JE MONDEJAR COMPUTER COLLEGE

BRGY. 71 NAGA-NAGA
TACLOBAN, CITY
2nd SEMESTER
A. Y 2022-2023

MODULE 3
ART HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT.
MANNERISM, BAROQUE,
ROMANTICISM, MODERN AND
CONTEMPORARY ARTS

FREDERICK NORADA LIPON

Instructor
 MODULE 3

INTRODUCTION: This Module deals with the history and development arts. It depicts to the students how the ancient
people attached their beliefs and way of life to arts. Likewise, it aims to improve students’ appreciation and aesthetic skill
in analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating various works of arts. Similarly, this module intends to familiarize the students
on the historical background of arts and the development of various art movements with the prevalent artists.
LEARNING OUTCOMES: By the end of this module, the students will be able to do the following:
 Understand and identify the underlying history, philosophy, psychology, and cultural impact of the different
art movements;
 Understand the various art movements by classifying their distinct characteristics such as subject of art, style,
elements, medium, design, historical background, influential persons, socio-political issues, and prevalent
artists;
 Create a timeline about the history of art and the art movements; and
 Cite the significant characteristics of artworks based on the history or art movements.

TOPIC OUTLINE:
Part 2. Art History and Development.
1. Mannerism, Baroque, and Romanticism Art
2. Modern and Contemporary Art

ArtsHistoryandDevelopment: Mannerism, Baroque,

Discussion
Romanticism,ModernandContemporaryArt

Time Frame, Prominent Artist, Style and Movement

Time Frame Prominent Artist Style Movement
Mannerism 16 century
th Andrea del Sarto, Characterized by unusual Mannerism Period
Italian art Jacopo da Pontormo, effects of scale, lighting, and
and Michelangelo perspective, and the use of
Buonarotti bright, often lurid colors.
Baroque 17 and 18
th th Gian Lorenzo Benini, Characterized by highly ornate Baroque Period
century art Michelangelo di detail and extravagant in style.
Caravaggio, and Peter Chiaroscuro and Tenebrism
Paul Rubens became known in this period.
Romanticism 18th century art Eugene Delacroix, and Characterized the Romanticism Period
Francisco de Goya Enlightenment, which
emphasized inspiration,
subjectivity, and the primacy of
the individual. Often contrasted
with Classicism.
Modern Arts 1870 to 1960 Edourd Manet, Paul Characterized by various styles Impressionism, Post-
Cezanne, Pablo and techniques in presenting Impressionism,
Picasso, George the subject of the artworks. Fauvism, Pointillism,
Seurat, Vincent Van From Impressionism to the Expressionism,
Gogh, Joan Miro and existence of Surrealism to the Cubism, Futurism,
others post contemporary arts Surrealism and others
Contemporary 1960 onwards/ Andy Warhol, Jasper Characterized by various styles Pop Art, Word Art,
Arts up to the Johns, Joseph Beuys and techniques which are Conceptual Art,
present time and others adaptedfrom the modern arts Performance Art and
or may be an exaggeration of others
it.
 Mannerism Arts
Madonna of the Harpies
(1517) by Andrea del
 Mannerism Arts refers to the period Sarto, was one of his
ofEuropean arts thatemerged from major contribution to High
the later years of the Italian High Renaissance arts. Andrea
del Sarto was born in
Renaissance around 1520 and lasted Andrea d’Agnolo on July
until about 1580 specifically in Italy. 16, 1486. He was an
This 16th century period of arts were Italian painter from
characterized by unusual effects of Florence whose career
scale,lighting,perspective, and the flourished during the High
Renaissance and Early
use of bright, often lurid colors. Mannerism. Similarly, his
Andrea del Sarto, Jacopo da works in Florence were the
Pontormo, and Rosso Fiorentino were fresco cycles in the church
acknowledge as the Early Florencian of Santa Annunziata and
Mannerists and Michelangelo the series of grisalles in
the cloister of the Scalzi
Buonarotti was one of the great (1511-26). As a Florence
creative exponents of Mannerism. mannerist, he was
considered as senza errori
(without errors). Photo
retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wik
i/Madonna_of_the_Harpies

Visitation of the Virgin and Saint Elizabeth (1514-16) by Jacopo da

Pontormo. This early work (left photo) of Pontomo depicts the influence
of the Renaissance artist like his master, Andrea del Sarto which
underscoresthesolidityofthefigures,thesimplicityoftheirgestures,
and the variety of poses. However, the unusual effects of scale, lighting,
perspective, and the use of bright, often lurid colors are observed in his
painting which are distinct identity of the mannerist painters. Jacopo da
Pontormo was born on May 24, 1494 in Pontorme, Republic of Florence.
Photo retrieved from https://www.theartstory.org/artist/pontormo-jacopo-
da/artworks/

Pieta by Rosso Fiorentino. Rosso’s Pieta is

more detail as compare to La Pieta
(sculpture) of Michelangelo. In this Pieta,
Jesus Christ as the emphasis was presented
nakedandrestedonthecushion.Mary,the
mother of Jesus, expressed a feelings of
melancholy and fainting fit. Giovanni Battista
diJacopoknown as Rosso Fiorentino was
onMarch8, 1495 in Florence,Italy. Hewas
one of the early mannerist painter in
Florence and one of the founders of
Fontainebleau school. His training started
with Andrea del Sarto with his contemporary,
Jacopo da Pontormo. Photo retrieved from
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietà_(Rosso_Fio
rentino).
 BaroqueArts
Ecstasy of St. Therese (1647-52) and
The Rape of Proserpina (1621-22) by
Gian Lorenzo Bernini. The sculpture
from theleft depictsthe feeling of Saint
Teresa of Avila when she encounters
the angel. However, the sculpture in the
right depicts the story of Plato and
Proserpina (Roman names of Hades
and Persephone), or the abduction of
Proserpina. These two sculpture are
amongthe works of Berniniwho made
themfrom Carraramarble.Photosare
retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_
of_Proserpina and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecstasy_of_
Saint_Teresa

 Baroque Arts refers to

the period of European
artsofthe 17th and 18th
centuries that follows
mannerism and it is
distinct with ornate
detail. Gian Lorenzo
Bernini and Versailles
are the leading figure
and renowned
architects in the
emergence of Roman
Baroque architecture.
Michelangelo
Caravaggio and Sir
Peter Paul Rubens are
considered important
baroque artists.

The Judgment of Paris (c.1636) and The Judgment of Paris (1638-39) by Peter Paul Rubens. The paintings above are
twodifferentversionof Ruben’sTheJudgmentof Paris whichdepictthe story ofParis, thesonof KingPriam whohas
been tested by the three goddess, Athena, Aphrodite, and Hera. In both paintings, the goddess are presented nude or
erotic. Photos retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Judgement_of_Paris_(Rubens)

The Calling of Saint Mathew

(1599-1600) and Judith
Beheading
Holofernes(1638-39) by
Michelangelo Caravaggio.
These paintings are among of
the Caravaggio’s works which
depict a certain story in the
Bible. The painting from the
left describe how Mathew is
called by Jesus and from the
right, showing how Judith
beheaded Holofernes of Syria
to liberate her people who lost
their faith to God. Photos
retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C
aravaggio.
 Romanticism Arts
Titanian and Bottom (c.1790)
and The Shepherd’s Dream
(1793) by Henry Fuseli. He  Romanticism Arts was an art
was one of the prominent movement originated in the late 18th
figures of the Romantic century that emphasized inspiration,
movement who was born on
February 7, 1741 in Zurich,
subjectivity, and the primacy of
Switzerland. Most of his works individual. It was a reaction against
connoted fantasy and dreams the order and restraint of classicism
with erotic subjects and some and neoclassicism, and a rejection of
ofhisworkswerebasedonthe the rationalism. Romanticism
novel of William Shakespeare
andJohn Milton. Thepainting
incorporates the struggles for freedom
above was based on the work and equality and the promotion of
of Shakespeare’s Midsummer justice as spurred by the idealism of
Night’s Dream which he French Revolution. Likewise, it
presentedQueenTitanianin embraced individuality and
an erotic character and the
painting below showed a
subjectivity to counteract the
scene fromMilton’sepic poem, excessive insistence on logical
Paradise Lost, Paradise thought. Henry Fuseli, Francisco
Regain which he emphasized Goya, Caspar David Friedrich, JMW
the shepherd’s dream and a Turner, John Constable, Theodore
mystical scenes. Photos
retrieved from
Gericault, and Eugene Delacroix were
https://www.theartstory.org/arti among the greatest Romantic
st/fuseli-henry/artworks/ painters.
Charles IV of Spain and His Family (1800)
and The Third of May (1814) by Francisco
Goya. The painting on the left was one of
Goya’s paintings which depicted the
debonair and elegant of the Royal family in
Spain. However, the painting on the right,
showed the scene how Napoleon Bonaparte
brought end on the reigning of Charles IV
which happened on May 3, 1808. Goya’s
works were mostly characterized by
scenarios from Spain. His style as Spanish
Romanticpainter andprintmaker reflected
his career as a court painter. Photos
retrieved from
https://www.theartstory.org/artist/goya-
francisco/artworks/

Liberty Leading the People (1830) by Eugene Delacroix. This painting depicted the scenario on July Revolution of 1830
after the French Revolution in 1789. It is contemporary in concept because it depicts women empowerment and expressing
the significant roles of women in the society particularly in Europe. Liberty as the emphasis in the painting led the people to
revolt against the monarchial rule in Europe. Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix was born on April 26, 1798 at Charenton,
France. He is regarded as the leader of the French Romantic school. As the proponent of French Romanticism, he is
knownfor hisuseof vividcolor,freedrawing, and sometimesviolentsubject matterliketheMassacreat Chios(1824).
Photo retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Liberty-Leading-the-People
 Modern and ContemporaryArts

 TheAvant-Garde(aväntˈɡärd)originatedfromtheFrenchword,advanceguardorvanguardanditwasoriginally
used by French military to refer to a small reconnoitre group which later associated to left-wing by the French
radicals. At the end of the 19th century, the term is used to connote to the idea that art is an instrument for social
change and this aligns the term to cultural and aesthetic issues. Presently, the term, avant-garde refers to new and
unusual or experimental ideas especially in arts.

 Currently, Avant-garde refers generally to the Contemporary Arts

groups of intellectuals, writers, artists, Movement/ Style Year Started
architects who express ideas and Pop Art 1960 onwards
experiments with artistic approaches that
challengecurrentculturalvaluesornorms. Word Art 1960 onwards
These ideas are tantamount with the Conceptualism 1960 onwards
conceptsofthe modern andcontemporary Performance Art Early 1960onwards
arts (see the timeline).
Fluxus Art 1960
Installation Art 1960 onwards
Video Installation Art 1960 onwards
Modern Arts
Minimalism 1960 onwards
Movement/ Style Year Started
Photo-Realist Art 1960-1970
Impressionism 1870 to1900
Earthworks 1960-1970
Post-Impressionism 1880 to1920
Contemporary Photography 1960 onwards
Symbolism 1880 to1910
Arte Povera 1966-1971
Fauvism 1905 to1908
Supports-Surfaces 1966-1972
Expressionism 1905 to1925
Feminist Art 1970s
Cubism 1908 to1920
Post-Minimalism 1971 onwards
Futurism 1909 to1918
Neo-Pop Late1980s
Abstract Arts 1910 -
Chinese Cynical Realism 1990s
Dada Arts 1916 to1923
Stuckism 1999 onwards
Precisionism 1915 to1945
New Leipzig School 2000 onwards
Surrealism 1920 -
Projection Art 21st Century
Art Deco 1920 to1935
Computer Art 21st Century
Pop Arts 1956 to 1960

These images were retrieved from www.google.com.

 Modern Arts
Impressionism – a style or movement in painting
originating in France in the 1860s, characterized by a
concern with depicting the visual impression of the
moment, especially in term of the shifting effect of light
and color
– Impressionism (Impressionist painters) – repudiated
both the precise academic style and the emotional
concerns of Romanticism, and their interest in
TheSpanish Singer
objective representation, especially of landscape
(1860) by Edouard
Manet. This painting of – Pivotal figure: Edourd Manet (from realism to
Manet is one of his impressionism)
earliest works which – Chief exponents: Claude Monet; Pierre-Auguste
gained approval of the Renoir; Camille Pissarro; Paul Cezanne; Edgar
juriesintheSalon and Degas, and Alfred Sisley
brought better Pointillism – a technique of neo-impressionist painting
recognition to the artist
using tiny dots of various pure colors, which become
and earned him an
honorable mention. blended in the viewer’seye
However, during his – Pointillism – was developed by George Seurat with
time, his works were not the aim of producing a greater degree of luminosity
appreciated because of and brilliance of color
his strange and less Expressionism – a style of painting, music, or drama
precise appearance. in which the artist or writer seeks to express emotional
Most of his works were
experience rather impressions of the external world
exhibited in Salon des
Refuses. Retrieved from – Expressionism – characteristically rejects traditional
https://www.manet.org/t ideas of beauty or harmony, use of distortion,
he-spanish-singer.jsp exaggeration, and other non-naturalistic devices in
order to emphasize and express the inner world of
emotion
– Expressionism – emphasized and insisted on the
primacy of the artist’s feelings and mood, which often
incorporating violence and grotesque (shocking)
– El Greco and Grunewald’s paintings exemplify the
earliest expressionism
– It was first used in the late 19th to 20th century in
Europe and specifically in Germany (German
movement led by Van Gogh, Eduard Munch, and
James Ensor)
Fauvism – from French fauvisme (fauve) refers to a
wild beast
– Fauvism– as a termorname was originated from the
remark of the French art critic, Louis Vauxcelles at the
Salon of 1905
– Fauvism – a style of painting with vivid expressionistic
and non-naturalistic use of color that flourished in
Paris from 1905
– Henri Emile Benoit Matisse was known as the leading
proponent of fauvism

Olympia (1865) by Edouard Manet. Olympia is one the most controversial works of Manet which depicts a nude
woman serving by her servant which seem unacceptable or not decent in the perception of the critics. The woman in
painting is Manet’s wife, Victorine Meurent. Manet’s works are mostly exhibited in the Salon de Refuses. Retrieved
from https://www.manet.org/the-spanish-singer.jsp

“Everything is mere appearance, the pleasure of a passing hour, a midsummer night’s dream. Only painting, the reflection of
a reflection, but the reflection, too, of eternity can record some of the glitter of this mirage” (Edouard Manet)
 “Art is a lie that makes us realize the truth” (Pablo Picasso)
Modern Arts
Cubism – an early 20th century style and movement
in the field of visual arts, especially in painting.
– Cubism emphasizes the use of simple geometric
shapes, interlocking planes, and later, collage.
– Cubism is a reaction against the traditional modes
of representation and impressionist concerns with
light and color
– Cubism was inspired by the later work of Paul
Cezanne and by the African sculpture
– Cubism was first named by the French critic, Loius
Vaucelles (1908)
– Cubism was popularized by Pablo Picasso and
George Braque (synthetic cubism and illusory)

Futurism – an artistic movement begun in Italy in

1909 that violently rejected traditional forms which
emphasized and incorporated into art like energy
and the dynamism of modern technology
– Futurism (1909) - launched by Filippo Marinetti LesDemoisellesd’Avignon (1907) by PabloPicasso. This
painting is considered as the most and classic renowned
(Italian poet and playwright who exalted
example of cubism art which likewise depicts Picasso’s style in
technology; glorified war; and demanded presenting the subject. As observed, Picasso painting is a fusion
revolution in the arts). of distortion and and African art. Retrieved from
– Ended in in 1918 but became widely influential, https://www.pablopicasso.org
particularly in Russia on figures like Kazimir
Severinovich Malevich and Vladimir Vladimirovich
Mayakovsky

Dadaism – an early 20th century international

movement in art, literature, music, and film,
repudiating and mocking artistic and social
conventions and emphasizing the illogical and
absurd and favored montage, collage, and the
ready-made
– Dadaism – from French Dada, literally means
hobbyhorse (rocking horse) and was launched in
Zurich in 1916 by Tristan Tzara (French poet and
one of the founders of the Dada movement) and
otherswhich soon merged with similargroup in
New York
– Leading figures: Jean Arp; Andre Breton; Max
Ernst; Man Ray; and Marcel Duchamp

Surrealism – a 20th century avant-garde movement

in art and literature that sought to release the
creative potential of the unconscious mind (like the
irrational juxtaposition of images)
– Surrealism grows out of symbolism and dadaism,
and was strongly influenced by Sigmund Freud
– Itwaslaunchedin1924byamanifestoofAndre The Portuguese (1911) by George Braque. Alongside with Pablo
Breton and having a strong political content Picasso, George Braque is considered as one of the pioneering artist in
– Notable exponents: Andre Masson, Jean Arp; termsofcubism.Hisstyle isacombinationofabstractionanddistortion
thatcreatehisown style incubism. Thispaintingisoneof hisworks
Joan Miro; Max Ernst; Man Ray; Rene Magritte; that marks interesting point in the development of his style. Retrieved
Salvador Dali; and Luis Bunuel from http://www.georgesbraque.org/the-portuguese.jsp

LoopyDoopy(1999) bySolLeWitt.Thispaintingis
one of the many abstract line paintings of Sol LeWitt.
As an iconic artist, he is renowned for establishing the
Minimalism and Conceptual Art. Retrieved from
http://www.artnet.com/artists/sol-lewitt/
Subway (1956) by Alla Kaprow. Retrieved from
https://www.wikiart.org/en/allan-kaprow
Contemporary Arts
Pop Art is both modernist and contemporary art which
is based on modern popular culture and mass media,
especially as a critic or ironic comment on traditional fine
arts values
 It started out by depicting a more up-to-date reality,
using images of film-stars and other celebrities, as
well as mass-made consumer goods. But this was
rapidly eclipsed by an increasing post-modern focus
on impact and style
 Andy Warhol (Andrew Warhola) – painter,graphic
artist, and filmmaker. A major exponent of pop art,
he achieved fame for a series of silkscreen prints and
acrylic paintings of familiar objects (such as
Campbell's soup cans) and famous people (such as
Marilyn Monroe), that are treated with objectivity and
precision
Word Art isbrand new form of painting or sculpture
which used text-based imagery.
 It associated with artist like: Robert Indiana; Jasper
Johns; On Kawara; Barbara Kruger; and Christopher
Wool
 Jasper Johns – a US painter, sculptor, and
printmaker. A key figure in the development of pop
artwho depicted commonplace and universally
recognized images. (Flags; Number series; and
Target).
Conceptual art is postmodernist art movement founded
on the principle that art is a concept rather than a
material object (Dada arts/ Marcel Duchamp)
 Art in which the idea presented by the artist is
considered more important than the finished product
(essential component)
 Importantexponents:SolLeWitt;JosephBeuys;
Felix Gonzales-Torres; Eva Hesse; Jenny Holzer;
Joseph Kosuth; Barbara Kruger; Jean Tinguely; and
Lawrence Weiner
 Joseph Beuys – German artist, one of the most
influential figures of the avant-garde movement in
Europe in the 1970’s and 1980’s. his works consisted
of assemblages of various articles of rubbish
Performance art emerges from America and Europe,
an experimental art form inspired by conceptual art as
well as dada, futurism, the Bauhaus, and Black
Mountain College (America)
 It is an art form that combines visual art with dramatic
performance. It includes events and happenings by
visual artist, poets, musicians, film makers, video
artist, and others
 This art is associated with the genre of: Alla Kaprow
(pioneer); Yves Klein; Joseph Beuys and Nam June
Paik
 WORD HUNTS: Mannerism, Baroque, Romanticism and Modern Arts
Name: Course/ Section:
Hub Location: Date Submitted:

Worksheet 5 Directions. Identify the artist and their artworks on the sea of letters. Use the HINTS
below as guide in determining the artists and the artworks. Shade your answers on the
sea of letter using highlighter and write your answer on space before the number.

Sea of Letters
P O A N D R E A D E L S A R T O P L E E G E
O P P O S S I N G U N I T Y T I R E F I L L E D
I N F I N I T Y E G O I S T I C S A T E O G
N O I S E C L A U D E M O N E T A R Y L U G R A
T P A U L C E Z A N N E C A M I L L E R G R
I N T E R E S T T E N N U R E A N D E G R E E
L P I E R R E A U G U S T E R E N O I R C D
L O N G E R T H A N D I N O S A U R A I D N O S E
I T G I A N L O R E N Z O B E R N I N I E G
S Y N E R G Y A P P L I C A T I O N G U A G U A
M E M O R A B L E P A B L O P I C A S S O U R S
M C D O N A L D E C H O L A L I A A N T E A
C U B E T L I B E R T Y N E W Y O R K C T T
Y B A L I B A K W A O B A K L A B A K L A M O R E
C I J A C O P O T I N T O R E T T O R I A C A N
L S E A S O N O F X M A S T I M E R I N H C E
E M A N N E R I S M A N N A R U B Y S I I A B
F I G U R E O F S P E E C H E S B A L L A D R
F R A N C I S C O D E G O Y A I A S T A R E I
E N T E R T A I N M E N T E N O R E S T R O O M S
C A T E D O U A R D M A N E T E R O R I S S I M
T A L I L U M A S A R A P A T M A S U S T A C A N
I M P R E S S I O N I S M A R N E L L I P U S H
V I N C E N T V A N G O G H O U R S F O R H T
M I C H E L A N G E L O C A R A V A G G I O E R

HINTS
1. This period of art is characterized by the application of tiny dots of various pure color
2. This period of art emphasizes the use of simple geometric shape and collage
3. This means style or manner from Italian word, maniera
4. An Italian painter from Florence, who is known as artist without errors
5. Leader of the French Romantic School, who profoundly shapes the work of the Impressionists.
6. A Spanish romantic painter and printmaker who is notable as a court painter to the Spanish Crown
7. French post-impressionist and considered as the bridge between the late 19th century impressionism
and the early 20th century’s new line of artistic enquiry.
8. A leading figure in the emergence of Roman Baroque architecture
9. Known for his dramatic use of lighting and influential in the Baroque school of painting
10. A French impressionist and known for his ballerina as the subject of his artwork.
11. A Spanish painter and known for his emphasis in using simple geometric shapes and collage.
12. Known for muscular figures, dramatic gestures and bold use of perspective in the Mannerist style.
13. Regarded as a precursor of both Expressionism and Cubism
14. Name of the leading character in Delacroix’s painting depicting the July Revolution of 1830
15. A French Neo-impressionistpainter, known for using tiny dots of various pure colors.
16. A French impressionist painter, known for his feminine paintings.
17. This Baroque style was popularized by Michelangelo da Caravaggio
18. A French modernist painter and known pivotal figure in the transition from realism to impressionism.
19. This movement repudiated both the precise academic style and the emotional concerns of Romanticism.
20. He is known as the founder of the French impressionist painting, known for his landscape painting.
 KWL Method: My Impression to Contemporary Art
Name: Course/ Section:
Hub Location: Date Submitted:

Worksheet 6 Directions. Using the KWL method, discuss your impression about the contemporary
arts. Limit your discussion at least in 100 words. See the rubric for your guidance.

Contemporary Arts

What I think I KNOW? What I WANT to know? What I LEARNED?

Write your discussion here. Write your discussion here. Write your discussion here.
 RUBRIC FOR THE KWL METHOD
Score Criteria
26-30 The paragraph is well organized and all claims are supported. Content is thorough and lacking in no area.
There are no or few errors in tone, format, mechanics, grammar, and content.
20-25 The majority of the paragraph is clear, focused, and well detailed, but there may be a few areas requiring
further development. While it may contain a few errors with tone, mechanics, grammar, and/or content, these
errors are not enough to detract from the overall point being made.
14-19 The paragraph is clear although lacking in both control and command. Organization may be a slight problem
can be fixed. There may be multiple errors in tone, mechanics, grammar, and/or content, but these errors do
not detract from the overallpoint.
8-13 The paragraph is generally unorganized and unfocused. There are frequent errors in tone, mechanics,
grammar, and/or content, but these errors do not detract from the overall point.
0-7 The paragraph is totally vague.

REFERENCES:
Textbook
Tabotabo, Claudio V. (2010). Art Appreciation: Introduction to the Humanities (Revised Edition). Manila. Mindshapers
Co., Inc.
Marcos, Lucivilla L. (2006). Introduction to the Humanities Visual and Performing Arts. Manila. Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Zulueta, Francisco (2003). The Humanities (Revised Edition). Mandaluyong City. National Book Store inc.
Sanchez, Custodiosa A., Abad, Paz F., & Jao, Loreto V. (2002). Introduction to the Humanities (Revised Edition). Q.C.
Rex Printing Company Inc.

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