6 Operations on

Algebraic Expressions

In our previous class

have learnt about the addition and subtraction of
we
algebraic
expressions. However, we shall give a quick revision of the same and extend the ideas of
multiplication and division on algebraic expressions.

ADDITION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS While adding algebraic expresslons we collect the

ike terms and add them. The sum of several litke terms is the like term whose
coefficient is the sum of the coefficients of these ltke terms.

EXAMPLE 1. Add: 6a +8b -5c, 2b +c-4a and a -3b -2c.

Solution Writing the terms of the given expressions in the same order in form of rows with
like terms below each other and adding columnwise, we get:
6a+8b-5c
-4a +2b +c
a-3b-2c
3a+7b-6c
EXAMPLE 2. Add: 5x*+3x-8, 4x+7-2x and 6-5x+4x3.
Solution Writing the given expressions in descending powers of x in the form of rows with like
terms below each other and adding columnwise, we get:
5x+3x-8
-2x+4x+7
4x2-5x +6
7x+2x+5

EXAMPLE 3. Add: 8x*-5xy +3y.2xy-6y+3x and y'+xy - 6x

Solution Arranging the given expressions in descending powers of x with litke terms under
each other and adding colunmnwise, we get:

8x-5xy +3y
3x+2xy-6y
-6x+ Xy +y_
5x-2xy-2y
SUBTRACTION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Steps: (1) Arrange the terms of the given expressions in the same order.
(1) Write the given expressions in two rows in sueh a way that the like terms occur one
below the other. keeping the expression to be subtracted in the second row.

83
 84
Mathematics for Class 8

i ) Change the sign of each term in the lower row from + to - and fro
from to
v With new signs of the terms of lower row, add columnwise. +

EXAMPLE4. Subtract 4a + 5b -

3c from 6a -3b + C.
Solution We have:
6a-3b +C
+4a +5b -3c

2a-8b +4c
EXAMPLES. Subtract 3x2 -4 from 5 +x- 2x
-

6x
Solution Arranging the terms of the given expressions in descend powers
ol
subtracting columnwise. we get: x

-2x+x+5
+3x-6x -4

-5x+7x +9

EXERCISE 6A
Add:
1. 8ab, -5ab. 3ab, -ab 2. 7x,-3x, 5x, -x,-2x
(3.) 3a-4b + 4c. 2a +3b 8c, a -6b +c
4. 5x-8y +2z, 3z-4y -2x, 6y -z -x and 3x--22-3y
5.
6ax-2by +3cz, 6by -1lax -cz and 10cz -2ax -3by
6. 2x-9x* +8, 3x*-6x -5, 7x3-10x
+1 and 3+2x-5x*-4x
7. 6p +4q-r +3, 2r
-5p-6, 11q -7p +2r -1 and 2q -3r +4
( 4x*-7xy +4y-3,5 +6y'-8xy +x and 6-2xy +2x*-5y
Subtract:
9. 3atb from -5a b 10. -8pq from 6pq
11. -2abc from -8abc 12. -16p from -11p
13. 2a-5b +2c -9 from 3a -4b -c +6

14.)-6p +q +3r +8 from p -2q-5r -8

15. x+3x - 5x +4 from 3x* - x* +2x-4

16. 5y*-3y +2y +y -1 from 4y-2y°-6y2-y +5

174p +5q-6r+7 from 3p-4g-5r-6

18, What must be subtracted from 3a"- 6ab -3b-1 to get 4a2-7ab - 4b2+1?

19. The two adjacent sides ofa rectangle are 5x°-3y* and x+2xu. Find the perimeter
a
20. The perimeter of a triangle is 6p-4p +9 and two of its sides
Sides a r e p ' - 2 p + 1
3p-5p +3. Find the third side of the triangle.
 Operationn on Algebrnie Expreaaiona 85

MULTIPLICATION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

iare taking up the product of algebrale expresslons, let us look at two simple rules.
Bclor
(1) The product of two factors wlth ke slqns is
factors wvith unlike slgns ts negattve. postive, and the product u
(11) Ifx isa varlable and m, n are positlve xx")
tntegers, then (x" =X
Thus, (x x*) x" D x", (x"+ x')= x0 =
x =
=
x", etc.
MULTIPLICATION OF TWO MONOMIALS

Rule
Product of two monomtals
(product of thelr numerlcal coefflctents) x (product of thelr varlable parts)

EXAMPLE 1. Find the product of:

(1) 6xy and-3x*y (11) 7ab, -4a'b and -5abc

Solutlon
We have:
(6xy)x (-3x°y )={6 x(-3)) x{xy xx'y")
= -18x 2 S= -18x'y'.
(11) (7ab)x (-4a*b)x(-5abc) ={7 x (-4)x (-5)}x {ab* xa'bx abc)
=140al"2b21c =140a'b'c.

1. MULTIPLICATION OF A POLYNOMIAL BY A MONOMIAL

Rule Multtply each term the polynomial of by the monomlal, ustng the distributive law
ax (b +c) = axb+axc.

EXAMPLE 2. Find each of the following products:

( 5a'b*x (3a -4ab +6b) (u) (-3x'y) x (4.x*y -3xy* +4x-5y)

Solutlon We have:
(1) 5ab x (3a*-4ab +6b) =
(5a*b*)x (3a") + (5a*b*) x (-4 ab) + (5a"b*)x (6b*)
=15a'b -20a b + 30a b'.

(11) (-3x*y)x (4x"y -3xy +4x-5y)

(-5y)
3xy)x(4 x'y)+(-3x*y)x-3xy )+(-3x°y)x(4x)+(-3x°y)
x

= -12x'y* +9x*y" -12x"y +15x"y.

HI. MULTIPLICATION OF TWO BINOMIALS
By using the distrlbutive law of multiplication
over
two binomlals.
uppose(a b) and (c + d) are
+
additon twice, we may find thelr product as glven below.
a + b)x (c + d) = ax (c +d) + b x (c +d)
ac + ad + bc + bd.
(ax c + a x d) + (bxc+bxd)
=
=

S method is known as the hortzontal method.

EXAMPLE 3. Multtply (3x +5y) and (5x -7y).

Solutton We have:

(3x+5y)x (5x-7y)
= 3xx (5x 7y) - x
+5y (5x -7y)
=(3x x 5x-3xx 7y) +(5y x 5x-5y x 7y)

=(15x -21xy) + (25xy 35y)

=15x -21xy +25xy -35y
= 15x +4 xy - 35y*
 Class 8
M a t h e m a t i c s
for
86
shown below.
be
as
columnwise

Columnuwtse multtplicatton p e r f o r m e d

The multiplication can be

3x +5y
multiplication by 5x
x(5x-7y
multiplication by -7y
15x+25xY
21xy-35y multiplication by (5x-7y)
4 xy 35y
-

15x+
Adding the like terms:

3y).
EXAMPLE4. Multiply (3x*+ y') by (2x**+
Solution Horizontal method
We have: +3y)+y*(2x*+3y )
X+y)x (2x*+3y2) =3x*(2x2 (2x*y+3y)
(6x+9x'y2) +
=

=
6x+9x'y*+2x*y*+3y"
=
3y.
6x" +11x'y?+3u

Column method We have:

3x+y
x (2x+3) multiplication by 2x
6x+ 2xy2
multiplication by 3y2
+9x*y+3y multiplication by(2x*+3y
Adding: 6x+11xy2+3y
V. MULTIPLICATION OF TWO POLYNOMIALS
polynomials, as shown below.
We may extend the above result for two

EXAMPLE 5. Multiply (5x*-6x +9) by (2x-3.

Solution By column method
5x-6x +9
2x -3

10x -12x*+18x multiplication by 2x

-15x*+18x -27 multiplication by -3
Adding: 10x-27x*+36x-27 multiplication by (2x -3)
5x-6x +9) x (2x-3) = 10x*-27x*+36x -27.
EXAMPLE 6. Multiply (2x*-5x +4) by (x+ 7x -8).
Solution By column method
2x-5x+4
x+7x-8
2x-5x'+4x2
+14x-35x*+28x multiplication by x
-

16x*+ 40x -

32 multiplication by 7x
2x+9x' 47x*+ 68x -32
-
multiplication by -8
8
EXAMPLE 7. Multiply (2x°-5x*- x +7) by (3-2x+4x) multiplication by (x+7x-0
Solution Arranging the terms ot the given
multiplying, we get: polynomials in descending oi
x

x
and

«
ther

powers
2x3-5x- x+7
4x-2x+3
8x-20x-4x+28x
-4x+10x*+2x*-14x
8x-24 +6x-15x*-3x +21+21
x*+12x°+15x*-17x
 Operations on Algebraic Expressions 87

EXERCISE 6B
Find each of thefollowing products:
(5x+ 7)x
(3x + 4)
1.
(5y -1)
(2.)4x+9)x (x -6) 3. (2x+5) x (4x - 3)

4. (3y-8) x
8. (7x+2y)x (x+4y)
6. (9x +5y)x (4x +3y)
(3m-4n) x (2m -3n) 8. (x- a*)x (x a)
7.
10. 3p+q)x (2p*-3q)
-

9. (x-y)x (x +2y)
11.
(2x-5y) (x4+3y?) x 12. (x-y')x (x* +y)
13. x+y )x
(x*-y')
ind each of the follouwing products:
Find

+ 7) x (2x+3) 16. (3x+5x-9) x (3x -5)

15. x-3x
+y )x (x +y) (18.)(x*+ xy + y)x (x-y)
17. (x- Xy
(4x -1)
(x-2x* +5) 20. (9x-x+15) x (x-3)
x
19.
21. x-5.x +8) x (x*+2) 22. (x-5x+3x +1) x (x*-3)

3.) 13x+2y-4) x (x -y +2) 24. (x-5x+8)x (x*+2x -3)

25. (2x*+3x -7) x (3x*-5x +4) 26. (9x- x+15) x (x'-x -1)

DIVISION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

then
positive integers such that
m>n
is varlable and m, n are
Rule fx a

(x x") = xm-n.

BY A MONOMIAL
. DIVISION OF A MONOMIAL
monomials
Rule Quotient of two
(quotient of their variables)
of thetr numerical coefficients)
x
=
(quotient

EXAMPLE 1. Divide:
(ti) -15x yz by -5xyz"
(1) 8x*y by -2xy
Solution We have:
(1) 8xy3 x2-3-1= -4xy.
-2xy

ix'y
(1)-15x
-5xyz
_

y 3-2)

-3xy°z' =3x*z.

. POLYNOMIAL BY A MONOMIAL
DIVISION OF A
monomial, divide
each term of the polynomial by
polynomial by
a
Rule For dividing a

the monomial.
EXAMPLE 2. Divide: () 20x*y +12x'y*-10xy by 2xy
(i) 6x5+18x-3x* by 3x
Solution (1) (6x+18x-3x2)+3x"

6x 18x* 3x2

3x2 3x2 3x2

2x +6x2 -1
 Class 8
for
88 Mathematics

(11) (20x*y + 12xy2 -10xy)+ 2xy

20x'y 12x"y 10xy
2 xy
2xy 2xy
= 10x+6xy -5.

IL. DIVISION OF A POLYNOMIAL BY A POLYNOMIAL

steps glven
below: order of
We may proceed according to the
dividend
and
divisor in descending
thetr
the terms of the
range
divlsor to obtain
degrees. term of the the
a

dtvldend by the first

Divide
thefirst term of the
first term of the quotient. term of the quotlent
and subtrract
the terms of the dtvisor bythefirst
(i1) Multiply all
the resultfrom the dividend. as before
new
dtvidend and proceed
as a
(iv Consider the
remainder (f any) polynomlalea
is either 0 or a
remainder which
till we obtaln a
(v) Repeat this process
the divisor.
degree less than that of

EXAMPLE 3. Divide 2x*+3x +1 by (x +1).

Solution We have:
x+1)2x+3x +1(2x +1
2x+2x

x+l
x+1

(2x +l) and remainder =

0.
quotient =

EXAMPLE 4.
Divide 9x -6x*+ x°-2 by (x-2).
and then
terms of the dividend and the divisor in descending order
Solution Arranging the
dividing, we get:

x-2)x*-6x*+9x-2(x*-4x+11

x3-2x2

-4x+9x
-4x+8x

x-2
x-2

quotient = (x* -4x +) and remainder = 0.

EXAMPLE. Divlde (29x-6x*-28) by (3x-4).

Arranging the terms of the dividend and the divisor in descending order
l e r a n d
t h e n

Solution
dividing, we have:
 Operations on Algebraic Expressions 89

3x-4)-6x*+29x -28(-2x+7
-6x+ 8x

21x-28
21x-28

(29x-6x*-28)+ (3x-4) =(-2x +7).

EXAMPLE6 Divide (5x°-4x*+3x +18) by (3-2x+x).
Clearly, the terms of the dividend are in descending order.
Solution

Arranging the terms of the divisor in descending order and then dividing, we get:

x2-2x +3) 5x*- 4x*+ 3x+18(5x+6

5x-10x+15x
+

6x-12x +18
6x-12x +18
X

5x-4x+3x+18) (x*-2x+ 3) = (5x+6).

EXAMPLE 7. Using division, show that (x -1) is a factor ofx°-1).

Solution We have:

x-1)x*+0x*+0x-1{x+x+1
x x2

x+Ox-1
x-x

x-1
X-1
+
(x-1) completely divides (x-1).
Hence, (x -1) is a factor of (x*-1).
Find the quotient and remainder when (7+15x - 13x*+5x ) is divided by
EXAMPLE8.
4 3x+ x").
terms of the dividend and the divisor in descending order and then
Solution Arranging the
dividing, we get:
x-3x+4) 5x-13x+15x +7 (5x +2
5x-15x+20x

2x-5x+7
2x-6x +8

quotient= (5x +2) and remainder =(x -1).

 M a t h e m a t i c s f o r C l a s s 8

90
7x-1).

(2x+
17-62x'+30r-3)
by are
iescending order
In des
d i v i s o r

EXAMPLES Divtde 10x' of the

that
and
divdend r+3
Solution The terms of the ( 5 x - 9 x +

-3
divide them as under: 30x
1 7 x - 6 2 x +

2x+7x-1)
10x'+35x'- 5 x

-18x-57x"+
3 0 x- 3

-18x-63x*+ 9x

6x+21x-3

6x+21x-3

= (5x*-9x +3).
(2x?+7x-1)
Ox+17xs-62x+30x-3)
+

EXERCISE 6C

1. Divide:
() 36xyz
by -9xz
u) 24x°y by 3xy -56mnp* by
7mnpP
(iv)
(il) -72x*y'z by -12xyz
2. Divide: by 2xy
8x*y-6xy+10x'y°
()
(i) 5m-30m+45m by 5m (tv) 12x+8x-6x by-2x
(ii) 9xy -6xy +12xy* by -3xy
when we divide:
Write the quotient and remainder 4. (x-4) by(x +2)
3. (x-4x+4) by (x-2) 6. (15x+x-6) by (3x +2)
5. x+12x +35) by (x +7) (6x-31x +47)by (2x -5)
8.
7. (14x*-53x+45) by (7x -9)
10. (x+1) by (x +1)
9. (2x+x"-5x-2) by (2x+3)
11. (x-2x*+2x*+ x+4)by (x*+X+1) 12. (x-6x*+11x-6) by(x*-5x+6)
14. (2x-5x+8x-5) by (2x*-3x +5)
13. (5x-12x*+12x+13) by (x*-3x+4)
15. (8x+10x"-5x-4x+1) by (2x+x-1)

SOME SPECIAL PRODUCTS

(SPECIAL IDENTITIES)
An identity is an equality, which is true for all values of the variables.
The following three identities are very important.

ldentity 1: (a +b) =a+2ab + b.

Proof We have:
a +b) = (a + b)la + b)

ala + b)+ bla +b)

= a+ ab + ba +b
= a+2ab +b2 Isince ba = ab]
. (a+bl = a* +2ab +b2.
 Operations on Algebraic Expressions 91

(a-b)' = (a"-2ab+b).
dontiy
2;

We have:
Proos
(a -b) = (a - b)(a - b}

=
ala -

b)- bía b)
-

= a*- ab - ba + b2
=a -ab -ab +b2 since ba = ab]
a-2ab+b2.
(a-bl = (a"-2ab + b).

oentiy3:
(a+b)la-b) =(a"-b°).
We have
Proof (a+b)la-b) = ala - b) + bla - b)
a'- ab+ba - b2
a -ab +ab - b2 since ba = ab]
=a-b?
(a+b(a-b) = (a2-b).

We may write these identities as:

REMARK
(i) (a + b = at+b2 +2ab

() (a -b) =a*+b2-2ab
(i) (a + bla - b) = (a2-b)

APPLICATIONS OF THE ABOVE IDENTITIES

EXAMPLE1. Find each of the following products:
( (4x+5)4x*+5)
(0(3x+2y)3x+2y)
Solution We have:
(4) (3x+2y)N3x +2y) = (3x +2y)

(3x)+(2y)+2x3xx 2y lusing(a +b) =a+b?+2abl

9x+4y+12xy.
(3x +2y)3x +2y) = 9x*+4y+12xy.

(11) (4.x+5)4x+5) =(4x*+5)2

= (4x)+52+2x4xx5 using (a+ b) = a?+b +2ab]
= 16x*+25 +40x.

EXAMPLE 2. Expand: (1) (2x +5y)

Solutilon We have:
(1) (2x+5y* =(2x)+(5y)*+2x2xx5y : (a+b2 =a+b*+2ab]
4x+25y?+20xy.

a- .2 : x+y =x*+y?+2xy

ab.
BXANPLE 3. Find each ofthe followtng products:
(1) 4x-7y)4x-7y) () 13x3-4y N3x*-4y )
 8
C l a s s

Mathematics f o r

92

7y
+b
(a-b)' = a?,
Solution We have: = (4x- 7y) x
4xx

(4x- 7yN4x
-

7y) (7y)-2

(1)
(4x)+
=16x+ 49y"-56xy

49y-56xy.

=
16x'+
7y) 4y2
4 - 7 y M 4 x -

4 y ) =
( 3 x - 4 y ) 3x"x
(a b)* =
a24p
b-2
-

f:
+ ( 4 y ) ° - 2 x

(i1) (3x-4y M3x =

(3x)2

=9x'+16y'-24x'y.
9 x ' + 1 6 y ' - 2 4 x
Y
=

3-4yH3x4y')

EXAMPLE4. Expand: (0(3x-2y)

(a-b)' =a*+b2
Solution We have: 3xx2y
2ah
(3.x)24+(2y)-2x
(1)(3x 2y) =

= 9x*+4y*-12xy.

G)--)-»

P
products:
EXAMPLES 5. Find each of the following (i) 13x+2yN3x*-2y)
(i) (4x +5y)4 x-5y)
(a+b)la - b) = (a-b
Solution We have:
(i) (4x +5y)14x -5y) =(4.x)-5y)
(16x*-25y). ( a +b)(a - b) = (a-b

(i) (3x+2y N3x*-2y) (3x*)°-(2y)

=

(9x-4y ).
identities:
EXAMPLE 6. Evaluate the followtng, using (ut) (8.3 x 7.7)
(1) a05)2 (tu) (47)
Solution We have:
(1) (105) = (100 +5)2
a*+b*+2ah
= (100)*+(5) +2x100 x5 using (a + b)' =

= 10000 +25 +1000 =11025.

(ii) (47)= (50 -3)2
(50)+ (3)-2x50 x3 a'+b-2ah
2500 +9-300 2209.
using la-b)* =

( ) (8.3 x 7.7) = (8 +0.3M8 -0.3)

= (8)-(0.3)
6 4 -0.09 = 63.91.
lusing la+ bla b) (a-b1 - =

EXAMPLE 7. Find the value of the expresslon

25x* +9y*+30 xy, when x = 8 and y =10
Solution We have:
25x+9y+30xy (5x)* +(3y)+2x 5xx3y
=

= 5x +3y)
a+b2+2ab =(a+D
(5x8+3x10), whenx =8 and y 10
(70 =4900. =
 Operations on Algebraic Expressions 93

2 3
EAMPLE&
Find the value of the expresslon (81x+16y-72xy), when x =
and y g*
=

We have:
Solution
(81x+16y'-72xy) =(9x)+ (4y)-2x9xx 4y
a+b-2ab =(a -b)1
(9x-4y)
3
94when xand
3
y-
(6-3)=(31 =9.
EAMPLE9. Ifx+=5, find thevalues of ()x+and (0) x**+-

We have:
S o l u t i o n

() x+5 »x =5 on squaring both sides]

x2xx-25
x++2 =25

*=(25-2)
* 23
on squaring both sides]
() x 23 x (23)
x*+2xx* x= 529

+2 529
X*

* 529-2)
x't- 527.

EXERCISE 6D

1. Find each of the following products:

(1) 4x +5y)4x +5y) (11) (7a +9b)(7a +9b)
(1) (x+6)(x + 6)

(v) (x+ 710x+7)

2. Find each of the following products:

(1) (2x-3y)2x-3y) (1)
(1) (x-4)x-4)

(tv)

3. Expand: (1) (5x+11)*

(1) (8a +3b
() (7x +2y)
 Class
8
for
Mathematics

94 (v1) (9x-10)2

a 2y 2

(ix) 3m-n
,)?

(vil) (x'y-yz*)"
(ii1) (8 + x){8-,x)
4. Find each of the following products: ( 1 ) ( 2 x + 5 ( 2 x - 5 )

(vi) 5y
(1) (x+3Mx - 3) 5 35
v5x 5x-
(iv) 7x11yN7x-1ly)
(Ix)2a+2a3
(vii)
evaluate
the following:
a
binomial,
(tv) (704)
5. Using the formula for squari (t1) a03)*
() (54)2 (1)82) evaluate
the following
the.
binomial,
(iv) (999)2
6. Using the formula for squaring a (t1) (197)2
(1) (69)2 (11) (78)2
7. Find the value of: (iil) 197 x 203
() (128)-(72) (vi) (8.63)-(1.37)2
a82)-a8*
198 -102x 102
(v) (14.7x 15.3)
(iv) 198 x
96 when x =12.
8. Find the value of the expression (9x*+24x +16).,
when x = l1 and y =

9. Find the value of the expression (64 x2+81y2+144 xy), 3

when x = and y = 1
10. Find the value of the expression(36x +25y2 - 60xy),
11. r x - 4 . find the values of (1) and ()x'+*

12. x 5 indthe valuesof x and (x+

x*)
13. Find the continued product:
(1) (x+1(x -1)(x*+1)
(ii) (x-30x +3)(x*+9
(i) (3x-2y)3x +2y)9x*+4y)
(iv) (2p +3(2p -3)14p*+9)
14. Ifx+y =12 and xy =14, find the value of (x2+y3).
15. Ifx-y =7 and xy 9, find the value of (x+y?).
=

EXERCISE 6E
0BJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Tick () the correct answer in each ef the
following:
1. The sum of (6a +4b-c+3), (2b -3c +4), lb
(al (4a-6b +2) (b) F3a+l14b-3c 7a +2c-1) and (2c-5a -6) -

is
+2) (c) (-6a +17hl d)(-6a+6b+c-4
 Operations on Algebraic Expressions 96

3 q +703-2r+
7p 4)-(4p-2q +7r3-3) =?
(a) (p
+2q +5r +1) (b) 01p+q+5r" +1)
c)-3p-5q +9rd -7) (d) (3p +5q -9r+7)
(x+5/(x-3)
= ?
3.
( a ) x +5x-15 (b) x -3x -15 (c)x+2x+15 (d) x +2x -15
=?
(2x+33x -1)
4. (a) (6x +8x-3) (b) (6x +7x-3) (c) 6x-7x -3 (d) (6x 7x +3)
(x+4Mx
+4) =?
6.
(a) ( r +16) (b) (x+4x +16) (c) (x+8x +16) (d) (x +16x)
(x-6/(x-6)
= ?
6.
a) (r-36) (b) (x +36) (c) (x-6x+36) (d) (x*-12x +36)
?
(2x+5|/2x -5)
=

7.
(a)(4x +25) b) (4x2 25) (c) (4x* -10x +25) (d) (4x* +10x - 25)
?
8a'b+ (-2ab)
=

(b) 4ab (c) -4ab2 (d) -4a b

(a) 4ab
9. (2x +3xX+1) +
(x +1) =?
(a) (x +1) (b) 2x+1) (c) x+3) (d) (2x+3)

10. (x-4x+4) +(x-2) =?

(a) (x-2) (b) (x +2) (c) (2-x) (d) (2 +x +x*)
=?
11. (a +1a-1}la* +1) (d) (a +1)
(a) (a-2a' -1) (b) (a -a -1) (c) (a' -1)

18. x 5 , then|x =?

(a) 25 (b) 27 (c) 23 d) 25 25

4.Itx-6,thenx -?
(a) 36 (b) 38 (c) 32 (d) 366
15. (82) -18) =?
(b) 6418 (c) 6400 (d) 7204
(a) 8218
16. (197 x 203) = ?

(b) 39999 (c) 40009 (d) 40001

(a) 39991
17. fla+b) =12 and ab =14, then (a* +b) =?
la) 172 (b) 116 (c) 162 d) 126
18. Ifla-b) = 7 and ab = 9, then (a +b*) =?

(a) 67 (b) 31 (c) 40 (d) 58

19. Ifx=10, then the value of(4x +20x +25) =?

(a) 256 (b) 425 (c) 625 (d) 575

 Class
8
for
Mathematics

96

lUke
ke
Things to Remember
terms.
Tne
sum Q
several

terms.
l i k e .terms.
terms ls an
llke
add the
t
thho
os e
we coellctents
of t he
enn add.
e x p r e s s t o n s ,
c o e f f l c t e n t s

and
. While adding algebralc the
t he subtracted

m of
su
inroduct of tthetr
hetr
varlables),
um
ls the s
Is the to b e
ike term whose Ucoefficient
Iclent t e rm (product

ofeach
x

2. For subtraction, chang

subtraction the slgn coelflctents) multtplican nd by
by each
ea

or (product t e r m ef
=
the
ofthetr ermm o
3. Product of two mnonomials multtply
each

( q u o t i e n t ofth
4. For multiplying two ynomials, these
products. their variables
of x
sum
multiplier and take the algebratc to the fol
ollowing:steps
thefollouwings
coeflctents)

(quottent Q theitr
of ther c
( eed aaccording
= quottent
ccordlng

of thetr degreee
monomials proceed
5. Quotient of two polynomlal.
order
descending
another
6. For dividing a polynomial by dtvtsor tn obtain the
d i v i s o r to obtain the firs
Arrange the
(1) ange terms of the d i v i d e n d and
first t e r m of the first term
d i v i d e n d by the
(ii) Divide the first term of the subtract the,
of the quotient
and
the result
the quotient. term

( i ) Multiply all the

terms of the divtsor bu the first
proceed as before.
the dividend. dividend and
(tf any) as a new
elther 0 or a
polynomial of dan
onstder
the
till w e
remainder

obtain a
remainder
which ts reele
Repeat the process
than that of the divisor.
7. (i) (a b)* a +2ab + b2
+ =

(1i) (a b' =a2 -2ab +b2

-

(ii) (a +b)(a b) =(a2 b*)

-
-