Molecular Genetics Review

1. Outline the following scientist’s role in the discovery of DNA:

a) Meischer d) Avery, McLeod and McCarty
b) Griffith e) Rosalind Franklin
c) Hershey and Chase f) Watson and Crick
2. Describe the Structure of DNA.
3. Explain how DNA structure helps DNA replicate itself.
4. Explain the role of enzymes in the replication of DNA.
5. Explain the central dogma.
6. Briefly(ish) explain transcription.
7. Briefly(ish) explain translation.
8. Briefly explain the three main post transcriptional modifications.
9. What are retroviruses? How do they work?
10. What are the four levels of control for gene expression? P. 255
11. Using the lac operon, explain how a gene can be turned on when necessary.
12. Using the trp operon, explain how a gene can be turned off when not needed.
13. Explain the following mutations:
a) point mutations f) nonsense mutations
b) translocation mutations g) frameshift mutations
c) substitution mutations h) deletion mutations
d) silent mutations i) insertion mutations
e) missense mutations
14. What are mutagenic agents? Name some.
15. Explain the organization of eukaryotic DNA.
16. Briefly explain the role of the following tools in genetic engineering:
a) restriction endonucleases
b) methylases
c) DNA ligase
d) Gel electrophoresis
e) Plasmids
17. Briefly outline the steps required to clone a gene in a bacterium.
18. Distinguish between EcoRI and SmaI
19. What is PCR? What is it used for?
20. Briefly outline how PCR works.
21. What is RFLP? What is it used for?
22. What is Southern blotting? Explain how it produces a DNA fingerprint.
23. Explain why the Sanger Dideoxy method is also called chain termination technique.
24. What is barcoding and how is it created? How is this information useful?
25. What is CRISPR-Cas9? What is the significance of this technology?

Complete the following questions from the text:

p. 229 # 11 - 16 p. 274 # 2, 7, 13
p. 230 # 5, 9, 14 p. 319 # 13
p. 273 # 13 - 16 p. 320 # 1, 2, 6, 14, 17, 18, 22