a.

lokman/Sept2017
 Identify the challenges of PA in a
representative democracy
 Describe the current public
administration concepts and issues
 Discuss the policy and decision making
process in public administration
 Explain the importance of ethics in
public administration

a.lokman/Sept2017
 What is Public Administration?
 Waldo(1955) – 2 usage of PA
› A field of practice
› An academic field of study

 Rutgers (2010) – PA word usage

› Public Administration refers to the academic
field of study.
› public administration refers to the practice
a.lokman/Sept2017
 Wilson (1887)
› Is detailed and systematic execution of public
law.
 Waldo (1955)
› Is the organization and management of men
and materials to achieve the purpose of the
government.
 Caiden (1971)
› That part of public domain that concern with the
administrative aspects of resolution of public
issues.

a.lokman/Sept2017
 Rosenbloom (1989)
› PA is the action part of the government.
› The use of managerial, political and legal
theory and process to fulfil legislative,
executive and judicial government
mandates for the provision of regulatory and
service functions for the society as a whole
of a segment of it’

a.lokman/Sept2017
 It positioned PA as something ‘in
between’ the authority that make
decisions (state) and the people that are
to be administered (society) (Rutgers,
2010)
 Promotes an understanding on the
relationship between the government
and the society it governs.

a.lokman/Sept2017
 A concept initiated by Woodrow Wilson
through his seminal article ‘ The study of
Administration’ in 1887.
 Goodnow (1900) explained that ‘politics
has to do with policies and the expression
of the state will’ while administration ‘ has to
do with the execution of the policies’.
 To distinguish between administrative and
political (legal) actions and between
administrative and political functions
(Rutgers, 2010)
a.lokman/Sept2017
 Administration entails huge discretion
that bring together technical expertise
and administrative efficiency
(Frederickson, 2012).
 It was assumed that the line between
policy/politics and administration was a
‘firewall’ (Frederickson et al, 2012).

a.lokman/Sept2017
 Deals with what is to be done, how,
when and where it should be done.
 Administration is the process where
policy and decision is implemented.

a.lokman/Sept2017
Criteria Public organization Private organization
Ownership Government Owner, shareholders,
stakeholders
Objectives/ Measure Serve public Profit
of performance
Resources Taxes Owners money & loans
Accountability Superior & publics Owner & shareholders
Size & complexity Huge & general Narrow & specialized

a.lokman/Sept2017
 Prime mover of the states development
 Arrange, formulate and implement plans
and programs for state
 Implement government policies
 Fulfill the public needs
 ‘Run the country’ at a certain extent
(Heywood, 2007)

a.lokman/Sept2017
Development Location Focus
phase
Modern PA Europe The dominance of law and
economic in PA
America 1900’s - Scientific management
Distinction between politics &
administration
1960s’- Decision making &
organization studies
1970’s & 1980s -Public
organizations & policies
1980s – Public policy making &
public management
1990’s – 2000 – Governance

a.lokman/Sept2017
Background Perspective
Old Public Administration Politically neutral.
Bureaucracy is a closed system -
limited citizens involvement in the
system.
Efficiency & rationality are the most
important values.
Top-down control in program
implementation.
PA is just an implementer of public
objectives.
Public as clients & constituents.

a.lokman/Sept2017
Background Perspective
New Public Management PA as ‘public entrepreneur’ –
bringing the public service reforms.
New set of values drawn largely
from the private sector.
Technical & economic rationality.
Public is viewed as customers.
Focus of government is to deliver
service.

a.lokman/Sept2017
Backgroud Perspective
New Public Service Public is viewed as citizens (not
clients, customers or voters)
Greater responsiveness &
corresponding increase in citizen
trust.
Desire to contribute to society –
public interest is the aim not the
product.
Think strategic & act democratic.
Values people, citizenship & public
service.

a.lokman/Sept2017