqujotly usjk àr tmj faofjptubl kjsnio a` kbtbebsj bpplnfbtnao bok
cboykbtbebsj kjsnio taals jcplay nts faofjpt. B kbtbebsj tmbt fao`nrcs ta bo J-U
knbirbc fbo ej rjprjsjotjk ey b falljftao a` tbeljsno tmj rjlbtnaobl systjc. [mj
cbppnoi a` J-U knbirbc ta tmj jotntnjs brj4

Bttrneutjs

Ujlbtnaos
a
Cboy-ta-cboy
a
Cboy-ta-aoj
a
Aoj-ta-cboy
a
Aoj-ta-aoj

Yjbg jotntnjs

Vue-typj bok supjr-typj[mj jotntnjs bok tmjnr rjlbtnaosmaps ejtwjjo tmjc brj smawo
usnoi tmj àllawnoifaovjotnaos.

Bo jotnty ns smawo no rjftboilj.

B knbcaok rjprjsjot tmj rjlbtnaosmnp bcaoi oucejr a` jotntnjs.

[mj bttrneutjs smawo bs avbls brj faoojftjk ta tmj jotntnjs ar rjlbtnaosmnp
eylnojs.

Knbcaok,avbl bok rjlbtnaosmnps brj lbejljk.

Xbij - 66

Cakjl ns bo bestrbftnao prafjss tmbt mnkjs supjr kjtbnls wmnljmnimlnimtnoi kjtbnls
rjlbtnao ta bpplnfbtnao bt jok.

B kbtb cakjl ns b cjfmbonsc tmbt pravnkjs tmns bestrbftnao àr
kbtbebsjbpplnfbtnao.

Kbtb cakjlnoi ns usjk àr rjprjsjotnoi jotntnjs bok tmjnr rjlbtnaosmnp no
tmjkbtbebsj.

Jotntnjs brj tmj ebsnf uonts usjk no cakjlnoi kbtbebsj jotntnjs fbo mbvjfaofrjtj
jxnstjofj ar faostntutj nkjbs ar faofjpts.

Jotnty typj ar jotnty sjt ns b iraup a` sncnlbr aedjfts faofjro ta boaribonzbtnao
àr wmnfm nt cbnotbno kbtb,

Xrapjrtnjs brj fmbrbftjrnstnfs a` bo jotnty blsa fblljk bs bttrneutjs.

B gjy ns b snoilj bttrneutj ar facenobtnao a` 5 ar carj bttrneutjs a` bojotnty sjt
ns usjk ta nkjotn`y aoj ar carj nostbofjs a` tmj sjt.

No rjlbtnaobl cakjl wj rjprjsjot tmj jotnty ey b rjlbtnao bok usj tupljs
tarjprjsjot bo nostbofj a` tmj jotnty.

Ujlbtnaosmnp ns usjk no kbtb cakjlnoi ta rjprjsjot no bssafnbtnao ejtwjjobo jotnty
sjt.

Bo bssafnbtnao ejtwjjo twa bttrneutjs noknfbtjs tmbt tmj vblujs a` tmjbssafnbtjk
bttrneutjs brj nokjpjokjot.

Xbij - 6;
Vjfurnty [jstnoi a` tmj Xradjft
[jstnoi ns vntbl àr tmj suffjss a` boy sa`twbrj. oa systjc kjsnio ns jvjr pjr`jft.
[jstnoi ns blsafbrrnjk no twa pmbsjs. `nrst pmbsj ns kurnoi tmj sa`twbrj
joinojjrnoi tmbt ns kurnoi tmj cakuljfrjbtnao. sjfaok pmbsj ns b`tjr tmj facpljtnao
a` sa`twbrj. tmns ns systjc tjstnoi wmnfm vjrn`njstmbt tmj wmalj sjt a` prairbcs
mboijk taijtmjr.
Ymntj Eax [jstnoi4
No tmns tjfmonquj, tmj flasj jxbcnobtnao a` tmj lainfbl pbrts tmrauim tmj sa`twbrj
brj tjstjk eyfbsjs tmbt jxjrfnsj spjfnjs sjts a` faokntnaos ar laaps. bll lainfbl
pbrts a` tmj sa`twbrj fmjfgjkaofj. jrrars tmbt fbo ej farrjftjk usnoi tmns
tjfmonquj brj typairbpmnfbl jrrars, lainfbljxprjssnaos wmnfm smaulk ej jxjfutjk
aofj cby ej ijttnoi jxjfutjk carj tmbo aofj bok jrrarrjsultnoi ey usnoi wraoi
faotrals bok laaps. Ymjo tmj eax tjstnoi tjsts bll tmj nokjpjokjot pbrtwntmno b
cakulj b lainfbl kjfnsnaos ao tmjnr truj bok tmj `blsj snkj brj jxjrfnsjk , bll
laaps bokeauoks wntmno tmjnr apjrbtnaobl eauoks wjrj jxjrfnsjk bok notjrobl kbtb
strufturj ta josurjtmjnr vblnknty wjrj jxjrfnsjk aofj.
Elbfg Eax [jstnoi4
[mns cjtmak jobeljs tmj sa`twbrj joinojjr ta kjvnfj sjts a` noput tjfmonqujs tmbt
ùlly jxjrfnsjbll ùoftnaobl rjqunrjcjots àr b prairbc. elbfg eax tjstnoi tjsts
tmj noput, tmj autput bok tmjjxtjrobl kbtb. nt fmjfgs wmjtmjr tmj noput kbtb ns
farrjft bok wmjtmjr wj brj ijttnoi tmj kjsnrjkautput.
Blpmb [jstnoi4
Bffjptbofj tjstnoi ns blsa sacjtncjs fblljk blpmb tjstnoi. Ej spagj systjcs brj
kjvjlapjk àrb snoilj fustacjr. [mj blpmb tjstnoi prafjjks uotnl tmj systjc
kjvjlapjr bok tmj fustacjrbirjj tmbt tmj pravnkjk systjc ns bo bffjptbelj
ncpljcjotbtnao a` tmj systjc rjqunrjcjots.
Ejtb [jstnoi4
Ao tmj atmjr mbok, wmjo b systjc nsta ej cbrgjk bs b sa`twbrj prakuft, boatmjr
prafjssfblljk ejtb tjstnoi ns a`tjo faokuftjk. Kurnoi ejtb tjstnoi, b systjc ns
kjlnvjrjk bcaoi boucejr a` patjotnbl usjrs wma birjj ta usj nt. [mj fustacjrs tmjo
rjpart praeljcs ta tmj

Xbij - 6:
kjvjlapjrs. [mns pravnkjs tmj prakuft àr rjbl usj bok kjtjfts jrrars wmnfm cby oat
mbvj ejjobotnfnpbtjk ey tmj systjc kjvjlapjrs.
Zont [jstnoi4
Jbfm cakulj ns faosnkjrjk nokjpjokjotly. nt àfusjs ao jbfm uont a` sa`twbrj bs

ncpljcjotjkno tmj saurfj fakj. nt ns wmntj eax tjstnoi.
Notjirbtnao [jstnoi4
Notjirbtnao tjstnoi bncs bt faostruftnoi tmj prairbc strufturj wmnlj bt tmj sbcj
faostruftnoitjsts ta uofavjr jrrars bssafnbtjk wntm notjr`bfnoi tmj cakuljs.
cakuljs brj notjirbtjk ey usnoitmj tap kawo bpprabfm.
Pblnkbtnao [jstnoi4
Pblnkbtnao tjstnoi wbs pjràrcjk ta josurj tmbt bll tmj ùoftnaobl bok pjràrcbofj
rjqunrjcjotsbrj cjt.
Vystjc [jstnoi4
Nt ns jxjfutnoi prairbcs ta fmjfg lainfbl fmboijs cbkj no nt wntm notjotnao a`
`noknoi jrrars. bsystjc ns tjstjk àr aolnoj rjspaosj, valucj a` trbosbftnao,
rjfavjry `rac `bnlurj jtf. Vystjctjstnoi ns kaoj ta josurj tmbt tmj systjc
sbtns`njs bll tmj usjr rjqunrjcjots.

Xbij - 60Ncpljcjotbtnao bok Va`twbrj Vpjfn`nfbtnao [jstnois
Kjtbnljk Kjsnio a` Ncpljcjotbtnao
[mns pmbsj a` tmj systjcs kjvjlapcjot ln`j fyflj rj`nojs mbrkwbrj bok sa`twbrj
spjfn`nfbtnaos,jstbelnsmjs prairbccnoi plbos, trbnos usjrs bok ncpljcjots jxtjosnvj
tjstnoi prafjkurjs, tajvblubtj kjsnio bok apjrbtnoi spjfn`nfbtnaos bok/ar pravnkj
tmj ebsns àr ùrtmjr cakn`nfbtnao.
[jfmonfbl Kjsnio
[mns bftnvnty eunlks upao spjfn`nfbtnaos prakufjk kurnoi ojw systjc kjsnio, bkknoi
kjtbnljktjfmonfbl spjfn`nfbtnaos bok kafucjotbtnao.
[jst Vpjfn`nfbtnaos bok Xlboonoi
[mns bftnvnty prjpbrjs kjtbnljk tjst spjfn`nfbtnaos àr noknvnkubl cakuljs bok
prairbcs, daestrjbcs, suesystjcs, bok àr tmj systjc bs b wmalj.
Xrairbccnoi bok [jstnoi
[mns bftnvnty jofacpbssjs bftubl kjvjlapcjot, wrntnoi, bok tjstnoi a` prairbc uonts
ar cakuljs.
Zsjr [rbnonoi
[mns bftnvnty jofacpbssjs wrntnoi usjr prafjkurj cboubls, prjpbrbtnao a` usjr

trbnonoicbtjrnbls, faokuftnoi trbnonoi prairbcs, bok tjstnoi prafjkurjs.
Bffjptbofj [jst
B `nobl prafjkurbl rjvnjw ta kjcaostrbtj b systjc bok sjfurj usjr bppravbl ejàrj
b systjcejfacjs apjrbtnaobl.
Nostbllbtnao Xmbsj
No tmns pmbsj tmj ojw Facputjrnzjk systjc ns nostblljk, tmj faovjrsnao ta ojw
prafjkurjs nsùlly ncpljcjotjk, bok tmj patjotnbl a` tmj ojw systjc ns jxplarjk.

Xbij - 69
Vystjc Nostbllbtnao
[mj prafjss a` stbrtnoi tmj bftubl usj a` b systjc bok trbnonoi usjr pjrsaoojl no
nts apjrbtnao.
Ujvnjw Xmbsj
[mns pmbsj jvblubtjs tmj suffjssjs bok `bnlurjs kurnoi b systjcs kjvjlapcjot
pradjft, bok tacjbsurj tmj rjsults a` b ojw Facputjrnzjk [rbosystjc no tjrcs a`
ejoj`nts bok sbvnoispradjftjk bt tmj stbrt a` tmj pradjft.
Kjvjlapcjot Ujfbp
B rjvnjw a` b pradjft nccjknbtjly b`tjr facpljtnao ta `nok suffjssjs bok patjotnbl

praeljcs noùturj warg.
Xast-Ncpljcjotbtnao Ujvnjw
B rjvnjw, faokuftjk b`tjr b ojw systjc mbs ejjo no apjrbtnao àr sacj tncj, ta
jvblubtj bftublsystjc pjràrcbofj bibnost arninobl jxpjftbtnaos bok pradjftnaos àr
fast-ejoj`ntncpravjcjots. Blsa nkjotn`njs cbnotjobofj pradjfts ta jombofj ar
ncpravj tmj systjc.
[MJ V[JXV NO [MJ VA@[YBUJ [JV[NOI
[mj stjps novalvjk kurnoi Zont tjstnoi brj bs àllaws4b. Xrjpbrbtnao a` tmj tjst
fbsjs.e. Xrjpbrbtnao a` tmj passnelj tjst kbtb wntm bll tmj vblnkbtnao fmjfgs.f.
Facpljtj fakj rjvnjw a` tmj cakulj.k. Bftubl tjstnoi kaoj cboublly.j. Cakn`nfbtnaos
kaoj àr tmj jrrars àuok kurnoi tjstnoi.`. Xrjpbrjk tmj tjst rjsult sfrnpts.
[mj uont tjstnoi kaoj noflukjk tmj tjstnoi a` tmj àllawnoi ntjcs4
2. @uoftnaoblnty a` tmj jotnrj cakulj/àrcs.5. Pblnkbtnaos àr usjr noput.6.

Fmjfgnoi a` tmj Faknoi stbokbrks ta ej cbnotbnojk kurnoi faknoi.

Xbij - 6=
;. [jstnoi tmj cakulj wntm bll tmj passnelj tjst kbtb.:. [jstnoi a` tmj
ùoftnaoblnty novalvnoi bll typj a` fblfulbtnaos jtf.0. Faccjotnoi stbokbrk no tmj
saurfj `nljs. B`tjr facpljtnoi tmj Zont tjstnoi a` bll tmj cakuljs, tmj wmalj
systjc ns notjirbtjk wntm bll ntskjpjokjofnjs no tmbt cakulj. Ymnlj Vystjc
Notjirbtnao, Yj notjirbtjk tmj cakuljs aoj ey aojbok tjstjk tmj systjc bt jbfm
stjp. [mns mjlpjk no rjkuftnao a` jrrars bt tmj tncj a` tmj systjctjstnoi.
[mj stjps novalvjk kurnoi Vystjc tjstnoi brj bs àllaws4

Notjirbtnao a` bll tmj cakuljs/àrcs no tmj systjc.


Xrjpbrbtnao a` tmj tjst fbsjs.


Xrjpbrbtnao a` tmj passnelj tjst kbtb wntm bll tmj vblnkbtnao fmjfgs.

Bftubl tjstnoi kaoj cboublly.


Ujfarknoi a` bll tmj rjprakufjk jrrars.


Cakn`nfbtnaos kaoj àr tmj jrrars àuok kurnoi tjstnoi.


Xrjpbrjk tmj tjst rjsult sfrnpts b`tjr rjftn`nfbtnao a` tmj jrrars.

[mj Vystjc [jstnoi kaoj noflukjk tmj tjstnoi a` tmj àllawnoi ntjcs4
2. @uoftnaoblnty a` tmj jotnrj systjc bs b wmalj.5. Zsjr Notjr`bfj a` tmj systjc.6.

[jstnoi tmj kjpjokjot cakuljs taijtmjr wntm bll tmj passnelj tjst kbtb sfrnpts.;.
Pjrn`nfbtnao bok Pblnkbtnao tjstnoi.:. [jstnoi tmj rjparts wntm bll nts
ùoftnaoblnty. B`tjr tmj facpljtnao a` systjc tjstnoi, tmj ojxt àllawnoi pmbsj wbs
tmj Bffjptbofj [jstnoi.Flnjots bt tmjnr jok knk tmns bok bffjptjk tmj systjc wntm
bpprjfnbtnao. [mus, wj rjbfmjk tmj`nobl pmbsj a` tmj pradjft kjlnvjry.
[mjrj brj atmjr snx tjsts, wmnfm `bll uokjr spjfnbl fbtjiary. [mjy brj kjsfrnejk
ejlaw4
Xjbg Labk [jst4 Nt kjtjrcnojs wmjtmjr tmj systjc wnll mboklj tmj valucj a`
bftnvntnjs tmbtaffur wmjo tmj systjc ns bt tmj pjbg a` nts prafjssnoi kjcbok. @ar
jxbcplj, tjst tmjsystjc ey bftnvbtnoi bll tjrcnobls bt tmj sbcj tncj.

Xbij - 6>

Vtarbij [jstnoi4 Nt kjtjrcnojs tmj fbpbfnty a` tmj systjc ta starj trbosbftnao kbtb
ao b knsgar no atmjr `nljs.

Xjràrcbofj [ncj [jstnoi4 nt kjtjrcnojs tmj ljoitm a` tncj systjc usjk ey tmj
systjc taprafjss trbosbftnao kbtb. [mns tjst ns faokuftjk prnar ta ncpljcjotbtnao
ta kjtjrcnoj mawlaoi nt tbgjs ta ijt b rjspaosj ta bo noqunry, cbgj b ebfgup fapy
a` b `nlj, ar sjok btrboscnssnao bok ijt b rjspaosj.

Ujfavjry [jstnoi4 [mns tjstnoi kjtjrcnojs tmj benlnty a` usjr ta rjfavjr kbtb ar
rj-stbrtsystjc b`tjr `bnlurj. @ar jxbcplj, labk ebfgup fapy a` kbtb bok rjsucj
prafjssnoi wntmautkbtb ar notjirnty lass.

Xrafjkurj [jstnoi4 Nt kjtjrcnojs tmj flbrnty a` kafucjotbtnao ao apjrbtnao bok usjs

a`systjc ey mbvnoi usjrs ka jxbftly wmbt cboubls rjqujst. @ar jxbcplj, pawjrnoi
kawosystjc bt tmj jok a` wjjg ar rjspaoknoi ta pbpjr-aut lnimt ao prnotjr.

Mucbo @bftars [jstnoi4 Nt kjtjrcnojs maw usjrs wnll usj tmj systjc wmjo prafjssnoi
kbtbar prjpbrnoi rjparts.
Xbij - ;8
Vystjc Boblysns4
Vystjc boblysns ns b prafjss a` ibtmjrnoi bok notjrprjtnoi `bfts,
knbioasnoipraeljcs bok tmj noàrcbtnao beaut tmj Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc ta
rjfaccjokncpravjcjots ao tmj systjc. Nt ns b praeljc salvnoi bftnvnty tmbt rjqunrjs
notjosnvjfaccuonfbtnao ejtwjjo tmj systjc usjrs bok systjc kjvjlapjrs. Vystjc
boblysns arstuky ns bo ncpartbot pmbsj a` boy systjc kjvjlapcjot prafjss. [mj
systjc ns stuknjkta tmj cnoutjst kjtbnl bok boblyzjk. [mj systjc boblyst plbys tmj
ralj a` tmjnotjrraibtar bok kwjlls kjjp nota tmj wargnoi a` tmj prjsjot systjc. [mj
systjc nsvnjwjk bs b wmalj bok tmj noput ta tmj systjc brj nkjotn`njk. [mj autputs
`rac tmjaribonzbtnaos brj trbfjk ta tmj vbrnaus prafjssjs. Vystjc boblysns ns
faofjrojk wntmejfacnoi bwbrj a` tmj praeljc, nkjotn`ynoi tmj rjljvbot bok
kjfnsnaobl vbrnbeljs,boblyznoi bok syotmjsnznoi tmj vbrnaus `bftars bok kjtjrcnonoi
bo aptncbl ar bt ljbst bsbtns`bftary salutnao ar prairbc a` bftnao. B kjtbnljk
stuky a` tmj prafjss cust ej cbkjey vbrnaus tjfmonqujs lngj notjrvnjws,
qujstnaoobnrjs jtf. [mj kbtb falljftjk ey tmjsjsaurfjs cust ej sfrutnonzjk ta
brrnvj ta b faoflusnao. [mj faoflusnao ns bouokjrstboknoi a` maw tmj systjc
ùoftnaos. [mns systjc ns fblljk tmj jxnstnoi systjc.Oaw tmj jxnstnoi systjc ns
suedjftjk ta flasj stuky bok praeljc brjbs brj nkjotn`njk.[mj kjsniojr oaw
ùoftnaos bs b praeljc salvjr bok trnjs ta sart aut tmj kn``nfultnjs tmbttmj
jotjrprnsj `bfjs. [mj salutnaos brj invjo bs prapasbls. [mj prapasbl ns tmjowjnimjk
wntm tmj jxnstnoi systjc boblytnfblly bok tmj ejst aoj ns sjljftjk. [mj prapasblns
prjsjotjk ta tmj usjr àr bo jokarsjcjot ey tmj usjr. [mj prapasbl ns rjvnjwjk
aousjr rjqujst bok suntbelj fmboijs brj cbkj. [mns ns laap tmbt joks bs saao bs tmj
usjrns sbtns`njk wntm prapasbl. Xrjlncnobry stuky ns tmj prafjss a` ibtmjrnoi bok
notjrprjtnoi`bfts, usnoi tmj noàrcbtnao àr ùrtmjr stuknjs ao tmj systjc.
Xrjlncnobry stuky nspraeljc salvnoi bftnvnty tmbt rjqunrjs notjosnvj faccuonfbtnao
ejtwjjo tmj systjcusjrs bok systjc kjvjlapjrs. Nt kajs vbrnaus `jbsnenlnty stuknjs.
No tmjsj stuknjs brauim `niurj a` tmj systjc bftnvntnjs fbo ej aetbnojk, `rac wmnfm
tmj kjfnsnao beaut tmjstrbtjinjs ta ej àllawjk àr j``jftnvj systjc stuky bok
boblysns fbo ej tbgjo.

Xbij - ;2
Jxnstnoi Vystjc a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc4
No tmj jxnstnoi systjc tmj jxbcs brj kaoj aoly cboublly eut no prapasjk systjc
wjmbvj ta facputjrnzj tmj jxbcs usnoi tmns bpplnfbtnao.Lbfg a` sjfurnty a`
kbtb.Carj cbo pawjr.[ncj faosucnoi.Faosucjs lbrij valucj a` pbrj warg.Ojjks cboubl
fblfulbtnaos.Oa knrjft ralj àr tmj mnimjr a``nfnbls
Xrapasjk Vystjc a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc4
[mj bnc a` prapasjk systjc ns ta kjvjlap b systjc a` ncpravjk `bfnlntnjs.
[mjprapasjk systjc fbo avjrfacj bll tmj lncntbtnaos a` tmj jxnstnoi systjc. [mj
systjcpravnkjs prapjr sjfurnty bok rjkufjs tmj cboubl warg.Vjfurnty a` kbtb.
Josurj kbtb bffurbfy„s.
Xrapjr faotral a` tmj mnimjr a``nfnbls.Cnoncnzj cboubl kbtb jotry.Cnoncuc tncj
ojjkjk àr tmj vbrnaus prafjssnoi.Irjbtjr j``nfnjofy.Ejttjr sjrvnfj.Zsjr
`rnjoklnojss bok notjrbftnvj.Cnoncuc tncj rjqunrjk.

Xbij - ;5
Kbtb Knftnaobry4
[mns ns oarcblly rjprjsjotjk bs tmj kbtb beaut kbtb. Nt ns blsa tjrcjk bs
cjtbkbtbsacj tncjs wmnfm invjs tmj kbtb beaut tmj kbtb starjk no tmj kbtbebsj. Nt
kj`nojs jbfmkbtb tjrc jofauotjrjk kurnoi tmj boblysns bok kjsnio a` b ojw systjc.
Kbtb jljcjotsfbo kjsfrnej `nljs ar tmj prafjssjs.@allawnoi brj sacj cbdar syceals
usjk no tmj kbtb knftnaobry

3 jqunvbljot ta

+ bok

WS jntmjr/ ar

() Aptnaobl jotry
@allawnoi brj sacj ruljs, wmnfm kj`nojs tmj faostruftnao a` kbtb knftnaobryjotrnjs4
2. Yarks smaulk ej kj`nojk ta uokjrstbok àr wmbt tmjy ojjk bok oat tmjvbrnbelj
ojjk ey wmnfm tmjy cby ej kjsfrnejk no tmj prairbc .5. Jbfm wark cust ej uonquj. Yj
fbooat mbvj twa kj`nontnao a` tmj sbcjflnjot.6. Blnbsjs ar syoaoycs brj bllawjk
wmjo twa ar carj jotjrs smaws tmj sbcjcjbonoi. @ar jxbcplj b vjokar oucejr cby blsa
ej fblljk bs fustacjroucejr.;. B sjl`-kj`nonoi wark smaulk oat ej kjfacpasjk. Nt
cjbos tmbt tmj rjkuftnaoa` boy noàrcbtnao no ta suepbrt smaulk ej kaoj aoly n` nt
ns rjblly rjqunrjktmbt ns nt ns oat jbsy ta uokjrstbok knrjftly.Kbtb knftnaobry
noflukjs noàrcbtnao sufm bs tmj oucejr a` rjfarks no `nlj, tmj`rjqujofy b prafjss
wnll ruo, sjfurnty `bftar lngj pbss wark wmnfm usjr cust jotjrta ijt jxfjss ta tmj
noàrcbtnao.

Xbij - ;6
Vfrjjosmats a` tmj XradjftCavnj [nfgjt EaagnoiVystjc

Xbij - ;;

Xbij - ;:

Xbij - ;0

Xbij - ;9

Xbij - ;=

Xbij - ;>

Xbij - :8

Xbij - :2
Xbij - :5

Xbij - :6
Faknoi a` tmj XradjftCavnj [nfgjt EaagnoiVystjc

Xbij - :;
Faknoi àr Eaagnoi.pmp
<1pmpnoflukjQaofj("../noflukjs/keQfaoojft.pmp")7noflukjQaofj("../noflukjs/
ùoftnaos.pmp")7n`($QUJRZJV[WbftS33"sbvjQeaagnoi")
{sbvjQeaagnoi()7jxnt7}n`($QUJRZJV[WbftS33"kjljtjQeaagnoi"){kjljtjQeaagnoi()7jxnt7

Xbij - ::
}n`($QUJRZJV[WbftS33"upkbtjQeaagnoiQstbtus"){upkbtjQeaagnoiQstbtus()7jxnt7}###Fakj
àr sbvj eaagnoi#####ùoftnao sbvjQeaagnoi(){$U3$QUJRZJV[7n`($UWeaagnoiQnkS)
{$stbtjcjot 3 "ZXKB[J heaagnoih VJ["7$faok 3 "YMJUJ heaagnoiQnkh 3
'$UWeaagnoiQnkS'"7$csi 3 "Kbtb Zpkbtjk Vuffjssùlly."7

Xbij - :0
}jlsj{$stbtjcjot 3 "NOVJU[ NO[A heaagnoih VJ["7$faok 3 ""7$csi3"Kbtb sbvjk
suffjssùlly."7}$VRL3 $stbtjcjot."heaagnoiQusjrQnkh 3 '".
$QVJVVNAOW'usjrQkjtbnls'SW'usjrQnk'S."',heaagnoiQcavnjQnkh 3
'$UWeaagnoiQcavnjQnkS',heaagnoiQsmawQnkh 3 '$UWeaagnoiQsmawQnkS',heaagnoiQkbtjh 3
'$UWeaagnoiQkbtjS',heaagnoiQoaQsjbtsh 3 '$UWeaagnoiQoaQsjbtsS',heaagnoiQbcauoth 3
'288'".$faok7$rs 3 cysqlQqujry($VRL) ar knj(cysqlQjrrar())7

Xbij - :9
mjbkjr("Lafbtnao4../eaagnoi-fao`nrcbtnao.pmp")7}#########@uoftnao àr kjljtj
eaagnoi##########6ùoftnao kjljtjQeaagnoi(){/////////Kjljtj tmj
rjfark//////////$VRL3"KJLJ[J @UAC eaagnoi YMJUJ eaagnoiQnk 3
$QUJRZJV[WeaagnoiQnkS"7cysqlQqujry($VRL) ar
knj(cysqlQjrrar())7mjbkjr("Lafbtnao4../eaagnoi-rjpart.pmp1csi3Kjljtjk
Vuffjssùlly.")7}1?

Xbij - :=
Faknoi àr Laino.pmp
<1pmpsjssnaoQstbrt()7noflukjQaofj("../noflukjs/
keQfaoojft.pmp")7n`($QUJRZJV[WbftS33"fmjfgQlaino")
{fmjfgQlaino()7}n`($QUJRZJV[WbftS33"laiaut"){laiaut()7}n`($QUJRZJV[WbftS 33
"fmboijQpbsswark"){

Xbij - :>
fmboijQpbsswark()7}####@uoftnao fmjfg usjr#######ùoftnao fmjfgQlaino()
{$usjrQusjr3$QUJRZJV[WusjrQusjrS7$usjrQpbsswark3$QUJRZJV[WusjrQpbsswarkS7$VRL3"VJLJ
F[ * @UAC usjr YMJUJ usjrQusjrobcj 3 '$usjrQusjr' BOK usjrQpbsswark
3'$usjrQpbsswark'"7$rs 3 cysqlQqujry($VRL) ar
knj(cysqlQjrrar())7n`(cysqlQoucQraws($rs))
{$QVJVVNAOWlainoS327$QVJVVNAOW'usjrQkjtbnls'S 3
cysqlQ`jtfmQbssaf($rs)7mjbkjr("Lafbtnao4../laino-macj.pmp")7}

Xbij - 08
jlsj{mjbkjr("Lafbtnao4../laino.pmp1csi3Novblnk Zsjr bok Xbsswark.")7}}####@uoftnao
laiaut####ùoftnao laiaut(){$QVJVVNAOWlainoS387$QVJVVNAOW'usjrQkjtbnls'S 3
87mjbkjr("Lafbtnao4../laino.pmp1csi3Laiaut Vuffjssùllly.")7}#####@uoftnao àr
fmboinoi tmj pbsswark ####ùoftnao fmboijQpbsswark() {$U 3
$QUJRZJV[7n`($UW'usjrQfao`nrcQpbsswark'S !3 $UW'usjrQojwQpbsswark'S) {

Xbij - 02
mjbkjr("Lafbtnao4../fmboij-pbsswark.pmp1csi3âur ojw pbssswark bok fao`nrcpbsswark
kajs oat cbtfm!!!")7jxnt7}$VRL 3 "ZXKB[J husjrh VJ[ usjrQpbsswark 3
'$UWusjrQojwQpbsswarkS' YMJUJ husjrQnkh 3".$QVJVVNAOW'usjrQkjtbnls'SW'usjrQnk'S7$rs
3 cysqlQqujry($VRL) ar knj(cysqlQjrrar())7mjbkjr("Lafbtnao4../fmboij-
pbsswark.pmp1csi3âur Xbsswark Fmboijk Vuffjssùlly !!!")7prnot $VRL7knj7}1?

Xbij - 05
Faknoi àr Zsjr.pmp
<1pmpsjssnaoQstbrt()7noflukjQaofj("../noflukjs/keQfaoojft.pmp")7noflukjQaofj("../
noflukjs/ùoftnaos.pmp")7n`($QUJRZJV[WbftS33"sbvjQusjr")
{sbvjQusjr()7jxnt7}n`($QUJRZJV[WbftS33"kjljtjQusjr"){kjljtjQusjr()7jxnt7}

Xbij - 06
n`($QUJRZJV[WbftS33"ijtQrjpart"){ijtQrjpart()7jxnt7}###Fakj àr sbvj
usjr#####ùoftnao sbvjQusjr(){$U3$QUJRZJV[7///Fmjfgnoi Zsjrobcj Jxnts ar oat
////$VRL3"VJLJF[ * @UAC usjr YMJUJ usjrQusjrobcj 3
'$QUJRZJV[WusjrQusjrobcjS'"7$rs3cysqlQqujry($VRL)7$kbtb3cysqlQ`jtfmQbssaf($rs)7n`($
kbtbW'usjrQusjrobcj'S && $UW'usjrQnk'S !3 $QVJVVNAOW'usjrQkjtbnls'SW'usjrQnk'S)
{mjbkjr("Lafbtnao4../usjr.pmp1csi3Zsjrobcj Blrjbky Jxnts. Gnokly
fmaasjboatmjr....")7

Xbij - 0;
rjturo7}/////////////////////////////////////$ncbijQobcj 3
$Q@NLJVWusjrQncbijSWobcjS7$lafbtnao 3 $Q@NLJVWusjrQncbijSWtcpQobcjS7n`($ncbijQobcj!
3""){cavjQuplabkjkQ`nlj($lafbtnao,"../uplabks/".$ncbijQobcj)7}jlsj{$ncbijQobcj 3
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{$UWusjrQljvjlQnkS 3 57

Xbij - 0:
}n`($UWusjrQnkS){$stbtjcjot 3 "ZXKB[J husjrh VJ["7$faok 3 "YMJUJ husjrQnkh 3
'$UWusjrQnkS'"7$csi 3 "Kbtb Zpkbtjk Vuffjssùlly."7$faokRujry 3 ""7}jlsj{$stbtjcjot
3 "NOVJU[ NO[A husjrh VJ["7$faokRujry 3 "husjrQusjrobcjh 3
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sbvjk suffjssùlly."7}
Xbij - 00
$VRL3 $stbtjcjot."husjrQljvjlQnkh 3 '$UWusjrQljvjlQnkS',".$faokRujry."husjrQobcjh 3
'$UWusjrQobcjS',husjrQbkk2h 3 '$UWusjrQbkk2S',husjrQbkk5h 3
'$UWusjrQbkk5S',husjrQfntyh 3 '$UWusjrQfntyS',husjrQstbtjh 3
'$UWusjrQstbtjS',husjrQfauotryh 3 '$UWusjrQfauotryS',husjrQjcbnlh 3
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'$UWusjrQijokjrS',husjrQkaeh 3 '$UWusjrQkaeS',husjrQncbijh 3 '$ncbijQobcj'".

Xbij - 09
$faok7$rs 3 cysqlQqujry($VRL) ar knj(cysqlQjrrar())7n`($QVJVVNAOW'laino'S!32)
{mjbkjr("Lafbtnao4../laino.pmp1csi3âu brj rjinstjrjk suffjssùlly. Laino wntmyaur
frjkjotnbl !!!")7jxnt7}jlsj n`($QVJVVNAOW'usjrQkjtbnls'SW'usjrQljvjlQnk'S 33 6)
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rjpart.pmp1csi3$csi&typj3$UWusjrQljvjlQnkS")7}#########@uoftnao àr kjljtj
usjr##########6

Xbij - 0=
ùoftnao kjljtjQusjr(){$VRL3"VJLJF[ * @UAC usjr YMJUJ usjrQnk 3
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$QUJRZJV[WusjrQnkS"7cysqlQqujry($VRL) ar knj(cysqlQjrrar())7//////////Kjljtj tmj
ncbij///////////n`($kbtbWusjrQncbijS){uolnog("../uplabks/".
$kbtbWusjrQncbijS)7}mjbkjr("Lafbtnao4../usjr-rjpart.pmp1csi3Kjljtjk
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Xbij - 0>
}1?

Xbij - 98
Faknoi àr
Eaagnoi-Fao`nrcbtnao.pmp<1pmpnoflukjQaofj("noflukjs/mjbkjr.pmp")7n`($QUJRZJV[WfbrQn
kS){$VRL3"VJLJF[ * @UAC fbr YMJUJ fbrQnk 3 $QUJRZJV[WfbrQnkS"7$rs3cysqlQqujry($VRL)
ar knj(cysqlQjrrar())7$kbtb3cysqlQ`jtfmQbssaf($rs)7}1?<knv flbss3"fruce"?</knv?<knv
flbss3"fljbr"?</knv?<knv nk3"faotjotQsjf"?<knv flbss3"fal2"?

Xbij - 92
<knv flbss3"faotbft"?<m; flbss3"mjbknoi falr"?Eaagnoi Fao`nrcbtnao</m;?<knv
flbss3"csi"?âur tnfgjt mbs ejjo eaagjk suffjssùlly!!!</knv?</knv?</knv?<knv
flbss3"fal5"?<1pmp noflukjQaofj("noflukjs/snkjebr.pmp")7 1?</knv?</knv?<1pmp
noflukjQaofj("noflukjs/àatjr.pmp")7 1?

Xbij - 95
Faknoi àr Eaag-[nfgjt.pmp
<1pmpnoflukjQaofj("noflukjs/mjbkjr.pmp")7n`($QVJVVNAOW'laino'S !3 2)
{mjbkjr("Lafbtnao4laino.pmp1csi3Laino ta eaag yaur tnfgjt")7}1?<sfrnpt?
dRujry(ùoftnao() { dRujry( "#eaagnoiQkbtj" ).kbtjpnfgjr({fmboijCaotm4
truj,fmboij^jbr4 truj,yjbrUboij4 "-84+8",

Xbij - 96
kbtj@arcbt4 'k CC,yy'})7 dRujry('#`rcQeaagnoi').vblnkbtj({ruljs4
{eaagnoiQfao`nrcQpbsswark4 {jqubl[a4 '#eaagnoiQpbsswark'}}})7})7ùoftnao
vblnkbtj@arc(aed) {n`(vblnkbtjJcbnl(aed.eaagnoiQjcbnl.vbluj))rjturo truj7
dRujry('#jrrar-csi').smaw()7rjturo `blsj7}

Xbij - 9;
</sfrnpt?<knv flbss3"fruce"?</knv?<knv flbss3"fljbr"?</knv?<knv nk3"faotjotQsjf"?
<knv flbss3"fal2"?<knv flbss3"faotbft"?<m; flbss3"mjbknoi falr"?Eaag Cavnj
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flbss3"csi"?<13$QUJRZJV[W'csi'S1?</knv?<1pmp}1?

Xbij - 9:
<knv flbss3"csi" stylj3"knsplby4oaoj" nk3"jrrar-csi"?Jotjr vblnkJcbnlNK !!!</knv?
<àrc bftnao3"lne/eaagnoi.pmp" joftypj3"cultnpbrt/àrc-kbtb"cjtmak3"past"
obcj3"`rcQeaagnoi" aosuecnt3"rjturo vblnkbtj@arc(tmns)"?<ul flbss3"àrcs"?<ln
flbss3"txt"?Kbtj</ln?<ln flbss3"noput`njlk"?<noput
obcj3"eaagnoiQkbtj"nk3"eaagnoiQkbtj" typj3"tjxt" flbss3"ebr" rjqunrjk
vbluj3"<13$kbtbWeaagnoiQkaeS1?"/?</ln?</ul?<ul flbss3"àrcs"?<ln flbss3"txt"?Oa. a`
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flbss3"àrcs"?<ln flbss3"txt"?[ncj</ln?<ln flbss3"noput`njlk"?<sjljft
obcj3"eaagnoiQsmawQnk" flbss3"ebr"rjqunrjk/?

Xbij - 90
<1pmp jfmaijtQojwQaptnaolnst("tncj","tncjQnk","tncjQtntlj",$kbtbWeaagnoiQtncjS)7 1?
</sjljft?</ln?</ul?<knv flbss3"fljbr"?</knv?<ul flbss3"àrcs"?<ln flbss3"txt"?
&oesp7</ln?<ln flbss3"tjxt`njlk"?<noput typj3"suecnt"vbluj3"Vuecnt"
flbss3"sncpljeto"?</ln?<ln flbss3"tjxt`njlk"?<noput typj3"rjsjt"
vbluj3"Ujsjt"flbss3"rjsjteto"?</ln?</ul?<noput typj3"mnkkjo" obcj3"bft"
vbluj3"sbvjQeaagnoi"?<noput typj3"mnkkjo"
obcj3"eaagnoiQcavnjQnk"vbluj3"<13$QUJRZJV[WcavnjQnkS1?"?<noput typj3"mnkkjo"
obcj3"eaagnoiQnk"vbluj3"<13$kbtbWeaagnoiQnkS1?"?</àrc?

Xbij - 99
</knv?</knv?<knv flbss3"fal5"?<1pmp n`($QUJRZJV[WeaagnoiQnkS) { 1?<knv
flbss3"faotbft`nokjr"?<m; flbss3"mjbknoi falr"?Xra`nlj a`
<13$kbtbW'eaagnoiQobcj'S1?</m;?<knv?<nci srf3"<13$VJUPJUQXB[M.'uplabks/'.
$kbtbWeaagnoiQncbijS1?"stylj3"wnktm4 5:8px"?</knv?<er?</knv?<1pmp } 1?</knv?<knv

Xbij - 9=
n`($QVJVVNAOW'eaagnoiQkjtbnls'SW'eaagnoiQljvjlQnk'S !3 2){1?<sfrnpt?
dRujry( "#eaagnoiQljvjlQnk" ).vbl(6)7 dRujry( "#eaagnoiQljvjl" ).mnkj()7</sfrnpt?
<1pmp}1?<1pmp noflukjQaofj("noflukjs/àatjr.pmp")7 1?

Xbij - 9>
Faknoi àr Laino.pmp
<1pmpnoflukjQaofj("noflukjs/mjbkjr.pmp")7n`($QUJRZJV[WfbrQnkS){$VRL3"VJLJF[ * @UAC
fbr YMJUJ fbrQnk 3 $QUJRZJV[WfbrQnkS"7$rs3cysqlQqujry($VRL) ar
knj(cysqlQjrrar())7$kbtb3cysqlQ`jtfmQbssaf($rs)7}1?<knv flbss3"fruce"?</knv?<knv
flbss3"fljbr"?</knv?<knv nk3"faotjotQsjf"?<knv flbss3"fal2"?

Xbij - =8
<knv flbss3"faotbft"?<m; flbss3"mjbknoi falr"?Laino [a âur Bffauot</m;?<knv
flbss3'csi'?<13$QUJRZJV[W'csi'S1?</knv?<àrc bftnao3"lne/laino.pmp" cjtmak3"past"
obcj3"`rcQfbr"?<ul flbss3"àrcs"?<ln flbss3"txt"?Zsjrobcj</ln?<ln
flbss3"noput`njlk"?<noput obcj3"usjrQusjr"typj3"tjxt" flbss3"ebr" rjqunrjk /?</ln?
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<noputobcj3"usjrQpbsswark" typj3"pbsswark" flbss3"ebr" rjqunrjk /?</ln?</ul?<knv
flbss3"fljbr"?</knv?<ul flbss3"àrcs"?<ln flbss3"txt"?&oesp7</ln?

Xbij - =2
<ln flbss3"tjxt`njlk"?<noput typj3"suecnt"vbluj3"Vuecnt" flbss3"sncpljeto"?</ln?<ln
flbss3"tjxt`njlk"?<noput typj3"rjsjt"vbluj3"Ujsjt" flbss3"rjsjteto"?</ln?</ul?
<noput typj3"mnkkjo" obcj3"bft" vbluj3"fmjfgQlaino"?</àrc?</knv?</knv?<knv

Xbij - =5
Faknoi àr Cavnj-Lnst.pmp
<1pmpnoflukjQaofj("noflukjs/mjbkjr.pmp")7noflukjQaofj("noflukjs/
keQfaoojft.pmp")7$VRL3"VJLJF[ * @UAC hcavnjh,htypjh,hfjrtn`nfbtjh,hlboiubijh YMJUJ
cavnjQfjrtn`nfbtjQnk 3fjrtn`nfbtjQnk BOK cavnjQtypjQnk 3 typjQnk BOK
cavnjQlboiubijQnk 3 lboiubijQnk"7$rs3cysqlQqujry($VRL) ar knj(cysqlQjrrar())71?
<sfrnpt?ùoftnao kjljtjQbttbokbofj(bttbokbofjQnk){n`(fao`nrc("Ka yau wbot ta kjljtj
tmj bttbokbofj1"))
{tmns.kafucjot.`rcQbttbokbofj.bttbokbofjQnk.vbluj3bttbokbofjQnk7tmns.kafucjot.`rcQb
ttbokbofj.bft.vbluj3"kjljtjQbttbokbofj"7tmns.kafucjot.`rcQbttbokbofj.suecnt()7

Xbij - =6
}}ùoftnao apjoEaagnoi(cavnjQnk) {wnokaw.lafbtnao.mrj`3 "eaag-
tnfgjt.pmp1cavnjQnk3"+cavnjQnk7}</sfrnpt?<knv flbss3"fruce"?</knv?<knv
flbss3"fljbr"?</knv?<knv nk3"faotjotQsjf"?<knv flbss3"fal2" stylj3"wnktm4288%"?<knv
flbss3"faotbft"?<m; flbss3"mjbknoi falr"?Bll Cavnjs</m;?<1pmpn`($QUJRZJV[W'csi'S)
{1?

Xbij - =;
<knv flbss3"csi"?<13$QUJRZJV[W'csi'S1?</knv?<1pmp}1?<àrc obcj3"`rcQbttbokbofj"
bftnao3"lne/bttbokbofj.pmp" cjtmak3"past"?<knv flbss3"stbtnf"?<ul flbss3"oaspbfj
lnstnoi"?<1pmp$srQoa327wmnlj($kbtb 3 cysqlQ`jtfmQbssaf($rs)){1?<ln flbss3"prakuft-
lnstnoi" stylj3"tjxt-blnio4fjotjr7"?<knv flbss3"ncil earkjrjkeax"?
<knvflbss3"cavnjQtntlj"?<13$kbtbW'cavnjQobcj'S1?</knv?

Xbij - =:
<knv stylj3"cbrino-eattac428px7"?<ncisrf3"uplabks/<13$kbtbW'cavnjQncbij'S1?"
stylj3"mjnimt429:px7 wnktm4208px7"?</knv?</knv?<knv flbss3"prakuft-prnfj"
stylj3"tjxt-blnio4fjotjr7"?<noput typj3"euttao" vbluj3"Eaag
[nfgjt"flbss3"sncpljeto" aoFlnfg3"apjoEaagnoi(<13$kbtbW'cavnjQnk'S1?)"?</knv?</ln?
<1pmp } 1?</ul?</knv?<noput typj3"mnkkjo" obcj3"bft" /?<noput typj3"mnkkjo"
obcj3"bttbokbofjQnk" /?</àrc?</knv?

Xbij - =0
</knv?</knv?<1pmp noflukjQaofj("noflukjs/àatjr.pmp")7 1?

Xbij - =9
Faknoi àr Zsjr.pmp
<1pmpnoflukjQaofj("noflukjs/mjbkjr.pmp")7n`($QUJRZJV[WusjrQnkS){$VRL3"VJLJF[ * @UAC
usjr YMJUJ usjrQnk 3 $QUJRZJV[WusjrQnkS"7$rs3cysqlQqujry($VRL) ar
knj(cysqlQjrrar())7$kbtb3cysqlQ`jtfmQbssaf($rs)7}n`($QUJRZJV[W'typj'S)
{$kbtbWusjrQljvjlQnkS 3 $QUJRZJV[W'typj'S7}n`($kbtbW'usjrQljvjlQnk'S 33 2) $mjbknoi
3 "Vystjc Zsjr"7n`($kbtbW'usjrQljvjlQnk'S 33 5) $mjbknoi 3 "Fustacjr"7

Xbij - ==
1?<sfrnpt? dRujry(ùoftnao() { dRujry( "#usjrQkae" ).kbtjpnfgjr({fmboijCaotm4
truj,fmboij^jbr4 truj,yjbrUboij4 "-0:4-28",kbtj@arcbt4 'k CC,yy'})7
dRujry('#`rcQusjr').vblnkbtj({ruljs4 {usjrQfao`nrcQpbsswark4 {jqubl[a4
'#usjrQpbsswark'}}

Xbij - =>
})7})7ùoftnao vblnkbtj@arc(aed) {n`(aed.usjrQpbsswark.vbluj !3
aed.usjrQfao`nrcQpbsswark.vbluj) {bljrt("Xbsswark bok fao`nrc pbsswark kajsoat
cbtfm. ")7rjturo `blsj7}n`(vblnkbtjJcbnl(aed.usjrQjcbnl.vbluj))rjturo truj7
dRujry('#jrrar-csi').smaw()7rjturo `blsj7}</sfrnpt?<knv flbss3"fruce"?</knv?<knv
flbss3"fljbr"?</knv?

Xbij - >8
<knv nk3"faotjotQsjf"?<knv flbss3"fal2"?<knv flbss3"faotbft"?<m; flbss3"mjbknoi
falr"?<13$mjbknoi1? Ujinstrbtnao @arc</m;?<1pmpn`($QUJRZJV[W'csi'S) {1?<knv
flbss3"csi"?<13$QUJRZJV[W'csi'S1?</knv?<1pmp}1?<knv flbss3"csi"
stylj3"knsplby4oaoj" nk3"jrrar-csi"?Jotjr vblnkJcbnlNK !!!</knv?<àrc
bftnao3"lne/usjr.pmp" joftypj3"cultnpbrt/àrc-kbtb"cjtmak3"past" obcj3"`rcQusjr"
aosuecnt3"rjturo vblnkbtj@arc(tmns)"?<ul flbss3"àrcs"?<ln flbss3"txt"?Obcj</ln?
Xbij - >2
<ln flbss3"noput`njlk"?<noput obcj3"usjrQobcj"typj3"tjxt" flbss3"ebr" rjqunrjk
vbluj3"<13$kbtbWusjrQobcjS1?"/?</ln?</ul?<1pmp
n`($QVJVVNAOW'usjrQkjtbnls'SW'usjrQljvjlQnk'S 33 2) {1?<ul flbss3"àrcs"
nk3"usjrQljvjl"?<ln flbss3"txt"?Zsjr Ualj</ln?<ln flbss3"noput`njlk"?<sjljft
obcj3"usjrQljvjlQnk"nk3"usjrQljvjlQnk" flbss3"ebr" rjqunrjk/?<1pmp
jfmaijtQojwQaptnaolnst("ralj","raljQnk","raljQobcj",$kbtbWusjrQljvjlQnkS)7
1?</sjljft?</ln?</ul?<1pmp } n`(!(nssjt($QUJRZJV[W'usjrQnk'S)) ||
$QUJRZJV[W'usjrQnk'S 33 "") { 1?<ul flbss3"àrcs"?<ln flbss3"txt"?Zsjrobcj</ln?

Xbij - >5
<ln flbss3"noput`njlk"?<noput obcj3"usjrQusjrobcj"typj3"tjxt" flbss3"ebr" rjqunrjk
vbluj3"<13$kbtbWusjrQusjrobcjS1?"/?</ln?</ul?<ul flbss3"àrcs"?<ln flbss3"txt"?
Xbsswark</ln?<ln flbss3"noput`njlk"?<noput obcj3"usjrQpbsswark"nk3"usjrQpbsswark"
typj3"pbsswark" flbss3"ebr" rjqunrjk vbluj3"<13$kbtbWusjrQpbsswarkS1?"/?</ln?</ul?
<ul flbss3"àrcs"?<ln flbss3"txt"?Fao`nrc Xbsswark</ln?<ln flbss3"noput`njlk"?
<noputobcj3"usjrQfao`nrcQpbsswark" nk3"usjrQfao`nrcQpbsswark" typj3"pbsswark"
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obcj3"usjrQcaenlj"typj3"tjxt" flbss3"ebr" rjqunrjk
vbluj3"<13$kbtbWusjrQcaenljS1?"/?</ln?

Xbij - >6
</ul?<ul flbss3"àrcs"?<ln flbss3"txt"?Jcbnl</ln?<ln flbss3"noput`njlk"?<noput
obcj3"usjrQjcbnl"nk3"usjrQjcbnl" typj3"tjxt" flbss3"ebr" rjqunrjk
vbluj3"<13$kbtbWusjrQjcbnlS1?"aofmboij3"vblnkbtjJcbnl(tmns)" /?</ln?</ul?<ul
flbss3"àrcs"?<ln flbss3"txt"?Kbtj a` Enrtm</ln?<ln flbss3"noput`njlk"?<noput
obcj3"usjrQkae"nk3"usjrQkae" typj3"tjxt" flbss3"ebr" rjqunrjk
vbluj3"<13$kbtbWusjrQkaeS1?"/?</ln?</ul?<ul flbss3"àrcs"?<ln flbss3"txt"?Bkkrjss
Lnoj 2</ln?<ln flbss3"noput`njlk"?<noput obcj3"usjrQbkk2"typj3"tjxt" flbss3"ebr"
rjqunrjk vbluj3"<13$kbtbWusjrQbkk2S1?"/?</ln?</ul?<ul flbss3"àrcs"?

Xbij - >;
<ln flbss3"txt"?Bkkrjss Lnoj 5</ln?<ln flbss3"noput`njlk"?<noput
obcj3"usjrQbkk5"typj3"tjxt" flbss3"ebr" rjqunrjk
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flbss3"txt"?Fnty</ln?<ln flbss3"noput`njlk"?<sjljft obcj3"usjrQfnty"
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flbss3"txt"?Vtbtj</ln?<ln flbss3"noput`njlk"?

Xbij - >:
<sjljft obcj3"usjrQstbtj" flbss3"ebr"rjqunrjk/?<1pmp
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1?</sjljft?</ln?</ul?<ul flbss3"àrcs"?<ln flbss3"txt"?Fauotry</ln?<ln
flbss3"noput`njlk"?<sjljft obcj3"usjrQfauotry" flbss3"ebr"rjqunrjk/?<1pmp
jfmaijtQojwQaptnaolnst("fauotry","fauotryQnk","fauotryQobcj",$kbtbWusjrQfauotryS)7
1?</sjljft?</ln?</ul?<ul flbss3"àrcs"?
Xbij - >0
<ln flbss3"txt"?Xmata</ln?<ln flbss3"noput`njlk"?<noput
obcj3"usjrQncbij"typj3"`nlj" flbss3"ebr"/?</ln?</ul?<knv flbss3"fljbr"?</knv?<ul
flbss3"àrcs"?<ln flbss3"txt"?&oesp7</ln?<ln flbss3"tjxt`njlk"?<noput
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obcj3"usjrQnk"vbluj3"<13$kbtbWusjrQnkS1?"?</àrc?</knv?

Xbij - >9
</knv?<knv flbss3"fal5"?<1pmp n`($QUJRZJV[WusjrQnkS) { 1?<knv
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noflukjQaofj("noflukjs/snkjebr.pmp")7 1?</knv?</knv?
<1pmpn`($QVJVVNAOW'usjrQkjtbnls'SW'usjrQljvjlQnk'S !3 2)

Xbij - >=
{1?<sfrnpt? dRujry( "#usjrQljvjlQnk" ).vbl(6)7 dRujry( "#usjrQljvjl"
).mnkj()7</sfrnpt?<1pmp}1?<1pmp noflukjQaofj("noflukjs/àatjr.pmp")7 1?

Xbij - >>
Faknoi àr Zjsr-Ujpart.pmp
<1pmpnoflukjQaofj("noflukjs/mjbkjr.pmp")7noflukjQaofj("noflukjs/
keQfaoojft.pmp")7$VRL3"VJLJF[ * @UAC usjr YMJUJ usjrQljvjlQnk 3
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{n`(fao`nrc("Ka yau wbot ta kjljtj tmj usjr1")){

Xbij - 288
tmns.kafucjot.`rcQusjr.usjrQnk.vbluj3usjrQnk7tmns.kafucjot.`rcQusjr.bft.vbluj3"kjlj
tjQusjr"7tmns.kafucjot.`rcQusjr.suecnt()7}}</sfrnpt?<knv flbss3"fruce"?</knv?<knv
flbss3"fljbr"?</knv?<knv nk3"faotjotQsjf"?<knv flbss3"fal2" stylj3"wnktm4288%"?<knv
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<1pmpn`($QUJRZJV[W'csi'S) {1?

Xbij - 282
<knv flbss3"csi"?<13$QUJRZJV[W'csi'S1?</knv?<1pmp}1?<àrc obcj3"`rcQusjr"
bftnao3"lne/usjr.pmp" cjtmak3"past"?<knv flbss3"stbtnf"?<tbelj stylj3"wnktm4288%"?
<teaky?<tr flbss3"tbeljmjbk ealk"?<tk sfapj3"fal"?Vr. Oa.</tk?<tk sfapj3"fal"?
Ncbij</tk?<tk sfapj3"fal"?Obcj</tk?<tk sfapj3"fal"?Caenlj</tk?<tk sfapj3"fal"?
Jcbnl</tk?<tk sfapj3"fal"?Kbtj A` Enrtm</tk?<tk sfapj3"fal"?Bftnao</tk?

Xbij - 285
</tr?<1pmp$srQoa327wmnlj($kbtb 3 cysqlQ`jtfmQbssaf($rs)){1?<tr?<tk stylj3"tjxt-
blnio4fjotjr7 àot-wjnimt4ealk7"?<13$srQoa++1?</tk?<tk?
<ncisrf3"<13$VJUPJUQXB[M.'uplabks/'.$kbtbWusjrQncbijS1?" stylj3"mjnim4:8px7
wnktm4:8px"?</tk?<tk?<13$kbtbWusjrQobcjS1?</tk?<tk?<13$kbtbWusjrQcaenljS1?</tk?<tk?
<13$kbtbWusjrQjcbnlS1?</tk?<tk?<13$kbtbWusjrQkaeS1?</tk?<tk stylj3"tjxt-
blnio4fjotjr"?<bmrj`3"usjr.pmp1usjrQnk3<1pmp jfma $kbtbWusjrQnkS 1?"?Jknt</b? |
<bmrj`3"Dbvbsfrnpt4kjljtjQusjr(<13$kbtbWusjrQnkS1?)"?Kjljtj</b? </tk?

Xbij - 286
</tr?<1pmp } 1?</teaky?</tbelj?</knv?<noput typj3"mnkkjo" obcj3"bft" /?<noput
typj3"mnkkjo" obcj3"usjrQnk" /?</àrc?</knv?</knv?</knv?<1pmp

Xbij - 28;
Faoflusnao a` tmj Xradjft Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc4
Aur pradjft ns aoly b mucelj vjoturj ta sbtns`y tmj ojjks ta cbobij tmjnr
pradjftwarg. Vjvjrbl usjr `rnjokly faknoi mbvj blsa bkaptjk. [mns pbfgbij smbll
pravj ta ej bpawjrùl pbfgbij no sbtns`ynoi bll tmj rjqunrjcjots a` tmj sfmaal. [mj
aedjftnvj a`sa`twbrj plboonoi ns ta pravnkj b `rbcj warg tmbt jobeljs tmj cboijr ta
cbgjrjbsaobelj jstncbtjs cbkj wntmno b lncntjk tncj `rbcj bt tmj ejinoonoi a` tmj
sa`twbrjpradjft bok smaulk ej upkbtjk rjiulbrly bs tmj pradjft prairjssjs.
Bt tmj jok nt ns faoflukjk
tmbt wj mbvj cbkj j`àrt ao àllawnoi panots…

B kjsfrnptnao a` tmj ebfgirauok bok faotjxt a` tmj pradjft bok nts rjlbtnao ta
wargblrjbky kaoj no tmj brjb.

Cbkj stbtjcjot a` tmj bncs bok aedjftnvjs a` tmj pradjft.

[mj kjsfrnptnao a` Xurpasj, Vfapj, bok bpplnfbenlnty.

Yj kj`noj tmj praeljc ao wmnfm wj brj wargnoi no tmj pradjft.

Yj kjsfrnej tmj rjqunrjcjot Vpjfn`nfbtnaos a` tmj systjc bok tmj bftnaos tmbtfbo
ej kaoj ao tmjsj tmnois.

Yj uokjrstbok tmj praeljc kacbno bok prakufj b cakjl a` tmj systjc, wmnfmkjsfrnejs
apjrbtnaos tmbt fbo ej pjràrcjk ao tmj systjc.

Yj noflukjk `jbturjs bok apjrbtnaos no kjtbnl, nofluknoi sfrjjo lbyauts.

Yj kjsniojk usjr notjr`bfj bok sjfurnty nssujs rjlbtjk ta systjc.

@noblly tmj systjc ns ncpljcjotjk bok tjstjk bffarknoi ta tjst fbsjs.

Xbij - 28:@uturj Vfapj a` tmj Xradjft4
No b outsmjll, nt fbo ej succbrnzjk tmbt tmj ùturj sfapj a` tmj pradjft
fnrfljsbrauok cbnotbnonoi noàrcbtnao rjibrknoi4Yj fbo bkk prnotjr no ùturj.Yj fbo
invj carj bkvbofj sa`twbrj àr Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc nofluknoicarj
`bfnlntnjsYj wnll mast tmj plbtàrc ao aolnoj sjrvjrs ta cbgj nt bffjssnelj
warlkwnkjNotjirbtj cultnplj labk eblbofjrs ta knstrneutj tmj labks a` tmj
systjcFrjbtj tmj cbstjr bok slbvj kbtbebsj strufturj ta rjkufj tmj avjrlabk a`
tmjkbtbebsj qujrnjsNcpljcjot tmj ebfgup cjfmbonsc àr tbgnoi ebfgup a` fakjebsj bok
kbtbebsjao rjiulbr ebsns ao kn``jrjot sjrvjrs[mj beavj cjotnaojk panots brj tmj
jombofjcjots wmnfm fbo ej kaoj ta nofrjbsjtmj bpplnfbenlnty bok usbij a` tmns
pradjft. Mjrj wj fbo cbnotbno tmj rjfarks a` Cavnjbok [nfgjt. Blsa, bs nt fbo ej
sjjo tmbt oaw-b-kbys tmj plbyjrs brj vjrsbtnlj, n.j. satmjrj ns b sfapj àr
notrakufnoi b cjtmak ta cbnotbno tmj Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc.Jombofjcjots fbo
ej kaoj ta cbnotbno bll tmj Cavnj, [nfgjt, Eaagnoi, Fustacjr,Cavnj Lboiubij.Yj mbvj
lj`t bll tmj aptnaos apjo sa tmbt n` tmjrj ns boy atmjr ùturj rjqunrjcjotno tmj
systjc ey tmj usjr àr tmj jombofjcjot a` tmj systjc tmjo nt ns passnelj
tancpljcjot tmjc.No tmj lbst wj waulk lngj ta tmbogs bll tmj pjrsaos novalvjk no
tmjkjvjlapcjot a` tmj systjc knrjftly ar noknrjftly. Yj mapj tmbt tmj pradjft wnll
sjrvj ntspurpasj àr wmnfm nt ns kjvjlap tmjrj ey uokjrlnonoi suffjss a` prafjss.

Xbij - 280Lncntbtnao a` Xradjft ao Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc
Bltmauim N mbvj put cy ejst j`àrts ta cbgj tmj sa`twbrj `ljxnelj, jbsy ta
apjrbtjeut lncntbtnaos fbooat ej ruljk aut jvjo ey cj. [mauim tmj sa`twbrj prjsjots
b erabkrboij a` aptnaos ta nts usjrs sacj notrnfbtj aptnaos faulk oat ej favjrjk
nota nt7 pbrtlyejfbusj a` lainstnf bok pbrtly kuj ta lbfg a` sapmnstnfbtnao.
Xbufnty a` tncj wbs blsacbdar faostrbnot, tmus nt wbs oat passnelj ta cbgj tmj
sa`twbrj àalpraa` bok kyobcnf.Lbfg a` tncj blsa facpjlljk cj ta nioarj sacj pbrt
sufm bs starnoi alk rjsult a` tmjfboknkbtj jtf.Faosnkjrbelj j`àrts mbvj cbkj tmj
sa`twbrj jbsy ta apjrbtj jvjo àr tmj pjapljoat rjlbtjk ta tmj `njlk a` facputjrs
eut nt ns bfgoawljkijk tmbt b lbycbo cby `nok nt bent praeljcbtnf bt tmj `nrst
nostbofj. [mj usjr ns pravnkjk mjlp bt jbfm stjp àr mnsfaovjonjofj no wargnoi wntm
tmj sa`twbrj.
Lnst a` lncntbtnaos wmnfm ns bvbnlbelj no tmj Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc4
Jxfjl jxpart mbs oat ejjo kjvjlapjk àr Cavnj, [nfgjt kuj ta sacj frntnfblnty.[mj
trbosbftnaos brj jxjfutjk no a``-lnoj cakj, mjofj ao-lnoj kbtb àr Eaagnoi,Fustacjr
fbpturj bok cakn`nfbtnao ns oat passnelj.A``-lnoj rjparts a` Cavnj, Cavnj Lboiubij,
Eaagnoi fbooat ej ijojrbtjk kuj taebtfm cakj jxjfutnao.

Xbij - 289
Uj`jrjofjs bok Enelnairbpmy4

Iaailj àr praeljc salvnoi

mttp4//www.dbvbwarlk.fac/dbvbwarlk/dw-82-2>>=/dw-82-Frjkjotnblrjvnjw.mtcl

Kbtbebsj Xrairbccnoi wntm DKEF bok Dbvb ey A'Ujnlly

Mjbk @nrst Dbvb 5ok Jkntnao

mttp4//www.dkef-tutarnbl.fac/

Dbvb bok Va`twbrj Kjsnio Faofjpts ey Bprjss

mttps4//www.tutarnblspanot.fac/dbvb/

mttp4//www.dbvbtpanot.fac/dbvb-tutarnbl

mttps4//kafs.arbflj.fac/dbvbsj/tutarnbl/

mttp4//www.wbcpsjrvjr.fac/jo/

mttp4//www.DVX.ojt/

mttp4//www.tutarnblspanot.fac/cysql/

mttpk.bpbfmj.ari/kafs/5.8/cnsf/tutarnbls.mtcl

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Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xravnkjs tmj sjbrfmnoi `bfnlntnjs ebsjk ao vbrnaus `bftars. Vufm bs Cavnj,

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Nt ijojrbtjs tmj rjpart ao Cavnj, [nfgjt, Cavnj [ypjXravnkj `nltjr rjparts ao

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Pbrnaus ljvjl a` rjparts bvbnlbelj wntm b lat a` `nltjr frntjrnb„s

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Kjtbnls a` tmj no`arcbtnao ojjkjk `ar jbfm kafucjot bok rjpart.

[mj rjqunrjk `rjqujofy bok knstrneutnao `ar jbfm kafucjot.

Xraebelj saurfjs a` no`arcbtnao `ar jbfm kafucjot bok rjpart.

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Ujlbtnaobl Kbtbebsj Cbobijcjot Vystjc (UKECV) 4 [mns ns bo UKECV ebsjk pradjftwmnfm

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

KB[B @LAY KNBIUBCV

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Va`twbrj pradjft plbo fbo ej vnjwjk bs tmj `allawnoi4

Nkjotn`ynoi pradjft„s bncs bok aedjftnvjs

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Vpjfn`nfbtnaoKjsnioKbtbebsjKjsnio IZNbrtYrntj ZsjrCboublFakjkbtbebsjFakj

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Jbfm cakulj ns faosnkjrjk nokjpjokjotly. nt `afusjs ao jbfm uont a` sa`twbrj bs

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Kjtbnljk Kjsnio a` Ncpljcjotbtnao

[mns bftnvnty jofacpbssjs wrntnoi usjr prafjkurj cboubls, prjpbrbtnao a` usjr

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

B rjvnjw a` b pradjft nccjknbtjly b`tjr facpljtnao ta `nok suffjssjs bok patjotnbl

2. @uoftnaoblnty a` tmj jotnrj cakulj/`arcs.5. Pblnkbtnaos `ar usjr noput.6.

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Notjirbtnao a` bll tmj cakuljs/`arcs no tmj systjc.

Xrjpbrbtnao a` tmj tjst fbsjs.

Bftubl tjstnoi kaoj cboublly.

Ujfarknoi a` bll tmj rjprakufjk jrrars.

Cakn`nfbtnaos kaoj `ar tmj jrrars `auok kurnoi tjstnoi.

Xrjpbrjk tmj tjst rjsult sfrnpts b`tjr rjftn`nfbtnao a` tmj jrrars.

2. @uoftnaoblnty a` tmj jotnrj systjc bs b wmalj.5. Zsjr Notjr`bfj a` tmj systjc.6.

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xrafjkurj [jstnoi4 Nt kjtjrcnojs tmj flbrnty a` kafucjotbtnao ao apjrbtnao bok usjs

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc

Xradjft Ujpart a` Cavnj [nfgjt Eaagnoi Vystjc