Manav School of Polytechnic vyala, Akola

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Academic Year - 2021-22

Semester V

Illumination and electrification of building Project

Submitted to M.S.B.T.E. In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for

the Diploma in Electrical Engineering

Project on – “Case study and Illumination scheme”

Submitted By
Mr. Yogesh S. Khandare

Mr. Himanshu V. Khobragade

Mr. Piyush K. Yeraballi

Project Guide-

Prof. Nikhil Akharav

Subject Teacher head of the department

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. /Ms

Roll No , of Fifth Semester of Diploma in Electrical
Engineering of Institute Manav School of Polytechnic, vyala,
Akola (Code: 1668) has completed the Micro-Project
satisfactorily in Subject Illumination and electrification of
buildings (22530) for the academic year 2021 to 2022 as
prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: ------------------------ Enrolment No: ----------------------

Date: ------------------------ Exam Seat No: -----------------------

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. /Ms

Roll No , of Fifth Semester of Diploma in Electrical
Engineering of Institute Manav School of Polytechnic, vyala,
Akola (Code: 1668) has completed the Micro-Project
satisfactorily in Subject Illumination and electrification of
buildings (22530) for the academic year 2021 to 2022 as
prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: ------------------------ Enrolment No: ----------------------

Date: ------------------------ Exam Seat No: -----------------------

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. /Ms

Roll No , of Fifth Semester of Diploma in Electrical
Engineering of Institute Manav School of Polytechnic, vyala,
Akola (Code: 1668) has completed the Micro-Project
satisfactorily in Subject Illumination and electrification of
buildings (22530) for the academic year 2021 to 2022 as
prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: ------------------------ Enrolment No: ----------------------

Date: ------------------------ Exam Seat No: -----------------------

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

 Acknowledgement

Acknowledgement I feel proud to present my investigatory project in

IEB on the topic “Case study of past installed illumination scheme and

try to draw polar curve”

This project wouldn’t have been feasible without the proper and
rigorous guidance of my IEB teacher Prof. Nikhil Akharav. Who guided
us throughout this project in every possible way? An investigatory
project involves various difficult laboratory experiments which have to
be carried out by the student to obtain the observation and conclude the
report on a meaningful note. These experiments are very critical and in
the case of failure may result in disastrous consequence there by. I
would like to thank Prof. Nikhil Akharav for both guiding us on a step-
by-step basis and ensuring that I completed all my experiment with
ease. Rigorous hard work has been put in this project to ensure that it
proves to be the best I hope the best I hope that this project will prove to
be a breeding ground for the next generation of student and will guide
them in every possible way.
 Contents
Sr No. Topic Page
No.
1 Abstract 07

2 Introduction 08

3 Types of lighting scheme 08

4 Direct lighting 8

5 Indirect lighting 9

6 Semi-Direct lighting 10

7 Semi-Indirect lighting 11

8 General Lighting 12

9 Light diversion method 13

10 Designing of Lighting scheme 13

11 Summery 15
12 Conclusion 15
13 Reference 16
Abstract

Illumination scheme is also called as lighting scheme. In

lighting scheme we will discuss about their types and there are

various types of lighting scheme designed for various types’

application and we also try to draw their polar curves

 INTRODUCTION
 Illumination Scheme

The illumination scheme is also called as lighting scheme for different

purpose different type of illumination schemes are used

Types of lighting /illumination scheme

If the light falls on the polished surface the light is reflected back this is
good for illumination but is produces glare on the eyes which is
harmful.

If light falls on the coarse surfaces like painted ceilings, frosted

glass or paper the light is diffused in all the directions so no effect of
glare on the eyes. So this method is used for internal or external
lightings.

 Direct lighting
 Indirect lighting
 Semi-direct lighting
 Semi-indirect lighting
 General lighting

 Direct lighting scheme

In this method, the reflector is used on the lighting source. The

100% light is reflected by this reflector on the working plane. So
efficiency of direct lighting scheme is very high and it is economical
also.

By this method most of the light source is made available on the

working surface and very few percent is wasted . The energy is
lighting sources, is hung and light is diverted by proper shaped
reflectors or globs. So numbers of light units needed are less and
overall cost of the illumination scheme is reduced.

Though this system is most efficient, the drawback of the system is

that dark shadows fall on the working plate moreover there is a glare
on the eyes . The direct lighting scheme is widely used in drawing
room, workshop etc.

HL :- Lower hemisphere

UL:- upper hemisphere

 Indirect lighting

In this method the 100% light is reflected on ceiling and walls

by the reflector and this reflected light will be available on working
plane. It is less efficient and uneconomical scheme but glare and
shadows are very less.

The light does not reach the working surface directly. The maximum
light (about 100 %) is thrown towards the ceilings for diffused
reflection by using inverted reflectors or bowl reflectors.
As if the ceiling acts as a light source therefore the glare is reduced to
the minimum value. Illumination is pleasant, defused and very soft
and shadows are illuminated.

Scheme is decorative. This scheme is suggested for function halls,

cinema theatres, and three star hotels. Also suggested for big
workshops in the industries to avoid accidents due to shadows.

I.e. why surrounding may be pleasant and widely used in hotels,

guest room etc.

 Semi Direct lighting

In this scheme, about 60 to 90% of total light flux is made to fall on

the working surface and 10 to 40% is allowed to fall on the ceiling and
walls.
 This is achieved by providing semi-direct reflectors. Such a scheme
is best suited to rooms having bigger heights. Glare is avoided and
diffused bulbs are used.
The efficiency and economy is slightly less than direct lighting
scheme. But the glare and shadows are less as compare to direct
lighting scheme.

 Semi indirect lighting

In this system, 60 to 90 % of the total light flux is diverted to fall on

the ceilings from where the light is directed on the working surface
by diffused reflection. Only 30 to 40 % flux reaches the working
plane. Some is absorbed by the bowls.
This provides pleasant lighting, free from glare and shadows are very
soft. Scheme is costly. But it is used for indoor decoration purposes.
Bowls are semi-translucent type.
It is economical and efficiency as compared to indirect lighting
scheme.

 General lighting

Special diffusing glasses are used for lamps which spread the light
uniformly on tile working plane. The light illumination is equal in all
directions.
Following Figure gives the idea of all the above five types in a
schematic diagram with percentage division of light illumination.
  Light diversion in different lighting method

1. Direct fitting (90 to 100% downwards)

2. Semi-direct fitting (75% downwards)
3. General fitting(50% downwards).
4. Semi-indirect fitting(25% downwards)
5. Indirect fitting (10% downwards)

 Designing of Lighting Schemes:

i. Illumination Level:
This is the most vital factor because a sufficient illumination is the basic
means whereby we are able to see our surroundings.

For each type of work there is a range of brightness most favourable to

output i.e. which causes minimum fatigue and gives maximum output
in terms of quality depends upon:
(i) The size of the objects to be seen and its distance from the observer.
Greater the distance of the object from observer and smaller the size of
the object, greater will be the illumination required for its proper
perception and

(ii) Contrast between the object and back-ground-greater the contrast

between the colour of the object and its background, greater will be the
illumination required to distinguish the object properly. Objects which
are seen for longer duration of time required more illumination than
those for casual work. Similarly moving objects required more
illumination than those for stationary objects.

ii. Uniformity of Illumination:

The human eye adjusts itself automatically to the brightness within the
field of vision. If there is a lack of uniformity, pupil or iris of the eye has
to adjust more frequently and thus fatigue is caused to the eye and
productivity is reduced. It has been found that visual performance is
best if the range of brightness within the field of vision is not greater
than 3:1, which can be achieved by employing general lighting.

iii. Shadows:
In lighting installations, formation of long and hard shadows causes
fatigue of eyes and therefore is considered to be a shortcoming.
Complete absence of shadows altogether again does not necessarily
mean an ideal condition of lighting instillations. Contrary, perhaps to
popular opinion, a certain amount of shadow is desirable in artificial
lighting as it helps to give shape to the solid objects and makes them
easily recognised.

iv. Glare:
It may be direct or reflected i.e. it may come direct from the light source
or it may be reflected brightness such as from a desk top, nickeled
machine parts, or calendared paper.

Direct glare from a source of light is more common, and is more often a
hindrance to vision. A glance at the sun proves that an extremely bright
light source causes acute eye discomfort. Reflected glare is glare which
comes to the eyes as glint or reflection of the light source in some
polished surface.

v. Mounting Height:
In case of direct lighting it depends upon the type of building and type
of lighting scheme employed. For rooms of large floor area, the
luminaries should be mounted close to ceiling as possible. In case of
indirect and semi-indirect lighting, it would be desirable to suspend
luminaries enough down from ceiling to give uniform illumination.

vi. Spacing of Luminaries:

The distance of light source from the wall should be equal to one half the
distances between two adjacent light sources. The distance between light
fittings should not exceed 1.5 times the mounting height.

Summery
There are various types of Lighting Scheme Which are Direct, Semi
Direct .indirect, Semi indirect, And General lighting Scheme and their
various Polar curves which helps us to find out Mean Horizontal Candle
Power (MHCP) and Mean spherical Candle Power .These are also used
to determine the actual illumination of a surface by employing the
candle power in that particular direction as read from the vertical polar
curve in illumination calculations.

Conclusion
In this project We have discussed about what are the different
types of lighting scheme and their polar curve and Designing
of Lighting scheme and their efficiency and the efficiency of
direct lighting scheme is more but there is a disadvantage of
these lighting scheme is the shadows and glare is more.

Reference
1. Applied Illumination Engineering Lindsey, Jack L. The Fairmont
Press Inc.
2. Lighting Engineering: Applied Calculations Simons, R. H., Bean,
Robert Architectural Press (ISBN 0750650516)
3. Handbook of Applied Photometry Casimer M Decusatis Springer
(ISBN 1563964163)
4. Handbook of Industrial Lighting Butterworths, Lyons Stanley,
Butterworths
5. Lighting Control Technology and Applications Simpson Robert S
Focal Press
6. Energy Management in Illuminating Systems Kao Chen CRC Press