2021 Science Form III HY Exam

HALF-YEARLY EXAMINATION 2021
FORM III SCIENCE

General Instructions
Wednesday 19 May
• Working Time: 1.5 hours
• Write using black pen 1:15 p.m.
• Remove the centre staple and hand in
all parts of the paper in a neat bundle
at the end. Checklist
• Write your name and class number in Each boy should have a single bundle
the space provided at the top of each containing the following:
section. ☐ 1 examination paper
☐ 1 Periodic Table and data sheet

Structure of Paper & Instructions
☐ 1 multiple choice answer sheet at
• Multiple choice (13 marks) the rear of the bundle
• Short answer (27 marks)
• Simple machines (24 marks) Use g = 10 m s−2 throughout the paper.

• Acids, bases and salts (25 marks)
• Coordination (23 marks) T Wallis

Total marks: 112
CLASS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
NUMBER
Class 3SC101 3SC102 3SC103 3SC104 3SC105 3SC106 3SC107 3SC108 3SC109 3SC110
Master’s
Initials
DGB TW AAH MTK PCK FHB JLS HCKM AKBB SRW
Master’s Mr Berthon Mr Wallis Dr Haines Ms Kelso Dr Knight Ms Branch
Dr Dr
Mr Bowes Mr Williams
Name Senczyszyn McCarron
1
Blank Page
2
Sydney Grammar School Form III Science 2021 Half-Yearly Examination
Use g = 10 m s−2 throughout the paper.
1 A toy car of mass 0.30 kg is pushed with a force of 2.5 N along a frictionless
floor and gains 6.0 J of kinetic energy. Calculate the distance it was pushed.
(A) 1.8 m
(B) 2.4 m
(C) 4.5 m
(D) 6.3 m
2 Which of the diagrams below shows a third-class lever? (n.b. F = fulcrum)
Effort Force
F
F
Effort Force
Load Force
Load Force
(A) (B)
F F Effort Force
Effort Force
Load Force Load Force

(C) (D)
3 A boy uses a simple machine to lift a mass of 24 kg a distance of 4 m

upwards. If the effort force required is 48 N, what is the mechanical advantage
of the machine?
(A) 0.5
(B) 2
(C) 5
(D) 12
3
4 Two children sit on a see-saw, as shown in the diagram below.
Girl Boy = 30 kg
180 cm 120 cm
If the see-saw balances, what is the mass of the girl?
(A) 15 kg
(B) 20 kg
(C) 30 kg
(D) 45 kg
5 A class of Form III boys are told that a certain simple machine is a force
multiplier. During the lesson, the boys makes several statements about the
machine:
W “It has a mechanical advantage greater than one.”

X “The load force is greater than the effort force.”
Y “The load distance is greater than the effort distance”
Which of these statements about the machine is/are correct?
(A) W only
(B) W and X
(C) W and Y
(D) X and Y
4
6 What is the name of the reaction that occurs when an acid reacts with a
base?
(A) Crystallisation
(B) Decomposition
(C) Solidification
(D) Neutralisation
7 What is the formula of aluminium sulfate?
(A) Al2(SO4)3
(B) Al2S3
(C) Al3S2
(D) Al3(SO4)2
8 Lemon juice contains citric acid. Citric acid solutions are slightly acidic.
Which of the following could be the pH of lemon juice?
(A) 1
(B) 4
(C) 7
(D) 10
9 What gas is produced when a metal reacts with an acid?
(A) Hydrogen
(B) Oxygen
(C) Carbon dioxide
(D) Chlorine
5
10 Which of the following is an example of an effector?
(A) Pain receptor
(B) Motor neuron
(C) Hormone
(D) Sweat gland
11 What type(s) of neuron carry nerve impulses towards the central nervous
system?
(A) Inter neuron
(B) Motor neuron
(C) Sensory neuron
(D) All of the above
12 Which of the following is correct about the transmission of information along

an axon?
(A) It is in the form of an electrochemical impulse.
(B) It moves at the speed of light.
(C) It moves from the axon terminal towards the cell body.
(D) It is the movement of electrons along an electrical field.
Questions continue on next page
6
13 Identify the structure X in the diagram below.
(A) Cerebral cortex
(B) Pituitary gland
(C) Medulla oblongata
(D) Cerebellum
7
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8
PART B: SHORT ANSWER (27 marks)
NAME CLASS NUMBER
Answer the questions in the spaces provided.

Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.
Question 14 (4 marks) Marks
Calculate the mechanical advantage of the following systems. (You can assume that no
friction acts on any of the ramps).
Calculations / Answer
(i)
0.15 m 0.45 m
1
Effort
Load Force
Force
(ii)
Effort Force
20 N
Load Force
80 N
(iii)
12 m
1
2m
9
(iv)
Effort Force
= 12 N
60 N
10
Calculate the unknown effort force or load force required in the following situations.
(You can assume, in each case, that the pulley wheels are frictionless and have negligible
weight.)
Calculations / Answer
(i)
Effort Force = ? 1
80 N
(ii)
Effort Force = 90 N
Load Force = ?
(iii)
Effort Force = ? 1
60 N
11
The diagram below shows a lever being used to lift a box of weight 300 N.
0.15 m 0.90 m
Effort Force
Fulcrum
300 N
(a) Calculate the effort force required to lift the box.
............................................................................................................................... 2
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(b) Calculate the gravitational potential energy gained by the box when it is raised
through a height of 0.25 m.
............................................................................................................................... 1
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12
Complete the following table by filling in the appropriate name or formula for each
ion.
4
Ion name Formula
acetate
NO3−
sulfate
CO32−
Question 18 (3 marks)
(a) Name the salt formed when calcium oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid.
............................................................................................................................... 1
(b) Name the acid used to produce iron(III) nitrate from iron.
............................................................................................................................... 1
(c) Write the FORMULA of the salt formed when sodium reacts with phosphoric
acid.
............................................................................................................................... 1
Balance the following chemical equations:
(a) CH3COOH(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → Ba(CH3COO)2(aq) + H2O(l)

1
(b) Al(OH)3(s) + H2SeO4(aq) → Al2(SeO4)3(aq) + H2O(l)

1
13
A person accidentally touches a hot pan. Their hand automatically moves away from
the pan. The diagram below shows the structures involved in this action.
(a) On the diagram above, label the three neurons involved in the
stimulus-response pathway for this reaction.
3
(b) Outline how the stimulus-response pathway would be different in a

voluntary response.
............................................................................................................................... 1
...............................................................................................................................
14
The diagram below shows the structure of the human eye.
A
B
(a) Name the structures labelled A and B.
A: ............................................................................................................................ 2
B: ............................................................................................................................
(b) Identify the functions of the structures labelled C and D.
C: ............................................................................................................................ 2
...............................................................................................................................
D: ............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
15
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16
PART C: SIMPLE MACHINES (24 marks)
NAME CLASS NUMBER

Use g = 10 m s-2 throughout the paper.
The diagram below shows a trolley of weight 40 N being pulled up an inclined plane.
The wheels of the trolley ensure that there is no friction acting in this situation.
2m
(a) Determine the mechanical advantage of the inclined plane.
............................................................................................................................... 1
...............................................................................................................................
(b) Calculate the length of the ramp, x.
............................................................................................................................... 1
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Question continued on next page.
17
Question continued Marks
In the diagram below, a box is being pulled up a different ramp. The box has no
wheels, and you can assume that friction is acting on it.
1.5 m
(c) Estimate the force of friction acting on the box.
............................................................................................................................... 2
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(d) Calculate the total amount of energy required to pull the box to the top of the
ramp.
............................................................................................................................... 1
...............................................................................................................................
(e) Calculate the efficiency of the ramp in this situation.
............................................................................................................................... 2
...............................................................................................................................
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18
In the diagram shown below, a skier of mass 75 kg skis down a slope that is 30 m
high and 60 m long.
30 m
(a) Assuming there is no friction acting, predict the skier’s speed at the bottom of
the slope.
............................................................................................................................... 3
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
In fact, when the skier reaches the bottom of the slope, their speed is actually
18 m s−1.
(b) Estimate the force of friction acting on the skier while they are on the slope.
............................................................................................................................... 3
...............................................................................................................................
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19
The diagram below shows a pulley system being used to lift a 200 N load.
Fixed to the roof
200 N
Assuming that there is no friction acting, and that the weight of the pulley wheels is
so small it can be ignored, calculate:
(a) the mechanical advantage of the pulley system.
............................................................................................................................... 1
...............................................................................................................................
(b) the effort force, P, required to lift the 200 N load.
............................................................................................................................... 1
...............................................................................................................................
(c) the length of rope pulled through the pulley (i.e. the effort distance) to lift the load
2 m.
............................................................................................................................... 1
...............................................................................................................................
Question continued on next page

20
In the second pulley system shown below, there is still no friction, but the pulley
wheels are quite heavy, and their weight cannot be ignored.
Effort Force, F,
= 1200 N Weight of m = 2000 N
(d) Calculate the effective mechanical advantage of this pulley system in this
situation.
............................................................................................................................... 1
...............................................................................................................................
(e) Calculate the weight of the lower pulley wheel.
............................................................................................................................... 2
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
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21
In a factory, boxes of mass M are pulled to the top of a slope by a rope which exerts
an effort force, F, on them, as shown in the diagram below. (You can assume friction
is negligible.)
Speed at top
M
2m
One day an engineer runs some tests on the machine. She varies the effort force, F,
and measures the speed the boxes have at the top of the slope. This information is
recorded in the table below.
Effort Force Speed Speed Squared

−1
(N) (m s ) (m2 s−2)
100 1.4 2.0
120 2.0 4.0
140 2.5 6.2
180 3.2 10.2
220 3.7 13.8
22
(a) Plot a graph of the speed squared (on the y-axis) against the effort force (on
the x-axis).
2
16
14
12
Speed squared (m2 s−2)
10
0
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Effort Force (N)
(b) Estimate the mass, M, of the boxes.
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23
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24
PART D: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS (25 marks)
NAME CLASS NUMBER

A student wants to investigate the reactivity of magnesium by adding a magnesium

strip to various dilute solutions in the school laboratory.
They took a piece of magnesium ribbon and placed it in a beaker containing dilute
nitric acid.
(a) Describe and explain what the student should observe when they add the
magnesium to the acid.
............................................................................................................................... 2
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b) Write a word equation for the reaction that occurred when the student added
magnesium to the nitric acid.
............................................................................................................................... 1
...............................................................................................................................
(c) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
............................................................................................................................... 2
...............................................................................................................................
25
A student wants to determine the pH of a bottle of vinegar using some indicators

and a pH chart (provided below).
pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Phenolphthalein colourless pink
Methyl Orange red yellow
Thymol Blue red yellow blue
(a) Describe how the student could determine the approximate pH of the vinegar
using these indicators.
............................................................................................................................... 2
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
When the same indicators are added to a different solution, the results shown in the
table below are obtained.
Indicator Color of solution when indicator is added
Phenolphthalein pink
Methyl Orange yellow
Thymol Blue yellow
(b) Using these results, state the pH range of the solution.
............................................................................................................................... 1
...............................................................................................................................
(c) After doing some research, the student found out that vinegar contains acetic
acid (ethanoic acid). Give the formula of acetic acid.
............................................................................................................................... 1
26
A student has a solution of dilute sulfuric acid and wishes to isolate some solid
sodium sulfate by evaporating water from a solution containing only sodium sulfate
and water.
Suggest three substances that he could add to the dilute sulfuric acid
solution, each of which will produce an aqueous solution of sodium sulfate when
they react with the sulfuric acid. Give a balanced chemical equation to justify one of
your answers.
..................................................................................................................................... 4
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27
When a solution of hydrochloric acid is added to solid sodium hydrogencarbonate in

a conical flask, a chemical reaction occurs. If this reaction is performed in an open
conical flask, the contents of the flask decrease in mass as the reaction proceeds.
(a) Explain why the contents of the flask decrease in mass. Include a balanced
chemical equation in your answer.
............................................................................................................................... 2
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
Various volumes of hydrochloric acid are added to conical flasks containing 1.2 g of
sodium hydrogencarbonate. The mass lost from each conical flask is measured and
recorded in the table below.
Volume of hydrochloric acid Mass lost from flask

(mL) (g)
0.0 0.00
2.0 0.18
4.0 0.38
6.0 0.54
8.0 0.63
10.0 0.63
12.0 0.63
28
(c) Plot a graph of the mass lost from each flask (on the y-axis) against the
volume of hydrochloric acid (on the x-axis).
4
(d) Estimate the mass lost from a flask containing 2.1 g of sodium hydrogencarbonate
when 2.0 mL of the same hydrochloric acid solution as above is added.
............................................................................................................................... 1
(e) Estimate the mass lost from a flask containing 2.1 g of sodium hydrogencarbonate
when 15.0 mL of the same hydrochloric acid solution is added. Justify your
answer.
............................................................................................................................... 2
...............................................................................................................................
29
This limestone gargoyle, on Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, is covered in tiny holes
and has rounded edges, which are results of acid rain.
Acid rain results when nitrogen dioxide and some other gases are emitted into the
air. Nitrogen dioxide can then react with water vapour in the air to produce nitric
acid and nitrogen monoxide.
(a) Balance the chemical equation below to show the production of nitric acid.
1
NO2(g) + H2O(g) → HNO3 (aq) + NO (g)
Limestone is made of calcium carbonate.
(b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that occurs when the acid
rain (containing nitric acid) falls on the surface of the gargoyle. You should
include state symbols.
............................................................................................................................... 2
...............................................................................................................................
30
PART E: COORDINATION (23 marks)
NAME CLASS NUMBER

The diagram below shows a model of how an air conditioner maintains “normal”
room air temperature (24 °C) on a hot day.
Complete the table below to compare this model with how human body temperature
is maintained in a hot environment. In your answer, identify the specific structures
and mechanisms involved.
3
Room air conditioning Human body
Receptor thermometer
Control centre thermostat
Effector air conditioner
31
Two students investigated the effect of the type of stimulus on reaction time. They
used the following method:
1. Student B holds a ruler above student A’s hand.
2. Student B drops the ruler.
3. Student A catches the ruler as quickly as he can.
4. This process is repeated another four times.
5. The experiment is repeated, but this time Student A is blindfolded and
Student B blows a whistle when the ruler is dropped.
6. The distance the ruler falls before being caught is recorded.
The table below shows the data collected.
Trial Visual stimuli (mm) Auditory stimuli (mm)
1 35 25
2 40 128
3 38 25
4 35 20
5 35 20
(a) Analyse the data in the table to determine if student A reacts faster to
visual or auditory stimuli. Justify your answer.
............................................................................................................................... 3
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...............................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b) Suggest how the experimental design of this experiment could be

improved. Explain your answer.
............................................................................................................................... 2
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
32
A student ate a meal containing carbohydrates at 07:00, then ate nothing else for
the next 5 hours. The table shows the concentration of glucose in their blood at
hourly intervals after the meal.
Time of day Concentration of glucose in blood (mg/100 mL)

07:00 90
08:00 120
09:00 70
10:00 85
11:00 110
12:00 80
(a) Explain the rise in the concentration of glucose between 07:00 and 08:00.
............................................................................................................................... 1
...............................................................................................................................
(b) The concentration of glucose in the blood fell between 08:00 and 09:00.
Explain why.
............................................................................................................................... 2
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(c) Describe the role of hormones in the fluctuation of glucose concentration

between 09:00 and 12:00.
............................................................................................................................... 3
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33
Screening tests for hearing loss involve exposing subjects to a series of pure tones
of increasing frequency (pitch) and measuring the minimum volume (dB) of the tone
that can be heard. The higher the volume required to hear the tone, the greater is
the hearing loss. The graphs below show data on hearing loss collected for males
and females at different ages.
(a) Calculate the hearing loss (in dB) in males between 30 and 60 years of age
at a frequency of 4000Hz.
............................................................................................................................... 1
(b) Compare the degree of hearing loss in males and females at 60 years of
age.
............................................................................................................................... 2
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
34
The following diagram maps the frequency of sound to where it is detected in

the cochlea.
(c) Using the data on the previous page, which receptors are most likely to be
damaged with increasing age: those at the base of the cochlea (next to
oval window) or those at the apex of the cochlea? Explain your answer.
............................................................................................................................... 2
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
35
The diagram below shows the density distribution of rods and cones across
the human retina.
If an astronomer is trying to detect the very faint light from a distant star,
explain what viewing angle on the retina would it be best to have the image fall
on. Include in your answer the specific roles of the rods and cones.
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END OF EXAMINATION
36
You may detach this page from your paper.
Junior Science Data Sheet
Simple Solubility Rules
1. All Group I and ammonium salts are soluble.

2. All nitrates and acetates are soluble.
3. All chlorides, bromides and iodides are soluble except those of Ag
and Pb.
4. All sulfates are soluble except those of Ba, and Pb, Ag (slightly) and
Ca (slightly).
5. All hydroxides are insoluble except those of the very active metals
(i.e. all of Group I and Ca, Sr, Ba and Ra from Group II).
6. All carbonates are insoluble except Rule 1.
Activity Series of Metals
K Na Ba Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb (H2) Cu Ag Au
Decreasing activity
37
Periodic Table of the Elements
C Br He Tc
hydrogen helium
solid liquid gas synthetic
1 2
H He
1 4
lithium beryllium element name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
key
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be symbol B C N O F Ne
7 9 atomic weight 11 12 14 16 19 20
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
caesium barium lutetium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
133 137 175 178.5 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
francium radium lawrencium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium ununbium
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub
[223] [226] [262] [261] [262] [266] [264] [269] [268] [271] [272] [285]
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
138.9055 140.116 140.90765 144.24 [145] 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.9253 162.50 164.930 167.259 168.934 173.04
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
[227] 232.038 231.0359 238.0289 [237] [244] [243] [247] [247] [251] [252] [257] [258] [259]
38
Back of
Multiple Choice
Answer Sheet
Class
Name
2021 Multiple Choice

FORM III ANSWER SHEET
HALF-YEARLY
EXAMINATION
1 A B C D
Instructions
Write your Name and Class in the 2 A B C D
space provided.
Attempt all questions 3 A B C D
Use a blue or black pen
4 A B C D
5 A B C D
6 A B C D
Select the alternative A, B, C, or D that best
answers the question. Fill in the response circle 7 A B C D
completely.
Example 8 A B C D
1 A C D
B 9 A B C D
If you think you have made a mistake, put a cross
through the incorrect answer and fill in the new
answer. 10 A B C D
1 C D
A B 11 A B C D
If you change your mind and have crossed out
what you consider to be the correct answer, then
indicate the correct answer by writing the word
12 A B C D
correct and drawing an arrow as follows.
correct 13 A B C D
1 C D 14 A B C D
A B
15 A B C D
16 A B C D
17 A B C D
18 A B C D
19 A B C D
20 A B C D

2021 Science Form III HY Exam

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HALF-YEARLY EXAMINATION 2021

FORM III SCIENCE

☐ 1 Periodic Table and data sheet

• Simple machines (24 marks) Use g = 10 m s−2 throughout the paper.

• Coordination (23 marks) T Wallis

Use g = 10 m s−2 throughout the paper.

2 Which of the diagrams below shows a third-class lever? (n.b. F = fulcrum)

Load Force Load Force

3 A boy uses a simple machine to lift a mass of 24 kg a distance of 4 m

4 Two children sit on a see-saw, as shown in the diagram below.

If the see-saw balances, what is the mass of the girl?

W “It has a mechanical advantage greater than one.”

Which of these statements about the machine is/are correct?

7 What is the formula of aluminium sulfate?

9 What gas is produced when a metal reacts with an acid?

(C) Carbon dioxide

10 Which of the following is an example of an effector?

(A) Pain receptor

(B) Motor neuron

(D) Sweat gland

(A) Inter neuron

(B) Motor neuron

(C) Sensory neuron

(D) All of the above

12 Which of the following is correct about the transmission of information along

(A) It is in the form of an electrochemical impulse.

(B) It moves at the speed of light.

(D) It is the movement of electrons along an electrical field.

Questions continue on next page

13 Identify the structure X in the diagram below.

(A) Cerebral cortex

(B) Pituitary gland

(C) Medulla oblongata

NAME CLASS NUMBER

Answer the questions in the spaces provided.

Question 14 (4 marks) Marks

Question 15 (3 marks) Marks

Question 16 (3 marks) Marks

(a) Calculate the effort force required to lift the box.

Question 17 (4 marks) Marks

Balance the following chemical equations:

(a) CH3COOH(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → Ba(CH3COO)2(aq) + H2O(l)

(b) Al(OH)3(s) + H2SeO4(aq) → Al2(SeO4)3(aq) + H2O(l)

Question 20 (4 marks) Marks

(b) Outline how the stimulus-response pathway would be different in a

Question 21 (4 marks) Marks

The diagram below shows the structure of the human eye.

(a) Name the structures labelled A and B.

(b) Identify the functions of the structures labelled C and D.

NAME CLASS NUMBER

Answer the questions in the spaces provided.

Use g = 10 m s-2 throughout the paper.

Question 22 (7 marks) Marks

(a) Determine the mechanical advantage of the inclined plane.

(b) Calculate the length of the ramp, x.

Question continued on next page.

Question continued Marks

(c) Estimate the force of friction acting on the box.

(e) Calculate the efficiency of the ramp in this situation.

Question 23 (6 marks) Marks

Question 24 (6 marks) Marks

Fixed to the roof

(a) the mechanical advantage of the pulley system.