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OJT Terowongan, 5 - 8 Maret 2018

Balai Diklat III, JAKARTA

Dr. Ir. Pintor T. Simatupang, MT.

Sekjen Himpunan Ahli Teknik Tanah Indonesia (HATTI)
Pengurus Lembaga Pengembangan Jasa Konstruksi Nasional (LPJKN)

SNI 8460 : 2017

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Outline

ü Historical Background of Tunnel

ü The Need of Shield Tunnel
ü Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)
ü Geologic Condition
ü Settlement on Ground Surface
ü Lining

Historical Background

1,036 m
(3,399 ft)
length in
Samos, Greece,
built in the 6th
century BC

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Historical Background

Historical Background

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Historical Background

Historical Background

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Historical Background

Historical Background

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The Need of Shield Tunnel

The Need of Shield Tunnel

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The Need of Shield Tunnel

The Need of Shield Tunnel

Membangun terowongan
di daerah perkotaan

Bangunan di atas tanah

tidak boleh terganggu

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Shield Tunnel (Terowongan Perisai)

Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)

Shield Tunnel (Terowongan Perisai)

Dibangun tahun 1825

Thames River in London

Marc Brunel

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Soft Soil

Geologic Condition Geometri Terowongan

Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)

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Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)

Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)

Cutterhead

Segmental Lining

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Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)

• Type of Machine
• TBM design conditions
• Design Basis
• TBM Components
• Manufacturing of TBM
• Maintenance of TBM

Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)

Face system Type of TBM

Earth Pressure Balanced (EPB)

Closed
Slurry

Mechanical

Open Semi-mechanical

Manual excavation

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Slurry TBM

Applicability of machine type

TBM type
Soil type
Open type Closed type

SPT Semi- EPB

Classification mechanical Slurry
blow mechanical W/o injection With injection
Humus 0 NA NA NA AC AC

Alluvial Clay, silt 0-2 NA NA A A A

clay 0-5 NA NA A A A
Sandy silt
Sandy clay 5 - 10 AC AC A A A
Loam, clay 10 - 20 A AC AC A A
Diluvial
Sandy loam 15 - 25 A A AC A A
clay
Sandy clay 25 - A A AC A A
Soft
Mudstone 50 - AC AC AC AC AC
rock
Sand w/ clay 10 - 15 AC AC A A A
Sandy
Loose sand 10 - 30 NA AC AC A A
soil
Stiff sand 30 - AC AC AC A A
Loose gravel 10 - 40 AC AC AC A A
Stiff gravel 40 - AC AC AC A A
Gravel,
boulder Gravel with
--- AC AC AC A AC
boulder
Boulder --- AC NA AC AC AC

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Major TBM design conditions

Items Remarks

Special care for very soft clay, high

Ground conditions water pressure, soil with boulders, and
combination of soft and stiff.

The abrasion and durability of each

Tunnel length machine component become more
important.

Articulation jacks are needed and copy

Tunnel alignment cutter needs to be check for extra
excavation in case of curve.

Special care for higher pressure

Tunnel depth Sealing capacity needs to be paid
attention where water pressure is high

TBM Design Basis

ØFor the initial planning
ØClosed-type machine weight
ØFor single track approx. 200 ton
ØFor double track approx. 1000 ton.
ØMachine length (no articulation jacks )
ØFor single track approx. 5 to 6 m
ØFor double track approx. 6 to 8 m.

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Geologic Condition
 
Preliminary  Basic  Detail 
Investigation Investigation Investigation

1. Supplemental 
1. Understanding  soil 
general  1. Understanding  investigation
conditions of  soil and 
topography,  geological  2. Detailed soil 
soil and  structures  investigation 
geological  along the  on critical 
Purpose structures entire route elements for 
  design and 
2. Predicting  2. Understanding  construction
problematic  soil properties  3. Design 
soil and 
obtaining  3. Preparation of  information 
following  geological  for special 
investigation  profile conditions, 
data such as 
earthquakes

Geologic Condition
Method 1. Collecting and 1. Borings 1. Borings
compiling existing
information 2. Standard 2. Standard
penetration tests penetration tests
2. Collecting and
compiling 3. Core sampling 3. Core sampling
information on 4. Groundwater level 4. Porewater pressures
similar and nearby survey measurement
projects
5. Porewater pressures 5. Permeability tests
3. Document measurement
investigation 6. Laboratory soil tests
6. Laboratory soil tests
4. Observation during a 7. Pressuremeter test
site survey
8. Survey on oxygen
deficient air,
hazardous and
flammable gases
9. Deep foundation
excavation
10. Paralel Seismic (PS)
Logging

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Soil Investigation Item

Preliminary Investigation

1. Various maps (topographical and geological maps)

2. Existing soil investigation reports
3. Construction reports on previously built structures
in the vicinity
4. Wells and groundwater
5. Observation of topography, soil conditions and
surrounding areas
6. Ground settlement

Soil Investigation Item

Basic Investigation

- Stratum composition
- SPT blows
- Coefficient of permeability
- Groundwater level and porewater pressure
- Core samples
- Particle size distribution
- Moisture content
- Soil particle specific gravity
- Unit weight
- Unconfined compressive strength
- Liquid and plastic limits
- Cohesion
- Angle of internal friction
- Properties of consolidation

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Soil Investigation Item

Detailed Investigation
1. SPT blows
2. Coefficient of permeability
3. Groundwater level and
porewater pressures
4. Core samples
5. Particle size distribution
6. Moisture content
7. Soil particle specific gravity
8. Unit weight
9. Unconfined compressive
strength
10.Liquid and plastic limits

Soil Investigation Item

Detailed Investigation
1. Cohesion
2. Angle of internal friction
3. Properties of consolidation
4. Speed and direction of groundwater flow
5. Size of cobbles and boulders
6. Modulus of subgrade reaction
7. Seismic velocity
8. Apparent resistivity
9. Rock layer for seismic design

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Settlement on Ground Surface

Settlement on Ground Surface

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Settlement on Ground Surface

Lining
1. Load
2. Segmental lining
3. Shape and dimension of segment
4. Key segment

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Load

Earth Pressure

Design
Ground condition λ Approx. SPT blow
method
Very dense sandy soil 0.45 30 ≤ N
Effective
stress Medium dense sandy soil 0.45-0.50 15 ≤ N< 30
method
Loose sandy soil 0.50-0.60 N < 15
Stiff cohesive soil 0.40-0.50 8 ≤ N < 25

Total stress Medium cohesive soil 0.50-0.60 4≤N<8

Method Soft cohesive soil 0.60-0.70 2 ≤ N< 4
Very soft cohesive soil 0.70-0.80 N<2

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Water pressure Self weight

Hw Pw1=γw∙Hw
A uniformly distributed load
in vertical direction.
Dc

Surcharge loads
Ø Surface traffic 10 kN/m².
Ø Existing or known future buildings 20 kN/floor/m² unless clearly known

Ground Reaction

Spring model

The coefficient of ground reaction times tunnel radius, kN/m2 1)

During hardening process After hardening of tail

Ground condition of tail void grouting *1 Approx. SPT blow
void grouting *2

Very dense sandy soil 35.0 – 47.0 55.0 – 90.0 30 ≤ N< 50

Medium dense sandy soil 21.5 – 35.0 28.0 – 55.0 15 ≤ N< 30

Loose sandy soil – 21.5 – 28.0 N< 15

Solid cohesive soil 31.5 – 46.0 – 25 ≤ N

Stiff cohesive soil 13.0 – 31.5 15.0 –46.0 8 ≤ N < 25

Medium cohesive soil 7.0 –13.0 7.5 – 15.0 4≤N<8

Soft cohesive soil 3.5 – 7.0 3.8 – 7.5 2 ≤ N< 4

Very soft cohesive soil – 3.5 – 3.8 N<2

*1 For design by primary loads or construction load Unit: kN/m2

*2 For design by seismic load or special loads

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Lining and Key Segment

B B
K K

B B
B B

K K

K K
Ｂ B
B B
α α

A A A
A

A A

Radial insertion type Longitudinal insertion type

Tapered Ring

S S T S: Straight segment ring

S S T S S T: Tapered segment ring
T
(Exaggerated)

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Joint Structure
Bolt hole
Joint reinforcing plate

Bolt Curved Bolt

Joint plate
Anchor bar

a) Strait bolt type b) Curved bolt type

Thank You

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