University of Gujrat

Pakistan Studies, PKS-101

Lecture-I .
Key Differences between Culture and Civilization
• The term „culture‟ refers to the embodiment of the manner in which we think, behave and act. On the
contrary, the improved stage of human society, where members have the considerable amount of social
and political organization and development, is called Civilization.
• Our culture describes what we are, but our civilization explains what we have or what we make use of.
• Culture is an end; it has no measurement standards. As against this, civilization has precise
measurement standards, because it is a means.
• The culture of particular region can be reflected in religion, art, dance, literature, customs, morals,
music, philosophy, etc. On the other hand, the civilization is exhibited
in the law, administration, infrastructure, architecture, social arrangement, etc. of that area.
• Culture denotes the greatest level of inner refinement, and so it is internal. Unlike, civilization is
external, i.e. it is the expression of state of the art technology, product, devices, infrastructure and so
forth.
• Change in culture is observed with time, as in the old thoughts and traditions lost with the passage of
time and new ones are added to it which are then transmitted from one generation to another. On the
other side, civilization is continuously advancing, i.e. the various elements of civilization like means of
transportation, communication, etc. are developing day by day.
• Culture can evolve and flourish, even if the civilization does not exist. In contrast, civilization cannot
grow and exist without culture.

Indus Valley Civilization

Key Features

 Basic Concepts of their Success:

i) No individual had the right to usurp wealth and resources of the land singlehandedly.
ii) Divisions of the cities vertically and horizontally iii) Separation of the religion from the
administration. Religion was important part of spiritual, social and cultural life of the people.
iv) Unified culture and de-centralized government.
v) Voluntary association of the city states and desire for peaceful coexistence.
vi) Technology oriented and industry based economy.
 Religion:
 Worship many gods and goddesses
 The cult of mother goddess
  The male god (three fold concept of Hindus)
(a) Trimukha or three-faced
(b) Pasupati or lord of animals (c) Mahayogi or the great Mediator
 Animal worship:
 City/Town Planning:
 Development and specialization of technologies reflects important economic and social changes
which were closely tied to status and ritual beliefs.
 Political and Religious changes helped in development and rise of the cities.
 Local Government:
 Because of the autonomous nature of the city-states, the survival and continuous progress of the
Indus civilization depended on a strong and effective system of governance.
 The cities were divided into sectors on the basis of administrative, commercial, industrial,
agricultural and residential.
 The administration was well organized to take care of the complex nature of the problems and
provide harmonious working relationship.
 Basic institutional framework for city administration was prepared by clanleaders.
 Indus Trade & Ruler:
 The Indus rulers governed their cities through the control of trade and religion rather than military
might. No monuments to glorify power and no depictions of warfare founded.
 Decline & Legacy of the Indus Valley Civilization:
 Around 2000 BC, decline started but North-East and South-East linked to the core.
 Standard of construction of buildings, artifacts deteriorated in quality.
 Deterioration continued till 1700 BC but some regions were intact with the central regime. But
after 1700 BC link b/w the different regions began to weaken.
 Factors of disintegration:
 Political and Administrative structure inadequate for too large area to take care of it.
 The Central Authority weakened
 The Spirit of an Age decreased
 Independent Regional groups
 River Indus might change its course
 Decreased rainfalls  Clash of Civilizations:
 Aryan rural culture while Indus had urban culture.
 Aryans were villagers in nature but Indus people paid more attention on development &
growth.
  Indus people were peace-loving while Aryans were aggressive and believed in expansion
policy.
 Indus people loved indoor games while Aryans preferred outdoor games.
 Indus worshipped Humped-Bull while Aryans worshipped Cow.
 Indus people physically thin and creative in nature while Aryans physically strong and
warriors in nature.

Lecture-II

Advent of Islam in the Subcontinent

 Arrival of Arab traders to Indian shore.
 Arabs‟ contact with local people of Indo-Pak and inspired them.
 Piety, Simplicity and Preaching
 Quaid said, “Pakistan came into existence on the day when the first Indian national embraced
Islam.”
 The arrival of M.B.Qasim & his Initiatives (Sindh as Bab-ul-Islam)  Islam as faith and system
of the land introduced.
 Sharia as supreme law of the land
 Did not confiscate land and properties
 Extended the rights of the Dhimmis or Minorities.
 Enforced Poll-Tax on Hindus.
 Hindus & non-Muslims enjoyed rights of the protected class to remain loyal to the Caliphate.
 Spread of Islam in other parts of the sub-continent.

The Impact of Islam in the Subcontinent

 Social Impact:
 Muslims thrashes the Caste System of India.
 India seriously lacked solidarity and homogeneity.
 Muslims ensured equal rights to all communities.

 Economic Impact:
 Muslims introduced new Islamic economic system based on the fundamentals of Islam.
 Muslims destroyed the monopoly of the Hindu Merchants.
 Muslims established trade relations with the native people of the subcontinent.
 Political Impact:
  Muslims introduced Khilafat.
 Muslims established rule of law and justice
 Muslims ended the ruling or elite class.
 Peace & security was granted to all communities whether belongs to Islam, Christianity, and
Hinduism etc.

 Religious Impact:
 Islam negates the philosophies of class-distinction, inhuman trends and customs.
 Islam challenged social, spiritual and religious orthodoxy of Hinduism.
 Bhagti Movement‟s (Love & Brotherhood) philosophy and Islamic school of thought.
 Religious Influence:
 Concept of Tauheed or oneness of God & brotherhood
 Equality of masses before Law
 Diminishing the difference of class, creed & caste

Lecture-IV
Ideology of Pakistan

 Pakistan’s ideology means Pakistan would be state where the Muslims should have an opportunity to
live according to their faith and creed based on the Islamic principles. They should have all the
resources at their disposal to enhance Islamic culture and civilization, because this was the sole purpose
of demanding a separate homeland for the Muslims.
 The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical experience provided
the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation; Quaid-iAzam translated it into a political
reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949,
gave it legal sanction. It was due to the realization of the Muslims of South Asia that they are different
from the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates.
 The ideology of Pakistan stemmed from the nature of the Muslim community of South Asia to maintain
their individuality in the Hindu society. The Muslims believed that Islam and Hinduism are not only two
religions, but are two social orders that produced two distinct cultures.
 The basis of the Muslim nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or linguistic or ethnic rather they
were a nation because they belonged to the same faith, Islam.

 Basis of Pakistan Ideology:

 Based on Ideals of Islamic system.
 Reaction to the Hindu and British exploitation.
 Revolt against the prevailing system.
  Against the imposition of Hindu Nationalism on Muslims and their culture.  To save Muslim
culture from elimination.

 Aims & Objectives of the Establishment of Pakistan

 Enforcement of the Sovereignty of Allah Almighty.

 Establishment of Islamic Democracy.
 Revival of Muslim image & identity.
 Protection of Muslim culture & civilization.
 Two Nation theory.
 Rule of Law, socio-economic justice, impartiality and fair play.

 Equality of opportunity to all citizens irrespective of caste, sect, religion or region.

 Religious and Cultural tolerance.

Quaid & Ideology of Pakistan

 The role of leadership is very important to put nation on the way. A good leadership infuses the qualities
of awareness, consciousness, mobilization, sense of direction, and defense against the adversaries. The
Muslims were lucky having such competent leadership.
 Quaid’s achievements:
i) Legislative Council in 1909 ii) All India Muslim League
(AIML) in 1913
iii) disagreement with Gandhi on Swaraj (self-rule) on using extra-constitutional means iv)
resigned from Congress in 1920 v) Separate Electorate
vi) One third seats in Central Legislature vii) Protection of
Minorities rights viii) 14 Points in 1929
 Jinnah used the term NATION in Feb 1935 (Legislative Assembly). He argued that the combination of
religion, culture, race, arts, music and so forth make a minority a SEPARATE ENTITY.
 In 1947, Jinnah believed that Islam is a dynamic force that can unite the Muslims. It can help to
overcome the present crisis. It’s a source of inspiration and guidance providing ethical foundation, a
framework, social order and civilization.

Iqbal & Ideology of Pakistan

 Iqbal’s first public appearance was in 1899 at the annual session of Anjuman Himayat-iIslam in Lahore
when he presented the poem, Nala-i-Yatim.
 At initial stages Dr. Iqbal was a nationalist by ideas and his poetry like Tarana-i-Hind.
 After educated from Europe he criticized Capitalism, materialism & lack of spiritualism.
 Iqbal compared the Western culture with Islam and reached at the conclusion that mankind’s
emancipation & welfare lay in the adoption of Islam as a way of life.
 Iqbal was a poet, teacher & thinker, to safeguard the interests of the Muslims he had come in the arena
of politics.
  Iqbal awakened the Muslim nation through his stirring verses to demand a separate homeland. He
rendered his services for this purpose.
 Iqbal considered Islam as a complete code of life. He advised Muslims to understand their real position
and shed away their mental confusion and narrow approach to life. He clarified the glorious image of
Muslim Ummah.
 Iqbal openly negated the concept of One-Nation in India and emphasized on separate and distinct image
of the Muslims. Iqbal considered the establishment of Pakistan very essential for the restoration of
national and religious identity of the Muslims.
 Iqbal said Islam guides the mankind in every aspect of worldly life and therefore must be enforced in an
Islamic state as a code of life. He based the foundation of homeland on the religion which later became
the Ideology of Pakistan.
 He said, Islam strengthens the life by infusing spiritual unity. In Islam the Almighty, Universe, the Soul
and the Matter are the different parts of One Whole.
 Iqbal declared that religion and politics are not separated from each other in Islam.
 Iqbal believed in separate identity of the Muslims as a Nation.
 He said “I am fully convinced that Muslims of India will ultimately have to establish a separate
homeland and there would be no possibility of peace until or unless Muslim are recognized as a separate
nation as they have their own cultural values”
 In India people belonging to different languages, professing different religions, for them to make a
constitution on the conception of homogeneous India is to lead to Civil War.
 Iqbal favored the Federal system which brings unity and solidarity to the country.
 Residuary powers must be left to the self-governing units.
 Iqbal said, I have been staunch advocate of putting an end to religious prejudices and distinctions from
the country but now I believe that the protection of separate national identity is in the best interest of
both Hindus and Muslims.
 Muslims as separate nation with their cultural values and religious trends.
 Iqbal’s poetry, writings, speeches and sayings aroused a sense of respect, self-realization and
determination in the Muslim masses.

Lecture-V
Initial Problems of Pakistan Introduction
Pakistan began its independent life under very difficult and unfavorable circumstances. Pakistan faced serious
Problems in the initial stages.
 New Administration
i) Shortage of trained human power.
ii) Shortage of office space, equipment and furniture. iii) Disturbed the connection b/w Centre &
the Provinces
iv) Huge burden of Refugees
 Division of Assets
i) Financial Assets
• Initially rupees 200 million were transferred.
• More funds transferred under the threat of Gandhi of marn bert.
ii) Military Division
• Obstacles in the Pakistan’s share of weapons, equipment, and stores.  Broken and
damaged stuff was sent by the India.
 • Pakistan did not get any ordinance factory.
• Reorganization of army was very tough job. There was no army officer up to the rank of
colonel.
 Integration of Princely States
Out of 560 princely states, about 500 states had joined India before August 15, 1947 because of the
motivation by V. P. Menon and Mountbatten. The Hindu-British conspiracy blocked states to join
Pakistan.
i) Junagarh
• The ruler was Muslim while the majority of its population was Hindu.
• The ruler decided to accede to Pakistan and Pakistan also accepted the accession.
• In November 1947, the Indian troops entered the state and took its control.
• The referendum favored India. ii) Hyderabad
• Its ruler was Muslim and majority population was Hindu.
• It was surrounded by India from all sides.
• The Nazim of the state wanted to stay independent.
• Mountbatten discouraged him and signed Standstill Agreement.
• India built pressure on the Nazim by sending its troops in September 1948, claiming that
serious law and order situation had developed.
• The state was integrated in India. iii) Kashmir
• Its ruler was Hindu while population was Muslim.
• Population inclined towards Pakistan but ruler declared to join India.
• The Kashmiri people revolt against the ruler in Poonch area and soon it became
widespread.
• The ruler sought Indian support.
• On October 1947, Indian troops landed in Srinagar.
• The people continued their struggle for independence and India promised to finally settle
the matter with reference to the people under the UN Resolution.
 Communal Riots and Arrival of Refugees
• Communal riots occurred earlier August 1946.
• The killing of Muslims in Indian areas forced them to leave India.
• The refugee problems created critical condition in the border area.
• The massive migration proved serious economic and humanitarian problems for the new state.
• The military was asked to help cope with the refugee problem.
 Canal water and trade issues
• The major rivers flow from Kashmir and some canal heads located in India.
• In 1948, India cut off water to some canal that was a serious threat to Agriculture in West
Pakistan.
• The Indian plans to build water storage on the rivers that are vital for Pakistan’s economy,
worsened the situation.
• In September, the World Bank settled the problem under Indus Water Treaty.
 Trade Problem & the Economy
• India devalued its currency in 1949 but Pakistan refused to do so.
• It stopped trade that adversely affected Pakistan‟s economy.
• Pakistan had inherited weak economy and poor industrial base.
Lecture-VI

Constitutional Development in Pakistan 1947-58

 Objective Resolution (12 March, 1949):

 Allah is the supreme, sovereign and sovereignty belongs to Allah.

 The state shall exercise its power & authority through the elected representatives.
 The principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance, and social justice as enunciated by
Islam will be completely adhered.
 Muslims shall be enabling to evolve their lives individually as well as collectively according to
the teachings of the Holy Quran & Sunnah.
 Minorities would be protected and would be free to profess and practice their religion.
 Pakistan will be Federation, where Provinces will enjoy autonomy in conformity to national
unity & interest.
 Adequate provisions shall be made to safeguard the legitimate interests of backward areas and
depressed classes.
 All basic rights granted to the people of Pakistan.  Judiciary will be free and independent.

Constitutional Issues
 The Constitution is a set of basic principles and framework for governance and exercise of political
power and legal authority. It clarifies the scope of power, relationship among various institutions within
the government and society. It has precedence over ordinary laws cannot be changed like ordinary laws.

Major Issues

The major issues, the first constituent assembly faced, were about:
 Federalism
 Federalism is meant to accommodate diversity for maintaining the unity of the state.
 Representation
 Separate or Joint Electorate
 The National Language Issue
 Parliamentary or Presidential system  The Islamic or Secular State  1st Draft of the BPC:
 The Basic Principles Committee presented its first report on 28th October 1950.
 Two Houses of the Parliament
 Lower House on the basis of population
 Upper House on the basis of equal representation of units
 2 Draft of BPC or Parity Proposals
nd

 The Final report of the BPC was presented on 22 nd December 1952 by the then Prime Minister
Khawaja Nazim-ud-Din.  Two Houses of the Parliament
 Equal Representation to East and West Wing
Salient Features
i) Head of State will be Muslim. ii) Head of State elected by the joint session of the
Central Legislature.
iii) Head of State’s term of office will be 5 years.
iv) Federal legislature consist of Two houses
  House of Units (consists of 120 seats)
 House of Peoples (consists of 400 seats)
 It shall be equally distributed among East & West Pakistan.
v) West Pakistan‟s seats further divided to its Provinces.
vi) Term of each House shall be 5 years. vii) Both House shall have equal powers. viii)
Amendment will be held with the consent of both houses.
ix) The Councils of Ministers collectively responsible to the House of Peoples.

Muhammad Ali Formula or Proposals

 7 October, 1953
 Salient Features:
i) Central legislature shall consist of two houses. ii) In upper house
membership consists of 50 seats.
iii) Lower hose consists of 300 seats divided among the units on the basis of population. 175 each
for East & West Pakistan.
iv) Vote of confidence in the cabinet or election of the Head of the State decided only in joint
sessions.
 If President from West Pakistan than P.M must be from East Pakistan.
v) Urdu and Bengali would be National language and English as an official language of the
country.
vi) Controversial issues would be decided in Joint Session.
vii) For any matter of consideration 30% acceptance from the both Units East & West Pakistan is
mandatory.

Causes of Delay in Constitution Making till 1956

 Difference of opinion on Islamic Constitution.
 The language problem.
 The problem of adequate representation.
 Powers- The Provincial Autonomy.
 Powers of the President and Assembly.
 Problem of Form of Govt. (Presidential or Parliamentary)
 Negligence of the Muslim League Leaders.
 Poor performance & defeat of Muslim League in East Pakistan.
 Extra-Constitutional measures or the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.
 The behavior of the Bureaucracy.
 Difference of opinion on the issue of Democracy.
 One Unit Bill
 Electoral system and Minority Rights.

Muslim League’s Causes of Decline

 Before 1947, Muslim League was a National political movement but after the partition it merely
became political party.
 Death of Quaid.
 Assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan in 1951.
 Divergent interests inside the League.
  Muslim League failed to maintain harmonious relations.
 Dismissal of Nazim-ud-Din Ministry.
 Party leaders accepted high positions.
 Internal rivalries forced competent leaders to leave.
 Muslim League failed to build up strong organizational loyalties, especially in West Pakistan.
 No educational, moral or ethical code of conduct for political fitness.
 Language and cultural barriers prevented politicians to mix together.
 Absence of any other political party. (single party system)
 After Quaid, Muslim League failed to capture the imagination of young population.
 Muslim League lost its emotional appeal.
 Party cluster around personalities instead of ideology or interest.
 Muslim League in her tenure failed to solve problems such as differences b/w Central Govt. and East
Pakistan, Agrarian problems, Economic problems, rehabilitations of refugees and Constitution making.
 Politicians used party as vehicle for personal power, when it was not possible they abandoned party
relations & made new alliances.
 Defeat in East Pakistan election in 1954.
 Upper level of representatives exclusively came from West Pakistan.
 Muslim League had programme of Islamic state or Islamic Ideology.
 Merger of Party leadership and Govt. leadership.
 Neglected the problems of the masses.
 Coalition Govt.
 Imbalanced growth of industry.  Communist elements.
 Issue of Adjani’s
 United Front of East Pakistan.
 Resignation of Muhammad Ali.
 Absence of genuine opposition.
 Enactment of One-Unit Bill.
 Sledge Hammering Constitution.
Constitution of 1956
 23 March, 1956 
Characteristics:
i) Federal in Nature ii) Parliamentary form of
Govt.
iii) Uni-cameral legislature
 The absence of the other House was compensated by the powers of the President.
iv) Emergency powers of the President. v) Fundamental Rights.
vi) Independence of Judiciary.
vii) Islamic color of the Constitution.
 Sovereignty of Allah
 Name as Islamic Republic of Pakistan
 Head of State must be Muslim
 Islamic principles as guiding rules
 No law against Quran &Sunnah
 viii) Urdu-Bengali as National languages and English official languages.
ix) Single Citizenship.

Lecture-VII

The Era of General Muhammad Ayub Khan (1958-1969)

 First Military Take-over in Pakistan

• On 7th of October 1958 Martial Law was imposed and the 1956 Constitution of Pakistan was
abrogated by President Iskandar Mirza.
• On 27th of October, General Ayub Khan removed President Iskandar Mirza and became the
Chief Martial Law Administrator of the country.
• Martial Law remained imposed from October 1958 to June 1962.
• Constitutional Rule was restored on June 1962 and remained till the 2 nd Martial Law on March
1969.
• Ayub Khan got himself elected as President in 1960 through referendum and reelected in January
1965 through presidential elections.
 Important Policy Measures Taken by Ayub Khan
 Political Reforms:
 Ayub Khan introduced the system of controlled democracy, in the first phase; he introduced
system of Local/Self Government in 1959 and issued Basic Democracy Order.
Basic Democrats are to function as Electoral College for the election of the President and
members of the Central and Provincial Assemblies.
 Basic Democrats System:
A system of local Govt. which endeavors to get maximum active participation of the people in
the management of their affairs at every level of Governmental hierarchy. Functions:
i) Provide maximum cooperation b/w the people and Government officials.
ii) To decentralize the administration.
iii) To coordinate in administrative activities of the Govt. at various levels.
 In June 1959, Government departments started shifting to Rawalpindi from Karachi as it was
made Provisional Capital and in February 1960 new capital named “Islamabad” was made by the
President’s Cabinet.
 The Constitution of 1962
 Public Office Disqualification Order (PODO)
 Elective Bodies Disqualification Order (EBDO)
 PODO was for the corrupt Govt. servants and EBDO for corrupt elected representatives. Ayub believed
that the corrupt politicians and Civil servants were mainly responsible for political, moral, social
degradation of the country.
 Land Reforms:
 No person can own or possess more than 500 acres irrigated & 1000 acres unirrigated land.
  The land in excess to the prescribed limit would be taken-up on the payment of “Fair”
compensation in the form of interest bearing bonds exchangeable in 25 years.
 The resumed land would be offered to the existing tenants for sale, in installments.
 Occupancy tenants would become full owners.
 The Land Reforms were accompanied by four major policies to improve productivity.
These policies were:
o Irrigation o Land Reclamation o
Mechanization o Scientific tested inputs  Economic
Reforms:
To eliminate disorder and to pave way for smooth industrial growth, Ayub adopted the policy of
“Gradual Liberalization of Economy”
 Prices of industrial goods stabilized
 Govt. removed the constraints on profit margin and prices.
 Investment procedure made simple, relaxed and restrictions imposed on both imports and
exports.
 The acquisition of import license was made easier.
 Govt. took measures to increase foreign exchange by encouraging exports.
 Bonus Voucher Scheme (10 January, 1959) introduced to accelerate foreign exchange by
pushing exports, in which certain raw materials and manufactured goods received import permits
equivalent to 10-40% of the value of export goods.
 Domestic market strengthened by the imposition of tariffs on imported goods.
 Agreement concluded with Muslim countries i.e. RCD (Regional
Cooperation FOR Development) established in 1964.  Social Reforms:
 Ayub issued “Family Law Ordinance 1961”
 Polygamy was prohibited except under special circumstances.
 Family laws prescribed minimum marriageable age limit for males and females.
 Maintenance allowance for divorced women & children.
 Registration of the marriages.
 Inheritance rights to grandson if father and grandfather died.
 Divorce laws were tightened; man must need the permission letter in written form from his first
wife for second marriage.
 A man wishing to divorce his wife will have to go to Union Council.
 Family Planning programme started with the financial assistance of U.S

Lecture-VIII
 1962 Constitution of Pakistan
 A Constitutional Commission was established in February 1960 under the chairmanship of
Justice Shahab Uddin, former Chief Justice.
 Commission presented its report in May 1961 after then two committees reviewed it. Under the
report of these committees the new Constitution was drafted.
 Ayub Khan announced the Constitution on March 1, 1962. Elections to the National Assembly
and Provincial Assemblies were held in April and May 1962 respectively.
 The new Constitution was enforced on June 8, 1962. Martial Law was withdrawn.
 The new Constitution was consisted of 250 articles, 5 schedules.
 Salient Features:
 i) Federal system ii) Presidential form of
Government iii) Uni-cameral legislature
iv) Indirect elections
v) Fundamental Rights vi) Islamic Provisions o Objective Resolution made
preamble of the constitution.
o Compulsory education of Quran & Islamic Studies. o Promoting National
Unity and acting upon Islam. o The management of Zakat, Mosques & Auqaf.
o Cordial relations with Muslim Countries.
o No law conflicting with Islam.
o Establishment of Islamic Advisory Council.

 Tashkent Declaration (important clauses): 10 January 1966

i) Both counties shall establish better relations as neighbor and would not use of force. All issues
resolved peacefully in accordance with the UN Charter.
ii) By the 25th of February 1966, both countries pulled back their troops, abide by cease-fire decided
by the United Nations last September 1965.
iii) Mutual ties shall be established on the principles of non-interference of each other’s internal
affairs.
iv) Both countries avoid propaganda that might spread tension and shall encourage the promotion of
mutual friendship.
v) Diplomatic ties shall be restored.
vi) Both countries discuss ways & means to restore mutual communication along with commercial,
economic & cultural ties.
vii) Make arrangements for exchange of prisoners of war.
viii) Both shall hold mutual dialogue on the question of illegal immigrants, assets and properties
seized.
ix) Joint institutions shall be established to report their Govt. regarding the future initiatives.

 Downfall of Ayub Khan:

x) Economic policies only affect West Pakistan with increasing growth rate.
xi) Emergence of class inequality in society. iii) Constitution of 1962 deprived Bengalis
participation in decision making process. iv) Economic developmental strategy gave birth to
economic elitism, 22 families. v) Educational reforms did not produce desired results. vi) Basic
provisions of Health & Sanitation neglected. vii) Controlled Democracy. viii) Censorship on
political parties and anti Ayub elements, (PODO and EBDO) ix) Tashkent Declaration
(weaknesses in Foreign Policy).
x) Ayyub’s family indulgence in plundering of national wealth.
xi) Demand for restoration of Parliamentary Form of Govt. and abolition of indirect method of
elections.
xii) Firing by the police in the funeral procession of Fatima Jinnah in July 1967. xiii) Rigging in the
Presidential elections.
Lecture-IX
Separation of East Pakistan
 The Language Controversy:
 Lingua Franca, Urdu in Arabic and Hindi in Devnagri  1888 Govt. inquiry, Muslim preferred.
 1935 Education Advisory Committee referred Urdu as Lingua Franca in Bengal.
 During 20th century, Bengali gained peak as source of literary expression.
 Bengali Minister called for Educational Conference.
 Education Advisory Board taught Bengali in Arabic.
 Interim Report of Basic Principles Committee: Urdu as National language.
Agha Khan, Urdu associated with Muslim League’s downfall.
Provincial Muslim League recommended Bengali but Constituent assembly called Communist
inspired.
 Representation in Services:
 1 Bengali among 83 Civil Service Officers.
 Central Govt. conspicuous postings.
 In Bengali Constituent assembly, no Bengali on key posts.
 Economic Grievances:
 East Pakistan produced 70% Jute but had no mills.
 Non-Bengalis monopolized the Jute trade.
 West Pakistan exploiters.
 Provincial Committee demanded abolition of Jute Board and Nationalization but Central Govt.
took no action.
 Dispute over Revenues b/w Centre and Provinces.
 Provincial leadership demanded full Provincial autonomy.
 The emergence of New Political Parties:
 East Pakistan Awami Muslim League.
 Ganatantri-Dal (GD Democratic Party)
 Youth League
 KarishikSramik Party (Peasant Worker Party)
 Nizam-i-Islam Party
 Khilafat-i-Rabbani Party (Divine Sovereignty)
 Suppression of Political Activities:

Mujib-ur-Rehman’s 6 Points
 It should be Federal Pakistan, on the basis of Lahore Resolution and Parliamentary Form of Govt.
 Federal Govt. should only deals with Defense and Economic affairs.
 Provinces should have Tax levying powers.
 Establishment of separate Militia of East Pakistan.
 Two regions as East & West Pakistan establish trade links with foreign countries with separate accounts.
 Different currency, a separate banking reserve and separate Fiscal and Minority policy for East Pakistan
or for Province.

Lecture-X
 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
 Simla Agreement or Accord:
 29 June—2 July, 1972
 Both countries shall respect each other’s borders, in line with the UN Charter. In other words, the
occupied territories shall be returned and the troops shall be pulled back to the pre-war positions.
 Both take gradual steps to normalize their mutual relations, which included restoration of
communication & transport, increase in the cultural, economic ties & diplomatic relations.
 Jammu & Occupied Kashmir’s cease fire line shall be respected.
 Both countries agreed to continue their talks about Kashmir and the return of the prisoners of
war.
 Constitution of 1973: (Key Features)
 14 August 1973
 Democratic Creation
 Parliamentary System
 Bi-cameral Legislature  Provincial Autonomy
 Fundamental Rights granted.  Direct Elections
 Independence of Judiciary
 Protection of Rights of Minorities.
 Socialist flavor
 The guarantee of preserving the Constitution.
 Solution of Qadiyani issue
 The Separate Electoral system  Urdu as State language  Islamic Provisions:
o Objective Resolution in preamble.
o Sovereignty of Allah o Islam as state religion o Laws making in the
light of Quran & Sunnah o End of Usury
o Red Cross changed Red Crescent o Alcohol, gambling, and night
clubs banned o Sunday holiday were replaced with Friday. o
Establishment of Ministry of Religious Affairs. o Copies of holy
Quran placed in all the rooms of first class hotels. o Enforcement of
Zakat &Ushar. o President and Prime Minister must be Muslim. o
Definition of Muslim & the acceptance of Khatm-e-Nabuvvat in the
oath.
o The correct printing of Holy Quran o The teaching of Arabic o The
formation of the Islamic Council  Economic Reforms:
 Nationalization, Govt. wanted to save people from adverse impact of galloping prices. Govt.
raised the wages and salaries which laid tremendous inflationary stress on the economy.
Nationalization programme could not arrest inflation and also missed the corporatist element.
 Land Reforms (1st March 1972):
 It was promised of fixing a low ceiling, abolition of absentees, landlordism and promotion of
cooperative farming.
 Landholdings limited to 150 acres irrigated and 300 acres un-irrigated in 1972.
 Landholdings later limited to 100 acres irrigated and 200 un-irrigated in 1977.
 Rights of pre-emption were granted to the tenants for the area cultivated by them, to ensure
security to the tenancy rights.
  In 1975, small landholders of 12 acre irrigated and 25 acres un-irrigated were exempted from
land revenue and cesses.
 Generous tax deductions allowed for the purchase of agricultural machinery, agriculture credit
also channeled into financing mechanization.
 Social or Educational Reforms:
 1st Phase of Educational policy announced in Oct, 1972.
 Education made compulsory up to class 8th.
 In 2nd Phase Education made compulsory and free up to class 10th.
 Labor Reforms:
 Labor Law Ordinance 1975, to satisfy the militant labor force.
 The industrialists & factory owners were made responsible for bearing the expenditure of
education of one child of every worker or labourer.

Lecture-XI

Zia-ul-Haq 1977-1988

 Political Philosophy:
Zia adopted 3 fold policies to obtain legitimacy for his regime.
 He used Islam as possible as legitimization strategy for the consolidation of his autocratic rule.
 He introduced constitutional reforms that would provide legal basis to his power, 58-2B
 He tried to oppress all sort of opposition political parties.
 The imposition of Martial Law:
 Preparation of Elections and the New Cabinet:
 The Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan:
 Search for New Political System:
 The New Federal Cabinet:
 The Provisional Constitution:
 Majlis-e-Shoora
 The Formation of MRD:
 The performance of the Shoora& New Election Schedule:
 Local Bodies Elections:
 Ban on Student Unions:
 Amendments in the Constitution:
 The formation of Junejo’s Govt.
 The revival of Party System:
 The Lifting of Martial Law:
 Junejo’s 5 Points:
 Zia’s measures for the enforcement of Islam:
 Reforms in Information Media
 Ban on indecent ads
 Contact with Ulema & Mashaikh
 Eradication of Lawlessness & Immorality (Chadar&Chardiwari)  Prayer in Congregation
  Respect of Ramzan
 Re-orientation of Educational Policies
 International Islamic University
 Hudood Ordinance
 Sharia Courts
 Appointment of Federal Ombudsman
 Progress towards Islamic Economic System
 National Language & National Dress

Lecture-XI
Experience with Democracy since 1988- 1999

 Democracy was restored but no civilian government could complete its tenure of five years and
became the victim of 58-2B of 8th Amendment by virtue of that President can dissolve NA and
dismiss the elected government.
 Benazir Bhutto 1st Government (November 1988-August 1990)
 Nawaz Shariff 1st Government (October 1990-July 1993)
 Benazir Bhutto 2nd Government (October 1993-November 1996)  Nawaz Sharif 2nd
Government (February 1997-October 1999)

Interim Prime-Ministers Appointed for holding Fair Elections

 Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi (August-October 1990)
 Bulkh Sher Mazari (April-May 1993)
 Dr. Moeen Qureshi (July-October1993)
 Malik Miraj Khalid (November 1996 to February 1997)

Civilian governments adopted policies for the welfare and betterment of people but their effects were
compromised due to several reasons:
• Problem of keeping coalition intact
• Weak political parties, which weakened the governments
• Greater confrontation
• Complains of corruption and misuse of state resources

Lecture-XII

Musharraf Era: Martial Law, Major Reforms & Events

 In 1999 again, Military Rule was imposed against the civilian government’s attempt to concentrate
power in the office of Prime Minister.
 Nawaz Sharif government introduced political and constitutional changes to have a complete control on
all branches of the government.
  Nawaz government’s attempt to remove the Army Chief, while he was out of the country and returning
from his visit to Sri Lanka, proved counter-productive.
 General Musharraf took over as, the Chief Executive of the Country and suspended the constitution of
1973.
 Martial Law was not declared.
 No Military Courts were established.
 Political and Press freedom remained intact.

Political Priorities
• Rebuild national confidence and morale
• Strengthening federation
• Remove inter-provincial disharmony
• Restore national cohesion
• Revival of the economy and restoration of investor’s confidence  Improving law and order situation
and dispensation of Justice
• De-politicize the state institutions and devolution of power
• Swift and across the board accountability
General Musharraf designed the Following Policies to Achieve above mentioned Goals
• Accountability and return of looted wealth of the state
• Revival of the economy through increasing Foreign exchange reserves and reducing international debt
burden through rescheduling
• Poverty reduction and social uplift
• New Local Bodies System and delegation of powers to the District Government Process of Return
to Democracy
 Referendum for President, April 2002
 Introduced Legal Framework Order, (LFO)
 Held General Elections of National and Provincial Assemblies on 10th October, 2002
 Revival of the Constitution with 17th Amendment
 Civilian governments formed in the provinces and the Centre
Civilian Rule Established
 In the new setup Musharraf is President in the Uniform
 Mr. Zafrullah Khan Jamali was the head of a coalition government.
 In three provinces there are governments of Muslim League (Q).

Lecture-XIII
Foreign Policy of Pakistan
 There is no exact definition of the term “Security.” It has defined variously “enquiry based on
observation, relevant variables and actions that determine the causes.”
  In sociobiology “state is the center of body and some individual organisms constitute groups but
the primary objective is self-preservation.”
 State created integrity in and on the frontiers of the state as a unit. This effort and concept of
survival of the state constitute the policy of National Security.
 State used highest velocity to external threat because state’s image of security does not fade
although whatever it’s internal problems.
 Definition:
 Buzan, “National security properly refers to the relation of the state to its environment”
 Professor Northedge, “the foreign policy of any country is a product of environmental factors
both internal & external.”
 Professor Joseph, “the environment of foreign policy decisions are limitless, it embraces the
whole universe.”
 Professor Frankel, “the foreign policy of Govt. seeks two inter-related objectives, enhanced
National Security & greater Economic Development.”
 Newly Govt. have five immediate foreign policy options,
i) Self-reliance, ii) Bilateral defense treatise with major
powers, iii) Military alliances, iv) reliance on UN
v) Regional collective security arrangements.

 Factors affecting Foreign Policy of Pakistan:

There are number of problems which affected the foreign policy of Pakistan.
 Sovereign Independent State.
 In short span of life it apart into two pieces.
 Operational aspect of India always affects foreign policy of Pakistan.
 Determinants of Foreign Policy of Pakistan:  Geo-Political Factor:
o Pakistan‟s relations with Asian countries based on amity and enmity. o ZAB said,
Pakistan is nutcracker b/w India and Afghanistan. o Pakistan border with India, Kashmir
dispute, Sir-creek issue in Rann of Kutch, Siachin glacier. o Akhand Bharat or United
India o Afghanistan’s demand for Baluchistan & KP o Pakistan b/w India, China, Russia
(three big powers) o Lord Acton, “powers tend to expand & transcend in all ways abroad
& at home, until the superior power interrupt it.”  Islamic Ideology:
o Islamic ideology political, cultural identity deep rooted as early Islamic state led by Holy
Prophet (SAWW)
o Islam doesn’t allow merging its identity or individuality.
o Two Nation theory by Quaid & Iqbal o Ideology could be implemented through
democratic lines. o Ideology keep nation united & absence give way to Provincialism &
centrifugal tendencies.
o Ambedkar, “failure of Hindu Muslim unity not lies on the material causes actually it is
spiritual in its character.”
o Nehru, “Muslim nation nothing at all except an emotional state of mind”
 o BJP & Shiv Sena destroyed Babri Mosque o Islamic Bomb o Pakistan‟s birth produced
two advantages:
i) Opportunities for progress
ii) Given courage to Muslim countries as Muslim Ummah 
Technology or Defense Capability:
o India superseded Pakistan in military hardware.
o 1974 nuclear explosion by India.
o India and American strategic partnership o 1948, 1965, 1971, 1998 (Kargil) war
experiences  Economic & Financial Factor:
o Early disputes with India, cash balance, defense stores, Kashmir, canal water issue. o
Agriculture product took to the Indian industrial centers; banks were also in Indian
regions.
o Cotton 394 mills, 380 in India and only 14 in Pakistan.
o Agriculture source of employment o 95% East Pakistan and 85% West Pakistan rural
based. o During partition Pakistan didn‟t have human resource to deal with
administrative and material resources. o Economic expert unanimously agreed that
country could not constitute with Economic strength.
 Historical Factor:
o Experience of partition was bloody and brutal.
o 1948, 1965, 1971, 1998 Wars o Always presented highly emotional, traumatic in
standard school books. o Indian thinkers, Pakistan reabsorbed into India very soon. o
Indian expansionism in Juna-garh, Hyderabad, Kashmir o Zia-ul-Haq, “we will not allow
India to intimidate us”  The Size Factor:
o Power depends on many factors; one is size of country which includes territory and
population.
o State’s size itself takes advantage to extend its power. o Bigness was a strong sense of
ancient glory for India. o Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim ensured Indian dominance. o Pakistan
perception about India determine on the occasion of 14 August, 6 September, debacle of
East Pakistan.
o Realpolitik attempts to impose its will.
 Provincial-Ethnic Factor:
o Each Province distinct ethnic population, language, culture.
o Strategic interest of super powers, USA, Russia, China o Pakistan access to Indian Ocean
through Arabian Sea.
o Sir Olaf, “sub-continent center of free world if the center collapses the wings are
isolated”
o Henry Kissinger, “Southern rim of Asia including Pakistan, Afghanistan,
Iran pivot of the world security” o Two fold impacts, major powers needs this area and
through major powers Pakistan defend itself.
o SEATO 1954, CENTO 1955, Pakistan joined which were multilateral alliances in order
to contain Communism.
o China’s long term interests and moderation towards Pakistan.
o Geographically separation of East Pakistan reduced economic, agricultural and industrial
base, which was blow to National consciousness and identity of the nation.