Learning Area and Grade Level : Earth and Life Science-Grade 11/12

Quarter Number : Quarter I – Week 8

Module Number :
SLK Developer : Fatima Marie P. Evangelista
Luray II Barangay High School

Natural Hazards, Mitigation and Adaptation: Marine and Coastal

Processes and Their Effects
Learning Competency

Cite ways to prevent or mitigate the impact of land development, waste disposal,
and construction of structures on control coastal processes (S11/12ES-Ii-41)

“The EARTH is what we all have in common.”

- Wendell Berry
Message to the Facilitator

Parents/guardians play a central role to a learner’s education. Now more than

ever, this is the best time for parents/guardians to maximize their bonding activities with
the learners by making them a learning experience as well.

For effective facilitation of home-based learning, parents/guardians must monitor

the completeness and timeliness in submitting the said learning tool, checking for
learner’s understanding, and affirming on-task behavior (as opposed to lots of time
spent playing online games, browsing social networking sites, etc.). 

This learning kit contains all the activities that the learner should undertake in
order to learn the lesson being discussed. It is best that in every activity, you should
guide him/her especially with things that are difficult for the learner to do alone.

As soon as the learner has successfully completed the tasks with performances
that measured up to the standards, you may assist him/her in submitting the SLK to
teacher. If something becomes too difficult or they do not seem to understand, you or
your learner should contact the teacher and request additional assistance.

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To the Learners:

This Self-Learning Kit (SLK) performs the role of an efficient teacher. This SLK
gives the opportunity to develop a good work ethics. Self-learning activities will provide
you the opportunity to learn and look for effective solutions on your own. When learning,
you get to learn other important skills such as time management, self-assessment, and
setting your own goals. These are important skills that you can apply anywhere. In fact,
people who are good at self-learning have an increased ability to develop other skills as
they often have to employ a certain set of skills in order to learn. Please follow the
instructions and if there are instructions that are not easy for you to understand or
follow, ask the help from any member of your family whom you think can help you.

Study the module carefully, do every task you are told to do and then submit the
module back to your teacher after you are done.

Enjoy! You can do this!

Introduction

Earth is the only known planet bathing in life-giving and life-sustaining liquid
called water. In fact oceans cover more than 70% of our planet. The role of water in the
origin of life cannot be underscored. Life on Earth first evolved in the ocean when
terrestrial conditions were still inhospitable for it to evolve. Our oceans are not only early
incubator of life, but are also climate regulators. Regional and global climates are
mediated by the conditions of our oceans.

Ocean waves and tides are mighty forces that shape many coastal landforms.
They are responsible for carving amazing stone formations and unique landforms in
different parts of the world. Their combined actions trigger many marine and coastal
processes. However, ocean waves and tides are also destructive. Coastal erosions
threaten the survival of more than three billion people worldwide (Creel, 2003).

One of the most pressing environmental issues with huge global implications is
the rising sea level attributed to global warming. Rising sea level is one major indicator
of climate change. The Philippines is one of the countries severely affected by sea level
rise. It is important that we know what the hazards are in order to plan and prepare.

In the previous lesson, you have already identified coastal processes that
influence the coastal landforms and associated hazards. Likewise, it is also important to
moderate the effects of destructive human activities and make intelligent decisions in
pursuit of progress.

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 This module also discusses topics which will introduce you to the following
concepts:

Coastal Hazard Mitigation

Sea Level Rise and The Future of Mankind

What I Need to Know

At the end of this SLK, you are expected to:

Identify the different ways to cope with coastal hazards, particularly

on coastal erosion, submersion and saltwater intrusion.
Evaluate the appropriateness and effectivity of the different
mitigation measures to minimize or prevent various coastal
hazards.
Show care for the environment and utilize resources
judiciously and economically

What I Know

Pre-Assessment- Activating Your Prior Knowledge

Directions: Read each statement carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is correct
and write FALSE if the statement is incorrect.

________1. Saltwater intrusion is a direct effect of sea level rise.

________2. Uprooting plants that grow in sand dunes can help protect our
coastal environment
________3. Hazard mitigation seeks to preparing for, or responding to, an
impending event.
________4. We modify coastlines to protect our beaches.
________5. Soft Engineering is controlled disruption of natural processes by
using man-made structures.
________6. Coastal engineering is a type of management where strategies are
put in place to protect areas from the effect of coastal erosion,
transportation and deposition.
________7. Building a sea wall is an example of Hard Engineering.
________8. Relocating residents in high-risk areas is part of manage retreat
scheme.
________9. Sea walls are appropriate barriers for areas with minimum local
government funds.
________10. Supplying beaches with sand is called Beach Nourishment.
________11. Insurance is not important in alleviating the financial costs
associated with flooding.
________12. Poor and developing countries like the Philippines, are not vulnerable to

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 the effects of global warming (e.g. Rising sea level)
________13. Rising sea level is never an indicator of climate change.
________14. We must take responsibility over our own actions towards coastal
protection.
________15. We must make intelligent decisions in pursuit of environmental
sustainability.

Great job! You’re good at this!

Now what is your score?

- I got 100 % so I will move on to the next topic.

- I got a few mistakes, so I have to keep going and learn more.

Don’t worry, this SLK is designed to guide you every step of the way. This sure is fun!

What’s In

Before we proceed with our new lesson, let us try to check your memory bank
about coastal and marine processes and associated hazards. Match column A with the
BEST definition in column B. Write the letter of your answer at the space provided
before each item. Good luck!

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 What’s New

Activity 1: Looking Back: Super Typhoon Yolanda

Typhoon Yolanda left a lengthy trail of destruction from Micronesia to China and
Vietnam, but its most serious damage was inflicted in the Philippines, where it
devastated Tacloban City on the northeastern tip of Leyte Island.

(Source: Department for International Development (DFID)

It wasn’t the wind, or the torrential rainfall that caused most of the appalling
devastation and loss of life in Tacloban, but the storm surge. At least 90% of the
structures in the city were damaged or destroyed by surge up to 4 meters (13 feet) high.
Storm surge is a complex sub-peril, and several factors affect how much water comes
ashore. In this activity, you will try to assess what these other factors are and what
could’ve done to lessen damages and loss of lives. Write your inferences in the chart
below.

BEFORE AND AFTER. A view of part of the urban port city of Tacloban. Boats, buildings and trees featured in the 2012 image are wiped out in the
second image. Some 2,000 people are thought to have perished in Tacloban. Source: Google and DigitalGlobe

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 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE THINGS THAT COULD HAVE DONE TO
DAMAGE CAUSED BY TYPHOON LESSEN DAMAGES AND LOSS OF
YOLANDA LIVES

What Is It

That was quite a brain work, right? Now, based on your answers above, kindly
answer the following questions:

1. What specific human activities can be attributed to coastal erosion in Tacloban?

2. What could be done to control rapid coastal erosion in Tacloban?
3. Coastal flooding is seen to be extensive due to climate change. How does global
warming affect the rise of sea-levels? How can we mitigate its effects?

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 Mini-Lesson

Well done! You outdid yourself today! Now let me add more information about
marine and coastal processes and hazards. Are you ready? Let’s make waves!

Let us define these terms:

 Coastal hazards - Hazards in the coastal zone encompass numerous

unavoidable risks to life and property caused by natural forces in the
environment.
 Coastal Hazard Mitigation - is any sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate
the long-term risk generated by hazards to people and the built and natural
environment. Mitigation can take several forms, including: siting, construction
techniques, protective works (erosion control structures, beach fills, dune
construction), maintenance, land use regulation, coastal zone management
planning, and enhancement of natural buffers. Hazard mitigation seeks to
permanently reduce risk or over long durations, rather than preparing for, or
responding to, an impending event.

COASTAL HAZARD MITIGATION

In the Philippines, coastal flood hazard is classified as high according to the

information that is currently available. This means that potentially-damaging waves are
expected to flood the coast at least once in the next 10 years. Based on this
information, the impact of coastal flood must be considered in different phases of the
project for any activities located near the coast. Project planning decisions, project
design, and construction methods must take into account the level of coastal flood
hazard. Further detailed information should be obtained to adequately account for the
level of hazard.

Climate change impact: According to the IPCC (2013), there is high confidence
that extremes in sea level will increase with mean sea level rise yet there is low
confidence in region-specific projections in storm surges. Projects in low-lying coastal
areas such as deltas, or in island states should be designed to be robust to projected
increases in global sea level.

Why modify the coast?

 Enable residential, recreation and tourism

 For shipping and transport
 Gain more land
 Protect more beaches
 Preservation of cultural or historical landmarks (e.g. forts and lighthouses)

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Coastal Engineering

Coastal engineering is a type of management where strategies are put in place to

protect areas from the effect of coastal erosion, transportation and deposition. Coastal
engineering strategies can be categorized as being either ‘hard’ or ‘soft’.

Hard Engineering – are controlled disruption of natural processes by using man-

made structures. Here are some examples of hard engineering with their corresponding
definitions, advantages and disadvantages.

Sea walls Groins

Revetments Rip rap

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B0y8aAYXH9_mS2pPV1d5RjBmM0U/view

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 Soft Engineering - The use of ecological principles and practices to reduce
erosion and achieve the stabilization and safety of shorelines and the area surrounding
rivers, while enhancing habitat, improving aesthetics, and saving money.

Beach Nourishment (On-shore borrow site) Managed Retreat

Other natural buffers (e.g. Mangrove, coral reefs)

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B0y8aAYXH9_mS2pPV1d5RjBmM0U/view

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Other recommendations:

 INTERACTING HAZARDS: Project planning, design, and construction practices

should account for coastal flood and storm surge from cyclones and other
weather events occurring in a project area.
 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS: Identify the regional and national
government’s emergency response policy and protocols to coastal flooding in a
project area and incorporate as necessary.
 TECHNICAL EXPERTISE: Consult with an expert familiar with coastal flooding
risk that has experience with natural hazards and/or construction practices in
your local area. Such consulting professionals include structural engineers, civil
engineers, and atmospheric scientists. Incorporate local and subject-matter
expertise in the design, construction, and maintenance phases of a project.
 INSURANCE: For coastal flooding risks that cannot be mitigated, consider
insurance products specifically aimed at alleviating the financial costs associated
with flooding.
 CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE: If the project involves the development of critical
infrastructure (e.g., a hospital, fire station, or power transmission line), or will
support critical infrastructure, you should consider how your project can be
affected by coastal flooding that occurs outside of the specific project location.
General guidelines on managing coastal erosion and their options:
Understanding the key processes of coastal dynamics and how coasts
developed in the past and present, as well as over the short and long term, is very
important for managing coastal erosion problems because coastal erosion may occur
without cause for concern. This can be very complex and possibly controversial where
many conflicts of interests exist within the coastal environment. The main underlying
principles for coastal erosion management are as follows (NRC, 1990; ARC, 2000):
 Identify and confirm coastal erosion as a problem.
 Identify, confirm and quantify the cause of the problem and ensure that any
management option is well thought out before implementing coastal erosion
measures.
 Understand the key processes and characteristics of coastal dynamics and
system boundaries that reflect the natural processes of the erosion problem.
 Determine the coastal erosion measure options and implement them using
proper design, construction and maintenance with careful evaluation of the
effects on adjacent shores.
 Consider the balance of the options’ costs and their associated benefits.
Sea Level Rise and the Future of Mankind

Poor and developing countries are vulnerable to the effects of global warming.
Island nations are threatened by the rising sea level. It is predicted that Maldives,
Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Tuvalu and other island countries in the Pacific region will sink
because these countries are only a meter above sea level (Purvis, 2016). Highly

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developed countries are high CO2 emitters than developing, least developed and poor
countries. According to the study, rising sea levels place Asian countries like the
Philippines, Thailand, Bangladesh, Indonesia, India, China, Japan, and Vietnam in
danger.

Roughly 30 years from now, major cities in the National Capital Region could
likely be submerged as coastal flooding is seen to become extensive worldwide by 2050
due to climate change. This was the findings of a study released on October 29, 2019
by Climate Central and published through the Nature Communications journal, which
also said that rising seas could likewise erase some of the world’s coastal cities due to
increasingly higher tides.

Through a screening tool provided by Climate Central, it showed what areas in

the country are at risk of sea-level rise and coastal flooding. Based on the map
(below), Metro Manila cities such as Manila, Navotas, Malabon, Pasay are likely to be
affected by coastal flooding.

Image: Screenshot from coastal.climatecentral.org

In Central Luzon, Climate Central’s screening tool indicates that Bulacan is

threatened to be underwater by 2050.

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 Image: Screenshot from coastal.climatecentral.org

In the Visayas, some areas such as Kalibo, Aklan, and Roxas City in Capiz may
also be submerged because of coastal flooding, based on the study.

Image: Screenshot from coastal.climatecentral.org

Image: Screenshot from coastal.climatecentral.org

And in Mindanao, Cotabato City, along Datu Piang and Northern Kabuntan in
Maguindanao, are at risk as well.

Image: Screenshot from coastal.climatecentral.org

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 The consequences of global warming are higher sea level, coastal storm surges
that will penetrate further inland and agricultural lands along the floodplains will
submerged permanently (Union of Concerned Scientist, 2015).
For several years the Government of the Philippines has been working
proactively on disaster risk reduction and as a result, it was better prepared at least in
terms of evacuating high-risk communities for the arrival of recent typhoons.
We have to bear in mind that the Earth is a dynamic system. What are we sure of
it is that global warming definitely threatens the survival of human species.

What’s More

But Wait, there’s more!

Activity I: Which is Which?

This is the imaginary coastal town of ‘Seaview’. Seaview has been suffering from
coastal erosion for the last 15 years since the nearby larger town of ‘Engleton’ had
groins built to protect its own coastline. In this activity, you need to decide what
appropriate method should be applied to minimize or prevent various coastal hazards?

Directions: Give each scheme a score from 1 (poor) to 5 (good). For example, an
expensive scheme should have a low score. Explain how you come up with the results.
COASTAL
COST APPEARANCE MAINTENANCE EFFECTIVENESS TOTAL
MANAGEMENT
Sea Wall

Groins

Rip Rap

Beach Nourishment

Natural Buffers
(Mangrove, Coral
Reefs)

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Would you choose the scheme with the highest score? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Which is the most important criteria?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Activity 2: Taking Responsibility

Directions: Now that you have identified different coastal mitigation measures, it is also
important to moderate the effects of destructive human activities and make intelligent
decisions in pursuit of progress. In this activity, you have to determine the appropriate
actions needed to correct the ones from the right. Draw an arrow from Column A to your
chosen answer in Column B. The first item is being answered as your guide. Best of
luck!

What We Often Do What We SHOULD Do Instead

What I Have Learned

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 Are you ready to show me that you have done the task I gave you at the start of
this module?

Do your best to answer the following:

1. Can you identify different ways to cope with coastal hazards?

2. How do you choose an appropriate mitigation measures that would help minimize
or prevent various coastal hazards? Explain.
3. They say, “Change comes from within”. In ways are you going to protect our
coastal environment?

What I Have Valued

Here is a picture below that defines the word “Beach”. If you were to define this
word, what would it be? Why? Write your answer in the space provided.

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

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 What I Can Do

The Philippines is the world’s third-largest ocean polluter despite a waste

management act coming into effect 18 years ago. The culprits? Corruption, lack of
political will – and an addiction to single-use plastic sachets. Design a persuasive and
catchy slogan to influence consumers to stop using single-use plastics. Will you shock,
amuse or appeal to people’s logic and commonsense? Utilize the space provided.

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 Post-Assessment

Congratulations! You’ve reach this far. This part will assess your learning and if
this SLK served its purpose.

Directions: This is a multiple choice type of test and I want you to read each item
carefully and choose the correct answer from the given choices. Please encircle the
letter of your answer.

1. These are walls or embankment erected to prevent the sea from eroding an area
of a land. What coastal scheme is being described?
a. Beach nourishment c. Managed retreat
b. Groins d. Sea walls
2. What primarily causes sea-level rise?
a. Melting of mountain glaciers
b. Melting of Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets
c. Expansion of water volume due to warming of oceans
d. All of the above
3. Managed retreat is the considered the LAST option for coastal management.
Why is this so?
a. Effectiveness is uncertain.
b. Possible social problems with residents who must move.
c. People will need to be compensated for loss of buildings or farmlands
d. All of the above
4. Hard Engineering is a controlled disruption of natural processes by using man-
made structures. The following are examples of hard engineering, except:
a. Beach Nourishment c. Rip Raps
b. Groins d. Sea Walls
5. Mangrove rehabilitation is another form of natural buffering system. How does it
help protecting our coastal environment?
a. Mangroves can reduce water levels by 5 to 50 centimeters.
b. Mangroves reduce wave damage from strong typhoon and their roots strongly
bind soils together.
c. Mangroves are very efficient in carbon sequestration. They are natural
defenses against the effects of climate change (e.g. sea level rise)
d. All of the above
6. Soft Engineering is mostly inexpensive because:
a. It uses man-made structures.
b. It only uses rocks to act as sea armors.
c. It may look unattractive to tourists because it requires low maintenance.
d. It uses of ecological principles and practices to reduce erosion, thus saving
money.
7. What will happen if vegetation (e.g. Mangroves) is being removed from the
coastal zones?
a. Nothing really happens.

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 b. Various pests will swarm the coasts
c. Sea level rises drastically during storm surges.
d. The livelihood and settlement of people stays the same.
8. According to the National Building Code (RA 6541), buildings should be at least
30 meters away from the shoreline. What do you think is the purpose of this law?
a. To construct more resorts catering to tourists.
b. To create more space for tourism and other related activities.
c. To protect communities from environmental hazards and pollution.
d. To invite more people to reside near coastal zones for better view of the
island.
9. The main underlying principles for coastal erosion management are as follows,
except:
a. Identify and confirm coastal erosion as a problem.
b. Consider the balance of the options’ costs and their associated benefits.
c. Ensure that any management option is well thought out before implementing
coastal erosion measures.
d. Pursuing tourism activities to increase the number of tourist arrivals despite
reaching the area’s carrying capacity.
10. Coastal Hazard Mitigation is any sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate
the long-term risks. Mitigation can take several forms, except:
a. Responding to an impending event.
b. Identifying hazards, Project planning and Designing.
c. Protective works (erosion control structures, beach fills, dune construction).
d. Considering insurance products specifically aimed at alleviating the financial
costs associated with flooding.
11. Case Study: The Harag coast is threatened by fast rates of erosion. Harag beach
is important for tourism in Toledo City and is being depleted at an alarming rate.
Why? The cliffs are made of soft boulder clay therefore they are quickly eroded
by the power of the sea and sun aerial processes (physical and biological
weathering). What would be an appropriate method of coastal protection
needed?
a. Mangrove plantation along coastal areas.
b. Rip raps (large granite rocks) to absorb wave energy.
c. Sea walls near establishments (seaside hotels, cabins, restaurants)
d. All of the above
12. Saltwater intrusion is the intrusion of sea water over fresh water aquifers (water-
bearing permeable rock). What makes it a hazard to coastal environment?
a. Saltwater could enter the well and contaminate the water supply.
b. Decreases freshwater storage in the aquifers, and, in extreme cases, can
result in the abandonment of wells.
c. Can be very problematic to coastal communities that rely on fresh
groundwater supplies for the livelihood.
d. All of the above
13. What is the BEST thing you can do to protect our coastal environment
a. Collect sea shells as memento.
b. Prioritize tourism activities over environmental protection.

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 c. Rehabilitation of coastal zones by planting more mangroves.
d. Conduct team building activities like campfire by the sea shore.
14. The following are common causes of coastal pollution, except:
a. Coral bleaching c. Single-use plastic trashes
b. Industrial wastes d. Storm water
15. Sustainable management of coastlines includes:
a. Using plant buffers (e.g. Mangroves)
b. Locating roads further away from the coastlines.
c. Supporting ecotourism developments (focusing on ecological conservation
and educating travelers on local environments and natural surroundings)
d. All of the above

Additional Activities

Great work! Always remember that learning doesn’t just stop here, it is a never
ending process. Here is another task for you to work on in preparation for our next topic.

Directions: Research a coastal area in the Philippines that has been changed by human
activity. Prepare a narrative report, including maps (if available), the location of the
beach and a description of it before it was changed, changes people made and how
these affected the environment, strategies that were used, or could be used to repair
the damage. Evaluate the effectiveness — or likely effectiveness — of these strategies.
Here is a sample format for which you need to write in a short bond paper and attach
it to this module.

Name: Date:
Grade and Section: Schedule:

Coastal Management

Narrative report should contain:

Maps (if available)

Location of the chosen beach or coastal area

Changes people made and how these affected the environment

Strategies used or could be used to repair the damage

Effectiveness or likely effectiveness of these strategies

Final thoughts

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 Answer Key
Pre-assessment What’s In: What’s New:
Activity I: Looking Back: Super Typhoon Yolanda
1. ǝnɹʇ
2. ǝs‫ן‬ɐɟ
3. ǝs‫ן‬ɐɟ
4. ǝnɹʇ
5. ǝs‫ן‬ɐɟ
6. ǝnɹʇ
7. ǝnɹʇ
8. ǝnɹʇ
9. ǝs‫ן‬ɐɟ
10. ǝnɹʇ
11. ǝs‫ן‬ɐɟ
12. ǝs‫ן‬ɐɟ
13. ǝs‫ן‬ɐɟ

What’s more:
Activity I: Which is which?
Answers may vary.
Best choice: Sea wall, Natural Buffers
Sea wall is highly expensive and needs more maintenance but effectivity is high. Natural buffers (Mangrove planting) cost less and
is nature-friendly but should be maintained every now and then.
Answers may vary. Best choice depending on your answer above. Effectiveness or Costs

What’s more:
Activity 2: Taking Responsibility

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Email Address: toledo.city@deped.gov.ph
 References

Bayo-ang, R, et al. Earth and Life Science for Senior High School. Quezon City:
Educational Resources Corporation, 2016.

Department of Education. "Disaster Risk Reduction Manual (Safer School Resource

Manual)." DepEd Web Site. 2008. http://www.deped.gov.ph/sites/default/
files/Disaster%20Risk%20Reduction%20Resource %20Manual.pdf (accessed June 9,
2020).

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Philippine Coastal Management.

2001. https://faspselib.denr.gov.ph/sites/default/files//Publication%20Files/
crmguidebook1.pdf (accessed July 9, 2020).

Religioso, T.F and Vengco L.G. You and the Natural World Series - Earth and Life
Science. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2016.

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