ပိုၼ်းတႆး မိူဝ်ႈမိုၼ်ႉၵွၼ်ႇ (ၸိူဝ်ႉလၢၼ်ႉၸဝ်ႈ)

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qldof.vmef.qof;
wSrf;
ykdef:wh:rldof;rkdef.ugef,
1998 - March
2000 yyf.
1
acK;Oif,
zl;uSyf:MrfwgrfwSrf;
ykdef:tefoK;eh. ref:yAefcldif;yldiftef rofrmifauK; trf,q[; aOauK.aOulef: ar:pmif;Omif;ygifckdif

tofauK; trf,qkdof; uSef,vuf:cofyAefcldif;yldif tefeuf:euf:eKeK ckduf.vkduf.vrf,urf,zD,aO
wkdef:ref:yAefrK: qgrf:qldof.cldof:ulef:cldof:z[,cldof:ref:eef.bof.? trf,eef qldof.cldof:ulef: ekdif;
cldof:eef. wuf:awvh;rD:rK:yAefrK:ykdef:J ykdef:tefoK;eef.bof./
uofcK;sw. yAefzl;uwf.cSef, vlif.vSef,zhm,ykdef:auK;trf,q[; wkduf.yAefzl;vAyf;pAef:
clef.cGK.ykdef:auK.ekdif;ulnf: ugyf;yldof;rldefqldif.eif,uGmrf:tefoK;-
wh:ul;auK.wh:ul;wD; P;arKvduf;wh:
wh:ul;auK.wh:ul;wD; P;N.ygif,ykdef:wh:
wh:ul;auK.wh:ul;wD; P;N.pefxkdifrldif:wh:
eheef.aOJ
eif,yAefydkef:uof,ymeftgefwh: wuf:awtrf,Nif:trf,phmtrf,whm eif,NdofyD;egif.wh:ul;
auK.ul;wD; ayK:awN.ygif,pefxkdifykdef:wh:rldif:wh:eef. ugyf;yldof;ykef;zgef: qldof.qmwf;yefwluf:rK:
eldofNofrK, (oK,) ykef;wK,wh:ul;auK.sv; uK;eif,ouf.rK:pKvh;uK;oK;vh;ygifyAefeef. uofcK;qif,vh;
ckdef:ar:ukrf:uAyf:MrfwgrfwSrf;yAefyyf. ]]ykdef:wh: rldof;rkdef.ugef,}}eh. tguf,rK:zSofxkdife[:rkdof:zl;vl
vduf;pof:cofcK;bof./
ayK:awckuf:clef.olef.ckdef:ykdef:ulef: rldof;aw,wif;vluf;vkrf,'K.eef.qkdif awvh;N.oK;
rD:ulef:bl,ukduf:urf,'K,rK:OD,cldof:ehbof. OD,cldof:eef.
(1)qkrf:cdlof:ulef:rkef,ulof:? eldof.vldif = Mongoloid
(2)qkrf:cldof:ulef:bl:Ilyf.? eldof.cmof =Europid
(3)qkrf:cldof:ulef:eD,uvlof:? eldof.vrf =Negroid
(4)qkrf:cldof:ulef:atK:Oxlof:? eldof.urf, =Australiodtrf,eef
qkrf:cldof:ulef:uguf,au:OAef: = Caucasian eh.bof./
2
ayK:rK:tofqgrf:ykdef:vluf;oK;qkdif qkrf:qldof.qmwf;cldof:ulef:rkef,ulof:eh. yAefqmof:qldof.cldof:

tefb[,aOyldef;wif:OAif;sv; aw,yAefrK:tgefwmif:yldef; e[:cldof:ulef:urf,'K,ehbof.? ulef:cdlof:
wh:pof:eh. ugyf;yldof;azbmeftguf,rK:wD; ulef:cldof:rkef,ulof:sv; wh:pof:auK; awvh;oK; pof:yAef
ulef:qldof.qmwf;cldof:b[,tefbl,ukduf:vluf;urf'K,rK: qArfrldof;v[rldof;ugef,ehbl,bof./
wK,P;pof:pK: ayK:awvh;N. vgif;oK;wh:pof: szbmeftguf,yK:wD; cldof:ulef:rkef,ulof:tef
oK;eef. pof:pK:xkuf,vDvh;eyf.brf cgyf;q[xkdifeldof zl;wSrf;ykdef:]]vD,cdwf.NefTwK,ulof,}}sw.sw.
bof;? OifoK;trf,rD: zl;wSrf;ykdef:]]vD,cdwf.NefTwK,ulof,}} ayK:ehqkdif wK,P;pK: ayK:awvh;N.iof;
pmuf;Omuf;aOwDcldif,ukdrf: ydkef:wh:pof:vDvDeef. trf,N.vh;? ayK:trf,vh;N.ykdef:pof: vDvDqkdifvlrf:
vSif.vlif yof,xgif:rK:zhm,wmif:v[auK; pof:wuf:aw ydofqgrf:uGK,wmif:eef. trf,pmif.bof./
arKwSrf;vduf;]]vDcdwf.Nef,TwK,ulof,}}eh. ayK:tofykdef:rkdef.Okdef:ugef,oK;qkdif pof:yAef
qldof.ikdef; Ndof,ch:tefvAofuefehauK; awtrf,zdwf:eif,uof,? eef.sw.oh.aOugef, vgif;oK;
ref:rD:q[puf.tdwf:vleldofwh:pof:bl, tefoK;eef. xmif,vSif;vSif:vDbl,bof.? qldif.Ndofsv;oK;
eef. ayK:ehwK,awyAefrK:yyf.ykdef:wh:zkdefeh. tguf,q[tguf,acK: cmrf,tlwf:bldef.uef;bmyf,bmuf;
clef.cGK. sw.sw.oK;oK;aO wSrf;yAefrK:yyf.eef.bof./ yyf.ykdef:wh:tefref:wSrf;eh. rD:oh.zhm,
tif:udwf.ulnf:trf,uK: bif:yhmydef,wSrf;yK:zhm,xh:vl:ugef,? ulnf:uK; tefuofcK;ckdef:ar:uAyf Mrfwgrf
ql.aO wSrf;eh.sw. ykdif;tdifeldof ]]ykdef:wh:rkef,ulof:qof;}}tefzl;wSrf;vduf;Omrfqgrfuof; wSrf;
oh.eef.aO qif,yAefrK:yyf. ]]ykdef:wh:rkdef.ugef,}}eh.bof./
wK,awyAefrK: vh;yyf.eh.auK; cgyf;q[ikdef:vDeldof arKwSrf;vduf; pSif:OldofcSifsv; Nrf;
wmif:arKwSrf;vduf;sv; zhm,clef.cGK.ykdef:vkif:cGmefOSif? arKwSrf;vduf; qhm:ymef:pSif:cofsw.sw.bof./
erf.qArf:ydef,zK,OK,eh. awomefwmef,erf.elrf:tefqSwf;tefqmif,ref: trf,q[;tefoK;
eef. z[auK;awN.xkdifuefbl,? qldif.Ndofsv;eh. ugyf;yldof;vh;tofwD; vduf;yldef;uGmrf:yldef; wSrf;oh.
vmwf;oh.qldof:eef.rK:bof.? tefydef,oh. qldof:eh.sw. rmef,rSef:qyf:vDeK,bof.ehauK; trf,oK;
eif,uof, rmiftefrmifacK; c[;ihm:auK;awihm: c[;umwf;auK; awqmif;umwf;bl,cK;? OifoK; qof;zl;arK
zl;N.cof pefxkdifuGK,wD;yldif;ref:ayK:ehqkdif cSef:awK;rlef.ar:yefaOurf:eh. bgrf.pyf.bl,? Oif
oK;qof;v[z[c[;vl c[;qdrf:wlnf: erf.elrf:qSwf;tefyh,avK:erf.vdyf:eef.aOtdwf(trf,eef)
OifoK;c[;vlzwf:wlnf: yyf.ydlifvlifteftdifykdif;eldofref:aO wSrf;ydef,oh.yyf.eh. ayK:
ehqkdif P;uofcK;vh;qD.seyefwD;vh;wD;N.ref:aOurf:? qkdof;yyf.eef.sw. ''Likit Hoontrakul,
the historical records of the Siamese-Chinese relations, Bangkok, No.34 Rajadamnern
Avenue, Mansion 5, 1951. P.G 137" oK;ehbof.? zhm,xh:auK;wSrf;oh.wif:erf? OifoK;qof;uof,
qgyf,Oguf;pKqkdif awpefrSef;bl,bof./
3
qldof:zl;bmrf;vAyf;pAef:ykdef:zl;N.ykdef: zl;vlifvSef,ykdef:cofsw. vgif;oK;rldof;ymefv[rkdof.

v[aOauK; wh:pof:trf,wgef.yAefcK;z[trf,wgef.bl,w[;zgif:irf: trf:emwf;z[rK:tefoK;eef.
awN.xkdifuefbl,? wh:tefoK;ehauK; wD;ygif,ref:oK;ulef: ]]vgwf;vSof:Oof:acK}}ehbof./
xkdifrK:rldof;yD<(2697-BC)eef. wh:pof:ayK:arKaw,wif; tkyf,omef;ygifrldif:rK:pif:acKacK
bl,bof./ ymefwh:rldof;eef. ugyf;yldof;tlrkeftrf:emwf;b[,aOtrf,uK: qldof.cldof:ulef:auK;b[,erfaO
sc,sv; xkdifwD;sc,cof ayK:vh;bkuf.bgif;Mif.wh:oK; pof:yAefyD;qhm:cof 1. The Tai race was the
elder brother of Chinese. oK;eh vD,udwf.Nef,TwK,ulof, zl;wSrf;ykdef: vgif;sc,sv;wh:wSrf;oh.e[:
yyf.ykdef: tefrldefeif, vmwf;rK:yK;eldofeef.bof./ zl;teftrf,vAyf;pAef: ykdef:vDvDsv;Oif
zl;xmif,b[,ckduf.sc,cofsv;Oif ]]wh:eh.sc,bAef:yAefrK: vkuf.wD;cldof:sc,rK:}}ehbof./ wD;sw.ref:
wh:auK; trf,vkuf.wD;sc,bAef:yAefrK: sc,auK;trf,vkuf.wD;wh:aO bAef:yAefrK:uldwf,yAefrK:pif:z[
pif:ref:acKacKbof./
rldif:wD;bl, ul;wD;egef:wh:pof:? wD;zuf.zgef,wD;bgef,q[ wD;zifNuf.zifap, qK,wd
aw,ildef;Ohmwkdef: qldof.qmwf;cldof:wh:pof: tgefwmif:Okwf:sw. aw,wif;rK:wD;ygwf:umif ukefvlif
(Asia) at:OBL:wD;tldif,OSefOhm:eef.bof.? xkdifrK:rldof;yD< (2677-BC)eef. Nrf;Mrf:uefwh:
wif:sc, sztguf,rK:e[:qkrf:cldof:ulef:rkef,ulof:aO rK:wif;ome;ygifrldif: wD;wlif;umiferf.Mif;Nof;
sv; erf.bmefOD,umifeef.aO Oof:Nrf;Mrf:qgrf:uefyAeftlnf:vDuefrK:oK;ehbof./
ulnf:uK;vgif;v[aOtrf,oK; yAefwh:pof:vh;tgefNoferf:eK;sc,cofaO ckdifygifpAwf:Omif;
eK;umefwKimef:rK:bl,bof.? xkdifrK:yD<(BC-2512)eef. qof;apKcrf:wh(qof;wlefbluf,)trf,eef
qof;OSifcAofaw,wif;yAefapKcrf:wh: e[:rldif:oSefOhm:eef.aOsv;(tkyf.yldif,zgif:irf: rldif:sc,rldif:
wh: wif:rlwf:bof.)? aw,tofrldof;ymefzgif:eef.rK: awK,ymefapKcrf:wh:vmef.qof;
Okdyf,vmrf:wmrf:uefrK: ymefv[ymefeef.-
(1)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:?
(2)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:tknf'h:?
(3)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:vkdof:?
(4)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:bkdef:?
(5)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:cldof:Oldof?
(6)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:qof;?
4
(7)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:cdif:?
(8)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:rldif:vgh?
(9)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:Omrfrldif:?
(10)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:erfqof;?
(11)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:olif.wh:rldif:rmof:vlif?
(12)ymefapKcrf:wh: (rldof;ymef)qof;'K.wh:?
(13)ymefapKcrf:wh: (rldof;ymef)qof;'K.wh:uof;rldif:OmrfOdyf:Nuf:eef.ehbof./
ulnf:uK;ayK:vmwf;cldof:rh.auK; N.uK;awvh;vmwf;yK:cldof:vgh ayK:vmwf;cldof:rldif:wh:auK; aw
vh;vmwf;yK:cldof:rguf,ugefeh yAef'dif;xkif:ref:bof.? rldof;ymefwh:tgefwmif:sw. bmrf;yAefckefrldif:
sc, sv,tkyf.irf:rldif:rmef;rK:aOwK. xkdifrK:ymefwh:awK;vAofeh.vl: wkduf.tkyf.zuf:Oif wkduf.irf:
wkduf.ikrf:yKOifbl,? qof;'K.wh: qof;ckefwh: phmvhmuGK,rD:wif:qguf.qAif,v[eh trf,vmwf;seauK;
qof;uof,awN.xkdifOkwf:bl,bof./
rldof;vAoftofughrlnf.ySwf; qof;'K.qof;crf:ulnf:trf,uK: bK.vSofyK:apKNdef:qldef:wmif,cof
qof;rlwf:bof.? wkuf:wK,ayK:cgifcofsw. rD:e[:vdefauK;ckwf: tguf,Orf,seyldef; rmifv[rmifrAof:Oif
yAefcgifpof:trf,qK. rldefeifapKvlifurf,ayK:qK. wK;ukif;(uarÁmZeef;awmf&efukef)eef.auK; yAef
cgifcofoK;eh tofcgifyldef;pAwf:pmif;qof;ref:bl, w[;vmif;vgrfclof trf,N.wloftrf,vDthmaOtdwf:
pof:sw.vldofaO vh;wmif:zdwf:q[ ugwf,uh,wlnf:vhmvhm trf,rD:Okef, vmwf;vh;Oifbof./
wif;tofoef:rldof;eh.uGK,eK; ayK:awbldif;pAwf:qgrf:uGmrf:tefoK; ]]qof.rmef;wh;'h: qof.
wh:vSwf,tguf,}}aO ukrf,vkuf.vK; ukrf,vlifwlofvkdrf:cdif: trf,tofuefoK;yK:uefyAefukrf,thm;oK;qD,tD,
oK;pkif ukrf,oK;auK;bof.auK;bK, ukrf,uAifq[eldofyldef; ukrf,oK;wh:ygwf:Mif, ygwf:tguf, ygwf:qmef:ukrf,
qSuf,szoK;wh:rmof:? wh:vlif? wh:crf:wD;? wh:ckdefbl,wduf:wduf:qkdif vSwf,yh,Nif;phmauK; wh:awwhm
vhmphmySwf;rlwf:bof./
rmuf,zdwf.eef. rK:wmif,O[,qkdof:r[,yef ref:oK;rmuf,qArf:ehauK; ref:trf,qArf:rK:vh; N.
wkdef:zAwf:bl, trf,pmif.bof.? eh.auK;rldefeef c[;yAefwh:OifyAef wh:auK;N.uK;yldef;wuf:Mif.wh:
ulnf:bof.? ugyf;pof:bl,bmefcSef;uef Nnf;vghsv; uGmrf:pof:ySuf,yldif;uefaOwauK; vgif;oK;pof:yAef
wh:cldof:vAofuefeh. z[awrK:xAifpof:vh;? rldif:yK,yl, tK,ebl:uD,eD,eh ulef:rldif:cofrD:Omrfvmef.yhm
yhmaOtrf,uK: qldof.cldof:ulef:cofauK; rD:Nofvldofvldof zK,OK,uGmrf:vmwf;cofauK; rD:qAwf:ymuf,yhmyhmaO
5
wK. ugyf;trf,qSuf,qSuf,szuefsv; tofvh;vgwf;vSof:Oof:acKpif:cofbl,bof.? rldif:pof:vl: ulef:rD:

vhmqldof: uGmrf:vmwf;rD:vhmtefulnf:`/
pof:vl: trf,c[;vh;c[;bl, vgwf;vSof:Oof:acK qldif.eif,cofpK. ayK:xmrfeif,ehqkdif z[
auK;awK;N.oK; c[;vh;tldof;ehbl,bof.? ayK:oK;pof: c[;ckdef;b[,r[,Okif qldif.eif,cofqkdif cofpAwf:pkdof
sv; cofvgwf;vSof:ckdef;b[,rK: tefoK;eef. qof;uof,xkuf,vD vAyf;pAef:vgif;vldif;cofaO yhqgrf:
OAef;wmif: qldif.eif,cofbl,bof./
bmrf:vAofeh.yh,wluf:vkdef: uBKof,udif:pof:vDpkdof trf,N.bof.? trf,yh,xkdifwD;yldef;oK;pif:pK:
]]bK,ayvmwf;uGmrf:wh: bK,ayekif;Oldof;clof:wh:}}eh qldif.eif,yD;egif.wh:e[:rldif:sc,? ulnf:uK; qlof;
zgif:yh,wluf:vkdef:eef. xkuf,rkdef:wKoh:bof.? ykdef:tefylef.rK:auK; ylef.rK:OAif;bof.sv; tef
vDauK;P;toftefrofauK; P;ySwf; xkuf,vDtofyAef ykdef:wgef;Ogefpof:aO 'mif.uefuGK,yK;eK;
bof;/
ykwf.xqof;apK:oh.oK; ]]rh.wlefvAoftefrD:e[:umifymif,eef ayK:vlrf:vlifOmif:cBSif:yof,rK:
qkdif wlef;ref:b[,aOwauK; qmif;vlrf.ulef,yif:bl,bof.? wlef;rh.vAuf.ehg.tgef,aOwK. ayK:cof
rK:Mrf:qk.wkrf yAefauKvAofuefqkdif vlrf:vlif:ywf.yof,xgif:rK:wmef,v[auK; trf,xdkifwD;udif,rh.ulef,
yif:vlrf.vh;}}ehbof.? pof:auK;eif,Ndofvlrf:vlif ayK:awtrf,yof,xgif:vh;eef.aOtrf,uK: ayK:c[;
ylef.vgwf;wif:vlrf:vlifyof,xgif:wgif;qkdif xkuf,vDbldif;wlef;rh.tgefqk.wkrfuef tefykwf.xqof;
Oif,OgefyefrK:eef.bl,bof;/
ykef;wK,awyAefrK:yyf.zkdef ]]ykdef:wh: rldof;rkdef.ugef,}}eh. cgyf;q[eyf.xkdifidef:vDeldof
ayK;sr;Ogifqof; Nrf;cof;TOK,cl:Ogef tgefNrf;tlnf:auK.tlnf:aO;sv; wif:zl;qgh;xSrfpSif:ikdef:
vkif:cGmefOSifcof wif:apKwif:Ndef:? tduf,yK:zl;vlvduf; puf.vduf;wh:pof:cof wif:OAif;aO qif,vh;
wSrf;wmif,oh.eldofrhmzkdefeif,ehbof./
qldof.vmef.qof;(rldif:yAif:)
22.12.97
6
ykdef:wh:rldof;rdkef.ugef,
awqArfrldof;Ndifrkdef.ugef,eef. quf.uBK,ovK,urf,'K,rldif:ulef: pAwf:Ndofzkwf:ayK,yAefrK:
ref:Orf.ckdef:pAwf:Ndofvl.vSofyif:uGK,tefoK;eef. c[;N.xkdifuefbl,ul;auK.bof.? rldefeheif,uof,
ulef:tefoK;eef. ref:pAef:Ndofzkwf:ayK,yAefrK:tefoK;eef.auK; c[;N.xkdifbl,bof.? eif,Ndofaw
N.eef.auK; zhm,yhm:Ohm;cof qgyf,Omif;xwf:pK iof;pmuf;OK,xuK.ref:ulnf:aOtrf,uK: vgif;yhm:olef.
auK; qof;arKolef.cof olef.tofpif:z[,? pif:ref:bl,? ulnf:uK; P;ayK:N.pefxkdif qSif;qSif;vSif:vD
sw. z[auK;trf,yh,qmif;seerf. sewlofref:vh;eif,uof,/
e[:acK;Oif,Ogef uGmrf:xrf:TzK:yAefqof;oK;oh.sw. ulef:tefoK;eh. ckefOmif(Fymrf,rK,)
OD,wlefcof yAefrK:oK;ehbof.? rldof;Nofykdif:ymefugef,eef. rD:ckefOmif,(Fymrf,rK,)OD,wlefugyf;yldof;cof
qof; udefrSef;ch;cD;vdefsv; tlrkefzkif:iof;wD;wlofcofqof; phmuGK,ySwf;aO qif,yAefrK: Nef,
pmif;sr;bdif:sv;ulef:qhm:oK;ehbof.? xSif;vhm;ekdif;Orf. ckefOmif(Fymrf,rK,)eh.ugyf;yldof;qBmefcofqof;
wluf:sv; qmif,yAefuGK,Nef,pmif; ulef:qhm:sv;sr;bdif:aO yAefrK:zK.oK.ymefulef:pof: oK;ehbof./
zK,OK,OK,OeK, cdIdwf.cofOrf. ulef:pof:wif:OAif;eh.xK,ovK.ref:ukdrf:TzK:qof; zmef,
Omif;pAwf:yefrK:oK;eh? rldefeheif,uof, zK,OK,OKOeK, tdwf,Ovrf,cofauK;oK; tef,vK.pK.TzK:
cofqof;eh. uK;yAefwlofrD:q[ trf,rD:q[ umifpmofvdefrldif: e[:clif:umifwif:OAif;wif:rlwf:eef. TzK:
cofzmef,Omif;pAwf:yAefrK:oK;ehaO tgefuefbkrf,brfoh. pif:z[pif:ref:bl,bof./
pdef,wl,cofqrf. Orf.xSif;vhm:ekdif; vluf;clif:umifsv; ulef:pof:wif:OAif;eh. ugyf;rldof;arK
TOK,vlif ckefOmif(Fymrf,rK,)zmef,Omif;ckdifygifyefaO qif,yAefrK:oK;eh tgefuefbkrf,brfoh. pif:
cofbl,eif,uof,bof./
vgif;tefuK;oK;rK: yK;eldofqldof:eh.sw. ref:yAefvhm:bkrf,brf zK,OK,TwK: pif:z[pif:
ref:ulnf:? z[c[;oK;OifoK;z[c[;vmwf;Oifvmwf; vgif;oK;qldof.cldof:ulef:rkef,ulof:Ogiftefsc,sv;wh:
sztguf,e[:qkrf:rkef,ulof:aO rK:aw,omef;yluf:rldif:yD< (2697-BC)qldof.cldof:sc,sv; qldof.cldof:wh:
eh. yAefcldof:b[,cldof:vlif rD:ukduf:urf'K,rK: tgef,wmif:ulef:wmif,qldof.wmif:cldof:cof qArfrldof;yD<
(2697-BC)cof rD:'dif;si;zK,OK,vduf;vhm:aO vgif;bl,vgif;Oof:umefulef:wif: OAif;auK; qef.
Okifvldofyldef; e[:vluf:urf,'K,bl,bof.? (480-BC)e[:olif;umif 2,760,000sv; 2,000,000
vmef.yD<eef. wD;ygwf:umifukefvlifat:OBL: vgif;oK;rD:ulef:bl,Oof:rK:tefoK;eef. wK,seerf.
sewlofref: vkyf,ulef:vkyf,Owf:vlifiof;urf,'K,eef.sv;Oif bif:vh;pefbl,awK,rldof;vAof
bof./
7
pmif;zSef,vdefwh:pof: bl,Oof:rK:rldof;ugef,
1.'eferf. 2.bD;uAif: 3.cD.uAif: 4.yAif:uSif: 5.uAif:wl 6.vlofvlof 7.vlifpmof 8.uAif:wl 9.Odyf:Ogif

yef:eK: 10.vmef.eK:S.C Nuf:qof;
wD;e[:rldif:Noferf. (Hon Nan)awK,rldof;vAofclof:cgifsv; OofpdefzKNdef:qldof:eef.
wkduf.ukdwf:qlrfxifoh. e[:vdefrldif:bl,? ugyf;oK;OofpdefzKNdef:qldof:eh. pkdifeK,bof.sv; ayK:vh;qlrf
uGK,e[:vdefrldif:aOwK.auK; ulef:wh:cldof:wh:qArfrldof;ugef,eef. bif:wkduf.ukdwf:oh.bl, xkdifoef:eh.
bof./ rldof;ugef,bmrf:eef. wh:sv;sc,eh.yAefulef:bl, udefpdrf:qrfuefsv; zK,OK,'dif;si;qldof:
8
eh. trf,ayK:pefrD:wD;ySuf,yldif;uefvlifvmifxkdifrK: yD<(226-AD)eef. wh:sv;sc, vh;zmwf,

umefaO wmif;omef;rldif:pif:z[[pif:ref:bof./
rldof;ymefrldif:erfqof;(Nan Chao)sv; rldif:bl,erf (Yunnan)eef. apKcrf:wh:wh:eh.
rD:oh.wD;rldif:wK;vD (Tali)e[:rldif:bl,erfeef.bof./ rldof;ymefqof; tdrf,yK,bKsc,(qkdif;;sc,)]]cGmif
uGmif}}tefyAef qldof.cldof:wh:auK.ekdif;eef. vh;tkyf.rldif:Omif;rldif:? qkdof;ref:Mif.oK; wef,bkuf.
(Than Yok) oK;ehbof.? rldof;eef. wD;e[:rldif:sc,eh. qSuf,szuefoh. rD:bl,Nuf:rldif:/ qkdof;rldif:
qldof:eef.qrf.J
1.rldif:Noferf. - Hun Nan
2.rldif:OD,ckrf. - Szechuan
3.rldif:ulnf;cAof - Kwei Chew
4.rldif:bl,erf - Yunnan
5.rldif:uGmifOD; - Kwaun Si
6.rldif:uGmifwif; - Kwaun Tung
yAefqldof:eh.bof./ rldof;zgif:eef. sc,cofMif.wh:pof:oK; yD;thm;(Ta Kou)"The elder

brother of Chinese"ehbof./ ckefapKcrf:wh: tefwif;oh.e[:rldif:bl,erfeef.auK; Mif.qkdof;oK;
]]erfqof;vlif}}oK;ehbof./
rldof;yD<(4600-BC)eef. wh:Orf.ayK:wif;rldif:apKcrf:e[:rldif:sc,aObof. wD;bl,wh:pof:
uof,uof,sw. yAefwD;e[:rldif:bl,erf zhm,qmef:erf.sr;vlif bmef,OD,umif (Yantze Kiang)
eef.bof./ rldof;yD<(2200-BC)yhmyhmeef. wh:vh;vlif:rK:bl,zhm,qmef: rldif:sc,bof./
ymefapKcrf:wh:wh:xlef;ekdif;(2697-2596BC)qof;wlefbluf, 1 (trf,eef) qof;OSifcAof
wlefbluf,(Tuan Yok)yAefckefapKcrf:wh: teftkyf.yldif,e[:rldif:sc,eef. yAefcldof:apK

crf:wh:aOwK.auK; ref:qof;eh.Orf.rD:q[rAwf.wK, ySif:puf.eldofulef:ul;cldof: e[:rldif:sc,sv; yAef
ckefTwK:vlif tefyldef;eyf.xkdifbof./ zhm,zkuf,Ogrf;sv; zhm,xwf:Omif;rSif,yef erf.ulef:rldif:
eef. ref:qof;yAefauK.pAwf:Omif; bdyf:aOK:ref:bof./ uAof,uyf:vgif;yhm:rldif:sv; vgif;wK,tof
9
erf.zhm,pAwf: vgif;zkuf,Ogrf;eef. rD:oh.e[:rkdof:ckefapKcrf:wh:bof./ rldof;ymefckefapKcrf:wh:yK:eh.

trf,wgef.vh;xlyf:wmif:bmyf,wmif:zdkwf,Oifvlifvmif/
zgif:vlifckefuGmif(Kung Kang)zl;urf.umefzhm,zhm,eef. bmrf;vkuf.zkdef.ref:qof;bl,
aOwK.auK; ugyf;ref:qof;pAwf:qgrf:TwK: vgif;rSef;vgif;xkuf,sv; qof;tdrf,yK,bK,vlifrldif:sc, ayK:
vh;tmyf;yef trf:emwf;qgrfOkduf:vlifaO P;tgefNof wkduf:ySwf;ulef:Okuf.bkif; ckefuGmifcofbof./
ugyf;ref:qof; pAwf:qgrf:wmif:Okdof;sv; e[:rldif:sc,tefrD:yK;w[;ref:qof;eef. wmif:
bkif;uof:bAefphmaO xkdifwD;ayK:vh;uwf:bAefvDuGK,bof./
cldof:ulef:rkef,ulof:(Monogoloid)
cldof:ulef:rkef,ulof: tefoK;eef. yAefulef:qldof:tefODeldof.vldif? wKvrfaO rD:clefNof

trf,aiK:OAef; clefNofvrfoh.eef.bof./ e[:cldof:ulef: tefuldwf,ukduf:urf,'K,rK:eh. cldof:rkef,ulof:
auK; cof;yK:yAefulef:iof;urf,'K,cldof:ekdif;/ ugyf;eh ulef:wh:auK; cof;yK:e[: cldof:ulef:rkef,ulof:sv;
vh;oK;wh:pof:rD:rK:udkuf:urf,'K,qArfugef,? yAefcldof:ulef:iof;urf,'K,cldof:ekdif; tefoK;eef. vgif;wmif:
ref:ref:ukdrf:oh.bl,bof./ wh:eh.yAefcdlof:b[,cldof:vlif cldof:ekdif;tefoK;eef.auK; yAefvgif;tef
qkdof; tefq[;sw.sw.bof./
wh:-xh:-wh:vmof:sv; crdef:(urf;zgif;)cofqldof:eh.auK; yAefcldof:ulef: tefvkuf;wD;
rkef,ulof:rK:sv; yAefOhmvldwf; eldof.vAofuefbof./
rldof;(2697-BC)tgefwmif:Okwf: wh:sztguf,e[:rkef,ulof:aO rK:aw,wif;omef;rldif:e[:
vdefrldif:sc,ygwf:qmef:olif;umiferf;sr;Mif;Mof;(Hwang Ho)sv; erf.sr;bmef,OD,umif,(Yantze
Kiang)tefoK;eef.aO tkyf.irf:bl,Oof:pif:ugh:bof./ (rldof;vAofyAefqif,owf.Jtdlif,rldif:rldif:ekdif;
aO rD:e[:rldif:sc,bof./)
rldof;vkuf;eh. yAefrldif:wh: yAefwh:auK. aw,wif;tgefwmif:Okwf:yldef;bof./ rSef;rldof;
ymefvAofuefwif: apKcrf:wh:wh:bl,erfsv; apKcrf:sc,Noferf.(Hu Nan)eef.bof./ bmrf:eif,
eefsw. wh:sv;sc,wkduf.yAeftlnf:vDuef? z[yh,yK;pAwf:Okduf:pAwf:cAefawK,z[ ohm:aOeef.wD;
wh:bl,eh. ugyf;oK;cof;erf.rmuf,vdefpdefzKyAif: ayK:vDvldofsc,sv;Omif? erf.Mif;NoftefOkdyf,Ohm
q[sc, e[:Noferf.ref: rD:e[:rldif:wh:sv;Oif? rldof;ymefeef. sc,bif:vh;egrf:yK;w[;wh:aO bl,
uGK,ugef,ehbof./
umefpAwf:zhmzhm,ygh,erf.yef ul;zhm,zhm,eef. eif,NdofayK:awukrf;vlrf;yAif:ayK:wh: auK.
cwf:Omif;pmif;pAef:yef ugyf;yldof;Ohmq[sc, sr;erf.Mif;Nofeh. Nofref:rD:e[: eifvdefwh:sv;
bmrf:eef. vgif;bl,vgif;udefwh:eh. bif:Okifvldofsc, tefoK;eef. yhm:ykdef:cofseoh. wD;ref;
10
ukdrf:ref:bl,bof./ cldof:ulef:tefsztguf,rK: e[:rkef,ulof:sc,sv;wh:eh. wh:apKcrf:wh: rldif:wh:

qldof:eh. yAeftefqef.b[aOsc,bof./
ykdef;wh:uSyf;ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:erfqof;(Nan Chao)
wh:tefbl,Oof:e[:rldif:wh:(1)bl,erf? (2)OD,ckrf.?(3)ulnf;cAof cofOmrfrldif:eh. Nrf;ygif:

uefaO qif,wif;yAefrK:rldif: erfqof;(emef,cBSof,)tefoK;eef.bof./ rldif:emef,cBSof,(erfqof;)
eh. yAefrldif:tefckefapKcrf: tkyf.irf:eef.bof./ rldof;zgif:eef. rSef;bmrf:vAofuefwif: ckef
apKcrf:sc,pmof,wD,(Hwang Ti)auK.vkdef:Okwf:wkduf. tkyf.irf:udefrldif:sc,bl,eef.bof./
e[:vdefrldif:bl,erfzgif:eef. sc,eif,uef wkduf.pdrfuof:tof(trf:emwf;)tK,eK, omef;
rldif: wK,yAefckefpif:z[pif:ref:sv; yAeftefOkuf.bkif;tlefuof:oh.bl,/ ulnf:uK;J Noferf.Mif;
Nofeh. rD:e[:vdefwh:tkyf.irf:sv; vh;ulofwh:vh;egrf:yK;w[;wh:oK;ehbof./
ymefapKcrf:sc, xlef;pK;(2057-1901-BC)
xkdifrK:yD<eef. ckefapKcrf:wh: tefvh;tkyf.yldif,

e[:rldif:sc,qof;zSef,vdefwh: xD. 7 xkdif xD. 12 eef.Orf.J
1.xD. 7 yAefqof;wD,Odyf:yD< 2057 xkdif 2041-BC
2.xD. 8 yAefqof;wD,ohm; yD< 2040 xkdif 2015-BC
3.xD. 9 yAefqof;wD,rif: yD< 2014 xkdif 1997-BC
4.xD. 10 yAefqof;wD,OD, yD< 1996 xkdif 1981-BC
5.xD. 11 yAefqof;zl;cSif yD< 1980 xkdif 1922-BC
6.xD. 12 yAefqof;wD,umif; yD< 1921 xkdif 1901-BC
ymefqof;zSef,vdefwh:xlef; 12 qof;wD,umif; trf,eef qof;wD,cknfe.h tgeftof
Okduf:uGK,wkduf: rldif:Omifwmif;(Shang Tang)rldif:apKcrf:sc,sv; qof;apKcrf:sc, trf,c[;wkduf:Okduf:
aO- tofvkuf;bdif:Omofref: tefqkdof;oK; ]]rlnf}}eheef. tmyf;yefqof;wD,umif;bof./ qif,
trf,vh;yAefOkduf:wkduf:uefeef.bof./ ohm:eef. ugyf;sr;ref:emif:apKcrf:]rlnf}}eh. bdyf:umuf,aOK:
ref:oh.sv; trf,qmif;ckdifwkduf:Okduf:wmif:v[xSif;? tofpSif:tlrkefyK,oK,apKcrf:ref: Okwf:OAif;uGK,
qgrf:wmif:rlef;wmif:auBK,aq:qdrf,cBmrf:OK,ref: awK,Okwf:qlof;bof./
11
ckefwD,umif; rldof;ref:wkduf.rlef;auBK,aq:qdrf,bl,eef. ulef:rldif:cof zgrf.uefwmif,toft

rmwf;zgif:rldif:auK.ekdif; wmif,yAefzl;tgefNoferf:eK;aO qlof:uefpAwf:Okduf:zkdef.ql:ckefapKcrf:
qof;wD,umif;aOwK.auK; ugyf;trf,ay.pSif:Okduf:ref:vh;sv; vh;wluf:Okrf:bl,bof./
yduf.Orf.oK;ulef:rldif:clof vh;wluf:Okrf:aOwK.auK; ugyf;oK;ckefapKcrf:yK:eh. ukrf,rof:qgrf:
cldif;auBK,umefaq:qdrf,ref:bl,ugh:trf,tofq[O[, umefomef;umefrldif:Oifsv; ckefapKcrf:rldif:erfqof;
trf,wlnf:vh;aO qif,vh;tofOkduf:rK:wkduf:awK:ySwf;qof;apKcrf:wD,umif; xmef;ayK:vh;wluf:Okrf:
OAif;umrf,Okwf:rkefuGK,bof./ ohm:eef. qof;zSef,vdefwh:qif, bhm;apKcrf:rK:oh.e[:rldif:erfqof;aO
tkyf.yldif,uGK,bof./ rldif:erfqof;(emef,cBSof)rldof;vAofrD:e[:tldif, rldif:tmefNnf;(A Hui)eef.bof./
qof;apKcrf:wD,udwf; zl;tkyf.irf:rldif:erfqof;eh. vh;Okdyf,udefrldif:erfqof;(16)yD<aO
qif,OAif;umrf,Okwf:rkefuGK,bof./ Nrf;avK:uefwif:rlwf: ref:qof;vh;tkyf.rldif:udef rldif:sc,wif:
rlwf:ref:qof;vh;tkyf.rldif:udef rldif:sc, wif:rldif:wh: wif:NdifrD: (53)yD<rldif:bof./
ymefapKcrf:sc,xlef;pK; - ymefapKcrf:wh:xlef;Nuf:
ohm:aOqof;wD,udwf: OAif;umrf,egef:az:uGK,bof. rldof;ymefapKcrf:xlef;OD,auK.aw,eef.

tofOkwf:phmohm:ogwf;uGK,bof./ xkdifrK:ymefapKcrf:sc, xlef;pK;eef. ymefapKcrf:wh:xlef;Nuf:qof;
wD,cluf.(Ti Kok) ckdef:yluf:ygifOkdyf,tkyf.yldif,rldif:sc,rldif:wh:tefbmrf;rD:w[;irf:wh: rldof;tgefeef.
xSif;bof./ ymefeef.eif,uof, qof;zSef,vdefwh:wD,cluf.eh. sr:ukrf:sw,wif;omef;rldif:aO wmif,
qldof.cdlof:apKcrf:wh:oK; ]]wh:wh:}}rldof;yD;(2434-2365BC)eef.bof./
ohm:aO qof;zSef,vdefyK:eh. vh;tkyf.irf:omef;rldif: 7yD<eef. ugyf;oK; zleftrf,wluf:
sv; ulofulef:rldif:tkdyf:bmuf;aO-vh;pAef:ygh:ymif:zlef(ygh:Mif.zlef)ehbof./ rldof;eef.ref:qof;umof,
xkdifzDaw,oK, tK,uK,umifpmofoK;]]OifoK;uofcK; pAwf:zdwf:aOOrf,-aOyldifsv; trf,pAwf:trf,uBmif.
urfqgrf:TwK:ckefehqkdif cSef:awK;cK;rK:ylwf:yghomif:cGmif:yefaOurf:? rldof;eK; cK;awcwf:q[yAef,ySif
uGK,bl,? cSef:awK;bKP;wlofq[uofcK;sv; ulef:omef;ulef:rldif:cof vh;xlyf:wmif:bmyf,zkdwfaOurf:}}eh
aOsv; umof,uGmrf:uwD.Odqf.qK,Nuf:yldifaO Mif.zlefbof./
1.uofcK;awtofqgrf:TwK:xrf:ckefaO tkyfyldif,omef;rldif:?
2.wlofuofcK;sv; vgif;pAwf:wmif:Omif;uofcK; awP;rlwf:O[ul;rAof:?
3.uofcK;awtrf,qgrf: wmif:rlef;auBK,aq:qdrf,aO vlifvkdrf:eK;umefwKimef:?
4.apKcrf:uofcK;auK; awtrf,ayK:pAwf:ckduf.pAwf:crf,aO ulef:q[.ulef:Ogh;auK; awtrf,oh.erf ylef.
wD;ylef.vSefref:?
12
5.uofcK;awtrf,pyf.cmrf, cgifzmuf,clof:wgef;udefOl:udefvmyf;qgrf:tuwD.?
6.uofcK;awtrf,pyf.vmwf;uGmrf: Nuf:phm.uGmrf:uBmrf:(zIkOfOoK,qK,)sv; uGmrf:rofrmif trf,rD:vgef.rD:
uSefOrf,zyvK,yK.]]eif,uK;oK;rK:acK;uwD.yK;eldofeef. OifoK;uofcK;trf,vh;pAwf:zdwf:rK: aOqldof.
aOyldifqkdif cSef:awK;P;IK,OD,tkwkckdef:vD? 'K.zlefckdef:wluf:? P;omef;rldif:uofcK;ckdef;b[,r[,Okif?
cof;erf.wmif:udef P;vldif,rmuf;sv; P;cK;omef;ulef:rldif:wif:OAif; bl,vDudefomefwif:OAif;aOurf:}}
oK;ehbof./}}
Nef,pmif;ckrfyK,pAof; qof;zSef,vdefwh: qof;Oldofpmof;tefOAif;umrf,Okwf:rkefuGK,rldif:e[:yD< 2596-
2513BCeef.bof.? yK,pAof;eh.rldof;vAof rD:e[:tldif(Ol;zl;)rldif:Omifwmif;bof./
Nif;pmif;ckrfyK,pAof; qof;apKcrf:bl, teftkyf.yldif,rldif:wh: rldof;e[:yD< 2205-2198BC eef.bof.?
rldof;vAofrD:oh.e[:tldif,rldif:Oof pdefygwf:qmef:wD;eldofvghNnf;qh:Omef pdrf:sr;erf.bmef,OD,umif
eef.bof./
ohm:aOacK;uGmrf:wldif,umof,uwD.Odqf.qK,ref:qof; Okwf:uGK,bof.eef. zlefvlifauK;vlif:rK:
pK,b[,pK,vlif qgrf:erf.Mif;? erf.su:sv; egifcofqldof:eef. erf.ayK:wArfuGK, ul;qguf.ul;qAif,
bof./ ugyf;zlefvlifwluf:rK: rldefrldof;tgefaO ulef:rldif:cofvh;pAwf:vh;Omif; umefimef:wlduf,ph;
vguf;eK:ckdef:sv; omef;rldif:yAeftefuwf:bAwf Oldof:elofsw.sw./ ulef:rldif:cofauK; vh;bl,auBK,
Oldof:rlef;eif,q[sv; tgefuefpuf.Mrfeyf.brfxkdif qof;zSef,vdefwD.cluf.sw.sw.oK;oK;bof./
ugyf;ref:qof; tofqgrf:TwK:aO tkyf.omef;rldif:sv; omef;rldif:uwf:bAefcBmrf:OK,eK, rldef
eef.ulef:omef;ulef:rldif:cof puf.Mrftofukif,rkefref:qof;? Mif.ref:qof;oK; ]]ckefpuf.qof:rldif:
(The well beloved sovereign)}}eh.bof./
rldof;ymefqof;wD,cluf.(Ti Kok)eef. umefbdyf:q[.vhm:ikdef:cofwgif:cofulnf:ulnf:sv; vh;

Mif.oK; ]]ymefidkef:wgif:}}ehbof./ cldif;bdyf:clof:wkdof:teftofikdef: tofwgif:pAwf:oh.qldof:eef.
aw,rD:rK:rldof;qof;wD,cluf.eh.ehbof./ ugyf;ehsv;ymefrldof;eef. ugyf;qof;zSef,vdef pAwf:P;ulef:
rldif:omef;ule:rldif:ckdef;b[, rmuf;rD:vDyAefvh;bl,uwf:bAefq[z[ref:sv; wh:pof:ymefeef. yAef
tefckdef;b[,? qef.OkifaOyldef;wmif,cldof:bl,bof./
13
ymefapKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}}xlef;Ogi(f 2596-2513-BC)
ymefapKcrf:sc,xlef;ekdif;wif;(2697-2596-BC)
ymefapKcrf:wh:olif.wD,
ohm:aOymefapKcrf:wh:wh: xlef;ekdif;(olif.wD,)Okwf:uGK,eef. ckef]]Oldofpmof;}}tefyAef

vkuf;qhm:apKCrf:olif.wD,wlefbluf,qif, Okdyf,aw,wif;cldof:apKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}}xlef;Ogif wD;e[:rldif:
Omifwif;(Shang Tang)rldof;vAofMif.uefoK;cBL:'L:(Chu Fu)ehbof./ yduf.Orf.oK; ref:qof;yAef
ulef:cldof:wh:ehaOwK.auK; yK;w[;zgif:irf:ref:qof; rD:sc,quGK,ulef:vhmqldof.vhmcldof:sv; q[ref:
qof;trf,rD:vgif;c[;cD,eAuf:wAuf:wAifz[? oh.umefOkef,vh;zAifyAif:uef ul;auK.cdif:ulef:? ul;wD;ul;vSef
ehbof./
ymefqof;zSef,vdef qof;Oldofpmof;(Seow Hao)eh.ugyf;yldof;tkyf.yldif,yluf:ygif omef;rldif:
qgrf:TwK:aObof. - zgif:rldif:vldof:bdyf:umef yK;w[;ref:qof;auK; pAwf:qgrf:ruf:rhmrD;vguf;umefqgrf:
eif, qof;apKcrf:wrf:omif:oh.yefeef.sv; ymefeef. omef;rldif:wldof:wgef:ckdef;b[, uwf:bAef
sw.sw./
ulef:omef;ulef:rldif:cof qif,wmif,qkdof;bgif;rkefref:qof; ]]olif.rif:TwK:}}ehbof./ ugyf;
ulef:omef;ulef:rldif: eyf.xkdifqof;zSef,vdefsv; zgrf.zAif,yAif:ymuf,uef sw.sw.oK;oK;aO omef;
rldif:wldof:uK; Ndof;Ndif:yldif:O[, vDauBK,sw.sw.bof./
(qof;Oldofpmof;eh.yAef vkuf;xlef;Ogifqof;olif.wD;(Hwang Ti)wlefbluf.xlef;ekdif;
ckefapKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}}bof./)
ohm:aOqof;Oldofpmof;vh;ckdef;yAef ckefapKcrf:trf,ayK:Ndofeef. ]]ckefumif}}tefyAefzgif:
rldif:vlif qof;yK:ekdif;eef. ugyf;ref:vh;bdyf:zhm,umefyhm:rldif: wD;vrf,vgif;ref:sv; vuf.MrfpSif:
Odkuf:aO tmif:vkuf.zkdef.awK,ql:ref:qof;ugef,bof./ ulnf:uK;vmefref:qof; qof;Okduf:vliftof
ykef;zgef:aO vkdyf;wkduf:awK:ySwf;sv; umefvkuf.zkdef.cof trf,wef:vh;xkdifwD;? vh;wluf:Okrf:
uGK,bl,bof./
uyf:uhm,vlnf; umefvkuf.zkdef.eh. ugyf;umefxwf:Omif;qAuf,szrSif,erf.trf,yAif:ayK:q[
sv; yAefrK:ehbof./ qof;zSef,vdefckdef:ar:xwf:Omif; rSif,erf.P;wArfq[ulef:rldif:cofaO tkyf.
omef;ygifrldif:sv; ymefeef. omef;rldif:uwf:bAef Odlof:auBK,aOyldef;ehbof./
ugyf;omef;rldif:uwf:bAef trf,rD:zl;bK.ulef:uof:cofsv; qof;Oldofpmof;qif,awwif;vh;qkdof;
rldif:apKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}}vh;ihm;ihm;eef.bof./ ohm:eef. qof;zSef,vdefwh: tefOkdyf,vmrf:wmrf:uef
14
eif;apKcrf:]]wh:wh:}}rK:eef. ymefekdif;bof.ymefekdif; tkyf.yldif,wif;apKcrf:ref;ukdrf: vh;vDimrf:

xlef;qlof;z[,ymefref:bof./
ymefqof;zSef,vdef qof;Odlofpmof;eh. ugyf;oK;ref:qof;bdyf:xdif:oh. erf.Mif;Nof;sv;
erf.bmef,OD,umif Ogifsr;eh.aO xwf:Omif;qSuf,szyef e[:rldif:ul;wD;wD; P;vh;zAif,yAif:uef
sv; uK;wD;e[:tldif,rdlif:ukefODsv; tldif,rldif:Noferf.qif,wif;tgufrK: vhm:bdyf:wkdof:erf.(erf.zkif)
eheef.bof./
ugyf;ehsv; rldof;ymefeef. wD;xkif.sr;erf.Mif.Nof;sv;erf.bmef,OD,umifeef. yAef
vdefwD;bl, ul;wD;egef:wD; zifNuf.zifap, wD;sw,ildef;Ohmwkdef:iof; ykdef:yl, rgef,rldif:wh:'dif;
si;wh:rK:bof./ (The original home of tai people, in 2515 B.C)
wD;tefyldef;Mif.uefoK; xkif.vdefrldif:OSefOhm:(Shan Si)sv; Noferf.(Honan)eh.
eef rD:pmef.awK,eh.bof./ rldof;ymefapKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}}(Tai Tai)qkdif;rldif:tefNdof;Ndif:vkdof:eh.
yAefrldif:uGmif:OD<sv; Noferf.Ogifrldif:eh.ehbof./
vhm:tkyf.yldif,zgif:irf: ymefapKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}} qkdif;rldif:
rldif:bl,erf rldof;ymefapKcrf:qof;Oldofpmof; rldof;yD<(2515-BC)awK,xkdif(1644-1911

BC)eef. rD:eif,yK;w[;eh.bof./ e[:yuf:yldiftkyfyldif,eef. zhm,eldofOkwf:rD:]]qof;zSef,vdef}}
vmyf,bl,eldofacK;bl,w[;? zhm,w[;Okwf:rD: ]]vmofwh:}}tefwdwf:awK,uyf:Okdyf,ckefapKcrf:vh; urf:
vAofeef.bof;/ yldiftefuBmrf:ref:sw.rD:eif,yK;w[;eh.bof./
rldof;yD<(2515-BC)vgif;vh;tkyf.yldif, zgif:irf:omef;rldif:e[:rldif:bl,erf(1644-1911-BC)
(1)qof;zSef,vdef(qof;apKOSif) King Emperor
(2)Noferf.(No Nan)
(3)uGmif:OD<(Kwang Si)
(4)OD,ckrf.(Sze Chuang)
(5)ulnf;cAof(Kwei Chew)
(6)uGmifwmif;(Kwang Taung)
(7)zgif:rldif:vlif (Principal Minister)
15
uGmif:wh: (Chong Tai Minister)

(8)OrK,xdzl;P;uGmrf:N.(Vice Minister)
qh:wh:(Chi Tai)
(9)zl;wSef:apKerf:zl;rhmrldif:(under secretary of State)
xkif:wh:(Tung Tai)
(10)zl;rD:uGmrf:brf zl;uGmef:rldif:(Provincial of State)
(11)zl;ugef:tldif,(Provincial Chancellor)
cAwf;wh:(Git Tai)
(12)zl;ugef:zef,wK,idkef:(Provincial Financier)
ymefwh:(Pan Tai)
(13)qgrfOkduf:vlif(Provincial Commander in Chief)
wAef:wh:(Then Tai)
(14)apKcrf:ugrf;(Provincial Commander)
xof;wh:(Tao Tai)
yhm:tkyf.yldif,apKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}}rD;qldif.eif,serK:ehbof./ ymefapKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}}cmif.
eh. Ndifemef:awK,xkdifyD<(139-BC)qof;zSef,vdefOkdyf,wSef: tkyf.yldif,uGK,rD:pK;qof;apKcrf:eh
bof./ ]]wh:wh:Tai Tai}}tefoK;eh. ygif,oK;]]vgwf;vSof:rldefq[vDeK,}}ehbof./ wh:ygif,oK;vgwf;
vSof:? Ndof;vSif:bl,aO,aO, e[:TwK:eheef.bof./
ymifzduf;Oduf;rif,uvK,
xkdifrK:ymefqof;]]cD,wD, (Chi Ti) vkuf;xlef;Omrfqof;wD,cluf.eef.? ulef:rldif:cofpAwf:ygh:

zduf;Oduf;rif,uvK,aO bkuf.wmif,yAefqof;zSef,vdefbof./
ymifygh:zduf;Oduf;eef. zgif:rldif:sv;ulef:omef; ulef:rldif:cofwif:rlwf: tgefuefrK:ckdef;
bkuf.bgif;bof./ qof;cD,wD,auK;vh;yAefqof;zSef,vdefwh: ]]wh:wh:}}Nuf:rldif:eef.bof./
16
xkdifrK:yD<(629-682-BC)eef. apKcrf:wh: vh;chm.uGK,e[:rldif:Noferf.aOsv;

aw,wif;yAefapKcrf:wh:]]wh: cldof:Oldof}}rldof;yD<(688-BC)eef.bof./
ymefapKcrf:wh:]]wh:cldof:Oldof}}(688-BC)
]]qof;OldofyAif:olif.}}auK.yAefvkuf;qof;apKcrf:qof;Oldofolif.rdlif:vkdof(Lao State)bof./ urf:

eef.ckdef:sr:aw,wif;yAefapKcrf:wh: - wh:cldof:Oldof(Tso Dynasty)eheef.bof./ e[:ymef
eef. tgefuefchm.wD;bl, vkuf.wD;e[:rldif:bl,erfaO chm.uGK,bl,Oof:e[:rldif:apKerf. pdrf:wK;erf.
Mif;Nof;eef.bof./ apKcrf:wh: wh:rldif:vkdof:eh. yAefcldof:apKcrf:tefbdyf:umefzhm,rldif:xwf:Omif;
qSuf,szyeferf.eef.bof./ rldof;ymefeef.sr;erf.Mif;Nofsv; sr;erf.bmef,OD,umifOgifsr;eh.
rD:e[:rkdof:qof;apKcrf:rldif:vkdof:bof./
vkdof(10)tefoK;eef. wD;ygif,ref:rD:OgifrAof:-
(1)rD:ukif,rkefOaI,OD,tef
(2)wlofeyf.OD, oK;ehbof./
ukif,OaI,OD,tefqrf.-
(u)ukif,rkefrmuf;rD:vDyAef
(c)ukif,rkefrmef,rSef;qgrf:xrf:?
(i)ukif,rkef,trf,rD:avK:z?
(q)ukif,rkeftlef;tgef,elef:edrf?
yAefqldof:eh.bof./
ukif,OaI,OD,yldif,eh. yAefvhm:ruf:ref;yAefckefapKcrf:wK,tkyf.omef;ygifrldif:bof./ ayK:
trf,pAwf:qgrf:vh;OD,yldif,eh.auK; wh:awvh;wluf:Okrf: ymefckeftkyf.ygifomef;rldif: oK;eh.bof./ wh:
ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:vkdof:eef. tofukif,rkefOaI,(wif:uBmif.urfOdefxrf:)OD,tefeh. oh.uSrfwlof
uSrfq[bl,wK,aOsv;qif,oK;ckdef;b[[,r[,Okif ckdwf:qgrf:umyf;ymefeef.oh.bof./
ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:vkdof:
17
vkuf.wD;bl,erfaO chGm.uGK,ykdef.umifzif,erf.bmef,OD, umifrldof; 2696-BC xkdif 2683-

BC.
xkdifrK:apKcrf:wh: rldif:vkdof: vh;chm.uGK,wif;e[:ykdef.umifsr;erf.bmef,OD,umifbof.eef.-wh:

eif,uef vh;pAwf:Okduf:ql:uefrK:bof./ wh: wh:vkdof:vh;chm. apKcrf:eh.auK; ugyf;vh;yAefOkduf:wkduf:
zef:uefsv; ]]qof;OldofyAif:olif.}}tefyAefvkuf;qof;]]Oldofolif.}}rldof;2692-BC eef.eh.bof./
ugyf;qof;]]qof;Oldofolif.}}vh;sy.Okduf:sv; vh;Okdyf,udefapKcrf:wh:cldof:Oldofsv; apKcrf:wh:
vkdof:uGK,wif:Ndif(15)yD<bof./ rldof;yD< 2600-BC zgif:eef. apKcrf:sc,wD;rldif:emef,ylof,(Nang
Po)e[:tldif,Noferf.ygwf:tguf,eef. vh;pAwf:Okduf:ql:uefwif:apKcrf:wh:wh: teftkyf.yldif,rldif:sz:
tldif,Noferf.eef.bof./ Okduf:eh.sw. trf,q[;Okduf:cGmuf;rldif: yAefOkduf:qmrf:pSif: qmrf:erf.uwf.
wmif:cSef,uefulnf:ehbof./ ulnf:uK; - rldof;ymefeef. pSif:wh:b[,ukdef: cSifvSif:eK,sv; Okduf:sc,
cof trf,wdkuf:sy.Okduf:wh:aOyguf; Okduf:wh:pof:sy.ulnf:ulnf:sv; wh:vh;yAefqof;zSef,vdef tkyf.
yldif,eldofrldif:sc,rldif:wh: wif:rldif:rK:bl,bof./
ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:Ol;(trf,eef)tknf' h:2357-2257yD BC
rldof;ymefeef. yAefzgif:sc,sv;wh:? wh:awK,wh:aw,wif;ymefOkduf:]]awK,Ol;}}cwf:pSif:

sc.cAifpSif:uefsv; Mif.oK;]]yAefymefwh:Ol;}}trf,eef yAefymeftefsc.cAif,pSif:Okduf: wkduf:uef
ayK: tlefomef;tlefrldif: trf,xmwf,aOyguf;sv; vh;Mif.oK;]]ymefwh:tknf'h:}}eh qof;apKcrf:wh:
]]qof;Ol;}}(Shu)aw,wif;yAef rK:qArfrldof;(2357-BC)ehbof./
qof;Ol;eh. yAefvkuf;qof;apKcrf:Odlof yAefvmefqof;wlefbluf,(Mif.) qof;OSifcAofbof;?
rD:egif.qhm:auK.ekdif;qkdof;]]qof;qmif.}}? ugyf;sr;ref:qof;whmySwf; qArfvAuf.qArfOSifsv;ayK;qof;Okdyf,
sr;r[,xSif;? urf:eef. sr;Okdyf,sv;wif:egif.qhm:ref:qof;wAuf:eAuf:sy.eK,sv; qof;Olk;eh. rldof;
vAuf.rldof;vSifwluf:bmuf; cmefq[sw.sw.? ulnf:uK; - ref:qof;bldef.uef;tofaO pAwf:yefwmif:
vDwduf:wduf:sv; ohm:vifrK: sr;Okdyf,sv;egif.qhm:qof; ckdef:puf.Mrfqof;rK: awK,qof;ayK:vh;yAef
apKcrf: qof;rldif:tknf'h:eef.bof./
ymefrldof;tknf'h:(Ew Pi)eh. ugyf;oK;erf.Mif;Nof trf,ayK:ukdef:rldefuof,bof.sv; wD;
ygwf:oef:wluf: rldif:sc,eef.erf.wK,ulef:rldif:q[.wkdof: trf,ukrf,vlrf; eif;Ndofe[:omef;e[:rldif: aw
vh;q[.wkdof:erf.ukrf,vlrf;wArfeef. ckefapKcrf:qof;Ol;qif,q[.zl;wmifwlof tefyAefckefzgif:rldif:
vlif]]ckefb(l Yu)}}tofykef;zgef:aO pAwf:Omif;sv; yefpK(yBOeK,)vgif;erf.eh. tofrldefq[
ulef:rldif:sv; omef;rldif:uwf:bAwfOldof:OK,sw.sw.bof./
ohm:aOckdifOmif;pAwf:P;omef;rldif: uwf:bAwfvDbof.vDimrf: qof;apKcrf:Ol;auK; tofegif.
qhm:ref:qof; qmif.(Chang)eef.oK; ]]rldif:qmif.ol(Chang Wu)eheef.bof.? rldif:apKcrf:tef
18
Mif.oK;qmif.oleh. cof;yK:e[:vdefNoferf. ygwf:qmef:uGmif:OD<ygwf:Mif,sv; uGmifwif;ygwf:wluf:cof

qldof:eef.ehbof./ qof;apKcrf:qof;Ol;eh. olef.oK;egif.qhm:qof; ]]qof;qmif.}}eh. pAwf:Omif;umef
rldif:vh;aO ref:qof;ehsv; qif,vh;tmyf;omef;rldif:trf:emwf; pmif;apKyefegif.qhm: wlefwlof
ref:qof;sw. ugyf;trf,wdwf:Mh:aq:qdrf,ckefaO trf,uK:? Orf.c[;pKwmif:vD ykef;wlofuof,sv;
qif,vh;tmyf;apKcrf:aO tguf,xldef,uGK,pAwf:IaO:uBmif.urfOrxK.TwK:awK,OAif;umrf,egef:rldif:uGK, e[:
ymefeef.bof./
cef,xK,cmyf;wlofqof;Ol;eh. egif.qhm:ref:qof;]]qof;qmif.}}Okdyf,tofvkrf:vK: zifoh.eldof
vgh(Kiew Yi Shan)]]udof,bhm;Oef}}eh:tldif, ]]edif:blef:(Nang Yoan)}}eef.bof.? ulef:yhm:
ykdef:cof wSrf;oh.oK; ]]qof;apKcrf:wlefeh. yAefckeftef ulef:omef;ulef:rldif: puf.Mrfqlrf:ySif:sv;
tofukif,tofrkefyK:ekdif}}ehbof./ ymefapKcrf:wh:]]tlnf'h:}}trf,eef ]]qmif.ol}}eh. sw,wif;
rldof;yD<(2255)aO ogwf:ohm:vl.vSofuGK, rldof;yD<(2303-BC)eef.bof./
qof;apKcrf:qof;Ol;eh.vh;eif;udefrldif:(wif:sc,wif:wh:)wif:NdifyD<avK(48)yD<eh.bof./
ymefapKcrf:wh:cldof:Omif(trf,eef)cldof:bkdef:ymefapKcrf: wh:bkdef: e[:rldif:vkdo(f BC 2939-2365)
ymefapKcrf:wh:ckefumifegif. qof;apKcrf:wh:cldof:Omifbkdef:(Shang Okyin)eef. vh;uGK,

tkyf.yldif,apKcrf:sc,ykwf;wD;bl,qof;apKcrf:sc, rldof;yD<(2158-BC)aO tkyf.yldif,udefrldif:uGK,(13)yD<
vkrf:vkrf:rldof;ymefeef. vh;tkyf.yldif,omef;rldif:vAuf:vhm;chm.rK:sw,ehbof./
yK;w[;ref:qof;ef. rD:zgif:rldif:vlifOgifauK. Mif.oK;]]ckefNif}}sv; ]]ckefNof:}}? cKOgif
auK.eh. ql.MrfpSif:Okduf:aOsv; tmif;ckdef:zkdef.ref:qof;bof.? ugyf;yK;w[;NofOdkuf:cofulef:vlifzhm,
yhm:rldif:cof urf;zgif;sv; ckdifpKwmif:Okuf.bkif;tlefuof:ul;zhm,ul;wmif:bof./
qof;zSef,vdefqof;ckefumifauK; ugyf;oK;omef;rldif:tleftmefarKrK:eK,sv;qif,Mif.tof
qof;uSrfrkdof:qof;bkdef: rK:qgh;xSrfyef omef;rldif:ref:qof;bof./ qof;bkdef:eh. yAefqof;uSrfrldif:
wrf:q[apKOSif tgeftofapKcrf:wif:rldif: yAeftefvAofuefsv; yAefqgrfOkduf:vlifzl;tgif,Okduf:
yK:ekdif;ulnf:trf,uK: zhm,tkyf.yldif,omef;rldif:auK; uwf.cSef,eK,sv; rD:tlrkefzkif:iof:aq,qK,b[,eK,
aO qif,vh;wAuf:eAuf:tgif,sy.ulef:tlefuof:e[:omef;e[:rldif: bAefphmuGK,wif:rlwf:eef.bof./
yhm:ykdef:zhm,sc,cofwSrf;oh.oK; rldof;zgif:ckefzgif:rldif:OgifauK.vkuf.zkdef.eef. yAefOdkuf:e[:
rldif:('h:e[:)qgwf,uGK,ul;wD;? ugyf;erf.uwf.cSef,pwf:pmef qof;uSrfrldif:aO omef;rldif:ckdef:uwf:bAef
vD? Orf.vh;wldof:cGmuf:eK;vSefvdefyAef omef;rldif:xSif;ugef,ehbof./
qof;uSrfrldif: qof;bkdef:eh. ugyf;oK;ref:qof;pAwf:P;omef;rldif:wldif:uK:ckdef;uwf;bAefckdef:
rldefeif,yuf:uof,yldifvifsv; qkdof;OSifref:qof; ukduf:ykdef:oh.oK; ]]zl;tguf,Okduf:qgrfpmefvlif qof;
19
bkdef:}}(Yun the Conqueror)ehbof./ ugyf;eefckefumif qif,vh;bkuf.bgif; wgyf,ukif,au:ql:ref:

qof; P;yAefckefcrf:ugrf;(zl;tgif,Okduf:vlif)ehbof.? szyefomef;rldif:]]rldif:vkdof:}}P;ref:qof; tkyf.
yldif,zgif:irf:bof./
apKcrf:wh:wh:rldif:vkdof:rldof;eef. rD:e[:rldif:z:]]Nsz:(Hu Peh)}}apKsy.eef.eh.bof./
apKcrf:wh:vkdof:eh. ohm:eef.vh;chm.uGK,wif;wD;rldif: Nsz:ygwf:qmef:(vkuf.ygwf:wluf:chm.uGK,)uhm:umiftef
yAef apKcrf:wh:yluf:ygiftkyf.irf:eef.bof.? erf.srf;uhm:umifeh.yAeferf.sr;tef vhql:sr;erf.
bmef,OD,umif eef.ehbof./
ymefapKcrf:wh:bkdef:eh. sw,wif;rK:rldof;(2939)xkdif(2365BC)aO Okwf:phmuGK,bof./
qof;ckefumifyAefauK.aw,wif;aO qof;zSef,vdefwh:tkyf.yldif,uGK, ]]22}}wlefwif:Ndif
yD<avK:yD<(644)yD<sv; ymefapKcrf:qkrf:eh. qlof;bkdef:bmof:sw.sw.ehbof./ ymefeef.qif,
vh;Mif.oK; ymefwh:bkdef:ehbof./
ymefapKcrf:wh:cldof:qof;(1122xkdif 250-BC)
ymefapKcrf:wh:qof;(Chou)eh. szoh.rD:Omrfymef
(1)rldif:qof;ygwf:wluf: 1122 xkdif 771 BC
(2)rldif:qof;ygwf:tguf, 770 xkdif 426
(3)rldif:qof;ygwf:tguf, 425 xkdif 250-BC
(ymefwh:uof;rldif: trf,eef ymefyAefOkduf:vlif)
(4)ymefapKcrf:qof;ygwf:wluf:(1122-BC)e[:ymefeef. ckefapKcrf:udefrldif:uGK,(12)yD<bof./ ymef
apKcrf:wh:rldif:qof;eh. qof;apKcrf:OdlofoAif:olif. tefyAefvkuf;qof;Oldofolif. aw,wif;yAefrK:rldof;yD<
(1122-771-BC)eef.bof./ ymefeef. apKcrf:wh:rD:e[:rldif: OSefOhm:oAif:qmef:eef.bof./
ugyf;zkif:Odefxrf:qof;yK:eh. b[,pSif:eK,sv; tkyf.irf:qgwf,uGK,eldofrldif:wh:rldif:sc, ul;wD;
ul;vSefbof./
qof;Oldofolif.eh. rD:vkuf;vmif:erfaOwK.auK; tefykwf;wdefwmifrkdof:ref:qof; tef
xkdifqduf:xkdifqgrfeh.yAef qof;OldofoAif:olif.ulnf:bof./
20
qof;apKcrf:wlefeh. rD:yef,nK,yhm:tkyf.irf:vkdof:vifeK,sv; ymefrldof;eef. wh:rldif:

qof;cof uGK,wkduf:wh:rldif:vkdof:qif,sy.vh;vDimrf:aO xdif:omef;rldif: qof;apKcrf:qof;vDimrf:bof./
wh:rldif:vkdof:eh. ugyf;trf,vh;pmif;pSef:oh.auK;yldif,ekdif;? ugyf;pSif:Okduf: trf,imrf,uefauK;yldif
ekdif;sv; vh;Okrf:Okduf:wh:rldif:qof;cofbof./
qof;ckefOdlofoAif:olif.eh. rD:wmif:N.b[,wmif:pefuGmif;aOtrf,uK: - yAefzl;uwf:cSef,eK;
umef zhm,tkyf.irf:omef;rldif:vDauK.ekdif;sv; ymefeef. rD:qkdof;OAifb[, vkdof:Nifsw.sw.? vhm:
tkyf.irf:yef,nK,ref:qof;eef. wSrf;yAefyyf.yAefzkdef tofOgifyefulef:omef; ulef:rldif:P;yAef
yuf:yldif]]vhm:bldif;}}bl,bof./ yyf.tefref:qof;wSrf;oh. wmif:erfqldof:eef. tefuBK.cSef,eK,yldef;
eef. yAefyyf.tefqkdof;ckefvDsv; vgif;vhm:yluf:ygifomef;rldif:eef.bof./ yyf.qldof:eh. ckefrldif:
wif:erfcoftgefuefbdyf:uSrfrK: ymefz[ymefref:eef.bof./
yuf:yldiftefref:qof; oh.yAefvgif;euf:vkduf.vrf,eef.yAefyuf:yldif wK,awOkdyf,y[.vlvgrf
wlnf: qldof.cldof:Ndef:bof./
e[:yuf:yldifeef. wSrf;oh.oK; qldof.cldof:apKcrf:cof rD:oh.yAefymuf,yhmeef. awK,qlof;vkuf;
ymefvmefOkdyf,wmrf:vmrf:uefawtrf,vh;yefphmvhmxSif; vgif;ekdif;Orf. cldof:z[cldof:ref:awvh;tof
uefoK; yK:uefyAefawtrf,vh;sw,eK;Ndef:qgrf:ulef:wmif,cldof:eheef.bof./
yuf:yldifOgef.rdif;ulyf.ul;yAefNdef:
ayK:yAefcldof:Ndef:tefvAofuef ulyf.ul;yAefNdef: pAef:P;cldof:ildef;z[ref:sz;erfvh;bl,?

e[:ymifcSuf,awvh;ekif;clof:ODvSif P;rD:qldof.vldwf;pmefehbof./
yuf:yldifvgif;uBmif.urfqgrf:xrf:
e[:yuf:yldifeh. ulef:wif:vhmawvh;rD:q[ cmofO[zlduf,qkdef;sv;rD:Odefxrf:TwK:aO pAwf:

Omif;umefimef:ul;vgif;vgif; pAwf:vDvh;vDpAwf: phm.vh;phm.tefoK;eef. awvh;bkrf,brfbdyf:wkdof:ul;
auK.ehbof./
vgif;' dif;si;wh:
uyf:uhmvlnf; vgif;'if;si;xkif:qmrf, zhm,zK,OK,aO]]qof;ckef}}pAwf:oh.yef eif,Ndofulef:

rldif:awvh;rD: wmif:N.rD:rhmrD; arKtofukif,OaI,omef;rldif: qldof.cldof:quGK,eef.bof./
aw,tofumefvl,? umefOmif;? umefuK.? umefchm? umefulyf.ul;Mrf:Ogifqldof:eef.bof./
21
vgif;vhm:tkyf.rldif:
e[:zgif:irf:zSef,vdefref:qof;eef. rD:oh.rldif:Nuf:rldif:bof.? e[:uK;Nuf:rldif:eef. rldif:z[

rldif:ref: tkyf.irf:ugef:acKugh:z[ugh:ref:? ulnf:uK; - zl;tkyf.yldif,omef;rldif:eef. yAefqof;apKcrf:
auK.vlduf;uAyf:wmif,yefbof./
vhm:eh.vh;oK; rldefuefwif:vhm;tkyf.yldif,rldif:vkdof:eef.bl, vh;pefeif,ehbof./ e[:rldif:
cofab;rldif:rldif:eef. zl;tkyf.irf:rldif: rD:rldefeif,yK;w[;eh.bof./
(1)uSrfrldif:vkuf;qof;apKcrf:(Prince)
(2)uSrfrldif:qgrfOkduf:vlif(Duke)
(3)uSrfrldif:zhm,yhm:rldif:ul;yldifyldif(Marquis)
(4)zhm,qgyf,xwf:omef;rldif:(Ohmvyf.)(Earl)
(5)zhm,zef,wK,idkef:wgif:(Viscount)
(6)apKcrf:ugrf;zhmygifumef(Baron)
vgif;uyf:Okdyf,eguf;rldif:
vgif;oK;qef.eK;umef z[b[,aOz[eheef.rD:oh.Ohmpmif.(OhmqK,yK,)OD,pK;bldif;bof./ qof;

zSef,vdefOrf. pwf.Ohmpmif.vldifsv; yK:wif:wkrfOSif? qldof:bl,yK;w[;eef. Orf.O[,wkrf,OSifcAof
eef.bof./ omef;tldif,tefvAuf.qldof:eef.sw. qof;zSef,vdefqSuf,sz vkuf;vmefref:qof;
tkyf.irf:ugef:arKpif:ugh:bof./ ymefrldof;eef. vuf;ref:qof;auK. tefvh;tofykef;zgef:zhm,xwf:
qgyf,tldif,rldif:(Earl)eef. vh;uGK,tkyf.yldif,xkdifrldif:(Chosen state)qof;OSeftefyAefrldif:ulof:ID:bK:
rldof;vAofeh.bof./
ymefapKcrf:]]rldif:qof;}}eef. ugyf;yldof;wrf:omif:yuf:yldif uK.chmuyf:Okdyf,eguf;rldif:sv; 'dif;
xkif:omef;rldif:yAeftefckdef;b[,uwf:bAefsw.sw.bof./ qof;uSrfrldif:tefvh;uGK, tkyf.xkdifrldif:ulof:
ID:bK:eef. qkdof;oK;(Ki-Tse)qof;chm:Oldofehbof./
yK,pAof;Omif:cSif: qof;chm:Oldofeh. wkduf.ukdwf:rD:oh.bl,e[:tldif,]]olif.bmif:}}rldif:ulof:ID:bK:ygwf:
eldofeef.ehbof./
22
ohm:aOeef. xkdifrK:rldof;(1115)xkdif (1079-BC)eef. vkuf;qof;apKcrf:OldofOAif:olif.

vh;ykwf;wSef:apKcrf:rldif:qof;bof./ ymefvkuf;qof;eh.auK; trf,vh;Okuf.vh;bkif;sv; wluf:wSrfwluf:
abK;yldifv[eif,uof,/ bif:vh;uyf:Okdyf,eguf;rldif:xSif;rldif:ekdif; tefMif.]]rldif:tK,emrf,(An Nan)}}
rldof;vAofyAef]]oAif:uSofoSwf.emrf:}}? qkrf:uyf:Okdyf,oSwf.emrf:cof bif:tofqmif.zlduf,rK:bkdef:wgef;yef
qof;cdif:olif.(Cheng Wang)apKcrf:rldif:qof;ugef,bof./
qof;cdif:olif.eh. vh;eif;apKcrf:udefrldif:uGK, wif:Ndif(37)yD<bof./ ohm:aOeef. wif;
tof(1078)yD<vkrf:vkrf:? qof;zSef,vdefwh:pof:Okdyf,ykwf;pmif;wSef:apKuefrK: rD:(5)wlefrldef
eif, seoh.yK;w[;eh.bof./
apKcrf:wh:wh: rldif:qof;ymefeef.J
1.qof;umifolif.(Kan Wang) 1078/1053-BC 26yD<
2.qof;olif.(Chao Wang) 1052/1002 51 yD<
3.qof;rl,olif.(Mu Wang) 1001/947 BC 55 y

<
D
4.qof;ckefolif.(Kung Wang) 946/935 12yD<
5.ckefthm;olif.(I Wang) 934910 25 yD<
uGmrf:Oif,
ymefapKcrf:wh:pof:sw,wif;tkyf.irf:rldif:wh:rldif:sc,rK: pmef.awK,yD<(BC-856)ayK:vkuf.
ymefrldof;vAofeyf.uGK,awrD: (2,000)yD<yhmrldof;ymefapKcrf:cdif:(Chin State)eef. sc,cofrK:bl,
Oof:vlnf;wh: e[:rldif:umefOl;(Kan Su)zgif:eef.wh:auK.yAefzl;tgefNof erf:eK;sc,bof./
sc,cofoK;cofyAefulef:rK:r[,(New born Chinese)ehbof./ ulnf:uK;oh:vkdef:rK: sc,cof

tlrftkdeftofwh:rldif:vkdof:e[:tldif,Noferf.sv; Nsz:aObof.? Okdyf,Ohmvldwf;uefehsv; tofwh:
bAefyAefsc,uGK, oK;ehbof.? wif:tofymefapKcrf:olif.wD(Wang Ti)rK:apKcrf:wh:auK; vh;bAef:
yAefapKcrf:sc,uGK,aO sc,cofwif;yAefapKcrf:sc,(Nofykdif:)tgefwmif:Okwf:oK;ehbof./
First Generation Emperor
Some authors misunderstood the real fact and misrepresented their

statements that in about 850 BC.(about 2000 over year ago)the Chinese (New
Born Chinese)came to establish themselves in Kan-Ss. Afterwords Chinese
23
started aggressions upon the Tai who had their original homes (Lo State)in Ho
–Nan and Hu-Peh.
acK;uGmrf:yK;eldofeh. vh;pefrK:e[:yyf.(The Chinese Classics)ykdef:sc,tefzl;wSrf;

vduf;(Jame Legge)wSrf;oh.e[:eK;vduf;(110-111)eef.bof./
ymefapKcrf:qof;wh: rldof:qof;ygwf:tguf,(trf,eef)rldif:ckefOldo(f 770-BCxkdif426-BC)
ymefapKcrf:qof;ygwf:tguf, trf,eef rldif:ckefOldofeh. qof;apKcrf:]]ykdef:olif.(Ping

Wagn)}} sw,wif;rK:aObof.? yAeftefrldif:b[,ulef:ukdef: sw.sw.eefaOwK. – ugyf;rldif:
bl,pdrf:Mrf:cof rK:wkduf:tofrldif:uAif:tmef: trf,eif rldif:OSefOhm:tefyAefoAif:apKcrf:wh: wh:rldof;
ymefugef,eef.sv; apKcrf:wh:pof: vh;wluf:Okrf:uGK,eh.bof./ apKcrf:sv; oAif:wh:pof:auK;'h:rh;
ySwf;rlwf:rlwf:oK;ehbof./
rldof;ymefeef. ugyf;oK;wh:apKcrf:rldif:qof;ygwf:wluf:rK:wduf:awK:rldif:qof;apKcrf:ygwf:tguf,
sv; ymefapKcrf:rldif:qof;ygwf:tguf,auK; Okwf:phmohm:ogwf,uGK, rldof;yD<(706-BC)eef.aObof.? ohm:
eef.xkdifrK:yD<(696-680-BC)eef. qof;olif.cmh.apKcrf:wh:uGK,wif;e[:ykdef.umifNoferf.aO ckdef:
sr:aw,wif;yluf:yAef apKcrf:wh:rldif:qof;(ygwf:umif)vSuf;vhm;yAef rldif:ckefOldofxSif;ehbof./
acK;Oif/ /ymefrldof;eef. sc,cofrD:bl,e[:rdlif:umifOl;? oAif:apKcrf:cofOrf. yAefoAif:
]]emef,ylof(Nan Po)}}ehbof./
ymefrldof;eef. qof;zSef,vdefwh:pK;qof; vh;Okdyf,ykwf;udefrldif:ckefOldof rD:eif,yK;w[;
eh.bof./
1.qof;phm:olif.(Hi Wang) 681 xkdif 677-BC 5 yD<
2. qof;ohm:olif.(Hwei Wang) 678 xkdif 652-BC 25 yD<
3.qof;Omifolif.(Siang Wang) 651 xkdif 619-BC 33 yD<
4.qof;cdif:olif.(King Wang) 618 xkdif 613-BC 6 yD<
5. qof;cGmefolif.(Kuang Wang) 612 xkdif 607-BC 6 yD<

wif:pK;qof;rK:avK:uef (75)yD<
24
ymefrldif:wh: ]]rldif:ckefOldof}}eef. ugyf;oK;omef;rldif:uwf:bAefOldof:OK,rK:sv; vduf;vhm:?

'dif;si;wh:auK; vh;pefckdef;Omif.ckdef;OkifrK: swsw.oK;oK;? ymefrldof;eef. zl;rD:yef,nK,wh:auK;
erfukdef:rK:sv; yef,nK,wmif:arKwh:auK; cdkef;b[,qgrf:rK:sw.sw.oK;oK; rldefeif,yef,nK,zhm,
vlof,Olif'D(Philosophy)quGK,eef.bof./
cl:arKvlifqof;wSrf;tguf, yAefyyf.yAefzkdefeh. rldefeif,vgif;oK,wK.pdefwl,(Hindu's

Bramanism) quGK,eef.bof./ cl:arKvlifxSif;auK.ekdif; qkdof;oK;(ulef:qldof:)ayK,rK:rldof;yD<(551-
BC) uldwf,e[:rldif:wh:vkdof: tldifOmifwif;eef.aObof.? eif,Ndofulef:cldof:wh:awrD:wmif:arK erf
ukdef:rK:eef. wSrf;yAefyyf.yAefykdef:]]zhm,vlof,Olif'D}}eef.oh.erfeSef,? qldof:tefvkdof:vifeK,
eef. yAefzkdefyyf.tefwSrf;vgif; ]]xkif:'dif:ulef:pK;yldif}} Five Human Relationships
eef.bof./
vldofeef. qof;cl:arKvlifwh: ]]ulef:qldof:}}eh.qgh;xSrfumefyhm:yefyef,nK,vgif;ekdif;wSrf;
oh.zkdefvduf;uBmrf: rD:eif,eif,yK:w[;eh.bof./
yyf.vduf;cl:arKvlifwh: ]]ulef:qldof:}}wSrf;oh.sv; tefqgyf,Oguf;vSrf:pKpefurf;zgif;-
1.ckefrldif:sv;ukif,OaI,(King and Subject)
2.xkif:qmrf,vgif;ayK;sv;vkuf;(Father and Son)
3.uyf;yldifuyf:Okdyf,yD:sv;egif.(Borther and Brother)
4.olwf;TwK:zlofsv;sr:(Husband and wife)
5.vhm:wdwf:awK,tlnf:vDuef(Friend and Friend) yAefqldof:eh.bof./

uyf:uhmvlnf;vgif;yef,nK,zhm,qK,Iduf.wK. OgefwlofOgefq[qldof:eef.auK; wSrf;tguf,oh.
Oif,Ogefulef:wif:vhmbl,rD:wif:erfbof./ rldefeif,yef,nK,qK,Iduf.wK.tefMif.oK;Two
principle article subject eheef. rD:rldefyK;w[;eh.bof./
CHUNG=to conform with righteousness in quality or character.
SHOO=to show forgiveness in spirit or conduct.
wD;ygif,vSif:
(u)cGmif}} yef,nK,vhm:wK,awuBmif.urfqgrf:xrf: P;wlofq[uwf.cSef,/
25
(c)Ol;}} yef,nK,zkduf:pwf:q[zlduf,qkdef;cmofO[sv; rD:wmif:pAwf:wmif:Omif;vD/

e[:yyf.cGmef? Ol;Ogifyyf.eh wSrf;oh.aq:sw.sw./
vhm:uBmif.urfqgrf:TwK: rldefeif,yK;w[;eh.oK;-
(1)P;rD:q[aq,weK,vD
(2)P;rmef,rSef;qgrf:xrf:
(3)P;rmuf;rD:vDyAef
(4)P;wmif:pAwf:wmif:uBmif.vD
(5)P;rD:q[edrfsv; yghomif:cGmif:yef eheef.bof./
ayK:wlnf:vgif;qldof:tef vmwf;rK:bof.qldof:eh.sw. vh;pefymefwh:rldof;eef. rD;zl;
uwf.cSefzK,OK,vduf;vhm:sv;cl:arKvlif zl;wSrf;vduf;erf,bl,aOtrf,uK: - vgif;vduf;vhm:'dif;si;
auK; yAeftefckdef;b[,qef.Okif ckdwf:qgrf:umyf;ymefbl,eheef.bof./
(rldof;ymefeef. wh:awq[.vduf;sv; uGmrf:vmwf;qldif.Ndofeheef. zl;uwf.cSefcof vD
OggufpKsw.sw./ zl;wSrf;vduf;/)
rldof;ymefapKcrf:wh: rldif:ckefOldofeef. ugyf;oK;ulef:N.ulef:arKvduf;vhm:erfsw.sw.sv;
omef;rldif:cldof:ulef:qmof:wh: yAeftefb[,rmuf;ckdef;Okifsw.sw.bof./
ymefyAefOkduf:rldif:vlif(trf,eef)ymefapKcrf:wh:uof;rldif:425-BC/250-BC
ohm:aOymefapKcrf:wh: wh:rldif:qof;(wh:wh:rldif:ckefOldof)vl.vSofuGK,aO qof;zSef,vdefwh:

pof:eh. ugyf;yldof;trf,xdif:vh;tlpSif:zgif:irf: ]]tSrf,zK,bK,(Empire)}}sy.vh;sv; apKcrf:wh:vh;
wSuf,bhm;yAefoh. uof;rldif:bof./ ymefeef.ugyf;zgif:irf:ulnf: z[,ulnf:ref:sv; vh;Mif.oK;]]ymefwh:
uof;rldif:}}trf,eef zgif:eef. ugyf;wh:eif,uefpdrf trf:emwf;uefaO uofwkduf:r[: r[:zef:uof
pAwf:eefsv; ]]ymefwh:Okduf:rldif:vlif}}ehauK;Mif.bof./
ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:tefyAefugef;yAefvkif:? zSef,vdefwh:tefyAef zgif:irf:tefvAof
(Empire)eef. tofvl.phmwSuf,bhm;uGK, rldof;yD<(425-BC)eef.ehbof./
26
ymefwh: wh:uof;rldif:eh. yAefrldif:awK,rldif: trf,eefapKcrf:awK,apKcrf: pAwf:Okduf:ql:

uef pdrftrf:emwf;wif:cldof:pdrfcgyf,erf.vSefvdefuefsv; Orf.ayK:yAefOkduf:yAefOldof tleftlef
arK:arK: Orf.ayK:qgwf,uGK, ul;wD;ul;wmif:ehbof./
ugyf;ehsv; qof;zSef,vdefwh:wh:(awyAefqof;apKcrf:qof;qhm:olif.wD,)ayK:trf,xdif:sy.
vh;sv; vh;wSuf,bhm;uefySwf;rlwf:eef.bof./
vgif;ref:sw. - ugyf;uSrfrldif:vlifNuf:rldif: tefrD:e[:zSef,vdefapKcrf:wh: rldif:ckefOldof
eef. z[trf,xgrf,z[wkduf:uefzef:uefsv; wh:vh;wSuf,bhm;uef yAefwh:uof;rldif:(KUO)trf,
eef wh:Okduf:rldif:vlif(Warring-State Period)rK:ehbof./
e[:qgrfOkduf:vlif tefqkdof;OAifb[,qldof:eef. szrD:oh.Omrfymefbof.? e[:Omrfymef
eef.-
1.ymefxlef;ekdif;(12)wlef
2.ymefxlef;Ogif(5)wlef
3.ymefxlef;Omrf(7)wlef rD:rK:eif,ehbof./
qgrfOkduf:vlifqldof:eh. erf.uwf.wmif:cSef,cofqrf.-
1.uSrfrldif:zl;tgif,eldofOkduf: Nuf:rldif:Powerful Marquises
2.uSrfrldif:zl;tgif,Okduf: wif:omef;wif:rldif:Martial Prince
3.uSrfrldif:zl;tgif,Okduf: e[:rldif:apKcrf: Herolic Lords oK;ehbof./

e[:Omrfymefeef. xkdifrK:ymefvkdef:Okwf: ymefxlef;Omrfeef. apKcrf:rldif:Oldof? rldif:
bkdef:? rldif:cdif? rldif:ohm:? rldif:pmef? rldif:wif;? rldif:vkdof:? rldif:vghsv; rldif:wlif;qldof:eh. szyAefoh.
uof;rldif:qldof:eh.bof./
e[:uK;qof;uSrfrldif: qgrfOkduf:vlifqldof:eef. qgrfOkduf:vlifcldof:cdif:? cldof:Oldof? cldof:Omif?
cldof:olif.cofqof;qldof:eh. rD:qdkof;rD:OAif vkdof:vifNifNef; vgif;uwf.cSef,sw.sw./ e[:qgrfOkduf:
qof;qldof:eh. qof;cldof:cdif:eh. rD:trf:emwf;tefb[,aOyldef;ehbof./ ugyf;ehsv; qdkof;ref:qof;
oK; ]]cdif:OldofOmifolif.}}ehbof./
27
qof;yK:eh. vh;tkyf.yldif,rldif:OD,rldif: rldof;yD<(307)xkdif(254-BC)eef.aOwmif:Ndifref:

rD:uGK,(54)yD<bof./ qof;yK:eh. yAefqof;teftkyf.yldif,eldof rldif:wh:rldif:sc, urf:vkdef:Okwf:eef.
ehbof./
ohm:eef.xkdifrK: ymefqof;apKcrf: ]]cdif:Oldofqmif.olif.}}eef. ugyf;oK;ckefsv;ulef:rldif:
z[auK;yK:oK,OK,eK,wmif:Olifzhm,Okduf:eK,sv; eif,NdofpSif:Okduf:awukdef:pSif:uSef,cSifeef. rldif:z[
rldif:ref:tgefMrfpSif:Okduf:aO pmif;pSef:oh.z[ref:bof./
ugyf;yAefymefOkduf:ymefOldofsv; zl;uwf.cSef,zhm,Okduf:cof ayK,rK:rD:rK:erfsw.sw.? ymef
eef. zgif:rldif:vlifrldif:Oldof]]ckefolif.qhm:}}wSrf;oh. ]]vhm:pmif;pSef:Okduf:}}ehrD:oh.uyf:ykdef:pmef.eh.sv;
vh;oK;ulef:wh:ymefeef. qef.Okifbl,ehbof./ ymefeef. yAefymeftefqgrfOkduf:vlifcof bdyf:
trf?emwf;zgif:irf:omef;rldif:bof.? qof;zSef,vdefsw.yAef qof;zSef,vdefsepmif;ref:ugh:eh
bof./
xkdifrK:rldof;yD<(378)xkdif (369-BC)ymefqof;apKcrf: qof;wD,olif.eef. rD:cl:arKvlifwh:

xSif;qof;ekdif; qkdof;oK;]]yl,ugef:qkdof;}}ehaO bl,e[:tldifrldif:Omifwif;cl:arKqof;eh.wSrf;oh.vduf;erf
sw.sw.? yyf.vduf;ykdef:sv; yyf.vduf;]]yuf:yldifvgif;wmif:uBmif.wmif:urf}}eef. yAeftefrD:qkdof;
OAifsw.sw.bof./ yyf.zkdefeef. yAefpmuf;b[,wD;rhmwgif: ]]tkyawulwf:rhmsv; yef,nK,wmif:N.}}
cldof:wh:rldif:ymefeef. sw.sw.ehbof./
e[:yyf.eef. wSrf;Oif,oh.oK;-
1.P;cwf:q[pKyef,nK,wmif:N.wmif:arK
2.P;N.pefqldof.b[,pmuf;TwK:rmef,
3.P;qgrf:tofyuf:yldifcl:arKvlif
4.P;qgrf:OAef;wmif:cl:arKvlif]]rif:qkdof;}}ehbof./
rldof;yD<(320BC -138BC)eef. rldif:Oldof? rldif:Ol;? rldif:qof;? rldif:pmef? rldif:ohm:? rldif:

bkdef:cofNuf:rldif:eh. zgrf.Nrf;pSif:Okduf:uefaO rK:wkduf:awK,rldif:cdif:ehbof./ ulnf:eK,pSif:Okduf:rldif:
cdif:ref;uSef,eK,sv; cofwkduf:trf,sy.vh; rldif:cdif:? qof;zSef,vdefrldif:cdif:vh;vrf:zgif:rldif:vlif
auK.teftgefNofyldef;rK:wkduf:eef. tguf,yhm;omef;rldif:ref:uGK,ySwf;bof./
e[:zSef,vdefwh:uof;rldif:ymefeef. rD:oh.ckefrldif:apKcrf:(7)wlef? ugyf;uoftrf,xkuf,r[:
r[:trf,rSef;uofvh; urf:urf:pdrftrf:emwf;qmuf;uef yefvgif;Okuf.bkif;tlefuof:wkrf.wldof.qof;zSef,
vdefsw.sw.ehbof./
28
zgif:rldif:vlifauK. tefqof;zSef,vdef]]cSef,cdif:olif.}}vkdyf;vrf:ref:tguf,rldif:eef.
ref:yAeftefq[vrfeK,aObof.? uGK,Olef:wkrfqof;apKcrf:tgef,coftefukdwf:Nuf:rldif:cofauK;xgrf,
tofuGmrf:Olef:wkrf zgif:rldif:vlifOl;cdif:eef.aO pAwf:vduf;uAefuSef, zgrf.Nrf;vkuf.zdkef.oK;ehaO
bof.? qof;ckefzgif:rldif:vlif pAwf:Nofyof;]]xK,eK,xdyf.ywd}}rldif:zgrf.Nrf;Nuf:rldif:eef.bof./
zgif:eef. zgif:rldif:vlifqefckdef;r[, e[:rldif:cdif:Orf.tofvhm;vdif.qgrf:bK.qgrf:uof: P;
rldif:Nrf;wkrfNuf:rldif:cof vl.vSofwSuf,bhm;ySwf;bof./
xkdifrK:rldof;yD<(312BC)e[:Nuf:rldif:eef. rldif:Ol;xgeftguf,ySwf;cofaO ukdwf:oh. Oldof?

pmef? ohm:? bkdef: pK;rldif:ulnf:bof./ ohm:eef.cofpK;rldif:eh. cgef;pSif:aObof. rldof:wdkuf:awK:rldif:cdif:
xSif;urf:ekdif;bof./ eefaOwK.auK; ugyf;pSif:Okduf: rldif:cdif:vh;pmif;pSef:oh.yef;uSef,eK,sv; tof
rldif:zgrf;Nrf;cof wluf:Okrf:uGK,ehbof./
xkdifrK:yD<(317BC)eef. Nofyof;rldif:Nrf;wkrfuef vh;egef:az:uGKaOsv; tofrldif:

zgrf.Nrf;pK;rldif:cof wSuf,bhm;uefuGK,aObof.? ohm:eef.xSif;xkdifrK: rldof;yD<(214-256BC)eef.
e[:zgif:(59)yD<eef. qof;apKcrf:rldif:cdif: ]]ckefcmefolif.}}tofpSif:Okduf:aO uGK,wkduf:awK:Nyf;Odrf:
tofrldif:pmefsv; ulef:rldif:cofwhmOD,rkdef,(40,000)yhmbof./ ohm:eef.Orf. wkduf:tofrldif:qof;xSif;
sv; ulef:rldif:cofwhmuof;rkdef,(90,000)yhmbof./
urf:eef.qof;zSef,vdef emefolif.Orf. vgrfulofqgrfOkduf:vlifrldif:cdif: teftgefuGK,
wkduf:Odrf:zSef,vdefwmrfwloftguf,yhm;rldof:Mif. tofOkduf:tefudkwf: Omrfrldif:qldof:eef. rK:wkduf:qgrf
Okduf:vlifrldif:cdif: tefyAefvkuf;qhm:qof;eef. cdkef:ehbof./
ulnf:uK; Okduf:qof;zSef,vdef qof;emefolif. trf,tgif,vh;aO vh;wluf:Okrf:egef:az:
uGK, e[:ymifOkduf:eef.ehbof./ ugyf;qof;zSef,vdefemefolif. vh;udefrldif:uGK,(59)yD<aO egef:
az:uGK,sv; vkuf;qhm:qof;tefyAefqgrfOkduf:vlif rldif:cdif:eef. Okdyf,ykwf;wD;bl, qof;zSef,vdef
uGK,bof./
xkdifrK:rldof;yD<(356-250 BC)eef.qof;wkif:ckefvh;ckdef:yAef qof;apKcrf:rldif:cdif:bof./

ymefeef.oAif:apKcrf: rD;zhm,tguf,Noferf.? ohm:eef. qof;wkif:ckefeh. wef:vh;tkyf.omef;rldif:(7)
yD<ugh:aO - vh;cmrf,wmif:qof;qhm:qgrfOkduf:vlif rldif:cdif:wkduf:zdkef.Odrf:toftrf:emwf; ref:qof;
aObof./
e[:rldif:vlifuof;rldif:eef. rldif:vlifqAwf:rdlif:cofeh. pmif;pSef:wK,wkduf:awK: Nyf;Odrf:tof
trf:emwf;ref: ukdrf:wK,yAef qof;apKOSif e[:zSef,vdefwh:uof;rldif:eef. z[z[ref:ref:bof./
e[:qAwf:rldif:eef. z[auK;trf,xkuf,rSef; qof;qhm:rldif:cdif:sv; cofqof;Nuf:rldif:qif,zgrf.pSif:uef
29
ref:uSef,aO rK:wkduf:zkdef.rldif:cdif:sv; yguf;eh. qof;rldif:cdif:vh;Okrf:Okduf:yefcofqof;Nuf:rldif:

bof./
wif;tofyD<tefrldif:cdif: vh;Okrf:Okduf:rK: Nrf;uefaw,wif;apKcrf:wh:]]wh:vkdof:}}xSif;eh
bof./
ymefapKcrf:wh: rldif:vkdof: trf,eef ymefwh:rldif:wlif;/rldif:vgg2h 24 BC.
xkdifrK:yD<(224BC)eef. ohm:aOrldif:cdif: vhm;wluf:Okrf:uGK,bof.eef.auK; trf,awwif;

ref;vh;NdofyAif:q[? vh;szvhmbhm;uef yAefuGK,Ogifrl,Ogifqkrf:oh.bof.? rldof;ymefeef. qof;apKcrf:
wh: chm.uGK,wif;e[:rldif:OD,ckrf.bof.? qof;uSrfrldif:vlif rldif:vkdof:yAef zl;tkyf.irf:omef;rldif:ehbof./
ohm:aOOdkuf:rldif:vlif bAefogwf;uGK,bof.eef. ulef:wh:cofvh;cmrf,wmrf,Okduf:rK: erfNdifeK,
eK,sv; tofqmef;vgif;Okduf:uGK,aO tgefuefbl,uwf:bl,bAefz[ref:ulnf:sv; omef;rldif:auK;
tlef;elef:wSrfabK:uGK,sw.sw.? ugyf;z[auK;c[;bl,uwf:bl,bAeftrf,pAwf:Okduf:pAwf:Oldofsv; qif,
sztguf,uefoh.yAefOgifrl,Ogifqkrf:eef.bof./
1,qkrf:tgefwmif:]]wh:rldif:wlif;}} wh:qldof:teftrf,ch;zmwf,wD;bl,uof, wD;Oof:rgef,eef. tgef
uefukdwf:cmif.bl,Omif;udefOof: e[:rldif:uof,e[:vdefuof,cdkef:qldof:eef. Mif.oK;wh:rldif:wlif;bof./
wh:vkdof:(Lo)qldof:eef.sw. wh:vkdof:blef:tefbl,e[:tldif,zl;cSef,(Lo Yuan in Fu Kain
District.)
2.wh:vkdof:ykdef: tefbl,e[:tldif,bl,erf(Lo Ping in Yun Nan District.)
3.wh:vkdof:ql: tefbl,e[:tldif,bl,erf(Lo Yzu in Yun Nan District.)
4.wh:vkdof:pmof; tefbl,e[:tldif,ulnf:cAof(Lo Huo in Kwei Chew District.)
5.wh:vkdof:qmif; tefbl,e[:tldif,uGmif:OD<(Lo Chang in Kwang-si)
6.wh:vkdof:ySif tefbl,e[:tldif,uGmifwif;(Lo Pang in Kwang Tung)
7.wh:vkdof:wkdef: tefbl,e[:uGmifwif;(Lo Ting in Kwang Tng)

awK,xkdifrldof;eh. wkduf.ukdwf:rD:oh.bl,e[:rldif:wh:oAif:vlifqldof:eef.aO wkduf.vh;pefvmwf;
uGmrf:wh:bl,bof./
30
qkrf:Ogifwh:qldof:eef. trf,xkuf,rSef;uefwif: qof;apKcrf:rldif:cdif: qldof:rD;q[teftrf,

c[;cmrf,bl,cmrf,yAefulef:omef;ulef:rldif: tefbl,yK;w[;rldif:cdif:eef.aOsv; tgefuefyK:uefchm.uGK,
e[: rldif:Noferf.? uGmif:OD<sv; uGmifwmif;eef.bof./ ohm:rK:qkrf:eh. cofcdkef:wmif,qkdof;cofoK; ]]wh:
rldif:vgh(Hilly Tribes)}}ehbof./
ohm:aOeef. tgefuefchm.uGK, wmif:ygwf:qmef:Noferf.aO uGK,aw,wif;apKcrf:wh:oK;
]]Odyf:Ogifql.wh:}}eef.xSif;bof./ wh:qldof:eef.yAefrK: qldof.cdlof:wh:sv;vmof: rldof;ymefeh.bof./
wh:qkrf:eh.yAefwh:qldof:tefOof:rK: e[:rldif:qmif.olqArfrldif:(2255-2206BC)eef.bof./
vgif;wmif:iof;ykdef: tefulef:wh:vh;cGhm.yhm;eh. awrldof;ymefckefapKcrf:wh: qof;ODolif.wD,
eef. ugyf;yldof;ckdifOmif;pmif;ygifwK,omef;rldif:ref:qof; P;ckdef;b[,qgrf:ymefeef.bof./
(wD;wSuf;)ckdifOmif;pAwf:OSef;wmif:vlif rldif:awK,rldif:uGK,rK:pKuefsv; ckdifOmif;pAwf:auK,
wif;zKurf,ySif:vlif tefyAefcldof:vlifuGmif;vSefvdef tefqkdof;OAifvkdof:aOyldef: e[:vluf;eh.
eef.bof./
umefqldof:eh.ugyf;oK; vh;toftAefpSef:ulef:erfeK,tK:vK: yD<ygif:ref:auK; NdifeK,sv;
ulef:omef;rldif:cof trf,cmrf,vh;eK;umefsv; trf:emwf;qof;zSef,vdefaO qif,vh;tgefuefchGm.
wD;udef tguf,omef;tguf,rldif:uefbof./
zKurf,ySif:vlifeef. wmif:bmof:rD: OgifpAifpK;ymuf,(2500)vuf:aO wmif:eKwmif:uGmif;
ref: cD,rK.OmrfwloftSefsc.uefeldofref:vh;vDvDehbof./ ugyf;oK;tofpSif:ulef:aO pAwf:Oif;sv;
ulef:rldif:vh;vl.vh;whm/ ugyf;eK;umefeh. tmef,Nofbmefrldif:uGK,bl, e[:rldif:tK,erf? OD,ckrf.? ulnf:
cAof Omrfrldif:eh.bof./
zKurf,ySif:vlifeh. vh;yluf:wif;rldof;(215BC)ymefqof;apKcrf:OD,olif.wD,(Shih Wang

Ti)sv;qgrfOdkuf:vlifrldif:OSef(General Meng Tien)ehbof./
ymefeef. ugyf;ulef:rldif: trf,cmrf,vh;eK;umefckefaO tgefuefOmefcwf:ckdef: urf;

zgif;auK; tguf,yhm;bmefomef;rldif:uGK,uefsv; qof;zSef,vdefq[vrfaO xmif,xldrfzdwf:eldofulef:
omef;ulef:rldif:sv; vh;wD.ngyf:pSrfwhmySwf; ulef:N.ulef:vuf:e[:rldif:erfqof;bof./
vduf;vhm:yhmay,zkdefuBmrf: wmif:N.wmif:pefwh: tefzl;uwf.cSef,cofwSrf;oh. qldof:eef.
auK; tofqkwf,'h:zof'h:ySwf;erfeK,eK,? ugyf;eh vduf;vhm:sv; zl;arKvduf;cldof:wh:ymefeef.
vh;vl.vh;Okrf: ugyf;qof;zSef,vdefwh: OD,olif.wD,erfsw.sw.bof./
31
ohm:vkdef:vifrK: vh;ukdwf:cmif.oh. cldof:ulef:wh:eh.vhmvhmulnf:aO Okdyf,vmrf:wmrf:uefrK:

yAefwh:xh: - wh:vmof:ymefeh.bof./
ohm:aOwh:Nuf:rldif: tefyAefcldof:apKOSifapKcrf:ymefqof;OSifcAofaw,wif;rK:rldof; (2512-
2435BC)eef. ulef:cldof:vh;tgefuef tguf,bmefwD;bl,aO yhm;rK:bl,qgrf: Oefvghsw:ukif:
e[:xldef,e[:vgh tefMif.uefoK; wh:rldif:vgh(Hilly Tribes)ehbof./ awwif;yAefuof;ql.wh:eh
bof./
ymefrldof;yD<(224BC)eef. ugyf;oK;sc,wif:wh: vh;qAyf:q[wD;uefaO wSuf,bhm;uefuGK,

sw.sw.oK;oK;sv; wh:pof:vh;Mif.cofoK; ulef:bl,wD;wSrf;wD;yAif:(Plateau)ehbof./
ymefuof;ql.wh: wh:Nuf:rldif: aw,wif;yAefuof;ql.wh:
rldof;ymefeef. qldof.cldof:wh:rD;qkdof;cldof:oh.vhmqkdof;-
1.rdof trf,eef rmof: (Miao or Meow)
2.bmof: (Yao)
3.vhm: (Lai)
4.ref; (Man)
5.b[, (Yi)
6.zl: (Fu) (Lu) (Leu)
7.wkif: trf,eef uGmif; (Tung or Chang)
8.vmof: (Laio or Lao)
9.cD, (Khi or Kho)
10.vkdof:vkdof. (Lo-Lo)
11.el.b[, (Nu-yi or Kiu-yi)
12.ckefqhm: (Chung-china or Lung China)
32
e[:qldof:eh. Mif.uefaO vh;szuefzmwf,bmefuef yAefuGK,Omrfrl,qkrf:-
1.cldof:wh:erfqof;(Nan Chao)
2.cldof:wh:xh:(Tai-Thai)
3.wh:b[,(cldof:wh:vlif) (Tai Yai)
ymefapKcrf:wh: rldif:OD,ckrf.
rldof;ymefeef. qof;rSrfrldif:qof;rldif:cdif: tgefNofaOapKcrf:wh:vh;chGm. wD;rldif:vkdof:rkdef.

umif,uGK,awwif;e[:rldif:OD,ckrf.eef.bof./ qof;apKOSifOD,olif.wD, tofwif:pSif:Okduf:(600,000)Nuf:
OSefvldofaO uGK,wkduf:Odrf:tofrldif:Oldof(Naz:-Noferf.)tldif,bl,erf ygwf:qmef:uGmifOD? uGmifwmif;?
ulnf;cAof? ygwf:Mif,sv; rldif:vkdof:qldof:eef.bof./
ohm:eef. qof;rSrfrldif: rldif:Odlofsv; rldif:vkdof:cof Nrf;ygif:uefaO uGK,awwif;apKcrf:r[,
wD;e[:tldif,OD,ckrf.eef.ehbof./ ugyf;eh ymefapKcrf:wh:rldif:vkdof: vh;ogwf:ohm:uGK,eef.bof./
ymefolif.wD,trf,eef(OD,ckrf.wD,)
1.ckdifOmif;aw,pAwf:wmif:vlifOkdyf,ygif:uef e[:Nuf:rldif:sv; ulef:rldif:wkuf.bmuf;cmefq[sw.sw.bof./
2.q[P;zgif:rldif:vlif(3000)vkuf.wD;wK;ukefphm:(Kuan Hi)(rldof;vAofrD:e[:tldif,wD;bdef:Oef, (Ti

Yin San)ygwf:qmef:)cD,Nof:uGK, wmif:tguf,Okdof;OkofwK, uGK,qgyf,pKOguf;vSrf:]]bK;bK}}trf,xof;trf,
whmehbof./
Omrfzl:auK; uGK,xkdife[:ukefumiferf. Orf,rkuf;wIK,yqD.zduf.aObof.? uGK,pAwf:IaO:? I
pmef:bl,wD;ukefbD;ykef.sv; aw,omef;aw,rldif: trf,ckdef:rK:ql: qof;zSef,vdefaOyguf;ehbof./
3.Omrfolif.ulef:zhm,Mif.cof urf:urf:rK:wkduf:rK:awK:sv; wK,awuSwf,sc,ap.if;omef;rldif:eef. q[P;
qgrfOkduf:vlif qof;rldif:OSif tgefNofyluf:wif; zKOmif.urf,ySif:vlif(The Great Wall)tefbmof:
vuf:ygif:(2500)OgifpAifpK;ymuf,? Okif(12)? xkdif(29)ay,eef.bof./ P;pAwf:O[,yK:]]wSyf.cAif,Okif}}
(Tower)wK,y[.bmrf:rkif;wlnf: Owf:sv;zl;cAefeef.bof./
qgrfOkduf:vlifrldif:wAef:(trf,eef)rldif:OSef(Meng Tien)eh.yAef zl;arKauK,Omif;

(Engineer)e[:cldof:wh:ymefrldof;eef.auK.ekdif;bof./
33
4.(214BC)ckefapKcrf:OD,olif.wD,olif.oK; yef,nK,wmif:arKtefpAwf:P;ulef:wmif:vhm uwf:bAef

eef.aObof. Orf.awwkrf.wldof.trf:emwf;qmuf;ref:qof;eef. ref:qof;pmrf;ySwf;zof'h:ySwf;
urf;erfbof./
ulnf:uK; vduf;vhm:? yef,nK,tefuyf:uhm,vlnf; vgif;bK;bKsv; 'dif;si;qldof:eef.sw.
trf,yK:eif,uof? yefOgefyef wSrf;ydkefsz;bl,ehbof./
5.cl:arKvlifcofsv; zl;arKwmif:arKvlifcof(4600)OD,pAifNuf:ymuf,auK. vh;cmrf,wmrf,whmref:qof;aO
vh;Okrf:tOmuf;uGK, wif:vdyf:wif:vSifySwf;rlwf:bof./
6.vkuf;qhm:vlifref:qof; qof;ckefqldif:auK; ugyf;rD:oK,OeK,wmif:Olifzhm,vduf;vhm:sv; ref:qof;
xmif,zdwf:aO yefwmrf,wluf:cguf;ySwf;bof./
7.(210BC)rldof;wkduf.uGK,qgyf,xwf: e[:oAif:OSefOhm:eef. vh;cmrf,wmif;ulef:puf.qldof.qmwf;cof

rgwf,ySwf;tOmuf;ref:qof;uGK,sv; vh;OAif;umrf,egef:az:uGK,aObof./ qof;zSef,vdefolif.wD;eh.
sc,cofyefqkdof;ref:qof;oK;(Ur Tsu)ehbof./
ohm:aOOD,olif.wD,OAif;umrf,uGK,aObof. xkdifrK:yD<(209-207BC)eef. zgif:rldif:vlif

qof;uof; yD;thm;qgrfOdkuf:vlifzl;Ol;tefyAef vkuf;OD,olif.wD,ckdef;tkyf.irf:omef;rldif:bof./
ulnf:eK, ymefqof;uof;eh. trf,wef:vh;tkyf.rldif:vDvD? ugyf;oK;(OD,b[,)vmefqof;OD,
olif.wD, tefyAefulef:qrfqr[ ef:qof; ckdef;uBmrf,tOmuf;ref:qof;sv; vh;OAif;umrf,uGK,aOeef.
bof./ ohm:aOymefqof;OD,olif.wD,eef. apKcrf:wh:eif,uef ukrf,pdrftrf:emwf; wD;eif;uefbl,
ulnf:aO Orf.rSef;rldof;rldif:cdif:trf,rD:sv; rldif:Oldof? rldif:pmefcof Ogifrldif:rh.Mrf:uefaObof. rK:
wkduf:awK:Odrf:ySwf;rldif:cdif:sv; ymefapKcrf:rldif:cdif:wif:ymefrldif:OD,olif.wD,auK; vh;Okwf:phmohm:rgwf,
uGK,e[:yD<(220-204BC)eef.bof./
ymefapKcrf:wh:Omrfrldif:(220-204 BC) 1
rldof;ymefeef. apKcrf:wh:e[:rldif:wh:wif:erf vh;wSuf,bhm;uefyAefOmrfwD;oh.-

1.wh:rldif:olif.?
1
ymefapKcrf:wh:(Omrfrldif:)eh. zl;wSrf;ydkef:]]cdif:O[(Chen Shou)}}wSrf;oh.rldof;yD< 225-297A.Deef.bof./ ]]qkdof;cGmefqldif(Lo Kuan Chang)}}auK;wSrf;rhmoh.
ykdef:apKcrf:wh:(Omrfrdlif:)eh cSrf.vSyf;eK,sv; zl;wSrf;ykdef:cof ayK:vh;uSyf:tof vhm:wSrf;ref:bl,bof./ C.H Bre with Taylor ulef:rldif:oef:wluf:auK.ekdif; auK;
ydef,wSrf;zhm,tif:udwf.oh.oK;]]ykdef:wh:trf,eefvkdof:}}ymefrldif:rldof;eef. wSrf;oh.oK; vh;pefsc,sv;wh: wSuf,bhm;uefuGK,aO zgif:wh:vh;oh.wD;bl, wD;uefwD;erf.wD;vdef
yAefohm:]]ymefOkduf:rldif:vlif}}sv; ymefwh:Omrfrldif:eef.bof./
34
2.wh:rldif:Ol;?
3.wh:rldif:ohm: ehbof./
ohm:aO ymefapKcrf:rldif:cdif:wSuf,bhm;uGK,bof.eef. qof;apKcrf:wh: qof;vDwh:(Chao

Lieh Tai)aw,wif;yAefrK:apKcrf:wh: rldif:Ol;ehbof./ qof;vDwh:eh.
yAefzl;tgif,Okduf:(Hero)auK.ekdif;bof./ ref:qof;sv; wif:qof;cGmefqldif:qgrfOdkuf:vlif
zl;tgif,Okduf:wif:vhm Nrf;Mrf:uef aOsv; wkduf:Odrf:tof apKcrf:sc, e[:rldif:pmefvh;xSif;bof./
urf:eef. qof;vDwh:bluf.bgif;wmif,tofckefurf.vhm;trf,eef ckefrif:yAefzl;rD:uGmrf:N.
(zl;OrK,xD.)aOsv; tofref:tgefNofpmif;pSef:Okduf:ulef:rldif:bof./ ymefeef. qof;apKcrf:sc,
rldif:pmefvh;bl,yK:w[; qof;apKcrf:wh:ehbof./ ymefapKcrf:qof;vDwh:rldif:pmefeh. apKcrf:ref:qof;
rD:wD;e[:oAif:cSifwlof e[:rldif:OD,ckrf.eef.bof./ ohm:aO ckdef:awwif;apKcrf:bof. OmrfyD<tgeftof
Okduf:rldif:vlifaO uGK,wkduf:awK:apKcrf:rldif:olif.cofbof./
uGK,wkduf.sy.rldif:olif.ehaOwK.auK; vh;Okrf:nmef,apKcrf:rldif:olif.sv; vh;OAif;umrf,uGK,e[:yD<
eef.bof./ wef:vh;udefrldif:OmrfyD<ulnf:bof./ ohm:aOqof;vDwh:rdlif:Ol;OAif;umrf,uGK,bof.? e[:yD<
(222-262BC)qof;apKcrf:qof;pmof;wD, ykwf;wD;eif;apKcrf:wh:rldif:Ol;bof./ qof;eh.ugyf;ref:
qof; wkduf:auK.vAuf.bl,sv; zgif:rldif:vlifckefurf.vhm:yAef zl;OrK,xD.aO vh;tkyf.ykef;zgef:tkyf.
irf:omef;rldif:bof./
ohm:aOqof;pmof;wD, ckdef;yAefapKcrf:bof. yD<eef.qof;rif:pmof;apKcrf:Ol;rldif:olif. - rK:
wkduf:cgyf,erf.vSef,vdefref:qof;(pmof;wD,)wD;tldif,ygwf:qmef:bl,erfsv; tldif,rldif:tgefurf;zgif;
tefrD:w[;apKcrf:wh:bl,Okif tefrD:e[:ygwf:qmef:rldif:OD,ckrf.? rldif:bmefuof;? ulnf:cAofygwf:qmef:
cSef;rldif:ukefrldif:cofOmrftldif,Omrfrdlif:eh. Nrf;Mrf:qgrf:zl;cAefapKcrf:rif:olif.eef.bof./
teftrf,zgrf.qgrf:sw. yAefrldif:bkdef:qmif; yofOmef;bl,erf ygwf:qmef:olif.umifeef.
bof./
zl;ugef:tldif,bl,erfauK; cmrf,awK,Ol;wkduf:awK:sp.uif;omef;rldif:bof.? ulnf:eK, oAif:wK;
vD yof:Omef;ygwf:qmef:eef. rmif:pmof;rldif:olif.Odrf:tofySwf;bof./ ohm:eef.ckefref:tefyAef
qgrf:Okduf:zgif:rldif:vlif tgefzkdef.vrf:wkduf: zl;cSef,rif:pmof;sv; rif:olif.vh;Okrf:Okduf:aO vh;
cmrf,wmif:wD.ngyf:wD;e[:ymifOkduf:wK;vkdof:Ohm:zhm,tguf,Noferf.clif:eef.bof./ ulnf:eK, ohm:vifrK:
ckdef:ygh,ckdef:bl, eif,uof,bof./
ohm:aOqof;rif:pmof;rldif:olif. vgwf;tguf,uGK, e[:rldif:ckefrif: rdlif:yof:Omef;bof./ qof;uGK,
bl,zhm,wluf:erf.clif:aO ckdef:pif;pSef:Okduf:wK,wkduf:awK: zl;cAefphm.bof./ rldof;yAefygh:wkduf:uefzhm,
35
tguf,clif:eef. ulef:Okduf:zhm,yof:Omef;cof vh;xkuf,wmrf,emofeluf.sv; vh;vl.Okrf:uGK,wif:erf

bof./ wK;vkdof:Ohm:eef. rldof;vAofrD:e[:qAifMif,oef:wluf: rldif:yof:Omef;eef.bof./
ckefrif:eh. ugyf;vSef,uBK.eK;vdefsv; tgeftofOkduf:cmrf;erf.clif: zSofuGK,e[:rldif:olif.
trf,eif rldif:rif:aO wkduf:awK:tofrldif:olif.wh:bof./ ohm:aO wkduf:sy.rldif:olif.wh:bof.eef. cdkef:
wkduf:ygwf:wmif:vif qgrf:Omyf,erf.clif:eef.sv; rldif;ymefyAefymifOkduf:rldif:olif.sv; rldif:yof:Omef;
eef. Mif.uefoK;Okduf:Omyf,erf.clif:ehbof./
qof;rif:pmof;auK; ugyf;vh;Okrf:rldif:olif. yefckefrif:rldif:yof:Omef;sv; vh;qgrfOlif,ckef
rif:cof xkdifrldif:yof:Omef;aO qif,ckdef:rK:omef;rldif:uof,bof./
rif:pmof;eh. yAefapKcrf:wh:? rldif:wh:? rldif:vghtefbl,wD;rldif:bl,erfaO cGhm.uGK,wD;rldif:olif.
ygwf:qmef: ugyf;umefOkuf.bkif; qof;olif.wD;eef.bof.? ymefyof:Omef;eh. yAefymefrldif:Ol;? rldif:
wh:e[:ymefwh:Omrfrldif:eef.bof./
xdkifrK:yD<(262-AD)eef. apKcrf:rldif:ohm:(Wei)pmif;pSef:Okduf:OgifiK:aO uGK,wkduf:Odrf:

tofrldif:Ol;sv; Odrf:tofapKcrf:qof;pmof;wD< ymefapKcrf:wh:rldif:Ol;auK; vh;ogwf;ohm:phmuGK,aO zgif:
eef.bof./
qof;apKcrf:pmof;wD,auK; vh;udefrldif:(40)OD,Odyf:yD<bof.? tofOAif;umrf,uGK,aObof.? cldof:
apKcrf:ref:qof;auK; Okwf:OAif;uGK,bof./
ymefapKcrf:wh:rldif:Ol;auK; vh;bkdef:bmof:uGK, qlof;(98)yD< rD:apKcrf:udef:rldif:uGK,Ogifqof;
bof./
ugyf;Oifsv; wh:vh;cGhm.tguf,yhm;wD;bl,uof, rK:bl,zhm,ygwf:qmef:vK,ehqkdif trf,qkdof;sv;
oK; Okrf:Okduf:aOyhm;tguf, rldif:rK:trf,qkdif;? tgif,Okduf:sy.Okduf:bl,aOwK. ugyf;oK;trf,ch;Okuf.bkif;
umefrldif:umefwkduf:awK:uefaO c[;bl,wmif:uwf:bAefeef.sv; qif,vh;vlif:rK:bl,xkdifwD;sr;erf.
clif:wD;tefwh:pof:bl,rldof;vAofeh.bof./
ymefeef. wh:pof:ph,ugifph,rgif:aO wkduf:Okduf:eh.bof./ ugifcAwf,(tefbmif:cofq[.bl,rldof;
vAofeh.)yAefugifckdef;Okduf:wh:pof: rldof;ymefeef.ehbof./
ohm:aOymefapKcrf:wh: wSuf,bhm;uefuGK,bof.eef. apKcrf:wh:rldif:Ol; vh;vlif:rK:aw,wif;
apKcrf:wh: rldif:ohm:e[:yD<(262-AD)eef. xSif;urf:ekdif;eh.bof./ ymefapKcrf:wh:pof:pmif;wD,cldof:
apKcrf:wh:rldif:Ol;eef. vh;yAefOkduf:tefqgrfOkduf:vlif qof;ckefvhm:sv;ckefrif: wmif:ckefOmrf
36
tldif,Omrfrldif:cofawK,Ol;wkduf:awK:uefeef.bof./ ohm:vkdef:rK: cofOgiftldif,eef. vh;Okrf:Okduf:

sv; omif:cldif;yefqof;ckefrif:rldif:Ol;ehbof./
ymefapKcrf:wh: rldif:ohm:(220-264 AD)
ymefapKcrf:cdif:(AD 265-419)cldof:qof;apKcrf:Ol;yK:ygif:(15)yK: wif:pkdifyD<ygif:(154)

yD</
ymefapKcrf:ohm:(AD 220-264)qof;apKcrf:Oldof'h:udefrldif:wmif:pkdif(46)yD</
ymefapKcrf:wh:rldif:ohm:eh. yAefwh:qldof:tefukdwf:oh.bl,e[:rldif:OD,ckrf.? bl,erf? ulnf;cAof
sv; rldif:wlif;cof aw,wif;yAefrK:bof./ yduf.Orf.oK; vh;wluf:wmif:bmuf;cmefq[aOwK.auK; ugyf;
trf,c[;zmwf, wD;bl,wD;udefuof,sv; tlwf:bldef.cmrf,bl,yAefqgrf:umyf;ymefrldif:rldof;eef.aO zgrf.
Nrf;uefaw,wif;yAefrK:omef;rldif:bof./
qArfrldof;ymefolif.wD, cldof:vkdef:rldif:cdif:eef. ukdwf:bl,e[:omef;e[:rldif:aO cmrf,wmrf,wmif:
bmuf; wmif:zmefcmefq[aObof. zgrf.uefpmif;pSef: wK,wgyf,wSef:ckdef:Odkuf:vkuf.zkdef.(aw,wif;
yAefOkduf:rluf:)bl,bof./ eif,pkdofomef;rldif: awvh;vgwf;vSof:eef. cwf:q[O[,pSif:sw.sw.bof./
ohm:eef. cofNuf:rldif:zgrf.Nrf;uefaw,wif;yAef rldif:zgrf.Nrf;Nuf:qof;(Six Chos)aO

tkyf.omef;oh. wmif:vgwf;vSof:pif:z[pif:ref:bof./
rldif:zgrf.Nrf;Nuf:qof;wh:qrf.-
1.rldif:rif:ph:qof;(Mang Hi Chao)
2.rldif:cdif:Omifqof;(Chien Sang Chao)
3.rldif:wldif:Omrfqof;(Teng Shan Chao)
4.rldif:yD<qhm:qof;(Che Chai Chao)
5.rldif:qhm:vlifqof;(Shi Long Chao)
6.rldif:rif:Oldofqof;(Meng She Chao) yAefNuf:rldif:ehbof./
rif:Oldofqof;(Mung-She-Chao)eh. rD:wmif:qmef:rldif:bl,erf(Yunnan)(rldof;vAof
Mif.oK;)rif:Nof(Mung-Hua)rD:zhm,tguf,rldif: yof:Omef;(Pao-Shan)/
37
rldif:erfqof;(Nan-Chao)ehauK;Mif.(qof;tefbl,zhm,qmef:)oK;ehbof./
AD. 660-674
ckefapKcrf:tefpAwf:ckefwD;rldif: rif:Oldofqof;(Mung-She-Chao)eh.Mif.oK; qof;rif:

qhm:el.vof:(Mung-Si-Nu-Lo)oK;ehbof./ ref:qof;eh.yAefcldof:Ndef: rif:(Mung)ref:qof;
tofvkuf;bdif:cldif;Ndef:CGmif(Chang)cofatK;/ ayK;emif:bdif:Orf.yAef ckeftkyf.tldif,(Prefect of
Chien Ning)ehatK;/ ref:qof;egef:az:(whm)uGK, rldof;yD<(AD 674)eef.bof./
AD. 675-711
vmofOSifbkdef: (Lo-Sing-Yen) ckdef;apKrK: ref:yAefvkuf;qhm:qof;rif:qhm:el.zl;

(Mung-Si-Nu-Fu)aO tkyf.yldif,eldof rif:Oldofqof;(Mung-She-Chao)/
AD. 712-727
OSifvmof'h:(Sing-Lo-Pi)ckdef;apKrK:? ref:qof;yAefvkuf;qof; vmofOSifbkdef:(Lo-

Sing-Yen)ref:pmyf,yefeK;umefvlifpif:qof;olif.sv; qof;olif.bgef:cGmif(Yuan-Chung)
rldif:wif;(Tang)yefref:qof; tldif,vdeftefekdif;? tefrD:zhm,qmef:aq;cgef(Sye-Chuan)
eef.bof./ Orf.tmyf;yefqkdof; OAifvDtefMif.oK; wh:wdifomif.(Tai-Ting-Wang)eh.bof./
vgif;vDwgif:
1. qof;olif.bgef;cGmif(Yuan-Chung)(qof;olif.rhmqAwf:)(7)rldif:wif;(Tang)qkdof;ref:qof;
eef. rD:xSif;tefekdif;? Mif.oK;wif;rldif:olif.(Tang-Ming-Wang)ref:qof;eh. rD:wmif:OlifoK,
OeK,vgif;uK;wmif:phm,sw.sw.? ref:qof;vlduf;tof ulef:ekrf,tgef,(300)auK.aO Ogefyefvgif;
uK;wmif:arKbl,bof./
2. vgif;bAefsi;tefyluf.wdef P;vAuf.rK:eef.? ayK,zkwf:yAefrK:ymefqof;olif.eh.bof./
vkuf;bdif:qldof.cldof:ulef:vlifcofulnf:vh;yluf.wdef? qldof.cdlof:teftrf,q[;qldof.qof;qldof.ckefeef.trf,
vh;yluf.wdefehbof./
AD. 728-747
'h:vmofuof;(Pi-Lo-Ko)Mif.oK; rif:clnfbD;(Mung-Kui-Yi)eef. yAefvkuf;wh:wdif

omif.(Tai-Ting-Wang)bof./ xkdifrK:(AD 734)eef. 'h:vmofuof;(Pi-Lo-Ko)wkduf:tofrldif:
38
pK;qof;aO pAwf:ckef? tofrldif:wK;vDpAwf:rldif:iof;vlif? rD:e[:bl,erf/ ckdef:wmif,qkdof;rldif:tefr[,

Mif.oK; wK;rldif:uof;(Ta-Mung-Kuo)aObof./ qof;'h:vmofuof;(Pi-Lo-Ko)udefrldif:pkdifuGK,
(20)yD<bof./
vgif;vDwgif:
qkdof;rldif:tefoK; wK;rldif:uof;(Ta-Mung-Kuo)eef. sw,qK.Mif.rldof;yD<(AD.738)/

xkdifrK:(AD 794)qkdof;rldif:vh;uGK,aO ckdef:Mif;oK; erfqof;uof;(Nan-Chao-Ko)ehbof./
AD.748-779
uof;vmofzlif:(Ko-Lo-Fung)ckdef;apKrK:? ref:yAefvkuf;qhm:qof;vmofuof;(Lo-Ko)ayK;
ref:qof;egef:az:uGK,aOref:ckdef:cdkef;yAef ckefapKcrf:rK:bof./ ref:qof;eh. uwf.cSef,zhm,
vgif;wkduf:Okduf:? yefref:qof;eh. qkdof;OAifwK;rldif:uof;(Ta-Mung-Kao)rD:ukif,rD:rkefrK:ulnf:aO
trf,uK: cdkef;auK;ckdef;b[,r[,OkifrK:sw.sw./ ref:qof;tkyf.rldif:uGK,(32)yD<bl,bof./
AD.780-795
bD;rkdef:Odef(Yi-Men-Sin)ckdef;apKrK:? ref:yAefvmefqhm:qof; uof;vmofzlif:(Ko-

Lo-Fung)bof./
vkuf;qhm:uof;vmofzlif:(Ko-Lo-Fung)tefMif.qkdof;oK; zlif:Ohm;bD;(Fung-Chia-Yi)
eef. egef:az:uGK,sv; auK.yAefvmefbD;rkdef:Odef(Yi-Men-Sin)qif,vh;ckdef;apKrK:xSif;zof,
ekdif;bof./
qof;olif.ac, tefMif.oK;tdrf,yK,bK,xSuf.cGmif(emperor-Tech-Chung)(rhm10)pyf.Nrf:
ckefwh:qof;bD;rkdef:Odef(Yi-Men-Sin)aO yefqkdof;OAefr[,Mif.oK; erfqof;olif.(Nan-
Chao-Wang)ehbof./ ugyf;ehsv; qof;bD;rkdef:Odef(Yi-Men-Sin)vhm;qkdof;rldif:ref:qof;P;
Mif.oK;erdqof;cof(Nan-Chao-Kuo)ehbof./ qof;bD;rkdef:Odef(Yi-Men-Sin)tkyf.rldif:uGK,
(16)yD<bof./
vgif;vDwgif:
vkuf.wD;ymefckefapKcrf:eef. uGK,rldof:eK;? qkdof;rldif:wK;rif:uof;(Ta-Mung-Kou)tef

ydef,Mif.uGK,erfqof;cof(Nan-Chao-Kou)ehbof;/
39
AD.796-812
Odefuof;cAif;(Sin-Ko-Kian)ckdef;yAefckefapKcrf:rK:aO tkyf.rldif:uGK, 17 yD</
AD.813-818
cAif;vmofOdef(Kian-Long-Sing)ckdef;yAef ckefapKcrf:rK:aO tkyf.rdlif:uGK,(6)yD</
AD.819-823
cAif;vhm:OSif(Kian-Li-Seng)ckdef;yAefckefapKcrf:rK:? ref:qof;eh.yAefegif.qhm:tgef,
qof;cAif;vifOdef(Kian-Lung-Sing)ref:qof;tkyf.rldif:uGK,(5)yD</
AD. 824-858
pif:qAof:(Hung-Jew)ckdef;yAef ckefapKcrf:rK:aO tkyf.rldif:uGK,(35)yD</
AD.859-877
xSef;vif(Tien-Lung)ckdef;yAef ckefapKcrf:rK:? xkdifrK:yD<(AD.870)wlofref:qof;cD

NofOkduf:aO uGK,wkduf:tofaq;cgef(Sye-Chuan)aO Odrf:tofrldif:uAif:wl(Cheng-Tu)bof.?
ref:qof;tkyf.rldif:uGK,(19)yD</
AD.878-902
vifOmef;(Lung-Shun)Mif.oK;'K.(Fa)ckdef; yAefckefapKcrf:rK:? xkdifrK:(AD.881)

qof;olif.rldif:wif;(Tang)(rhm 19)tefMif.qdkof;oK;tdrf,yK,bK,phm:cGmif(Emperor Hi-Chung)vlif:
rK:wkduf:tofrldif:aq;cgif(Sye-Chuan)e[:rldif:wh:uGK,? qof;wh:vifOmef;(Lung-Shun)vh;ildif.tguf,
uGK,wD;oAif:uAif:wl(Cheng-Tu)bof./
ohm:aOwyf.Okduf:qof;olif.tdrf,yK,bK,phm:cGmif(Emperor Hi-Chung)ckdef:rldof:uGK,bof.qkdif
qof;wh:pof:vifOmef;(Lung-Shun)ckdef:Odrf:oAif:uAif:wl(Cheng-Tu)yguf;Ogif? qof;olif.ac,cof
trf,ckdef:rK:wkduf: ugyf;omef;rldif:wif;(Tang)wkduf.Okuf.oh./
vgif;vDwgif:
xkdifrK:(AD.902) umyf;omef;ymefrldif:wif; (Tang)(ymefckefapKcrf:auK.vkdef:Okwf:)

yAefoh.eif,ehbof./
40
qif;olif.rldif:wif;(Tang)tefMif.qkdof;oK;vhm:cSuf, bmif;(Li-Kek-Yang)eef.rD:vkuf;
uAyf:auK.ekdif; Mif.oK;vhm:cldif;Olnf: (Li-Chuen-Sui) ref:cD,NofOdkuf:aOuGK,wkduf:tofoAif:uAif:wl
(Cheng-Tu)e[:rldif:wh:/ wkduf:uBmrf:sw.sw.? wyf.erfqof;(Nan-Chao)wluf:Okrf:uGK, b[,b[,
erferf cldof:Ndef:rif:(Mung)teftkyf.yldif,erfqof;cof(Nan-Chao-Kuo)auK;tofcmwf,uGK,rD:
eif,ehbof.? ckefapKcrf:wh:tkyf. rldif:erfqof;cof(Nan-Chao-Kuo)uGK, 165 yD</
AD.907-939
ymef(AD.907)awK,xkdifymef(AD.939)eh.Mif.oK; ymefrldif:ehg.pK;rldif:bof.? The

Five Li Hle Dynasties qkdof;rldif:pK;rldif:eh.qrf.-
1. vSwf,wKvSif: Latter Liang Ndif 16 yD<

2. vSwf,wKwef: Latter Tan Ndif 13 yD<
3. vSwf,wKOSif Latter Tsin Ndif 11 yD<
4. vSwf,wKpef Latter Han Ndif 4 yD<
5. vSwf,wKqof; Latter Chou Ndif 9 yD<
53 yD<
AD.903-927
cGmifrhql;(Chang-Mai-Szu)ckdef;yAef ckefapKcrf:/ ohm:aOrldif:erfqof;uof;(Nan-

Chao-Kuo)vluGK,/ cGmif,rhmql;(Chang-Mai-Szu)ckdef;yAefckefrK:? ref:ckdef:Odrf:tof omef;
uof,rldif:vif? ckdef:sr:wmif,qkdof;rldif:oK; wK;OkdifNofuof;Ta-Siang-Ho-Kuo aOtkyf.rldif:uGK,(25)
yD<bof./
AD. 928
qof;OSefOAef;(Chao-Shan-Chen)ckdef;yAefckefapKcrf:rK:? ref:pdrftofwD:bl,ckef
apKcrf:e[:rldof:Ndef:cGmif(Chang)cof Mif.oK;wK;wAef:pdefuof;/ Ta-Tien-Hing-Kuo ref:vh;
tkyf.rldif: yDekdif;? tlnf:auK.ref:tofref:whmbof./
AD. 929-937
bmifumef;OSif(Yang-Kan-Chen)ckdef;yAef ckefapKcrf:rK:? bmifumef;OSef(Yang-

Kan-Chen)pdrftofwD;bl,ckefapKcrf:e[:rkdof:cldof:Ndef:qof;(Chao)aOtkyf.rldif:uGK,(8)yD</ vhm;
qkdof;rldif:uGK,Mif.oK; wK;bhekdif;uof;(Ta-Yi-Ning-Kuo.)/
41
AD.938-1094
wldef:qkdof;ykdif:(Tuan-Sze-Ping)ckdef;yAefckefapKcrf:rK:? pdrftofwD;e[:rkdof: wK;bh

ekdif;uof;(Ta-Yi-Ning-Kuo)cofaOtkyf.rldif:? vhm;qkdof;rldif:Mif.oK; wK;vDuof;(Ta-Li-Kuo)cldof:
Ndef:wldef:(Tuan)coftkyf.rldif:uGK,(157)yD</
vgif;vDwgif:
bmrf:eef.wD:rldif:sc,eh.yAefohm.ymefrldif:Ogif;(Sung)(rhmqSef,22)(AD 960)ymefOgif;
(Sung)eh,szoh.Ogifwgef;
1.wgef.Mif,Northern SungNdif (166)yD<
2.wgef;qmef:Southern SungNdif (152)yD< ymefOgif;? (Sung)wgef;Mif.ohm:vkdef:eh. Ten

Latei period of Northern Sung was named as "The dark age of the Sung
dynasty"Mif.oK;ymefOgif;(Sung)vyf:Odif,/(vyf:Odif,tefoK;eef. ref:ygif,oK;tlef;tgef,?
ref:trf,rD:pSif:? ref:trf,ckdef;b[,? r[,O[Oifsv;vh;Mif.oK; ymefvyf:Odif,bof.)ymefeh. ckefapK
crf:cofauK;trf,rD:erf.wdeferf.rkdof:Oif? wmif:N.auK; trf,erf? wmif:pefauK;trf,uGmif;? ckefapK
crf:Ogif;(Sung)(rhmySwf,sv;rhmuof;Mif.qkdof;oK;tlnf:cGmif(Hwei-Chung)sv;cdef;cGmif;(Kin-
Chung)ehbof./
AD 1095-1096
uof;OSifwh:(Kao-Sheng-Tai)ckdef;yAefckefapKcrf:rK:? ref:pdrftofwD;bl,ckefapKcrf:
e[:rkdof:cdlof:Ndef: wldef:(Tuan)cof? vhm;qkdof;rldif:Mif.oK; wK;cGmifuof;(Ta-Chang-Kuo)ref:tkyf.
rldif:uGK,(2)yD</
AD1097-1253
wldef:cGmifOmef; (Tuan-Chang-Shun) cdkef;yAefckefapKcrf:rK:? ohm:aOuof;OSifwh:

(Kao-Sheng-Tai)egef:az:bof.? wldef:cGmifOmef;(Tuan-Chang-Shun)ykwf;tofwD;bl,
ckefapKcrf:aO ckdef;Okdyf,cldof:Ndef:wldef:(Tuan)cof? ref:bK.ySwf;qkdof;wK;cGmifuof;(Ta-Chung-
Kuo)aO ckdef:wmif;qkdof;r[, Mif.oK; wK;qD.uof;(Ta-Ji-Kuo)cdlof:Ndef: wldef:(Tuan)coftkyf.
rldif:uGK,Ndif(157)yD</
wldef:Okdif,Oldof(Tuan-Shing-She)eh. yAefzl;tkyf.rldif: wK;vDuof;(Ta-Li-Kuo)

ymefvkdef:bof.? ckefrkef,ulof:(Mongol)tefMif.qkdof;oK; NyD,vhm:(Hu-Pe-Lei)tefeef.ukyf:
42
vhm:crf:(Kublai-Khan)auK.tefsw,wif;cldof:rldif: bgef;(Yuan)eef. (Li-Kuo)qof;wldef:

OdefOhm(Tuan-Shing-Shi)trf,sy.vh;aO vh;tmyf;omef;rldif:uGK,sv; wldef:OdefOhm(Tuan-
Shing-Shi)auK; q[trf,vDaO egef:az:uGK, tofrldif:wK;vD(Ta-Li)wh:pof: wluf:Okrf:uGK,bof./
Oldif,wdlif:rdlif:vliferfqof;(Nan-Chao)eh. tof,cldof:Ndef:Nuf:Ndef: tkyf.yldif,rK:wif:NdifrD:uGK,(515)
yD<bof./ cldof:qof;apKcrf:wh: e[:Nuf:Ndef:eh.(AD738)awK,(AD1257)eh. yK:rD:rldefe[eif,
yK;w[;eh.bof./
AD cldof:Ndef: qkdof;rldif: yD<Ndif

738-793 (Mung)rif: (Ta-Mung-Kuo) wK;rif:uof; 56 yD<
794-902 (Mung)rif: (Nan-Chao-Kuo) erfqof;uof; 109 yD<
903-927 (Chang)cGmif (Ta-Sing-Ho-Kuo)wK;rif:uof; 25 yD<
928 (Chao)qof; (Ta-Tien-Hing-Kuo)wK;wAef:Ndifuof; 1 yD<
929-936 (Yang)bmif (Ta-Yin-Ning-Kuo)wK;bdef:ekdif;uof; 8 yD<
937-1094 (Tuan)(a)wldef: (Ta-Li-Kuo-{former})wK;vDuof; 175 yD<
1095-1096 (Kao)uof; (Ta-Chung-Kuo)wK;cGmifuof; 2 yD<
1097-1253 (Tuan)(a)wldef: (Ta-Li-Kuo)wK;vDuof; 152 yD<
Total 525 yD<
vgif;vDwgif:
1. (BC 2205)bl,erf(Yun-nan)eh.Mif.oK; vldifcAof(Liang-Chew)ehbof./ rldof;ymef

ckefapKcrf:Okdyf,pK.(Ha-dynasty)eef.rD:rldif:wh:pof: Mif.oK;rldif:bl.(Yu)ehbof./ Odkif,wldif:rldif:
bl.(Yu)eh.w[;ref:rD: rldif:uof;rldif:? e[:uof;rldif:eh. rldif:bl,erf(Yun-nan)trf,eef rldif:vldif
cAof(Liang-Chew)eh. yK:rldif:ekdif;bof./
2. rldof;(BC 249)awK, (BC224)eef. (rldof;ymefqof;(Chou)qrfawOkwf:aO ymef

Odef(Chin)qrfawsw,eef.)? rldif:Oldof(Tso)sv; rldif:Odef(Chin)wkduf:uefpSif:sw.sw./
rldif:Oldof(Tso)Okrf:uGK,? Nofpmefvlifrldif:OldofOl;eif;uAof(Tso Chunang-Kiao)vkuf;wD;ulnf;cAof
(Kwei-Chew)aO Okwf.rldof:ckdef:uGK, rldif:bl,erf(Yu-nan)Nofpmefvlif cGmif,cAof(Chang-
Kiao)rK:pAwf:ckefapKcrf: wD;rldif:bl,erf(Yu-nan)ehbof./ rldof;eef. qof;apKcrf:rldif:Odlof
(Tso)wluf:Okrf:uGK,e[:rkdof:rldif:Odef(Chin)cofbof./ ugyf;ehsv; rldif:bl,erf(Yu-Nan)eh. rldif:
wAef:(Tien)ehauK;Mif.bl,bof;/ qkdof;eh. Mif.ulyf:egif.wAef:(Tien)tefrD:e[:bl,erf(Yu-
Nan)eef.bof./
43
ymefapKcrf:wh:rldif:erfqof;(650AD)
The Chao on the South or the Southern Provinces
ymefapKcrf:wh:erfqof;eh. aw,wif;rK:qArfrldof;ymefwh:uof;rldif:(1253 BC)ulnf:uK;ymef

eef. yh,yK:yAefomef;yAefrldif: tefref;uSef,? xkdifrK:yD< (650AD)qif,vh;aw,wif;yAefomef;
yAefrldif: tefref;uSef,bof./
ugyf;eef. ymefapKcrf:wh:erfqof;eh. yAeftefNdof;Ndif:yldif:O[xSif;zofekdif;sv; tdrf,
yK,bK,wh:auK; b[,uGmif;uGK,sw.sw./ rldof;ymefeef. apKcrf:wh:yAef qof;olif.b[,(Wang Yi)bof./
(The Great and the powerful)ehauK; yAefwh:sv;sc, cSefuefwK,yAefb[, sw.sw.oK;oK;
eef.bof./
rldof;ymefapKcrf:wh:erfqof; wkduf.Ndof;Ndif: e[:rldif:bl,erfeef. yAefrldof;ymefapKcrf:sc,
rldif:wif;(Thang)bof./
ymefeef. rldif:wh:qkdof;oK; rldif:wAef:trf,eefrldif:OSef(Tien)ehaO oAef:apKcrf:wh:

yAefoAif: oAif:'Dihm:(Phi Ngai)oK;ehbof;/ apKcrf:sc,cof bif:vh;rK:Omuf;cgifzmuf,(Expedition)
aOpAwf:(ally)tlnf:vDuefwif:wh:sv; bgef:wmif:qgh;xSrf;pSif:Okduf:wh:wK,qhg;wkduf: rldif:OmrfvSrf
ul;rldif:(Kuming Tribes)eef.ugef,ehbof./
rldof;(AD 650)qof;apKcrf:wh:pAwf:vDsv; qof;apKcrf:sc, vh;zdwf:xAifyefpKuefsv;

qldof.cldof:wh:(5000)pK;pAifvldof tefbl,udefe[:rldif:sc,eef. vh;cmrf,wmif;cD,eAuf:wAuf:wAif sw.
sw.oK;oK;ehbof./
zgif:eef. ugyf;oK;trf:emwf;qmuf;wh: ckdef;OkifeK,sv; tkyf.irf:xkdifrK:zdof:wgif,tl,
tefyK:e[:rldif:rmef;(Myanmar)rldof;vAofeh.ugef,bof./ ohm:eef. ckefapKcrf:erfqof;vh;awwif;
yAefrK:ymefapKcrf:wh:ref;uSef,(qkdof;qof;rif:OldofMang She)vDeK,bof.sv; tdrf,yK,bK,wh:wmif:
rlwf: uGmif;cGmifeK, aw,tofwldif:rK,uK.xK.(Magada)ygwf:tguf,rldif:wD.ySwf.(Tibet)qAif,Mif,oef:
tguf,rldif:urf,ayK:qK.(Annam)qAif,,Mif,oef:tguf, qAif,qmef: oef:wluf:xkdifrldof: rldof:zdof:(yBL:
Pyu)bof.
rldof;ymefeef. apKcrf:wh:rD:oh.OgifwD;-
1.pdrf:wK;vDzl:(Taili Fu)
2.pdrf:bkdef:ckdef;(Yung Chang)
44
vgif;vhm:tkyf.yldif, rldif:erfqof;
trf:emwf;tliof:qkdif;rldif:(Empire)erfqof;eh. b[,uGmif;eK,vlifvmifaOtrf,uK: Nrf;

Mrf:uef? zgrf.zAif,sw.sw.oK;oK;sv; vgif;vhm:tkyf.irf:omef;rldif:ehauK; wSef;eSwf;vDeK, zhm,
eldofOkwf:rD:qof;apKcrf:qof;aOsv; tkyf.yldif,umefvlif:rK: yAefxmef;v[xmef;eef. zhm,w[;qof;
apKcrf: rD:zl;wSef:apKcrf:zgif:rldif:vlif qof;uSrfrldif: vkuf.wD;apKcrf:szyAefvkrf:vliftgef, zhm,v[
zhm,eef. rldefeif,zhm,Okduf: zhm,rldif:zhm,rmuf;rD:? vkrf:zhm,ulef:rldif:oK;ehbof./
ulnf:uK; vkrf:zhm,ulef:rldif:cofeef. rD:tcGmif.Okef;vgwf;vSof: wK,uyf:Okdyf,apKcrf: vh;
vldofyldef;urf:vAofbof./ rD:xSif;qkrf:ekdif; qkrf:tefeef.Mif.oK; ]]Omif;(Sang)}}ehbof./
vgif;tkyf.irf:wyf.Okduf:
ulef:Okduf:ul;auK. vh;ekif;Oldof;vSifsv;ulefbmof:? wyf.Okduf:vlifekdif; tefrD:OD,wyf.OD,

qgrfaO rD:trf:emwf;pif:z[pif:ref:bof./ Okduf:y[.sc,az:qgrf:apKcrf:-
(1)Mif.oK;uwf.Ol;(Kutsu)ygif,oK;wyf.Ohmpmif.trf,eefwyf.qK,yK,ugyf;oK;cofO[,qK,yK,vSif yAefwyf.
tefuwf.cSef,aOyldef;ehbof./
(2)wyf.Ol;whm(Suti)wyf.Okduf:sp.uif; cgyf,erf.vSefvdefyK;vSof:aO awK,Ol;vh;ul;bmrf:eef.

bof./ cgyf,erf.vSefvdefauK; qSuf,szoh.yefqgrf: xmef;ulef:bof./ zl;ygifumefrldif:auK;vh;vdef
(40)OD,Odyf:wlif;atuK.ehbof./
wyf.Okduf:Ol;whmcofeh. cofbdyf:]]umifsp.}}teftofcof;qkif,pAwf:oh.eef.bof./
(3)ulef:Odkuf:cSef,omif,qK: (Wang Tsa) trf,eef wh:oK;tefbl,oef:wluf:sr;erf.cgifeef.

uwf.cSef,zhm,wkduf:Okduf:sw.sw.aOtrfuK: sr;bdif:cofauK; pAwf:Okduf:wkduf:awK:zl;cAef vh;bl,eh
bof./ e[:vguf:vhm:tkyf.yldif,omef;rldif:eef. rldif:ugef:acKNuf:rldif:cof pAwf:vkrf:szrldif:z[rldif:ref:
tefMif.oK;]]vkrf:sztefqD. uGmrf:N.uGmrf:vDP;ul;rldif:rdlif:}}ehbof./
e[:uK;vkrf:szNuf:rldif: ekdif;tefekdif;tefeef. rD:zl;ygifrldif:]]OrK,xD.}}zl;rD;uGmrf:N.
ekdofrldif:eef. Mif.oK; ]]cKuAif:(Ka Kaing)}}eef.bof./
oAif:apKcrf:wh:erfqof; oAif:wAef:trf,eef rldif:OSefymefeef. qof;rif:Oldofbl,wD;
oAif:'Dihm:? wK;vD? wK;Nof;? wK;vDzl: qldof:eef.bof./
45
vgif;vhm:tkyf.yldif,sv; vgif;wyf.Okduf: rldif:z[rldif:ref:e[:Nuf:rldif:wh: ymeferfqof;rldif:wSef:(OAef)
1.cKuAif:(Ka Kaing)
2.zgif:rldif:vlif]]OrK,xD.}}zl;P;uGmrf:N.
3.ckefrldif:OrK,xD.vkrf:szzhm, tkyf.yldif,Nuf:rldif:vlif
4.vkrf:szzhm, tkyf.yldif,Nuf:rldif:vlif
5.rldif:OSef? bl,erf? erfqof;? wK;vD? wK;Nof;? wK;vDzl:
vgif;bl,vgif;Oof:sv; qef.ymefxmef;ulef:ymefwh:erfqof;
ulef:wh:ymefrldof;eef. vgif;bl,vgif;Oof:rD:tdif,OaI,bdef,si;ckdwf:qef.ymefulef:sw.
sw./ arKvmwf; arKqKarKbl,arKudefarKqefq[yldef;sv; z[z[auK; ch;rK:egrf:ql:wh:sw.sw./
ymefeef. ulef:wh:qldof:tefbl,Oof:wmif:rldif:erfqof;(Nuf:rldif:vlif)sv; yAeferf.ekdif;q[vAof
uefeef. awrD:rguf;OmrfOdyf:(3)vmef.yhmyhmehbof./
clof:ekif;wmif:ohsv; wmif:uGK,wmif:chmauK; ugyf;wh:ymefeef. arKpAwf:arKawK: clof:vhm;
cldof:sz:bof.sv; tgefekif;tgefuK.chmclof:sz:eef.bof./
arK,uldofrD:e[:tldif, ]]ukefrldif:}}sv;wh:ymefeef. arKbdyf:arKq[.wkdof:vgif;uldofsv; ygwf:
wluf:(bkdef:qmif;)rD:yK,rh.xldef,vkduf.vlif tefrD:rh.tguf,ceferfsw.sw.eef.bof./ ymefeef.
wh:arKcD,rK. uwf.uBmif.sw.sw.oK;oK;? ymefeef.bdyf:umif,xkdofMuf, yAefvmuf;emuf;ap.uif;erferf?
ygwf:wluf:bdkef:qmif;eef. arKcrf:auK;rD;erfsw.sw.ehbof./
rldof;ymefeef. ayK:oK;qof;apKcrf:tguf,omif:apKcrf:eh. vh;pmif;rK.zdluf,ySwfwlofaO tof
pAwf:rif,uvK,umefvDqgrf:emif:apKcrf:bof./ Ogifzmuf,cmif;ref:qof;Orf. vh;tofclefeluf.bkif:pAwf:
qgif;rif,uK,vK,aO rkif;uif;? Orf.yK:wKrmwf,vmyf,vSof:sv; xlifyK:ODvSif teftofclefeluf.udef
yKpAwf:oh.eef.bof./
sr;qof;apKcrf:Orf. vh;yK:xlifclefeluf.ODrlef, sr;qof;apKcrf:eh.Mif.oK; Odefol:
(Tsin Wu)ehbof./
46
ugifvkuf;(Nnf,)eh. Mif.qkdof;oK; ugifcAwf,tefOkduf:wh:coftofphm,cdkef;eK;Okduf:

rldof;e[:yD<AD.225 eef.bof./
vgif;ekif;ohzl;rD:qef.cof
qof;apKcrf:vh;ekif; Oldof;bmof:vlif teftofeifOldofpAwf:oh.eef.sv; yAeftefrD:

zkif:vDwlnf:wKsw.sw. zl;bdif:cofoh.Nofbgh:ihm:sc, wkdof:sy,Nysv:? OSifcAof? OSifvSifaO ekif;
clof:vhm:clof:sz:tef Omyf,rhikdef:rhcrf:qldof:eef.bof./ ymefeef.(ugyf;yh,vh;uGmrf:Oif,OgefOK,O
eK,ykwf.xsv;)emif:bdif:cof rldof;yAefOmofsw. vgwf;vSof:xmif,pmif;bl,aOwK.? ayK:aw,eK;Ndef:
bof.ehqkdif zlofwhmrldof;v[auK; vh;whmqgrf:rldof;eef. rldefuvK:zmrf:cof rldif:tdef:wdbK:rldof;ugef,
ehbof./
acK;Oif,/ /zlofwhmrldof;v[auK; sr:awvh;whmqgrf:tefoK;eef. ayK:rK:wlnf:e[:yyf.ykdef:
cldof:wh:sv; ykdef:rldif:wh:tefarKwSrf;vduf; cldof:OSifwSrf;oh.eef.sw. trf,yK:ulef:blof:blof:trf,
eef trf,q[;ykef;ulef:wif:OAif; yAefykef;wK,qof;wK,ckefsv; zl;rD;qef. zl;rmuf;zl;rD:cof
ulnf:ehbof./
47
umefzkuf,Ogrf;
ulef:wh:ymefeef. tofolof:q[.vmuf;xhaO xhOlefeK:? auK.ekdif;bdyf:rmuf;xh auK.ekdif;

Orf.qkifolof:ehbof./ qArfqof;qArfckef vh;pAwf:umefeK:ul;auK. ugyf;yefpSif:umefzkuf,Ogrf;sv;
cof;erf.wmif:udef rmuf;vldifsw.sw.? ulef:omef;ulef:rldif:cofvh;OGmif:cgef,eK:wD;qof;apKcrf: ekdif;
yD<Ogifykef;v[ekdif;ykef;v[bof./ xkdifrK:yD<(600AD)eef. cldof:apKcrf:wh:erfqof;eh. yAefrK:
cldof:rif:wh:ehbof./
qof;apKcrf:wh: teftkyf.yldif,rldif:erfqof;Orf.-
1.Oldofvlifrldif:(Tso-Lung-Mung)
2.umefwkdef:rif:(Kan-Tung-Mung)
3.rif:ODel.vof:(Mung-Si-Nu-Lo)
4.vmofOSifbAef:(Lo-Sing-Yen)
5.OSifvmof'h(Sing-Lo-Pi)
6.Oldofvkdof:uof;(Pi-Lo-Ko)
7.uof;vkdof:'kif:(Ko-Lo-Fung) yAefqof;wlefqldof:eh.bof./
vguf:vhm:tkyf.irf:ymefrldif:erfqof;
1.uGmef:wh:(Chong-Tai) ckefrldif:(Minister)
2.qh:wh:(Chi-Tai) urf.ckefrldif:(Viceroy administrating 2-provinces)
3.xkif:wh:(Tung Tai) zl;erf:e[:qkdif;(under secretary of State)
4.yl,wh:(Pu-Tai) zl;rD:uGmrf:brf zl;uGmef:rldif:(Provincial Governor)
5.cAwf;wh:(Git-Tai) zl;ugef:tldif,(Provincial Chancellor)
6.ymefwh:(Pan-Tai) zl;ugef:zef,wK,ikdef:(Provincial Financier)
7.wAef:wh:(Tien-Tai) qgrfOkduf:vlif(Provincial Commander in Chief)

48
8.xof;wh:(Tao-Tai) ylpAiftkyf.Ogiftldif,(Regional governor governing 2 Chews)
ykdef:rldif:ymefwh:erfqof; rldof;ymefapKcrf:rif:(Mung)
rldof;yD<(AD 748)eef. uof;vkdof:'kif:(Ko Lo Fung)aw,wif;apKcrf:wh: wD;oAif:wK;

vDzl:bof.? zgif:erf.ref:qof;uGK,uAyf:Okduf: e[:rldif:wD.ySwf.(Tibet)sv; rldif:sc,(China)urf:
eef. ckefapKcrf:sc, trf,rD:pSif:Okduf:sv; trf,awK,Ol;ckdef:qof;rif:apKcrf:wh:aO bgef:pAwf:
tlnf:vDuefbof./ ugyf;irf:iof:tlrkefzkif: wh:pSif:b[,e[:ymefeef.eK,sv; ymefqof;rif:rldif:vlif
erfqof;(apKcrf:wh:)eef.yAef (The great Mung Empier) tlefrkeftrf:emwf;uGmif;b[,Okif
Okwf:ehbof./
rldof;zgif:eef. ugyf;oK;uvK:wlIuD,cof rK:uof:e[:rldif:sc,sv; rldif:sc,auK;yAeftefOkuf.
bkif; tleftmefoh.bl,bof.? ckefapKcrf:wh:uof;vkdof:'kif:auK; ugyf;vh;yAeftlnf:vDuefwif:sc,sv;
vh;qgh;xSrfuefsp.uif;cofbl,bof./ vgif;oK;wh:wif:sc,vh;pAwf:tlnf:vDuefeheef. qof;apKcrf:uof;
vkdof:'kif: vh;wSrf;oh. vduf;pdefP;vluf;urf,'K,ayK:N.qgrf:bof./ zl;wSrf;ykdef:Memik Rocher
tefwSrf;ydkef:bl,erfeef.oK; vduf;pdefwh:eh. bif:wkduf.rD:oh.bl, e[:rldif:wK;vDzl:awK,xkdifbmrf:
eh.ehbof./
ohm:aOqof;apKcrf:vkdof:'kif: egef:sz:uGK,aObof.eef. ugyf;qof;uSrfrldif: ]]'kif:uhm,}}
(Fung Kai)OAif;umrf,uGK,tgefwmif:ayK:qof;sv; zl;yAefvmefqhm:uof;vkdof:'kif:qof;qhm:]]thm;rl,
Okef,(Imohsun)}}ckdef;yAefqof;apKcrf:wh:rldif:erfqof;bof;? rldof;ymefeef. wh:vkdof:sv;wh:tK;
Nrf,cofMrfpSif:Okduf:uefaO uGK,wkduf:awK:rldif:sc,bof./
ulnf:uK;Omif:acBK.xmif,vAuf.sc,aO trf,pmif;cldif;Okduf:oh.vSyf;vgh.sv; trf,tgif,vh;sc,cof
bof.? wh:e[:rldif:wD.ySwf.sv;wh:rldif:tK;Nrf,(tKNrf)cofeh. vh;wD;bl,qef.vD rD:pSif:Okduf:wK,pmif;
Okduf:aOwK.auK; ugyf;oK;cofcSef,pAwf:pof:cof trf,tofuGmrf:qof;apKcrf:sv; qhm:apKcrf:thm;rl,Okef,
auK; trf,tgefyefpSif:cofaO uyf:Okdyf,yAeftlnf:vDsc,rldefuof,sv; rldif:sc,rldif:wh:auK; yAef
tefuwf:uwf:bAefbAef rldefrldof;ugef,bl,bof./ e[:yD< 994ADe[:vldefpK; qof;apKcrf:wh:
thm;rl,Okef,vkdyf;wkduf:ySwf;wh:tK,Nrf,cof qldof:tefrK:rD:e[:rldif:erfqof;eef.bof./
wD;ymifOkduf:vlifclofvAuf:(Iron Bridge)wD;zif,erf.bmef,OD,umifygwf:eldof zhm,wluf:bl,

erfeef. yAefygh:wkduf:vlif tefekdif;sv; ulef:Okduf:wif:Ogifzhm, wluf:Okrf:erfeK, ayK:yAef
vldwf;yAefbmifuGK,rlwf:ehbof.? wh:tK,Nrf,cofauK; ugyf;vh;Okrf:Okduf:vlifcmif.eef.sv; tofpSif:blyf
bgrf:sw.sw.aO trf,qmif;rK:uof: Okduf.bkif;tleftmefarK:ar:xSif;bof./ rldif:bl,erfauK; vh;bl,
wmif:uwf:bAef rldefyuf:uof,yldif,vifbof./
49
ymefapKcrf:szwh:Nuf: ymefapKcrf:wh:erfqof;
xkdifrK:rldof;yD<(808AD)qof;apKcrf:wh: thm;rl,Okef, OAif;umrf,egef:az:ugK,sv; vkuf;

qhm:vlifqof; uSrfrldif:]]Ol.clof:ckef? rif:Oldof? yof:Odef}}ckdef;yAefckefapKcrf:qlof;cmof:yD<ekdif;ugh:sv;
vkuf;qhm:qof;]]cGmefvkif:OSef(Kung Lung Shen)ckdef;yAefqof;apKcrf:bof./ qof;vkif:eh.auK;
ugyf;oK;qgrfOkduf:vlif cdkef;uBmrf,qD,odwf. tOmuf;ref;qof;sv;qof;cGmefvDsv; egif.qhm:qof; qof;
zmifbkdef:cofOkdyf,tkyf.irf:uGK,bof./
zgif:bmrf:eef. qof;qgrfOkduf:vlifauK.ekdif; vkuf.zdkef.pdrftoftrf:emwf;qof;sv; yAef
uGK,ymefqgrfOkduf:vlif tkyf.irf:omef;rldif:bof./ qgrfOkduf:vlifauK.eh. uGK,wkduf:rldif:sc, tldif,cSifwlofsy.
aO ngyf:wD.toferf,bdif:ekrf,qhm:sc,cofsv;wif:ulef:N.ulef:arKzl;rD:uGmrf:N.cof wif:erfrK:q[.
pAwf:(yefumefwh:e[:rldif:wh: rldefeif,tefvduf;vhm:'dif;si;sv; umefawK:Nuf,awK:clof:qldof:eef.
bof.)umef:imef:qgh;wh:ehbof./
sc,cof tefvh;cmrf,wD.ngyf:rK:eef. rD:rguf;pK;pAif(5000)ehbof./ xkdifrK:yD<(AD859)

eef. qof;Odefvlifvmefqof;apKcrf: thm;rl,Okef, ckdef;yAefapKcrf:wh: erfqof;bof./
rldof;eef.wwf:cmwf,ySwf; vgif;uyf:Okdyf,uefwif:rldif:sc,sv; ykdefzmof,oK; ref:qof;
yAefqof;zSef,vdeftkyf.yldif,rldif:sc, rldif:wh:wif:OAif;ehbof.? ckdefyluf:wif;yAefapKcrf:wh:yof:Odef
ehbof./ rldof;ymefqof;Odefvlifeef. wmef;qof;uGK,wkduf:rldif:sc,sv; Odrf:tofoAif:vlifOgifoAif:
(tKerf-Annam oSwf.emrf:-Vietnam)bof./
qof;apKcrf:wh:qof;OSefvlifeh. vh;egef:az:uGK,rldof;(AD 874)ugyf;wmif:yAefrmuf,Nofq[

eef.bof.? ohm:aOeef. qof;rif:'K.Okdyf,ykwf;wSef:apKcrf:bof./ qof;wlefeh.auK; bdyf:vhm:
yuf:yldifyof:OdefaO tkyf.irf:rldif:bof.? xkdifrK:rldof;yD<(889AD)eef. vkuf;qof;qof;Okef,'K.
cdkef;ykwf;apKcrf:wh:bof./
rldof;ymefeef. wD;e[:rldif:sc, ugyf;oK;yAefOkduf:rldif:vlifbl,sv; vgif;uyf:Okdyf, uGK,rK:pK
uefwif:wh:auK; tofcmwf,uGK,bof.? rldof;yD<(889AD)ugyf;oK; qof;Okef,'K. egef:az:uGK,sv;
ymefapKcrf:wh: rif:wh:erfqof;auK; tofOkwf:phmohm:ogwf,uGK, ugyf;trf,rD:zl;Okdyf,wSef:eef.bof./
ymefapKcrf:wh:cldof:rif: rldif:erfqof;eh. aw,wif;tofqof;rif:ODrK:awK,xkdif ymefqof;
Okef,'K.vh;Ndif:Ndifemef:uGK,e[:qlof;ySwf,ymuf,(800)yD<yhmbof./ e[:yD<(936AD)eef. qgrfOkduf:
vlifcof tgefuefpdrftrf:emwf; awtkyf.irf:omef;rldif:sv; apKcrf:wh:erfqof; P;ayK:Okdyf,wmrf
vmrf:uGK,xSif;eef.bof./
50
urf:eef. qgrfOkduf:vlifwlef:yAif:qldof.cdlof:sc, rK:pAwf:ckefrdlif:erfqof; wD;oAif:wK,vDzl:

bof./
aw,tofymefeef.rK: awK,xkdif(1300AD)qldof.cldof:sc,(cldof:wlef;)cofOkdyf,tkyf.irf:
omef;rldif:erfqof;uGK,bof./
rldof;ymefsc,wlef;yAif:cof tkyf.irf:eef. tliof:trf:emwf;qkdif,rldif:(Empire)wh:erf

qof;auK; vh;wSuf,bhm;uGK,ckdef:xSif;zof,ekdif;? yAefuGK,rldif:sc,? rldif:wh:? rldif:rmef;ehbof./ qof;
zSef,vdeftefoK;eef.auK; ukdwf:oh.qkdof;OAif;vhmvhmulnf:aO yAefymefqgrfOkduf:vlifcof tkyfyldif,
omef;rdlif:bof./ qgrfOkduf:vlifcofauK; tofpSif:Okduf:tefvAofaO tkyf.irf:omef;rldif:sv; xkdifrK:yD<
(1300AD)eef. ugyf;oK;qof;apKcrf: rkef,ulof:wK;wK;(Mongol Ta Ta)cof rK:wkduf:Odrf:tof
rldif:wh:sv;ymefapKcrf:wh:auK; vh;ogwf;phmuGK,xSif;zof,ekdif;bof./
rldof;ymefeef. ckefwh:tefyAefvlifygifqkdif;eef. yAefqlwD,'K.? qof;olif.? 'K.olif.?
zbK:olif.? qof;olif.wh:? olif.wh:'K.qldof:eh.bof./
xkdifrK:ymefapKcrf:]]wlefOmif,ukdef:(Twan Sang Gin)}}rldof;yD<(AD 1236)eef.

rkef,ulof:wK,wK,cof cof;rK:wkduf:ay.uhm:wif;(Ki Tang)? elOmef:(Nu Chan)xSif;bof./ Okduf:sc,
cofauK; rK:wkduf:uof:rldif:wK;vDzl:vlif rldif:erfqof;xSif;ulnf:trfuK: qof;zSef,vdefrldif:rkef,ulof:
omef,ul.cmef,(Wan Gu Khan)Orf. q[.qgrfOkduf:vlif ulyf:vhm:crf:(ul,yvSif,cef,)rK:wkduf:rldif:bl,
erfwh: xSif;ehbof./
rldof;zgif:eef. yAefymefOkduf:rkef,ulof:wK,wK,cof pSif:b[,vlifeK,sv; tSofpKwkduf:Odrf:
tofrldif:sc,? rldif:wh:sv;rldif:tefrD:pdrf:Mrf:e[: ukef,vlifat:OBL: qAif,qmef:oef:tguf,eef.bof.?
ugyf;oK;pSif:Okduf: rkef,ulof:cofb[,eK,sv; wh:pof:auK; tofwmif:vuf:vSwf:(Tact)Okduf:aOsv;trf,
wgyf,wSef:Okduf:rkef,ulof:cof tofvgif;vDaO pyf.wgef;tofsv; ulef:rldif:trf,wef:vh;yAefvldwf;
yAefbmifomef;rldif:ehauK; trf,wef:Okuf.bkif; rkef,ulof:wK,wK,cofauK; bkrf,qgrf:vhm:vuf:vSwf:vldrf;
vSef(Tact)Odkuf:wh:aOsv; ckdef:rldof:uGK,vhmvhmbof./
ulnf:uK;zgif:rldof;eef. ugyf;oK;rkef,ulof:wK,wK,cof cGmuf;tdrf,yK,bK,sv; rldif:sc,? rldif:wh:?
vh;pyf.cmrf,oK; tofcofyAefqof;yAefckefeldof cgyf,erf.vSefvdefehbof./
ymefulyf:vhm:cef,(ulyf:vhm:crf:)qgrfOkduf:vlifrkef,ulof:
rldof;yAefymefulyf:vhm:cmef, yAefqof;zSef,vdeftdrf,yK,bK, tkyf.irf:e[:rldif:sc,eef.

qof;apKcrf:wh:(wlefOmifudef)oAif:wK;vDzl: uGK,Nyf.xlyf:wif:(ulyf:vhm:crf:)uyf:uhm,vlnf; vgif;rldif:wh:
bof./ ulnf:uK; trf,wef:zSofrldif:sc,aO tofegef:az:uGK,qgrf:ygwf:wmif:sv; wmif:tmif;tmef:
51
trf,tgif;xkdifwD;bof./ ohm:eef.vkuf;qhm:qof;wlefOmrfudef qof;wlefOdefuK;vD(Sin Cha Lih)

qif,Okdyf,tofykef;zgef:qof;ayK;aOsv; rldof:tkyf,tlof:ulyf:vhm:cmef,bof./ ulyf:vhm:crf:rguf,oK; trf:
emwf;qmuf;trf,rD:wD;ref: ulnf:uK; oh.yAeftdrf,yK,bK,zhm,w[;ref: qof;zSef,vdefrkef,ulof:ulnf:
aObof.? qof;apKcrf:wh:auK; oh.yAefoK;]]apKcrf:ugrf;}}(zkbdef,cmef,)zl;wSef:tdrf,yK,bK,rkef,ulof:
wK,wK,ehbof./
ohm:aO vh;tkyf.ukrfuef wif:ulyf:vhm:crf:aObof. qof;apKcrf:wh:(OdefuK;vD)auK; vh;
yAefqgrfOkduf:vlifMif: ulyf:vhm:crf:aOtrf,uK: P;yAefzl;P;uGmrf:N. ]]ulyf:vhm:crf:}}xSif;bof./
urf:eef. qof;OdefuK;vDauK; cD,NofOkduf:ulyf:vhm:crf:aOsv; tgeftofrkef,ulof:cof uGK,
wkduf:rldif:rif: tefyAefrldif:olif.wh: tefrD:ygwf:qmef: rldif:erfqof; ymefrldof;eef.bof.? (rldof;
vAofyAefrldif:rmef;)xkdifrK:rldof;yD<(1298AD)eef.qof;apKcrf:rkef,ulof: Olif,vkuf;qhm:qof;uSrfrldif:
rldif:Omif;-rK:qgrf:sv; wlnf:Okduf:rkef,ulof:wK,wK,(ulyf:vhm:crf:)eef.bof;/ rldof;ymefeef. qof;apK
crf:wh:? apKcrf:sc,sv; apKcrf:rkef,ulof:cofeh. ymefekdif;uofyAefb[,? ymefekdif;r[:yAefb[,eh uof
ckdef;r[:vlif:yAefuefrK: ymefv[ymefeef. vh;pefeif,eefbof;? xkdifrK:rldof;yD< (1367AD)
eef. cldof:apKcrf:wh:]]Omif;}}qof;aw,wif;yAefrK: rldif:vgwf;vSof:Oof:acKrldif:wh:rldof;zgif:Okduf:cGmuf;
rldif:cof bof.wlof;uGK,eef.bof./ wD;rldif:sc,auK;cldof:sc,]]rdef:}}qof;vkdyf;tguf,ySwf; zl;cGmif;rldif:rkef,
ulof:cofaO wif;rldif:ugef:acKpif:cofbof;/
xkdifrK:rldof;yD<(1381AD)eef. Okduf:sc,sv; Okduf:wh: qmrf:pSif:uefxSif;cmif.ekdif;bof;?

zgif:ymefeef. qof;apKcrf:wh: trf,vh;yefqof;zSef,vdefbof.? rldof;ymefrkef,ulof:cof rK:udef
rldif:eef. qof;apKcrf:wh: vh;wSuf,bhm;uefaO aw,wif;yAefrK:]]qof;olif.}}trf,eif qof;zK.wh:
ulnf:eheef. zl;wSrf;ydkef:erfqof; Oyf:vSif:oh.bof./
ohm:vifrK:sc,cof tdkeftofqof;'K.wh:bAef:yAefq[sc,cofuGK,aObof.auK; qldof.cldof:wh:rldif:
erfqof;wmif:erf vh;bAef:yAefsc,bof.? wif;eif.rK: ymefapKcrf:wh:erfqof;auK; vh;Okwf:OAif;
phmogwf;uGK,bof;/ ohm:aOeef.xSif; qof;olif.wh:(Wans Tai)vh;rK:aw,wif; e[:rldif:olif.ygwf:qmef:
bl,erf wD;tefrldof;vAofMif.oK; rldif:rmof:vlifeef.bof;/
ymefeef.eif,uof, wh:xSif;qkrf:ekdif; tgefuefaw,wif;yAefrldif: ]]Odyf:Ogifyef:eK:
(Sip Song Pan Na)}}sv; vmef.eK: (Lan Na) awK,rldif:wh:vmof: vmof:wh:tefMif.oK;
(Sukho)Okclof:xh:(rldif:xh:Thailand)rldof;vAofeh.bof./
ymefapKcrf:wh:olif.wh:
ohm:aOulyf:vhm:crf:rK: tkyf.yldif,rldif:sc, wh:vh;chm.rK:ygwf:qmef: rldif:bl,erf(erfqof;)rldif:

wh:rldof;eef.aOsv; vh;pefrK: aw,yAefomef;r[,rldif:r[, qldif.eif,(rldif:olif.? rldif:rmof:vlif? rldif:tK,
52
Orf,? umwfOK? Odyf:Ogifql.wh:? vmef.eK:)qldof:eef.bof.? rldif:rmef;trK.vK.ylI tK,Orf,eef.

wif;rD:oh.qAif,qmef:oef:tguf,wdefvgh tK,Orf,sv; Nnf;vlifylif:zhm,wluf:rldif:bl,erfeef.bof.
sc,cofMif.oK;(pD,xK,wlof;)ehbof;/ zl;wSrf;ykdef:(Dr.Buchanam)wSrf;oh.oK; rldof;ymefrldif:tif:
udwf: yAefulef:cof;tguf,uyf:Okdyf, eguf;rldif:tK,oK,rldof;yD<(1796AD)eef.cofvh;zSof rldif:tK,Orf,?
umwf,OK rSef;zgif:rldof;rldif:tK,oK.sv; rldif:tK,Orfcof pAwf:vduf;udefuSef,uyf:uhm,vlnf; cgyf,erf.
ref:vSefvdef wif:Ogifrldif:eef.bof;/
wh:tK,Orfrldof;eef.Mif.oK; ]]yK:vSyf;}}ehbof.? wh:rldof;eef.Mif.wlofcofoK; umwfOK,trf,
eef umwf,ODehbof.? ulnf:uK;wh:tK,Orfwmif:rlwf:eef. Mif.oK;reD.yl,ehbof; ugyf;ehsv; rldif:
olif.wh:rldof;eef. wmif:uGmif;rK:xkdifrmef;yl,I? tK,Orf? wmif:qmef:zSofrldif:tK,oK.? wmif:Mif,zSofrldif:
bl,erf? wmif:tguf,zSofuGK,erf.clif:sv; Noferf.clif:qAif,qmef:oef:tguf,zSofuGK,Odyf:Ogifql.wh:? Ok
clof:xh:bof;? rldif:olif.wh:vlifsw. yAefrldif:rmof:vlifrldif:ugif:sv; rldif:bmif:bof./
ymefapKcrf:olif.wh:rldif:rmof:vlif
rldif:olif.wh:rldif:rmof:vlifOrf. aw,wif;rldof;yD<(667AD)yAefqof;apKcrf:wh: rif:aeK,auK.

aw,wif;yAefrK:bof;? qof;apKcrf:Odyf:OgifyK:cof Okdyf,vmrf:wmrf:uef tkyf.irf:bof.? aw,tofrldif:
wmif:Mif, vlif:rK:wmif:qmef: rD:oAif:wh:(27)oAif:bof;? aw,tofymefqof;rif:aeK,rK: qof;apKcrf:
wh: wmif,qkdof;cofoK; qof;vlif trf,eef qof;olif.ehbof;/ ymefeef. ugyf;ulef:wh:trf,rD:q[c[;
wkduf:Okduf:ql:z[sv; wif;yAefapKcrf:aO bl,e[:pmif;e[:apK uwf:uwf:bAefbAef trf,uGK,wkduf:
wmif:v[ trf,cGmuf;rldif:xSif;wD;v[bof;/
xkdifrK:yD<(777AD)eef. qof;rif:aeK,egef:az:uGK,aObof. ukdwf:oh.vkuf;qhm:Ogifqof;

tefqkdof;oK; Oldofcmef,'K.sv; qof;Omrfvlif'K.ehbof./
Oldofcmef,' K.(Sho Hkan Pa) AD777
Oldofcmef,'K.eh. ohm:aOqof;rif:aeK,egef:az:bof.? vh;ckdef;yAefapKcrf: rldif:rmof:vlif

bof;? zgif:rldof;eef. rldif:ygwf:qmef:cofsv; rldif:rif:rldif:tK,oK.cof rK:egrf:yAefyK;w[;qof;Odlofcmef,
'K.bof;/ qof;Omrfvlif'K. trf,eef qof;qmrfvlif'K.Orf. yAefqgrfOkduf:vlifbof;? ugyf;oK;yD;
thm;q[.rldof:wkduf:Odrf:tof rldif:oef:wluf:sv; qof;Omrfvlif'K.auK; uGK,wkduf:Odrf:tofyAefomef;arK
aObof; cGmuf;tguf,uGK,ygwf:wluf:uGK,zSof oAif:umwf,OK,ymefapKcrf:]]ymefOK,(Sansa)}}tkyf.irf:eef.
bof;? ohm:eef.Orf. Odrf:tofxSif;ckdef:vwf:vghvlif:rK:ckdef:wif:qmef:aO zSofuGK,zhm,wluf:]]erf.
vgif;}}w[;erf.cBmif:eef.xSif;bof;/ ymefeef. rldif:cBmif:cofeh. bif:yh,rD:vgif;bAef,si;aO wkduf.
vldif:phm.vlifoh.bl,bof;? omef;OlefauK; wluf:wSrf,sw.sw.bof;/
53
qldif.eif,ulef:vldif:eK,uK.? uaw.cofbif:yh,ekif;zK;clof:awK,ymefeh.ugefbof.? ohm:aO

qof;Omrfvlif'K. uGK,Odrf:vh;rldif:tK,oK.? tK,Orfsv; eK,ucofvh;bof.eef. wSrf;vduf;wmif,xkdifyD;
ref:qof; vgif;oK;vh;tgif,Okduf:eef.aO q[.uGK,Olif,xkdifrldif:rmof:vlifbof;? qof;olif.rldif:rmof:vlifeh.
vh;N.erf.uwf.wmif:cSef, egif.qhm:ref:bof.sv; c[;q[zdwf:eldofegif.qhm:ref:qof;bof.sv; c[;q[
zdwf:eldofqhm:qof; xmif,oK;egif.qhm:qof;awckdef:rK: vkuf.zdkef.ehaO vuf.vgrfulofoh.e[:q[bof;/
qof;iK:crf: vkuf;qof;Omrfvlif'K. Okdyf,ykwf;eif;apKcrf:rldif:redyl,ItK,oK.bof.? rldif:
tefayK;qof;eif;udefuGK,rldof;tgefwmif:swyAefrldif:aeK:IK,(Nora)ohm:vkdef:vifref:yAefrKrldif:tK,
Nrf, tefcGmuf;r[,eef.bof.? oAif:apKcrf:rldif:tK,Orf tefqof;Omrfvlif'K. tkyf.irf:rldof;eef.yAef
cldof:(Chosen)qof;OSeftefwif;yAefrK: rldif:tK,Nrf,bof./
ymefeef. trf:emwf;qmuf;rldif:olif.wh: uGmif;uGK,xkdifzif,ymifvhm,yif:uvK:(Bangladash)

aO rldif:umwf,OK,? red.yl,ItK,oK.cof qldof:eh.rD:yK;w[; qof;olif.ckefvkdof:wh:OAif;bof.? rldof;yD<
(808AD)eef. qof;Odlofcmef,'K. egef:az:uGK,aObof.? qof;Odlofimef'K. olif.wh:rldif:rmof:vlif
tefMif.oK;olif.umifeef. tkyf.irf:omef;rldif:bof;? Nrf;umefuefrD:qof;olif.Odyf:yK: tkyf.irf:uGK,awK,
xkdifyD<(1315AD)bof;/ xkdifrK:yD< (1332AD)rldif:olif.wh: vh;wSuf,bhm;azyAef OD,tldif,OD,rldif:
oh.bof;/
(1)rldif:olif.e[:tldif,bl,erf
vkuf.wD;rldif:rmof:vlifuGK, cmof:wmif:pK;oef:? om:apKcrf:sc,Ol;wD;(Tsu Ti)wlefyK:vkdef:

egef:az:uGK,eef. cdkef;yAef yK;w[;olif.wh:? qof;olif.rif:tkyf.irf:rldif:wh:ckdef:eef.bof;/
(2)rldif:tK,Orf red.yl,I
yAefqof;wh:qof;Omrfvlif'K. tkyf.irf:bof;/
(3)rldif:ugif
yAefqof;olif.ckefavK:wh: tkyf.irf:bof;/
(4)rldif:rmof:vlif
qof;Odlofcmef,'K. tkyf.irf:yAefoh.OD,wD; eif,ehbof;/
rldof;eef. wD;apKcrf:tK,oK. trf,rD;ckefrD;qof;sv; qof;apKcrf:Oldofcmef,'K.vh;tkyf.
yldif,yK:tK,oK.bof;/ urf:eef.sr:emif:qof; tefukdwf:bl,wD;apKcrf:rldif:rmof:vlifeef. yK:wmif:vkuf;
qhm:Omrfwlef vkuf;bdif:wlefekdif;aO rK:qgrf:xkdifrldif:tK,oK.rK:xkdifwD;rldif:crf:wD;(rldof;eef.Mif.oK;
54
crf:wD,)rK:bl,vh;OgifyD<aO rK:aw,wif;yAefrldif:ugif? ugyf;yldof;oK;rK:ugifwD;eef.sv; rldof;eef.Mif.

rldif:ugif? rldif:ugifeh. rD;zhm,wluf:erf.sr.ugif;bof;? ohm:eef.yAefrK:rldif:ugif:(rkd;aumif;)eh wD;apKcrf:
rldif:ugifeef. vkuf;qhm:qof;sr;rldif:OgifyK: tkyf.irf:oh.zhm,Okduf:sv;zhm,rldif:aO yK:b[,udefrldif:uGK,Omrf
yD<? yK:vAuf.udefrldif:uGK, Odyf:ySwf,yD< eif,ehbof;/
vkuf;qhm:qof;sr;rldif:rmof:vlif Omrfqof;eh. yD;thm;yAefOldofcD,'K.? egif.qkdof;OldofoSif:'K.
sv; Odloftkyf.'K.bof;/ ohm:aOyD;thm;Ogifqof;? tkyf.irf:uGK,bof.? egif.vkdef:Oldoftkyf.'K.Okdyf,ykwf;
apKcrf: rldif:ugifuGK,bof;? ymefqof;yK:eh. vh;tkyf.irf:rldif:ugif rldof;yD<(AD 1363)aO ohm:tkyf.vh;
OmrfyD<ref:qof;tofvkuf;Odkuf:uGK,wkduf:zef:rldif:tK,oK. wD;tefayK;qof;sv; yD;thm;qof;tkyf.irf:
eef.bof;/
wkduf.Odrf:vh;rldif:ql.uAif; tefrD:zhm,wluf:erf.uAof awK;vAofyAef(ppfudkif;)quAif:eheef.
bof;? rldof;zgif:yD<(1364AD)rldif:tK,oK.yAefoh. tK,oK.ql.uAif;sv; tK,oK.ymifbK;(ymif:bK;)ehbof.?
rldif:ql.uAif:yAef qof;OdlofcD,'K. tkyf.irf:bof.? xkdifrK:yD<(1445AD)eef. vmefqof;Oldoftkyf.
'K.? OldofNrf,'K.ykwf;wSef: tofwD;bl,apKcrf:rldif:ugif:aO Odkyf,ykwf;wmrf:vmrf:uGK,bof./
ymeftK,oK.eef. vkuf;qof;Oldofcmef,'K. qof;OdlofcD<'K. tkyf.irf:tK,oK.? OdlofyAif:'K.
tkyf.irf:ql.uAif:? Odloftkyf.'K.tkyf.irf:ymifbK;ehbof.? ymefeef. zkif:trf:emwf;qmuf;wh:udkef:b[,
uSef,cSef,sw.sw. ohm:aOOldofNrf,'K. egef:az:uGK,bof.aOeef. vkuf;bdif:vkuf;qhm:qof;OD,
wlef Odkyf,tkyf.irf:rldif:ugif:uGK,bof.? zgif:eef. vkuf;qhm:vlif qof;Nif:crf:udefrldif:ugif:rif:'K.sv;
rldif:uSwf,wmif: wlefvkdef:qof;Nif:OSif udefrldif:bmif:sv; pdrf:Mrf:vkuf;bdif:OgifauK. zl;b[,yAef
ulyf.ul;uefwmif:zl;udefoAif: trf,eef zl;tkyf.oAif:(rBAof.qK:)rldif:ugifaOsv; vkuf;bdif:tgef,Orf.
yAefzl;xdif:zmef,wK,idkef:crf:bof;/
xkdifrK:rldof;yD<(1747AD)ugyf;oK;rldif:awK,rldif:tguf,vgif;zdwf:q[uefsv; qof;Nif:crf:vh;
Olif,ulef: uyf:Okdyf,tguf,uGK, eguf,rldif:uGK,wD;rldif:urf,yK, trf,eef rldif:urf,ayK:qK.teftkyf.yldif,rldif:
red.yl,I tK,Orf? qof;vmefzD vgif;c[;Ogef.rdif;uefwmif: vkuf;bdif:qof;urf,yK,sv; pAwf:tlnf:
vDuefeef.bof.? qof;apKcrf:urf,yK,auK; tofwmif:vkuf;bdif:aO qgrf:rdlof:rldif:olif. wh:rldif:ugifsv;
rldof;xkdifrK:eldofvhgqduf:rlofzhm,wluf:tldif,Omrfcluf.eef. vh;cmrf,wmif:qof;crf:wf; tefzdwf:q[eldof
qof;rldif:olif. y[.sp.wkduf:qgrf:wmif:bof./
ugyf;Okduf:qof;crf:owf;cof vh;wD;vDtgefwmif:sv; qof;vmefzD vh;wluf:Okrf:Okduf:ckef
crf:owf;cofaO vkuf;bdif:ckefrldif:urf,ayK:qK.auK; vh;yK:uGK,e[:rkdof:ckefcrf:owf;bof;/
urf:eef.qof;rif:olif.rldif:rmof:vlifauK; yAeftefzdwf:q[vlifvmifaOsv; pmif;pSef:Okduf:
vrf:wkduf: ckefrldif:qof;crf:owf;urf:vAofbof;/ qof;olif.qof;Nif:crf:auK; cmrf;Nnf;ul,ylof,(Kubo)uGK,
55
Mif.tofwmif: zl;udefoAif:(rBAof.qK:)reD.yl,Iqgr:rK:xSif;bof.? rldof;vrf:ckdwf: ckefcrf:owf;eef.

yAefygh:Odkuf:wkduf:uefsw.sw.oK;sv; Okduf:qof;olif.oSwf;vh; Okduf:ckefcrf:owf;aOwK. ckefcrf:
owf;sw. vuf.tguf,yhm;aO ylef.vgwf;vh;vDvDbof;/
ckefcrf:owf;eh. yduf.Orf.vh;yAefckefrldif:reD.yl,IaOwK.auK; ugyf;ref:qof;trf,ayK:rD:
q[vDeldofyldef;sv; ulef:rldif:trf,ayK:puf.Mrfref:qof;uK;Ndof? ohm:aOrldif:olif.tgif,Odkuf:bof.? rldif:ugif
sv;reD.yl,IOgifrldif:eh. pAwf:vduf;udefuSef,aO tofvgif;uwf:bAefuefbof./ wmif:uGmif;trf:
emwf;qmuf;rldif:olif.auK; zSofxkdifrldif: aeK:Iud,Id tefolif;umiferf.rmif:sv; erf.cBmif:eef.bof.?
ohm:pAwf:vduf;udefuSef,uefvDimrf:bof.? qof;Nif:crf:rldif:olif.auK;ckdef:rldof:rldif:uof, rldif:ugifbof./
ohm:eef.trf,ayK:Ndif ref:qof;egef:az:Okwf:qlof;ymefuGK,bof;? rldof;yD<(AD 1512)

eef. vkuf;qhm:qof; qof;yAif:'K.ckdef;Odkyf,yAefqof;olif.vlifaO tkyf.irf:rldif:ugifuGK,bof./ ymef
qof;wlefeh. ugyf;tgif,Odkuf:erfvlifvmifeK,sv; IweK,uSof;OSifidkef:crf: qmif;rK.olof:uGhm:tefvh;
rK:wmif,rldif:eef. rD:erfeK,tK:vK:ehbof./
ckefapKcrf: rldif:xh: rldif:tdef,wlof,cBhm:eK:
tK,OBK.qAif,qmef:oef:tguf,(Indochina Southeast Asia)crf:wD;sv; OD,Idvif,uK,

(OD,Nof)quGK,qldof:eh. bif:vh;rK:pAwf:tlnf:vDrpKrdwf; rldif:olif.wh:ehbof.? rldof;yD<(1568AD)
eef. qof;apKcrf:OldofyAif:'K. vh;egef:az:uGK,sv; qof;Odlofclyf.'K. ckdef;wSe:yAefapKcrf:bof.
ymefqof;wlefeh. uGK,wdkuf:tgif,rldif:xh: tgif,ay.Ogifurf:aOvh;IweK,idkdef:crf:sv; vh;qmif.zlduf,
rK:ODwlofbof./ ugyf;ehyldef;tgefuefMif.qof;Oldofclyf.'K.oK; qof;qmif.zlduf,ehbof./
ohm:aOeef. ckefrldif:tK,oK.Orf. vkuf.zdkef.rK:wkduf:wgyf,wSef:rldif:rmof:vlifsv; ref:
qof;auK; vh;yhm;uGK,bl,Oof:e[:rldif:crf:wD; qlof;cmof:bof./ rldof;eef. way:ref:rmef<OgifauK. cdif:
wl:bif:sv; cdif:OSif:vif:Odqf.qK,vl.eldofref:qof;sv; vh;cmrf,wD.ngyf.uGK,qgrf:rkdof: ckeftK,oK.
cofbof.? vh;OAif;umrf,uGK,e[:rkdof:zl;cAeftK,oK.cofbof;? qof;eh.wef:vh;udefrdlif:Odyf:uof;(19)yD<eh
bof./
ohm:eef. vkuf;qhm:ref:qof; qof;cdkef;crf:? qof;olif.rldif:rmof:vlif Okdyf,eif;apKcrf:bof.?
ymefeef.ref:qof;uGK,wkduf:ckdef:rldif:tK,oK.sv; vh;ygifOkduf:ugK,zSof qkdif;tldif,sr,wl:rkef.bof.?
ulnf:eK;zgif:eef. rSef;rldof:apKcrf:sc, vlif:rK:uof:rldif:tK,oK.sv; qof;ckdef;crf:auK; trf,wef:
Odrf:vh;rldif:tK,oK.wmif:OAif;vh;aO ckdef:rldof:wmif:rldif:rmof:vlifckdef:bof;/ vh;OAif;umrf,uGK, e[:yD<
(1593 AD)eef.bof.? urf:eef. qof;olif.ckef trf,eef qof;Nif:'K. ckdef;yAefckefqof;olif.
rldif:rmof:vlifbof./
56
xkdifrK:qof;ehauK; uGK,wkduf:rldif:tK,oK.xSif;urf:ekdif;bof.? zgif:eef.rSef;rldof;ckefrldif:tK,

oK. vh;cmrf,wmif:ckefsc,cof wD.ngyf:tof rldof:rldif:sc,bof.sv; coftrf,rD:qof;rD;ckef qof;olif.wh:
auK; vh;wkduf:Odrf:tof ihm;ihm;ugh:bof.eef.aO wK.ugyf;trf,tkyf.irf:sy.vh; ulef:rldif:tK,oK.cofsv;
ohm:tkyf.rldif:vh;ODyD<eef. qof;ygh,ySwf;apKcrf:rldif:tK,oK.aO uGK,wkduf:Odrf:tof pAwf:ckefe[:rldif:bmif:
bof;? rldif:bmif:auK; yAefapKcrf:szrldif:rmof:vlifuGK,bof./ e[:ymefqof;ckefolif. rldif:rmof:vlifeh.trf,
cof;tkyf.xdif:vh; rldif:tK,oK.xSif;bof.? vh;oK;qkdof;OAifwh:olif. rldif:rmof:vlifphmqlrfuGK,e[: zgif:Odyf:yD<
vkrf:vkrf:bl,bof./
xkdifrK:yD<(1734AD)rD:qof;olif.OgifyK: qkdof;oK;qof;rif:ayK:sv; qof;uBK,wlef:rldif:ugif

uGK,ql:ckefrldif:uIduf.eK,uK, reD.yl,ItK,OrfaO tkyf,ukrfuefawK,awzgrf.Nrf;uGK,wkduf:Odrf:tofrldif:
tK,oK.P;yAefyK;w[; olif.wh:ckdef:eef.bof./ urf:eef. vh;q[uefbof. cofOmrfqof;auK;Nrf;uef
aO uGK,wkduf:Odrf:tof rldif:ar,wl:e[:rldif:tK,oK.sv;vh;tgif,sy.vDimrf:bof./ ohm:eef. qof;apKcrf:
rldif:uIduf.eK,uK.auK; tofvkuf;bdif:ref:qof; (emif:rdqf.bAefvDqlof;ab;) tmyf,rSif,qof;uBK,wlef:
bof./
ohm:eef.qof;emif:bAefvD(uIduf.)rD:rK:vkuf;qhm:Ogifqof; cldof:Okifsv;qof;cldof:OSif/ qof;
cldof:OSif ykwf;wSef:apKcrf:bof.? zgif:eef. ugyf;oK;qof;rldif:tK,oK.trf,rD;sv; rD;ulef:qkrf:ekdif;
aw,yAefrK;qldof.cldof:cof wD;omef;ayK;rhm; trf,eef omef;rl:Odlof:eef.aO MrfpSif:Okduf:cof wK,
awwgyf,ckdef:rldif:olif.wh:sv; bl,vgwf;vSof:pif:acKcofeef.bof;/
zl;tgef,NofcofOrf.yAef tgif,aq,bK.ehbof;?(tefrmef;cof Nrfqlrf:bkuf.bgif;tof ukif,
rkefref:oK;yAef ]]tvgif:TzK:}}cofrldof;vAofeh.bof.?) omef;ayK;rhm;eh. Ndof;Ndif:rK:yD<(1752AD)
eef.aO tgif,aq,bK.auK; tofpSif:Okduf:aO ckdef:pAwf:P;rldif:tK,oK.wmif:OAif; yAefckdef:tefvAof
uefsv; aw,wif;yAef apKcrf:tK,oK.xSif;zof,ekdif;bof;/ ohm:eef.uGK,wkduf:Odrf:tofyK:rldif:xh:?
reD.yl,I? tK,oK. Omrfrldif:sv; rldif:tK,oK.wh:ugef,bof;/
tl;tgif,aq,bK.sv; vkuf;egif.way:ref:qldof:eef. coftrf,q[cldof:ckefeif,uof,? ulnf:
uK;ulef:bl,e[:tldif, ayK;rhm;cofeh. cofzgrf.uefeK,sv;qkdif wD;ayK:vh;tkyf.omef;udefrldif:eif:apK
crf: e[:rldif:tK,oK.bof.eefaOwK. ugyf;trf,rD:vhm:vldrf:vuf:vSwf:(Tact)tkyf.omef;rldif:sv; qldof.
cldof:omef;ayK;rhm;coftrf,bkdef:bmof:? Okdyf,ykwf;eif;apKvh;bof;/
ohm:aO tgif,aq,bK. OAif;umrf,uGK,bof.eef. ckefrldif:tefOkdyf,udefrldif:uGK,qldof:eef.
trf,tguf,qkdof;OAifOif rD:ckefugef:tldif,qldif.eif, qof;'K.qldof:yAefcldof:wh:qldof:eef. ulnf:tef
tguf,qkdof;tguf,OAifeef. ohm:vkdef:rK:rldif:vliftK,oK.eh. yAefulef:wmif;cldof:tkyf.irf:ulnf:ehbof;/
ayK:awwlnf:ckdef: qldof:tefwSrf;rK:yK;eldofeef.aO rldif:olif.wh:eh. trf,q[;oK;rldif:rmof:
vlif? rldif:vAofulnf:rldif:olif.rldof;eef. b[,uGmif;eK,tK:vK:sv;
57
(1)rldif:erfqof;
(2)rldif:tK,oK.
(3)rldif:reD.yl,I tK,Orfsv; aeK:IuDIduK.
(4)rldif:ugif? rldif:bmif:? umwf,OKqldof:eh.auK;apKcrf:sz rldif:olif.wh:eif,uof,bof./
yAefymefvAofuefwmif: rldif:olif.umif rldif:rmof:vliftefoK;eef.(Mr.Herry Yale)wSrf;

oh.oK;eif,ehbof.? vkuf.wD;rldif:rmof:vlifaO emif;apKcrf:qof;emif:rlofcrf: sr:qof;Oldofcmef,'K.uGK,
aw,wif;apKcrf:szrldif:ugif:bof.? qof;Oldofcmef,'K.Orf. aw,wif;rldif:tK,oK. ohm:vifrK:rldof;yD<
(1445AD)vkuf;qof;olif.Oldoftkyf.'K.Orf. aw,wif;yAefapKcrf:szrldif:bmif:tefqof;Nif:OSif
tkyf.yldif,eef.bof./
ykdef:wh:olif.umif rldif:rmof:vlif tefaw,wif;rK:bof.qldof:eef.
(1)qof;ckefvD aw,wif;rdlif:rmof:vlif apKcrf:rldif:rmof: wif:Ogifrldof;yD<(80-100AD)eef.bof;/

rldof;ymefeef. wkduf.yAefymefrldif:erfqof; trf,eef rldif:rif:yof:Odefehsv; xkdifrK:(667AD)
qif,aw,Ndof;Ndif:yAefrldif:olif.wh:rK: ymefqof;rif:aeK,bof;/
(2)ulyf:vh: trf,eef rif:aeK, awK,uGK,qof;olif.Odyf:tAwf:(11)wlef tkyf.irf:vlifuGK, aw,wif;
tofrldof;yD<(AD 667xkdifAD777)eef.bof;/
(3)qof;Omrfvlif'K. wkduf:sy.sc,cofaO yAefqkrf:Okduf:vlifOldofcmef,'K.sv; aw,wif;tK,oK.rldof;
yD<808-1325AD.
(4)qof;emif:rlofcrf: sr:emif:qof;Oldofcmef,'K. aw,wif;apKcrf:wD:rldif:ugif tofyAefapKcrf:sz
rldif:rmof:vlif rldof;yD<839AD.
(5)qof;apKcrf:vh;tkyf.rldif: reD.yl,I? tK,Orfsv; rldif:aeK:IuD,IduK. rldof;1315AD.
(6)ymefrldif:olif.tK,oK. yAefOkduf:uefeef. yAefyD<1445AD.

(7)qof;Odlofclyf:'K.sv; qof;chm,'K.uGK,wkduf:awK:rldif:xh:/
(8)olif.wh:rldif:rmof:vlif vh;wSuf,bhm;ymef ayK;rhm;tgif,aq,bK. wkduf:uefwmif:qof;cldof:OSif
rldof;yD<AD1850.
58
(9)qof;OldofyAif:'K. tK,oK.cofrK:wkduf:wgyf,wSef:? ulnf:eK,trf,tgif,rSif,/

(10)qof;Oldofclyf.'K. uGK,wdkuf:rldif:xh:ygwf:w[; vh;rK:qmif.zlduf,ODwlofwmif:IweK,uSof;OSif idkef:crf:
wmif:erfbof;/
(11)qof;ckefcrfymefref:qof;eh. vh;yAefOkduf:vlifuefwif:sc,sv; ref:qof;vh;wluf:Okrf:uGK,e[:
ymifOkduf:vlifclofvAuf:eef.bof;/
(12)qof;olif.umif rldif:rmof:vlif Odyf:OD,qof; aw,wif;tof1596 xkdif1606 ykdef:ckefrldif:rmof:vlif

cmwf,uGK,/
(13)ymefqof;olif.OD,yK: qof;olif.wh:ygh,ySwf;rldif:tK,oK.e[:zSef,vdefrldif:rmof:ukdwf:oh.? rldif:ugif-rldif:
rmof:vlif-reD.yl,Isv; tK,OrfeK,uK.ugh:bof./
(14)ymefrldif:tK,oK.wSuf,bhm; e[:rldif:tK,oK.eef. aw,wif;tof 1662 uGK,awK, 1672ADcmof:

Odyf:yD< yAefcmof:rldif:wSuf,bhm;uef/
(15)ymefckefrldif:rmof:vlif qof;olif.pK;qof;cof Okdyf,wmrf:vmrf:uefuGK,wif;tofyD< 1672 xkdif1734

AD.
(16)ymefqof;rlofcrf:Ndif ugyf;oK;vkuf;qhm:qof;olif.cof trf,rD:bof.sv; vh;tofemif:bdif:ckdef;pAwf:

ckef]]emif:olif.}}emif:apKcrf:rldif:rmof:vlif? ymefrldof;eef. ugyf;oK;rldif:rmof:vlif trf,ayK:rD:trf:emwf;
bof.sv; rldif:reD.yl,Isz,tguf, pAwf:rldif:ugef:acKbof;/
yhmcofrK:wkduf:tldif,tkuf.zlof,(rldof;vAofOlnf,ylof,)tefrD:yK;w[;rldif:olif.xSif;vl:ugef,/
(16)qof;cldof:OSif(1850AD)yAefqof;olif.yK:vkdef:Okwf:teftkyf.irf:rldif:olif.umif? rldif:rmof:vlifvh;
wkduf:uefwmif:tgif,aq,bK.(rmef;ayK;rhm;eef.bof;)/
(17)omef;qof;'K.wh:uof;rldif: trf,eef auK:Orf,zD,(1889AD)aw,wif;e[:rldif:OSefoDvlifqof;
ckefOSiftl.wdif,aw,wif;bof;/
(17)ymefrldif:OSefoD tkyf.irf:rldif:wh:uofrldif:(1889AD)eef.-
1. rldif:OSefoDvlif
2. rldif:rmof:vlif
3. rldif:uAif:wkif
59
4. rldif:OD,yguf.(OD,ayK.)
5. rldif:rdwf;
6. umef,wK,IowD,
7. rldif:ehm:
8. rldif:ugif
9. rldif:bgif;Nnf; yAefqldof:eh.bof./
ykdef:wD;uSyf;oAif:OSefoDvlif
vkuf.wD;rldif:rmof:vlifaO wh:aw,wif;vlif:rK: rldif:auK:Orf,zD,(oQrf;ukd;jynfKawsam-

phi)rldif:qof;'K.wh:uof;rldif:aO teftkyf.irf:rldif:uof;rldif:eef. Orf.yAefrldif:OSefoDvlifbof;/
vgif;vguf:rhmzSef,vdefpmif;ckefapKcrf: qldof:tkyf.irf:apKcrf:wh:oAif:apKcrf:wD;wh: tkyf.irf:

rldif:sc,? rldif:wh:wmif:OAif;wmif:rlwf:/
ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:2512-2435 BC.

rhmcyf. qkdof;qof;apKcrf: qldof.cldof:Ndef: rD<rldif: yD<udefrldif:
1. qof;wlefbluf, Mif.qof;OSifcAof wh:wh: BC.2512-2435 78 yD<
2. wD,cluf.(qof;Odlofpmof;) wh:wh: 2434-2365 70 yD<
3. qof;qhm: wh:wh: 2364-2358 9 yD<
4. qof;Ol;(vmefwlefbluf,) wh:wh: BC. 2255-2303 48 yD<
rldif:qmif.ol qof;zSef,vdefwh:(3)qof; udefrldif: 157 yD<
ymefapKcrf:wh:qmif.oltl'h:ckefsc,(2)qof;udefrldif: 182 yD<
rldif:apKsy.ymefapKcrf:wh:vdkof:tl' h:
1. ckefumif(qof;bkdef:) wh:wh:vkdof: 2185-2146 BC 13 yD<
2. qof;qmif. wh:wh:vkdof: 2145-2118 BC 23 yD<
3. qof;Oldofumif wh:wh:vkdof: 2118-2058 BC 60 yD<
4. qof;wD,udof, wh:wh:vkdof: 2057-2041 BC 17 yD<
5. qof;wD,ohm: wh:wh:vkdof: 2040-2015 BC 26 yD<
6. qof;wD,rif: wh:wh:vkdof: 2014-2009 BC 18 yD<
60
7. qof;wD,OD, wh:wh:vkdof: 2008-1981 BC 16 yD<

8. qof;zl;cSif wh:wh:vkdof: 1980-1923 BC 59 yD<
9. qof;wD,ckef, wh:wh:vkdof: 1921-1901 BC 21 yD<
10. qof;wD,cdif: wh:wh:vkdof: 1900-1880 BC 21 yD<
11. qof;wD,ckefuK wh:wh:vkdof: 1880-1850 BC 31 yD<
12. qof;wD,uof; wh:wh:vkdof: 1849-1839 BC 11 yD<
13. qof;wD,'K. wh:wh:vkdof: 1838-1820 BC 19 yD<
14. qof;wD,udwf, wh:wh:vkdof: 1819-1766 BC 53 yD<
rhmwgif:/ /qof;zSef,vdefwh:(14)qof;udefrldif:(192)yD<
qof;zSef,vdefsc,(3)qof;udefrldif:(147)yD<
rldif:vkdof:ymefapKcrf:wh:Omifsv;bkdef:
1. qof;cdif:wif; wh:bkdef: 2434-2365 BC 13 yD<
2. qof;wh:uK wh:bkdef: 1753-1721 BC 35 yD<
3. qof;apKcrf:bkdef:Omif wh:bkdef: 1720-1155 BC 56 yD<
(24)qof;
4. qof;Odef wh:bkdef: 1154-1123 BC 33 yD<
rhmwgif:/ /qof;zSef,vdefapKcrf:wh:(27)wlefudefrldif:uGK,(645)yD</
ymefapKcrf:Oldof rldif:uhm:umif
1. ckefolif.OldofuAif:olif. wh:Oldof 696-682 BC 15 yD<
2. qof;phm:olif. wh:Oldof 681-677 BC 5 yD<
3. qof;uhm:olif. wh:Oldof 676-652 BC 25 yD<
4. qof;qmif.olif. wh:Oldof 651-619 BC 33 yD<
5. qof;cdif:olif. wh:Oldof 618-613 BC 6 yD<
6. qof;cGmefolif. wh:Oldof 612-607 BC 6 yD<
7. qof;wkdef:olif. wh:Oldof 606-586 BC 21 yD<
8. qof;cSefolif. wh:Odlof 585-572 BC 14 yD<
9. qof;vkdef:olif. wh:Oldof 571-545 BC 21 yD<
10. qof;cSifolif. wh:Odlof 544-520 BC 25 yD<
11. qof;cAef:olif. wh:Oldof 419-476 BC 44 yD<
12. qof;bkdef:olif. wh:Oldof 475-469 BC 7 yD<
13. qof;cSefwif;olif. wh:Oldof 468-441 BC 28 yD<
14. qof;uof;olif. wh:Oldof 440-426 BC 15 yD<
rhmwgif:/ /qof;apKcrf:(14)wlefudefrldif:(270)yD</
61
ymefapKcrf:wh:uof;rldif:]]rldif:qyf;}}
1. ohm:vDolif. wh:qof; 425-402 BC 24 yD<
2. tgefolif. wh:qof; 401-376 BC 26 yD<
3. vDolif. wh:qof; 375-369 BC 7 yD<
4. pSif:olif. wh:qof; 368-321 BC 27 yD<
5. ODcdif:olif. wh:qof; 320-315 BC 6 yD<
6. emefolif. wh:qof; 314-256 BC 69 yD<
rhmwgif:/ /qof;apKcrf:wh:(6)qof;udefrldif:uGK,(395)yD</
ymefapKcrf:wh:cdif:
1. OD,olif.wD, wh:cdif: 294-210 BC 39 yD<
2. olOkifolif.wD, wh:cdif: 209-207 BC 3 yD<
rhmwgif:/ /yAefymefwh:ckdef:tkyf.rdlif:sc,? rldif:wh:wmif:OAif;cmif.wlef;Ogifsv; urf:vkdef:Okwf:bof.?
ohm:vifeh.wh:vh;wSuf,bhm;? yAefOmrfqkrf:aO tguf,rK:aw,wmif;zhmqmef:rldif:bl,erfsv; yAefrK:rldif:
wh:? rldif:xh:? rldif:vmof:eef.bof./ ohm:Omrfqkrf:Orf.-
(1)wh:Noferf. wh:rldif:wlif;/
(2)wh:OD,tldif, ODckrf.? ulnf;cAof? uGmif:OD<? ugmif:wif;tefOmefcwf:qof;apKcrf: rldif:cdif:olif.wD,
sv; tguf,aw,wif;yAefwh:rldif:vgh Hill Tribes eheef.bof;/
wh: xh:? vmof:AD
wh:qldof:tefzgrf.uef rK;aw,wif;rldif:zhm,bl,erf/ qmef:(206-219AD)ymefapKcrf:wh:

pmefwh: wh:Omrfrldif:(1)Noferf.
(2)OD,ckrf.
(3)uGmif:wif;
wh:Omrfrldkif:qrf.-
(1)apKcrf:wh: e[:rldif:Odlof'h: Noferf.
(2)apKcrf:olif. e[:rldif:OD,ckrf. umefOl;
(3)apKcrf:Ol; e[:rldif:vSof: 'h:OD,clyf:
62
rhmwgif:/ /qof;apKcrf:wh:(27)wlefudefrldif:uGK, (426)yD</

ymefapKcrf:erfqof;bl,erf? ulnf;cAof? OD,ckrf.
1. qof;rif:OD wh:rif: 650-674 AD 76 yD<
2. qof;rif:uof: wh:rif: 738-793 AD 56 yD<
3. rif:Odefpmof;uof; wh:Omif 792-902 AD 109 yD<
4. wh:wAef:Ndifuof; wh:qof; 903-927 AD 28 yD<
5. wh:b[,ekdif;uof; wh:bkdef: 928- 1 yD<
6. wh:vDuof; wh:wlef; 929-936 AD 8 yD<
7. wh:ckdef;uof; wh:uof; 937-1094 AD 157 yD<
8. wh:vDuof; wh:wlef; 1095-1096 AD 2 yD<
rhmwgif:/ /qof;apKcrf:wh:(6)cldof:udefrldif:uGK,(515)yD</
ymefapKcrf;olif.wh: rldif:rmof:vlif rldif:rmof: - rldif:ugif
1. ckefvD rldif:rmof: 650-667 AD 17 yD<
2. ckefvhm:sv;qof; rldof:rmof: 667-777 AD 110 yD<
3. rif:aeK, rldif:rmof: 777 wif:apKcrf:tK,oK.
4. Odlofcmef,'K.sv;Omrfvlif'K. rldif:rmof: 777-808 AD 31 yD<
5. olif.Odyf:qof; cldof:Oldofcmef,'K. 808-1315 AD 507 yD<
6. Oldofcyf:'K. 1315-1334 AD 19 yD<
7. vkuf;Oldofcmef,'K.xD.1 rldif:ugif
8. vkuf;Odlofcmef,'K.xD.2 rldif:ugif
9. Oldoftkyf.'K. rldif:ugif 1364 30 yD<
10. OldofNif:'K. rldif:ugif 1445 18 yD<
11. OldofbAyf,'K. (tK,oK.rK:wkduf:Odrf:red.yl,I rldif:ugif
rldif:xh:? rmef;)
12. OldofyAif:'K.(tK,oK.rK:wkdfuf:) rldif:ugif 1512-1568 AD
13. Oldofclyf:'K.(Odrf:wkduf:rldif:xh:? rldif:rmef;) rldif:ugif 1568-1587 AD 8 yD<
14. qof;crf:ckef(Okrf:sc,) rldif:ugif 1587-1592 AD
15. qof;olif.ckef(vkdof:oK:OldofNif,'K.) rldif:ugif 1592-1596 AD
16. olif.umifOdyf:yD<(trf,vh;pefwSrf;oh.Oif) rldif:rmof: 1596-1606 AD
17. ymefqof;olif.OD,rldif: 1.rldif:rmof: 1617-1662 AD
2.rldif:ugif
3.rldif:tK,oK.
4.rldif:reD.yl,I
18. qof;apKcrf:wh:tK,oK. rdlif:tK,oK. 1662-1672 AD
63
19. ymefqof;olif.(5)qof; rldif:rmof: 1672-1734 AD

Guyaed Nawaz ckefreD.yl,I?
tK,Orf? udIduf.eK,u Odrf:tK,oK./
20. qof;emif:rlof:crf:Ndif: qof;emif:olif.rlocrf:?
emif:olif.wh:tgefwmif:Okwf:sv; urf:
vkdef:Okwf:/
21. qof;cdlof:OSif ymefolif.umif(1772)qof;olif.
yK:vkdef:Okwf:
*ymefqof;'K.wh:uof;rldif:(ukd;oQrf;jynf)auK;Orf,zD, trf,eef rldif:OSefoD aw,wif;ymefqof;tl:
wdif,(AD1884-1889)
1.rldif:OSefoD
2.rldif:OD,yguf.(OD,ayK.)
3.rldif:bgif;Nnf;
4.rldif:rdwf;
5.rldif:rmof:
6.rldif:vkdef:
7.rldif:ehm:
8.rldif:uAif:wkif
9.wgif,ySif,vghvlif
Okdyf,wmrf:uGK,ymefqof;'K.wh:(36)rldif:bof.auK; ymefapKcrf:wh:qof;'K.wh: rgwf:phmuGK,rldof;
yD<(1947AD)eef.bof./
ydkef:wh:rldof;rdkef,ugef, Okwf:wD;ehbof./
**********************
64
wD;ygif,vSif:acK;uGmrf:teftofq[.e[:yyf.eh.-
BC cIduf.yDrldif:yh,rD:
AD cIduf.yDrldif:rD:bof./
zkdeftdif
1.The Historical record of the Siamese Chinese relations.
2.ykdef.cldof:wh:sv; ykdef:rldif:wh: - cldof:OSef
3.IK,qomif, ykdef:rldif:wh: rhm(1)? – qhm:vK.tgif,
4.0ef;odk&mZ0ifopf/ cEÅD;q&mawmf b'´EÅokZe
65
uGmrf:vgef.rgef:
**************
(1)ayK:oK;cmof:bmrf: pAwf:umefpof: wSrfxlef;aO pAwf:umefrSef; vguf:ref:ehqkdif yldef;bgef:Ol:
oK; bK,ayckdef;b[,ehaOwK. wuf:awckdef;b[,bl,trf,pmif./(arKykdef:vlif vkif:qhm:tgif,xkef:)
(2)zldof,qof;uof,awukrf,ygif.cmif:oK; vyf:Odif,eK,ehbl,eef. wK.qof;uof,vkuf.aO tof'h:yldif:
yefsv;/ (ukef:zl;Oyf.)
(3)puf.qldof.qmwf;omef;rldif:eh. bK,ayuGK,puf.b[,OkifuGmif;vkduf.ylef.wD;eSef,zSof? vlof,awpuf.tof
wlofuof,? umefimef:wlofuof,? pdrf:Mrf:wlofuof, uGK,tgefwmif:/ puf.rldif:Nrf;wkrfehauK; puf.rldif:wh:pof:
aOugef,? bK,eSwf;uGK,puf.rdlif:Nrf;wkrfywf:ykdef.? rD;rSwf.wK,puf.Owf.woK,wif:OAif;ehauK; puf.tof
vkuf;vmif:emif:sr: yD;egif.rdwf.Ophmwlofuof, tgefwmif:aOugef,/ (qof;wK,xkef:)
(4)ayK:puf.omef;rldif: vlof,qgh;xSrfumef? ayK:puf.vkuf;vmefvlof,Ogefyefyef,nK,? ayK:puf.qldof.cdlof:
zK,OK,vlof,arKvmwf;Olef:wkrf/ (uGmrf:ulef:xof;wh:)
(5)qldof.cldof:ulef:tefcdkef;b[,r[,Okifeef. ugyf;yldof;cofvlvduf;zwf:vduf;vhm:tldof;? qldof;qmwf;cldof:
ulef:tefvlvduf;zwf:vduf;vhm:eef. cofqif,ckdef;b[,bof./ (xkif:uGmrf:sc,)
(6)ugyf;wh:rldof;Okdef:sv; wh:rldof;oK:qif,rD:bof.? ugyf;wh:rldof;oK:sv; wh:rldof;eh.qif,rD:bof.? ugyf;wh:
rldof;eh.aO eif,Ndofwh:rldof;zkuf;awrD:eef. yAefykef;zgef:Olpof:tldof;/ (qldof.vmef.qof;)
(7)vgif;v[aOtrf,oK; P;ref:yAefvh;ihm;ihm;eef. trf,rD:? vgif;OifauK; ayK:ugrf.oK; yAefvh;ihm;ihm;
ulnf:qkdif uGmrf:aoK:pKIK.tefoK; ]]bmyf,eK,}}eef. awtrf,rD;bof./ (qldof.vmef.qof;)
(8)tefpof:xlyf:wmif:bmyf, bmuf;zmefcmefq[bl,eh. trf,q[;rAof:vDthm? N.oK;xlyf:wmif:bmyf,
bmuf;zmefugwf:bl, sv;Orf. trf,cwf:q[ P;ylef.zowmif:zmefpof:eef.ulnf:bof.? yAefwmif:vD
thmsw.sw./ (cl:arKauK.ekdif;)
(9)ayK:oK;c[;P; 'dif;si;qof;uof, Nrf,irf:vh;eldofqldof.cldof:ulef:at,cofeef.ehqkdif xkuf,vDtof
Okduf:aO wkduf:auK;wkduf:? ykef;wK,aw,wif;qkdif;rdlif: ekdif;tefeef. umefvgif;rAof:v[aOtrf,oK;
wkdef:rmef,rSef;bl,bof.? wkdef:qgrf:TwK:wK,aObof./ (pAif:vdwf.ykef,xvh,aw:1834-1896)
66
(10)ayK:rK:sc.cAif,wSuf;eldif:uef wif:wlofulef:qkdif yduf.Orf. wlofpof:vAuf.ehg.aOauK;bK, trf,

vlofq[vAuf.? OifoK; erf.xmwf;q[pof: nSrf.wSrf,abK;ulnf:bof.? xkuf,vDq[vAuf./ (xkif:uGmrf:tif:
udwf:)
(11)zSofxmef;v[ qef.v[bof.tefoK;eef. trf,q[;ydlifvlifref:? qof;uof,wkduf.pAwf:Oifbl,
tefoK;eef.ulnf:bof.? yAefvrf,vgif;yldifvlifref:/
(12)vgif;zgrf.Nrf; tefoK;eef. ygifoK;Oif yAeftefv[? vgif;zgrf.Nrf;eh. awvh;auK,wif;qldif.
eif,Ndof`
acK;xmrftefeh.sw.wgyf,ihm; qSif;vSif:vDbl,bof. – wmif:bldif:tmef:rldefuef? vgif;
cwf:q[rldefuef? xlyf:wmif:qK.rK:auK; Nrf;uefcD? xlyf:wmif:vDrK:auK;Nrf;uefOldof: yAefOD,yldifeh.
bof.? ayK:oK; cofOD,yldifeh.rK:Nrf;ygrf:uef zef;yAefOAef;vAofehqkdif pmif;zmifvgif;zgrf.Nrf;eef.
wuf:awzkwf:tguf,rK:bl,bof.? vgif;cwf:q[pAwf:Omif; ckdifygifauK; qAuf,szyefuefpAwf:? Okrf:rK:
auK; qgh;uefcmrf,? Nrf;Mrf:uefyhckdef;OAef;wmif:bldif:rhm tefvAofuefayK:ehqkdif vgif;zgrf.Nrf;
eef. wuf:awyAeftefauK,wif;vh;ihm;ihm;ulnf:/ Nofyof;vliftdef:wD;bK:rpwf.xrK.uef,wD,)
(13)rldof:eK; rldif:wh:awckdef;b[, trf,cdkef;b[, tefoK;eef. rD:e[:rkdof:vuf;tgef,bdif:qhm:rldof;eh.
bof.? ayK:vkuf.tgef,wh:rldof;eh. trf,Ogefvduf;pAef:vhm:qkdif wK,rldif:wh:awckdef; trf,rD:oef:ref:
ayK:vkuf;tgef,wh:rldof;eh. Ogefvduf;pAef:vhm:aO uwf.cSef,ul;vgif;vgif;ugef, rldif:wh:rldof:eK;qif,
awckdef;b[,vh;/ (cl:arKwh:qof;ekdif;)
67

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6.rldif:uGmifwif; - Kwaun Tung

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wlefbluf,(Tuan Yok)yAefckefapKcrf:wh: teftkyf.yldif,e[:rldif:sc,eef. yAefcldof:apK

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ohm:aOqof;wD,udwf: OAif;umrf,egef:az:uGK,bof. rldof;ymefapKcrf:xlef;OD,auK.aw,eef.

rldof;ymefqof;wD,cluf.(Ti Kok)eef. umefbdyf:q[.vhm:ikdef:cofwgif:cofulnf:ulnf:sv; vh;

ohm:aOymefapKcrf:wh:wh: xlef;ekdif;(olif.wD,)Okwf:uGK,eef. ckef]]Oldofpmof;}}tefyAef

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ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:Ol;(trf,eef)tknf' h:2357-2257yD BC

rldof;ymefeef. yAefzgif:sc,sv;wh:? wh:awK,wh:aw,wif;ymefOkduf:]]awK,Ol;}}cwf:pSif:

Mif.oK;qmif.oleh. cof;yK:e[:vdefNoferf. ygwf:qmef:uGmif:OD<ygwf:Mif,sv; uGmifwif;ygwf:wluf:cof

ymefapKcrf:wh:cldof:Omif(trf,eef)cldof:bkdef:ymefapKcrf: wh:bkdef: e[:rldif:vkdo(f BC 2939-2365)

ymefapKcrf:wh:ckefumifegif. qof;apKcrf:wh:cldof:Omifbkdef:(Shang Okyin)eef. vh;uGK,

bkdef:}}(Yun the Conqueror)ehbof./ ugyf;eefckefumif qif,vh;bkuf.bgif; wgyf,ukif,au:ql:ref:

qof;apKcrf:wlefeh. rD:yef,nK,yhm:tkyf.irf:vkdof:vifeK,sv; ymefrldof;eef. wh:rldif:

ayK:yAefcldof:Ndef:tefvAofuef ulyf.ul;yAefNdef: pAef:P;cldof:ildef;z[ref:sz;erfvh;bl,?

e[:yuf:yldifeh. ulef:wif:vhmawvh;rD:q[ cmofO[zlduf,qkdef;sv;rD:Odefxrf:TwK:aO pAwf:

uyf:uhmvlnf; vgif;'if;si;xkif:qmrf, zhm,zK,OK,aO]]qof;ckef}}pAwf:oh.yef eif,Ndofulef:

e[:zgif:irf:zSef,vdefref:qof;eef. rD:oh.rldif:Nuf:rldif:bof.? e[:uK;Nuf:rldif:eef. rldif:z[

vgif;oK;qef.eK;umef z[b[,aOz[eheef.rD:oh.Ohmpmif.(OhmqK,yK,)OD,pK;bldif;bof./ qof;

ohm:aOeef. xkdifrK:rldof;(1115)xkdif (1079-BC)eef. vkuf;qof;apKcrf:OldofOAif:olif.

1.qof;umifolif.(Kan Wang) 1078/1053-BC 26yD<

2.qof;olif.(Chao Wang) 1052/1002 51 yD<

3.qof;rl,olif.(Mu Wang) 1001/947 BC 55 y

4.qof;ckefolif.(Kung Wang) 946/935 12yD<

5.ckefthm;olif.(I Wang) 934910 25 yD<

sc,cofoK;cofyAefulef:rK:r[,(New born Chinese)ehbof./ ulnf:uK;oh:vkdef:rK: sc,cof

First Generation Emperor

Some authors misunderstood the real fact and misrepresented their

acK;uGmrf:yK;eldofeh. vh;pefrK:e[:yyf.(The Chinese Classics)ykdef:sc,tefzl;wSrf;

ymefapKcrf:qof;wh: rldof:qof;ygwf:tguf,(trf,eef)rldif:ckefOldo(f 770-BCxkdif426-BC)

ymefapKcrf:qof;ygwf:tguf, trf,eef rldif:ckefOldofeh. qof;apKcrf:]]ykdef:olif.(Ping

1.qof;phm:olif.(Hi Wang) 681 xkdif 677-BC 5 yD<

2. qof;ohm:olif.(Hwei Wang) 678 xkdif 652-BC 25 yD<

3.qof;Omifolif.(Siang Wang) 651 xkdif 619-BC 33 yD<