EMF LAB Manual Abdul Moez 70074345

Revision Date: February 2020
Laboratory Workbook
DC and AC Machines
(EE-2206)
The Department of Electrical Engineering

The University of Lahore
Revised & updated by: M. Umer Arshad

Revision History
Revised
Experiment No. Revision Summary Revised By
Date
➢
Experiment No. 1 – 16 Modified format as per OBE M. Umer February,
requirements Arshad 2020
➢
Experiment No. 1 – 16 Modified questions & format as M. Sohaib March,
per OBE requirements Shahid 2019
➢
Modified experiment structure as
M. Sohaib September,
Experiment No. 1 – 16 per OBE requirements
Shahid 2018
➢
Experiment arrangement updated
➢
Experiment No.5 Figures Updated
M. Umer March,
➢
Experiment No.6 Circuit Diagram Updated
Arshad 2018
Experiment No.7
Experiment No.6 ➢
Figures Updated
Experiment No.7
➢
Circuit Diagram Updated
Experiment No.10 M. Umer
➢
Questions Updated May, 2017
Experiment No.11 Arshad
➢
Experiments’ arrangement
Experiment No.13
Updated
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
It is certified that the lab manual titled “AC and DC Machines”, in scope and in
quality, covers the objectives and topics defined in the course outline.
Remarks by Mentor:
Dr. TanveerYazdan
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Remarks by HOD:
Col. Salamat-Ullah
Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr. Taxono
EXPERIMENT TITLE Page# CLO PLO
No my
To Calculate the Power consumed in an Inductive Load by using One CLO PLO C4, P4,
1 1
Voltmeter and Ammeter method 4,5,6 4,5,6 A5
PLO
2 To Study the Essential Parts of a DC Machine and their Function 7 CLO 4 C4
4
CLO PLO C4, P4,

3 To Control the Speed of Shunt DC Motor 11
4,5,6 4,5,6 A5
CLO PLO C4, P4,

4 To Control the Speed of Series DC Motor 18
4,5,6 4,5,6 A5
Determine the Magnetic Characteristics of a Separately-

CLO PLO C4, P4,
5 Excited DC Generator 24
4,5,6 4,5,6 A5
To Study the Load Characteristics of a Separately-Excited D.C.

CLO PLO C4, P4,
6 Generator 30
4,5,6 4,5,6 A5
CLO PLO C4, P4,

7 To Study the Load Characteristics of a DC Series Generator 36
4,5,6 4,5,6 A5
CLO PLO C4, P4,

8 To find the Voltage Regulation of a Single-Phase Transformer 42
4,5,6 4,5,6 A5
To make Three Phase connections using Three Single-Phase CLO PLO C4, P4,
9 48
Transformers 4,5,6 4,5,6 A5
Open Circuit Test to determine the values of Excitation Branch of a CLO PLO C4, P4,
10 55
Transformer 4,5,6 4,5,6 A5
Short Circuit Test to determine the values of Series Branch of a CLO PLO C4, P4,
11 61
Transformer 4,5,6 4,5,6 A5
Determination of the Open-Circuit Magnetization Characteristics of
CLO PLO C4, P4,
12 an 67
4,5,6 4,5,6 A5
Alternator
CLO PLO C4, P4,
13 Determination of the Short-Circuit Characteristics of an Alternator 73
4,5,6 4,5,6 A5
The Rotating Magnetic Field CLO PLO

14 78 C4, P4
4,5 4,5
CLO PLO
15 Open-Ended Lab # 1: Simulation of AC Power in AC Circuits 82 C4, P4
4,5 4,5
CLO PLO
16 Open-Ended Lab # 2: Simulation of DC Shunt Motor 86 C4, P4
4,5 4,5
Lab-01: To Calculate the Power consumed in an Inductive Load by using One
Voltmeter an Ammeter method
Equipment:
• Voltmeter
• Ammeter
• Lamp board
• Connecting wires
• Wattmeter
• Inductor
Pre-Lab Preparation:
Read the following topics of your textbook: (Article: 1.9, Page 47, Stephen J. Chapman)
i. Complex Power,
ii. Power Triangle
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
• Make the connection according to circuit diagram.
• With maximum resistance in the circuit i.e., all the lump in off-position, switch ON the main supply.
• Then switch ON one bulb and measure voltage, current and power.
• Switch ON the second bulb and again recorded reading of Vs, Vr, Vz, I and W in Observation table.
• Calculate the values of cosθ and active power P using equation.
• Compare this power with wattmeter readings and calculate % error.
Results:
%Err =
cos θ=
Sr.
(P−W)
Vs VR VL I W P=VI×cos θ
VR ×10
No P
VZ
0
26.78 273.4
1 226.5 62.3 226.1 0.275 0.43 100
35.86 137
2 226.5 93.5 222 0.42 0.377 85
17 5.88
3 226.5 212 223.7 0.94 0.08 18
18.74 3.94
4 226.5 211 223.9 0.93 0.089 18
18.74 3.94
5 226.5 211 223.9 0.93 0.089 18
Questions:
i. Assess what are the sign conventions for Reactive Power (when power being supplied to the load)?
The power being
supplied to the load, the reactive power is in negative sign and If the power being consumed to the load , the
reactive power becomes positive.
ii. Analyze the ranges of ammeter and voltmeter used in experiment?
Ammeter (0-5) Ampere. We don’t work with current higher than this. Voltmeter (0-250) Volts.
What have you learnt from this Experiment?
At the end of this experiment, I am able to:

a) Understand the relationship between Impedance angle and power.
b) Understand the range of error between measured power through calculations and that of Wattmeter.
Graph:
Draw the graph between ‘W’ and ‘P’ as noted from above observations.
GENERALIZED LAB RUBRICS
Component with Above Meeting Approaching Below Weight / Score

Used
Taxonomy Expectation (4) Expectation (3) Expectation (2) Expectation (1) 100 (1–4)
Building Is able to build a Is able to assemble a Is only able to Is not able to ☐

(Hardware) – P4 given setup neatly given setup using copy a given assemble a given
and timely using correct hardware setup using setup using
Used
correct hardware components after correct hardware correct hardware
components and / minor revisions components components
or can reorganize /
adapt to new /
special
requirements
Recording Is able to record Is able to record Is only able to Is unable to
Measurements accurate accurate record accurate record accurate
☐
(Hardware / measurements all measurements most measurements on measurements
Software) – C3 the time of the time some occasions
Is able to Is able to Is not able to Is unable to
formulate/develop evaluate/conclude evaluate/conclude comprehend
theories in correctly about correctly about investigation
addition to investigation investigation parameters
Investigation
evaluating/conclu parameters by parameters by
(Hardware / ☐
de ding correctly accessing data accessing data
Software) – C5
about
investigation
parameters by
assessing data
Design / Is able to design / Is able to design / Is able to Is unable to
Development of develop the develop the solution partially design / partially design /
Solution solution of a given of a given problem develop the develop the ☐
(Hardware / problem and add solution of a solution of a
Software) – C6 features to it given problem given problem
Is adept in the use Is able to use the Is able to use the Is unable to use
of software tool software tool software tool but the software tool
Software Usage
and can access effectively by cannot access all ☐
(Software) – C3
advanced features accessing all the the required
required features features
Is able to Is able to complete a Is able to Is unable to
efficiently given task using partially partially
complete a given required complete a given complete a given
task using programming task task
Programming advanced language
Language programming constructs / methods
☐
(Software) – C3– language / Commands
C6 constructs /
methods /
commands and/or
add features to the
original task
Additional Comments (if any):
---

Component with Above Meeting Expectation Approaching Below Weight Score
Used
Taxonomy Expectation (4) (3) Expectation (2) Expectation (1) / 100 (1–4)
Assesses and Assesses and

Safety Assesses and Assesses and
complies with complies with
Instructions complies with all complies with most
some EHS few EHS ☐
(PLO6) EHS instructions EHS instructions
instructions while instructions in
A4 while in lab while in lab
in lab lab
Does not
exhibit
Makes an effort to
Exhibits exemplary Exhibits professional exhibit professional
Professional professional ethics ethics while
ethics while dealing professional ethics
Ethics while dealing with dealing with
with fellow students, while dealing with ☐
(PLO8) fellow students, lab lab staff and instructor fellow students, lab fellow
A3 staff and instructor students, lab
all the time staff and instructor
all the time staff and
all the time
instructor all
the time
Consistently shows Shows some
full preparation by Consistently shows preparation which Shows very
completing all full preparation by is mostly at little or no
Contribution
agreed tasks and completing all agreed superficial level in preparation in
(PLO9) ☐
provides additional tasks and work completing a task completing a
A5
resources for the requires little or noand work requires task and work
group and work revisions much revisions and quality is poor
quality is excellent editing
Internalized Neither helpful nor
Consistent positive Discouraging
Attitude positive behavior damaging and
behavior most of the behavior
(PLO9) and encourages and shows disinterest in ☐
time towards other towards other
A5 helps other team the performance of
team members team members
members others
Report on all
relevant sections
Report on all Report on all relevant related to the lab
relevant sections sections related to the
tasks is completed Report on all
related to the lab lab tasks is completed
but many relevant
Report Writing tasks is completed but few deficiencies
(PLO10) accurately, meeting are present in terms of deficiencies are sections related ☐
present in terms of to the lab tasks
A2 the requirements, accuracy / meeting
accuracy / meeting is not
in prescribed time the requirements /
and with good prescribed time / good the requirements / completed
prescribed time /
language skills language skills
good language
skills
Manages tasks well Manages tasks within Manages tasks in Does not
Lab Task
within given given timeframe an extended manage tasks
Management
timeframe timeframe even in ☐
(PLO11)
extended
A3
timeframes

Lab-02: To Study the Essential Parts of a DC
Machine and their Functions
Equipment:
• DC machine
• Pilers
• Screw driver
i. View the Internal Structure of a DC Machine on the Internet
ii. View the animations of a DC Machine operation on the internet
Questions:
i. Argue what are the different types of winding in a DC machine? There are three types of
winding in a DC machine:
1. Lap winding
2. Frog winding
3. Wave winding
ii. Discuss what are the major problems encountered in a DC machine?

Low voltage Supply
Froze bearing
Armature reaction
Wrong connection
Running in reverse
Shaft misalignment
Locked rotor
iii. Argue which parts of DC machine undergo wear and tear over time?
In the case of motor, the commutator use to produce unidirectional torque. To reduce wear and tear, the
commutator make by hard drawn copper. The number of armature slots is equal to the number of
commutator segments
iv. Assess what are the main functions of brush in DC machine?

The brushes in a DC machine have two purposes. They carry current to the armature (the rotating part). The
brushes work with the commutator to switch the current to the proper winding of the armature as it rotates.
I have learn about the different parts of DC machine, its functions, fitting of machine and difference between
rotor & stator.

Used

or can reorganize /
Used
adapt to new /
special
requirements
☐
Investigation
(Hardware / ☐
ding correctly assessing data assessing data
Software) – C5
about
investigation
parameters by
assessing data
Software Usage
(Software) – C3
☐
(Software) – C3– language / commands
C6 constructs /
methods /
commands and/or
add features to the
original task
---

Used

in lab lab
Does not
exhibit
Makes an effort to
all the time
instructor all
the time
Contribution
(PLO9) ☐
A5
members others
Report on all
relevant sections
Report on all Report on all relevant related to the lab
but many relevant
prescribed time /
good language
skills
Lab Task
Management
(PLO11)
extended
A3
timeframes

Lab-03: To Control the Speed of a Shunt DC Motor
Equipment:
• Voltmeter
• Ammeter
• Tachometer
• Shunt DC motor
• Variable Resistance
Read the following topics of your textbook (Stephen J. Chapman)
Chapter 8, Article: 8.4
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
Connected the motor, meter and load.
Verified the connection.
Run the motor at rated RPM.
Noted the terminal voltage & keep it constant.
Increased the value of variable resistor, Rad.
Noted down the value of field current (If) and load current.
Increased the adjustable resistors in steps and noted down the motor speed.
Increased the terminal voltage in steps.
Results:
VT=100 VRF=550Ω RA= 17 Ω
Sr.No. RADJ (Ω) IF(A) IL(A) Speed(S1)

30 0.240 0.56 1392.5
1
2 85 0.209 0.50 1492

3 105 0.202 0.49 1510
4 188 0.174 0.48 1642
5 188 0.174 0.48 1642
RADJ=( 188 Ω )
SrNo VT(V) Speed (S2)

IF(A) IL(A)
100 0.174 0.48 1642
1
75 0.124 0.45 1487

2
50 0.084 0.42 1268

3
120 0.20 0.5 1836

4
120 0.20 0.5 1836

5
VT=100VRF= 550Ω RA = 17 Ω
Sr. RADJ,Armature
IF(A) IL(A) Speed(S3)
No. (Ω)
40 0.264 0.59 1262
1
2 83 0.255 0.57 1135

3 112 0.262 0.57 1059
4 180 0.262 0.55 875
5 180 0.262 0.55 875
Questions:
1. Assess how does armature reaction affect the shape of torque-speed curve of a DC shunt motor?
Due to the armature reaction in a motor, the shape of the torque speed characteristics will change. The
relation between torque and speed of the motor is given below. If a motor has armature reaction, as the load
increases the flux weakening effect reduces the flux in the field winding.
2. Discuss what are the applications of a DC shunt motor?
The various application of DC shunt motor are in Lathe Machines, Centrifugal Pumps, Fans, Blowers,
lifts, weaving Machine, spinning machine etc.
At the end of this lab, I am able to:

a) Understand the characteristics of Dc shunt motor.
b) Understand the relationship between armature current and torque, armature current & speed, torque and
speed.
Graph:
i. Draw the graph between ‘RADJ’ and ‘Speed (S1)’
ii. Draw the graph between ‘VT’and‘Speed (S2)’
iii. Draw the graph between ‘RADJ’ and ‘Speed (S3)’

Used
Is able to build a Is able to assemble a Is only able to Is not able to

given setup neatly given setup using copy a given assemble a given
Building
(Hardware) – P4 components and / minor revisions components components ☐
or can reorganize /
adapt to new /
special
requirements
☐
Investigation Is able to Is able to Is not able to Is unable to ☐
(Hardware / formulate/develop evaluate/conclude evaluate/conclude comprehend
Software) – C5 theories in correctly about correctly about investigation
about
investigation
parameters by
Used
assessing data
Software Usage
(Software) – C3
☐
C6 constructs /
methods /
commands and/or
add features to the
original task
---

Used

Instructions complies with all complies with most some EHS few EHS ☐
in lab lab
Professional Exhibits exemplary Exhibits professional Makes an effort to Does not ☐

Ethics professional ethics ethics while dealing exhibit exhibit
(PLO8) while dealing with with fellow students, professional ethics professional
A3 fellow students, lab lab staff and instructor while dealing with ethics while
staff and instructor all the time fellow students, lab dealing with
all the time staff and instructor fellow
all the time students, lab
staff and
instructor all
Used
the time
Contribution
(PLO9) ☐
A5
resources for the requires little or no
and work requires task and work
members others
Report on all
relevant sections
Report on all Report on all relevant
related to the lab
but many relevant
prescribed time /
good language
skills
Lab Task
Management
(PLO11)
extended
A3
timeframes

Lab-04: To Control the Speed of Series DC Motor
Equipment:
• Voltmeter
• Ammeter
• Tachometer
• DC series motor
• Variable resistance
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
Connected the motor, meters and load as shown in circuit diagram.
Checked the connections.
Run the motor at rated RPM.
Noted the terminal voltage and Keep it constant.
Increased the adjustable resistor.
Noted the line current and new motor speed.
For second table, keep the adjustable resistor constant.
Increased the terminal voltage in steps.
Noted down the line current and new motor speed for each new step.
Results:
RA = 4.3(Ω) RF= 4.7(Ω) VT = 100 (V)
S/N RADJ(Ω) IL(A) Speed (S1)
1 0 1.1 2234
2 10.7 1.0 2150
3 21.5 1.0 1914
4 30.6 0.98 1687
5 45 0.97 1503
RADJ =45(Ω)
S/N VT(V) IL(A) Speed (S2)

1 100 0.97 1503
2 80 0.90 1030
3 170 1.0 3065
4 130 1.0 2240
5 150 1.0 2690
Questions:
1. Argue why a DC series motor is also called a “universal motor”?
A DC series motor has the same current passing through it. Thus, the torque is pulsating in presence of AC
supply. Thus other motors can’t run on AC. Because the series motor an run on both DC and AC. So this is
called Universal motor.
2. Discuss what are the applications of a DC series motor?

Applications of a DC series motor for industrial applications like hoists, cranes, trolley cars, conveyors,
elevators, air compressors, vacuum cleaners, sewing machine etc.
I have learnt different ways, that:
1. How to control the speed of series DC motor.
2. How it depend on variable resistor & on the terminal voltage.
Graph:
Draw graph between ‘RADJ’and‘Speed S1’
i. Draw graph between ‘VT’ and ‘Speed S2’

Used

Building
or can reorganize /
adapt to new /
special
requirements
☐
Used
about
investigation
parameters by
assessing data
Software Usage
(Software) – C3
☐
C6 constructs /
methods /
commands and/or
add features to the
original task
---

Used
Safety Assesses and Assesses and Assesses and Assesses and

in lab lab
Used
students, lab
staff and
all the time
instructor all
the time
Contribution
(PLO9) ☐
A5
resources for the requires little or no and work requires task and work
members others
Report on all
relevant sections
related to the lab
but many relevant
prescribed time /
good language
skills
Lab Task
Management
(PLO11) timeframe timeframe even in ☐
extended
A3
timeframes
Lab-05: Determine the Magnetic Characteristics of a Separately-

Excited D.C. Generator
Equipment:
• Voltmeter
• Ammeter
• Lamp board
• DC series generator with driving motor.
➢ Chapter 8, Article: 8.13
Circuit Diagram
Procedure:
Connected the generator, motors load as shown in circuit.
Connected the generator, verified the connections.
Run the prime mover at normal speed and maximum it constant throughout the experiment.
Noted the terminal voltage at No-Load.
Closed the main switch and reduced and load R until the machine excites.
Noted down the terminal voltage and load current.
Results:
Motor Speed= 2188
Ascending:
Field
Curren 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
t If 0 9 9 5 2 0 8 7 5 3 2
(amps)
E.M.F.
EA 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50
(volts)
Descending:
Field
Curren 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
t If 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 1 2 5 7
(amps)
E.M.F.
EA 42 44 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
(volts)
Questions:
1. Argue with the performance of a Separately-Excited DC Generator under different parameters?
The external characteristics of the separately excited DC generator is obtained by subtracting the drops due
to ohmicloss in the armature from generated voltage. This curves gives the relation between the terminal
voltage and load current.
2. Analyze why is there always some No-Load voltage in a Separately-Excited DC Generator?

Let us consider a separately excited DC generator giving its no load voltageEo for a Constant field current.
If there is no armature reaction and armature voltage drop in the machine then the voltage will remain
constant. Due to armature reaction,Due to ohmic drop ( IaRa ).
3. Discuss what is “Hysteresis Effect” or “Magnetic Lagging” in a DC Generator?

The magnetization of ferromagnetic substances due to a varying magnetic field lags behind the field. This
effect is called Hysteresis, and the term is used to describe any system in whose response depends not only
on its current state, but also upon its past history.
In this lab, I am able to:
1. Understand the No-load characteristics of a separately excited DC generator.
2. Understand the significance of residual flux in the separately excited DC generator.
Graph:
1. Draw the graph between “If” and “EA”

Used

Building
or can reorganize /
adapt to new /
special
requirements
☐
Investigation
(Hardware / ☐
Software) – C5
about
investigation
parameters by
assessing data
Software Usage
(Software) – C3
☐
C6 constructs /
methods /
commands and/or
add features to the
original task
---

Used

in lab lab
Does not
exhibit
Makes an effort to
all the time
instructor all
the time
Contribution
(PLO9) ☐
A5
members others
Report on all
relevant sections
related to the lab
but many relevant
prescribed time /
good language
skills
Lab Task
Management
(PLO11)
extended
A3
timeframes

Lab-06: To plot the Load Characteristics of Separately-Excited DC Generator
Equipment:
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Variable resistance
Lamp board
Driving board
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
Firstly, makes the connections according to circuit diagram.
Then run the prime mover at normal speed with the help of driving motor.
Energize the shunt field circuit and adjusted the voltage to about 100V (keep it constant).
Now checked the No-load Vt.
Increased the load current in regular steps and noted the corresponding readings.
Took the readings of voltmeter and ammeter at difficult loads.
Results:
Ra= 4.3Ω RF =4.7Ω
VF =95V Motor Speed: = 2150 RPM
Sr. No. VT(V) IF(A) IA = IL(A) EA=VT+IARA
1 50 0 1.1 54.3
2 125 0.2 1.2 130.16
3 100 0.2 1.5 106.45
4 93 0.2 1.6 99.88
5 60 0.2 1.8 67.74
Questions:
1. Argue with your results on the voltage regulation characteristics of a separately-excited DC
generator?
When a separately excited DC generator is loaded, load current increases and Vt decreases due to drop across
armature resistance and brush-V drop. So, voltage regulation of separately excited generator is better.
2. Discuss what are the two ways to control the voltage of a separately-excited DC generator?
We can control the voltage of separately excited DC generator:
By controlling generator speed.
By using variable field supply.
I have learnt about the characteristics of separately excited DC generator and the relationship
between terminal voltage and induced emfEa and How the vary with increasing laod.
Graph:
1. Plot the curves on the graph paper between load current, I L, and terminal voltage, VT. This is the
‘External Characteristics’
2. The curve between the induced voltage,EA, and the armature current ‘IA’is the ‘Internal Characteristics’.

Used

Building
or can reorganize /
adapt to new /
special
requirements
☐
Investigation
(Hardware / ☐
Software) – C5
about
investigation
parameters by
assessing data
Software Usage Is adept in the use Is able to use the Is able to use the Is unable to use ☐
(Software) – C3 of software tool software tool software tool but the software tool
and can access effectively by cannot access all
Used
☐
C6 constructs /
methods /
commands and/or
add features to the
original task
---

Used

in lab lab
Does not
exhibit
Makes an effort to
all the time
instructor all
the time
Contribution
(PLO9) ☐
A5
Used
members others
Report on all
relevant sections
related to the lab
but many relevant
prescribed time /
good language
skills
Lab Task
Management
(PLO11)
extended
A3
timeframes
Lab-07: To Study the Load Characteristics of aD.C. Series Generator

Equipment:
• Voltmeter
• Ammeter
• Lamp board
• DC series generator with driving motor
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
Connected the generator, motor and load.
Verified the connections.
Run the prime mover at normal speed and maintain it constant.
Noted the Vt at No-load.
Checked the main switch and reduced the load R until machine excites.
Noted down the terminal voltage and line current.
Increased the load in steps and noted the readings.
Results:
RA = 4.3 (Ω) RSE =5.3(Ω)
Sr.
IL = IA (A) VT (V) E = VT + IL× (Ra + Rse) (V)
No.
1 0.1 50 5
2 0.86 150 24.5

3 1.0 150 40
4 1.4 145 50
5 1.5 160 52
Questions:
1. Argue in DC series generator, why terminal voltage is lesser than the generated voltage?
At No-load Vt is zero in DC series generator because there is no field current. In DC series
generator, terminal voltage is lesser than Ea, due to the armature reaction and some ohmic drop.
2. Predict the terminal voltage at No-Load?
In this generator, field and armature circuit are in series. At No-load, there will be no voltage drop in
armature and series field resistance. So, terminal voltage (Vt) is equal to back emf generated by prime
mover.

I have learnt the characteristics of DC series generator and about the relation between terminal
voltage and induced emf and how they vary with increasing load.
Graph:
Draw the graphs between
i. Load current (IL) and Terminal Voltage, VT, for the ‘External Characteristics’.
ii. Armature current (IA) and EMF generated (EA) for the ‘Internal Characteristics’.

Used

Building
or can reorganize /
adapt to new /
special
requirements
☐
Investigation
(Hardware / ☐
Software) – C5
about
investigation
parameters by
assessing data
Software Usage
(Software) – C3
☐
C6 constructs /
methods /
commands and/or
add features to the
original task
---

Used

in lab lab
Does not
exhibit
Makes an effort to
all the time
instructor all
the time
Contribution
(PLO9) ☐
A5
members others
Report on all
relevant sections
related to the lab
but many relevant
prescribed time /
good language
skills
Lab Task
Management
(PLO11)
extended
A3
timeframes

Lab-8: To find the Voltage Regulation of aSingle-Phase Transformer
Equipment:
• Ammeter
• Voltmeter
• Lamp board
• AC supply
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram.
Got connections checked before energizing the circuit.
Switched ON the AC supply to the primary side of the transformer, while keeping the secondary
side unloaded.
With the secondary circuit opened i.e., no load.
Switch ON one bulb and took reading of the same voltmeter Vs.
Continue, switching ON the bulbs one by one read the voltmeter readings us Vs and created the
observation table.
%V.R = (Es – Vs)/Es * 100%
Results:
Secondary Voltage at No-Load = ES = 227V
Sr #. Load Current,IL (A) Secondary Voltage,VS(V) % V.R. = (ES – VS)/VS×100
1 0.85 221 2.64%
2 0.86 222.5 1.98%
3 1.70 215.5 4.18%
4 1.83 217.5 4.85%
5 0.93 216 3.084%
Questions:
1. Analyze what causes change in terminal voltage of transformer when load changes?
When a circuit is completed between the secondary winding and a load, this voltage causes current to flow.
The voltage may be stepped up or down depending on the number of turns of conductor in primary and
secondary winding. The ability of a transformer to transfer power from one circuit to another is excellent.
2. Discuss what is the significance of voltage regulation in transformers?
The voltage regulation of the transformer is the percentage change in the output voltage from No-Load to
Full-Load. And since power factor is a determining factor in the secondary voltage, Power factor influences
voltage regulation.
I have learnt that how to calculate the voltage regulation by making circuit on hardware and the percentage
change in voltage of transformer as load changes.
Graph:
1. Draw the graph between load current and secondary voltage

Used

Used
or can reorganize /
adapt to new /
special
requirements
☐
Investigation
(Hardware / ☐
Software) – C5
about
investigation
parameters by
assessing data
Software Usage
(Software) – C3
☐
C6 constructs /
methods /
commands and/or
add features to the
original task
---

Used

in lab lab
Does not
exhibit
Makes an effort to
all the time
instructor all
the time
Contribution
(PLO9) ☐
A5
members others
Report on all
relevant sections
relevant sections sections related to the related to the lab
but many relevant
prescribed time /
good language
skills
Lab Task
Management
(PLO11)
extended
A3
timeframes
Lab-9: To make Three-Phase connections using Three Single-Phase Transformers

Equipment:
i 3-phase Transformer model
.
Connecting wires
ii.
iii. Multimeter
Star-Star Connection: (Y-Y)
Results:
Phase Primary Voltage (VL-L) Secondary Voltage (VL-L)
A 396 396
B 393 394
C 395 395
Advantages:
1. Allow 3-phase four wire system to be used.
2. Its insulation can withstand 1/√3 of line voltage.
Star-Delta Connection: (Y-∆)
Results:
A 388.5 256.5
B 388.5 256.3
C 387 256.7
Advantages:
1. The primary side is star connected. Hence fewer numbers of turns are required. This makes the connection
economical for large high voltage step down power transformer.
2. The neutral available on the primary can be earthed to avoid distortion.
Delta-Delta Connection: (∆-∆)

Results:
A 384.3 383
B 384.5 382
C 384.7 383.2
Advantages:
1. Due to delta connection, phase voltage is same as line voltage hence winding have more number of turns.
But phase current is 1/√3 time the line current. Hence, the cross-section of windings is very less.
2. Due to closed delta, third harmonic voltages are absent. The absence of star point proves to be advantages
in some cases.
Delta-Star Connection: (∆-Y)

Results:
A 393 685
B 391 677
C 395 678
Advantages:
Used at 3-phase , four wires system. On secondary side, neutral is available due to which it can be used
for 3-phase, 4 wires supply system.
No distortion of secondary voltage, no voltage distortion due to 3 rd harmonic components.
Questions:
i. Argue what connection is used for distribution transformers?
Wye connection is used for distribution transformer because the neutral wire is used in the home,
industrial and commercial uses.
ii. Discuss what are the problems of Star-Star connection in 3-phase transformers? Also specify their
solutions.
The reason is that the higher voltage side voltage is the generator outlet voltage, the excitation high voltage
side winding is connected to the Y-type, thephase voltage is 1/√3 of the line voltage, the transformer high
voltage side.
iii. Assess if there are any advantage of using Delta-Delta connection in 3-Phase transformers?
Due to delta-delta connection, phase voltage is same as line voltage. Hence, winding have more number of
turns. But phase current is 1/√3 times the line current. This makes the connection economical for low voltages
transformers.

I have learnt that How to connect 3-single phase transformers to form a 3-phase transformer according
to known standards and understood types of connections of 3-phase transformer banks.

Used

Building
or can reorganize /
adapt to new /
special
requirements
☐
about
investigation
parameters by
Used
assessing data
Software Usage
(Software) – C3
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---

Used

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in lab lab

all the time students, lab
staff and
instructor all
Used
the time
Contribution
(PLO9) ☐
A5
members others
Report on all
relevant sections
related to the lab
but many relevant
prescribed time /
good language
skills
Lab Task
Management
(PLO11)
extended
A3
timeframes
Lab-10: Open Circuit Test to Determine the Values of the Excitation

Branch of a Transformer
Equipment:
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Wattmeter
Connecting wires
Transformer
AC supply
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
• Made the connections according to the circuit diagram and got them checked by the instructor
• Then left the secondary winding open circuit.
• Applied the rated secondary voltage to the secondary winding.
• Noted the values of voltage, current and power and determine the value of Rc andXm.
Results:
No. of turns on clamp meter = turns =
IOC= POC=
VOC I P P.F. θ = Cos-1(P.F.)

I P
turns turns
0.99
1925 0.5 A 95.5 W 8.10̊
YE RC XM
2.7 kΩ
0.00259-j0.000365 386.10 Ω
Questions:
1. Argue which side of the transformer is kept open in this test and why?
The secondary side of the transformer is kept constant. Because the armature side of the transformer is kept open,
high voltage can be produced on this side, rated field current is applied field winding of the transformer.
2. Assess what is exciting current in transformers and discuss its importance?

A transformer exciting current is the current required to energize the core. Even with zero load, a transformer
will draw a small amount of current due to internal loss. The excitation current is made up of two components
3. Argue why the copper losses are ignored in this experiment?

Because they are negligible, since voltage applied on primary side is very small, a small fraction of rated voltage.
Secondary current reaches rated value at very small voltage (being short circuited). Flux in core is very small and
hysteresis loss is negligible in comparison with copper losses in windings.

I have learnt about the open-circuit test, how to implement its circuit on hardware and how to calculate Voc, Ioc
and Poc and how to calculate components values across excitation branch.
Graph:
i. Draw the graph between “θ” and “XM”.
ii. Draw the graph between “θ” and “YE”.

Used

Building
or can reorganize /
adapt to new /
special
requirements
☐
Investigation
(Hardware / ☐
Software) – C5
about
investigation
parameters by
assessing data
Development of develop the develop the solution partially design / partially design / ☐
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Software Usage
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Programming Is able to Is able to complete a Is able to Is unable to ☐
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Used
advanced language
programming constructs / methods
C6 constructs /
methods /
commands and/or
add features to the
original task
---

Used

in lab lab
Does not
exhibit
Makes an effort to
all the time all the time staff and
instructor all
the time
Contribution
(PLO9) ☐
A5
Attitude Internalized Consistent positive Neither helpful nor Discouraging ☐
(PLO9) positive behavior behavior most of the damaging and behavior
A5 and encourages and time towards other shows disinterest in towards other
Used
helps other team the performance of
members others
Report on all
relevant sections
related to the lab
but many relevant
prescribed time /
good language
skills
Lab Task
Management
(PLO11)
extended
A3
timeframes
Lab-11: Short-Circuit Test to Measure the values of Series Branch of a

Transformer Equipment:
• Voltmeter
• Ammeter
• Wattmeter
• Transformer
• AC voltage supply
Circuit Diagram
Procedure:
In the first, I made the circuit according to the diagram on the trainer, transformer.
Then, set AC voltage to zero, before turning ON the AC supply.
Gradually, increased the voltage from zero, until rated secondary current flows, through the ammeter
connected on the secondary side of transformer.
Noted down the values of voltage, current & power.
Determined the values of Reqøand Xeqø.
Results:
ISC= PSC=
VSC I P P.F. θ = Cos-1(P.F.)

I P
turns turns
0.98
0.6 0.94 10 W 11.47
ZSE Req Xeq
0.126 Ω
0.63 <11.47 0.62 Ω
Precautions:
1. Primary AC voltage must be increased gradually from Zero to prevent damage to secondary winding of
transformer.
2. Observe reading carefully andcheckfor zero error of all the meters.
Questions:
i. Argue which side of the transformer is shorted in this test and why?
In this test, secondary side of the transformer is shorted. In this test, normally measurements are due on high
voltage side of the transformer. Therefore, it is done on the secondary side of transformer.
ii. Argue why core losses are ignored in this test?

Core losses are resistive heating losses in the core of transformer, these losses occur in the excitation branch,
which is parallel to input voltage, which is on the primary side , which are too low, so due to this core losses
are ignored.

I have learnt about the short circuit test, its operations and its circuit on hardware and How to
calculate voltage and current in the test.
Graph:
i. Draw the graph between ‘θ’ and ‘ZSE’.
ii. Draw the graph between ‘θ’ and ‘XSE’.

Used

Building
or can reorganize /
adapt to new /
special
requirements
☐
Investigation
(Hardware / ☐
Software) – C5
about
investigation
parameters by
assessing data
Software Usage
(Software) – C3
Programming Is able to Is able to complete a Is able to Is unable to ☐
Language efficiently given task using partially partially
Used
advanced language
programming constructs / methods
C6 constructs /
methods /
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add features to the
original task
---

Used

in lab lab
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Makes an effort to
all the time all the time staff and
instructor all
the time
Contribution
(PLO9) ☐
A5
Attitude Internalized Consistent positive Neither helpful nor Discouraging ☐
(PLO9) positive behavior behavior most of the damaging and behavior
A5 and encourages and time towards other shows disinterest in towards other
Used
helps other team the performance of
members others
Report on all
relevant sections
related to the lab
but many relevant
prescribed time /
good language
skills
Lab Task
Management
(PLO11)
extended
A3
timeframes
Lab-12: Determination of the Open Circuit Magnetization

Characteristics of an Alternator
Equipment:
Alternator
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Variable resistance
D.C supply source
Connecting wires
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
Connected the alternator s generator as shown in figure and run the prime mover it at normal speed.
Noted the line voltage with zero excitation.
Connected the field to DC voltage source through an ammeter and excited it.
Increased the excitation in steps and noted the voltage and current every time.
Tabulated the readings and drew the open circuit characteristics or no load magnetization curve.
Results:
Motor Speed:
65. 88.1 107.9 127 143 128 108 88.3 66.8

Voltage (EA)
9
1.3 1.74 2.08 2.3 2.6 2.43 2.09 1.69 1.37

Exciting current (IF)
8
Precautions:
1. Note the readings carefully every time when the exciting current is increased until the rated value to avoid
the effect of saturation.
Questions:
Argue whysome voltage is observed in the absence of excitation?
Yes, it is called residual magnetism. When a wound rotor field generator, DC & AC are started without any external starting the
generator itself provides the excitation .When the dc shunt generator starts, no current was flowing through the field winding. But due
to residual magnetism there is a flux passing through the armature winding’s and emf generated at the terminals of armature. Now
current starts flowing through the shunt field winding so flux increases, therefore emf increase leading to AC voltage being found at the
terminals.

After this lab, we are able to efficiency assemble the setup different performance parameters of alternator under
no load condition and investigate their correlation after completing this laboratory session.
Graph:
Draw the graph between Induced Voltage (EA) and Exciting Current (IF)

Used

Building
or can reorganize /
adapt to new /
special
requirements
☐
Investigation addition to investigation investigation parameters
(Hardware / ☐
Software) – C5
about
investigation
parameters by
assessing data
Used
Software Usage
(Software) – C3
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original task
---

Used

(PLO6) EHS instructions EHS instructions some EHS few EHS ☐
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Contribution
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Lab Task
Management
(PLO11)
extended
A3
timeframes
Lab-13: Determination ofShort-Circuit Characteristics of an Alternator
Equipment:
• Alternator
• Ammeter
• Voltmeter
• Rheostat
• D.C supply sources
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
Connected the AC generator as shown in figure.
Short circuit the armature circuit by connecting an ammeter across it.
Run the alternator at normal speed using a driving motor running at constant speed.
Applied low voltage DC supply to the field ‘F’ for excitation.
Noted the exciting current as well as the armature current.
Increased the exciting current gradually in steps until full load current passed through the ammeter.
Noted down the readings of exciting current and the armature current at each step.
Results:
Motor Speed:
10.7 13.5 16 18.6 20.8 18.5 16 13.4
Armature current (IA)
1.38 1.74 2.08 2.4 2.7 2.45 2.09 1.74
Excitation current (IF)
Questions:
Assess if we can measure the Inducted EMF of alternator in this experiment? If NOT, why?
When the rotor rotates, the stator conductors which are static in case of alternator cut by magnetic flux , they have
induced EMF produced in them (according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction which states that if a
conductor or coil links with any changing flux, there must be an induced emf in it

After this experiment, we are able to efficiency assemble the setup to measure different performance parameters
of alternator under loaded condition and investigate their correlation after completing this laboratory session.
Graph:
1. Plot the graph between Exciting Current (IF) and Armature Current (IA) to get short circuit characteristics of
alternator.
Y-Values
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.8
10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14

Used

Building
or can reorganize /
adapt to new /
special
requirements
☐
Investigation
(Hardware / ☐
Software) – C5
about
investigation
parameters by
assessing data
Software Usage
(Software) – C3
Language programming constructs / methods ☐
C6 constructs /
methods /
commands and/or
add features to the
original task

---

Used

in lab lab
Does not
exhibit
Makes an effort to
all the time
instructor all
the time
Contribution
(PLO9) ☐
A5
A5 helps other team team members the performance of team members
members others
Report on all
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related to the lab
but many relevant
the requirements / completed
and with good prescribed time / good
prescribed time /
good language
skills
Lab Task
Management
(PLO11)
extended
A3
timeframes
Lab-14: The Rotating Magnetic Field
Pre-Requisite:
Basic Matlab® coding (Manipulation of commands as required in the problem).
Read the following topics of your textbook (Stephen J. Chapman)Chapter 3, Article: 3.2.
Theory:
As we know that if two magnetic fields are present in a machine then a torque will be created which will
tend to line up the two magnetic fields. The fundamental principle of AC machine operation is that if a
three-phase set of currents, each of equal magnitude and differing in phase by flows in a three-phase
winding, then it will produce a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude. The net magnetic flux
density produced by three-phase currents can be write as Bret(t) = Baa(t) + Bbb(t) +Bcc(t).
BM × sinωt 0o + BM × sin(ωt-120o) 120o + BM× sin (ωt-240o) 240o. Now broke down the each of
the three component magnetic field into the x and y components.
Questions/Tasks:
Tak 1:
Task 2:
Plot the total magnetic field from all three coils added together if the phase “c” is
swapped with phase “b”.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this experiment, students will have a demo of how a torque is generated as
a result of the interaction of two magnetic fields that results to drive the machine.
Component Above Meeting Approaching Below Weight / Score
Domain With Expectation Expectation Expectation Expectation Used 100
Taxonomy (4) (3) (2) (1) (Optional) (1–4)
Is able to build a
given setup neatly
Is able to Is not able to
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Building correct hardware copy a given
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Is able to formulate
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Component Above Meeting Approaching Below Weight /
Domain With Expectation Expectation Expectation Expectation Used 100
Taxonomy
(4) (3) (2) (1) (Optional)
Safety Assesses and Assesses and Assesses and
Instructions Assesses and
(PLO6)
complies with complies with complies with
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most EHS some EHS few EHS ☐
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Professional instructions while instructions while instructions in
Ethics while in lab
(PLO8) in lab in lab lab
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dealing with fellow students, while dealing with dealing with
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Open Ended Lab # 1: Lab-15: Simulation of AC Power in AC Circuits
Objective:
The purpose of this experiment is to familiarize students with the workings of MatLAB Simulink
and its toolboxes associated with simulation of electrical systems & machines.
Introduction & Theory:
In AC circuits, there can be a phase difference between AC voltage and current supplied to the load.
The type of load, connected in an electrical circuit, effect the AC voltage, current and power factor.
The measurement of these power system’s parameters are required for monitoring & analysis of
power systems.
Pre – Lab Preparation:
Students must have an understanding of Simulink, its libraries

especially i. Commonly used blocks
ii. Sim-Scape
iii. Sim-Power Systems
Equipment/Software:
· Matlab Simulink Software
Open-Ended Lab Task:
Use the knowledge of power in AC circuits to develop a MatLAB Simulink Model to simulate simple
circuits for various types of loads in a power system to monitor various parameters like AC Voltage
and Current, power factor, Active, Reactive and Apparent powers both in numerical and graphical
forms. Use mathematical equations to display the numerical forms & Simulink modules to display
both numerical and graphical forms. Make sure that your handpicked design can be
implemented within the lab time. Also, make sure that you only use basic MatLAB Simulink
modules to complete the task. The textbook and reference books can be consulted to clarify
and ambiguity
TASK#1:
Task#2:
Change the voltage magnitude and note the variation in active, reactive, apparent
power supplied to the load by voltage source for EACH type of load.
Simulation of Power in an Inductive Load

What have you learnt from this experiment?
We have learnt and get familiar with coding in matlab for better understanding
of working ofelectrical machines and related parameters.
Domain with Expectation Expectation Expectation Expectation Used 100
Is able to build a
given setup neatly
special
requirements
Recording
Is able to record
investigation parameters by parameters by parameters
assessing data
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advanced features
Is able to
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complete a given
complete a given
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task using
required
programming
language
constructs /
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add features to the
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(PLO6)
complies with all
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Ethics while in lab
Exhibits Does not
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Open Ended Lab # 2: Lab-16: Simulation of DC Shunt Motor

Objective:
The purpose of this experiment is to familiarize students with implementation of electrical
machines in MatLAB Simulink using relevant toolboxes for better understanding and analysis
of electrical machines.
Introduction & Theory:

Speed Control by changing the Field Resistance (RF):
If the field resistance increases, then the field current decreases (IF ↓= VT/RF↑) and as the field
current decreases the flux decreases as well. A decrease in flux causes an instantaneous decrease
in the internal generated voltage Ea↓=KØ ↓IA which causes a large increase in the machine’s
armature current since
IA ↑= (VT - EA↓)/RA
The induced torque in a motor is given by τind =k×Ø×IA the flux in this machine decreases while
the current IA increases which way does the induced torque change. So, the increase in current
predominates over the decrease in flux. So τind>τLoad and the motor speeds up.
Torque Vs. Armature Current (Ta-Ia):
In case of DC shunt motors, we can assume the field flux Φ to be constant. Though at heavy loads,
Φ decreases in a small amount due to increased armature reaction. But as we are neglecting the
change in the flux Φ, we can say that torque is proportional to armature current. Hence the Ta-Ia
characteristic for a dc shunt motor will be a straight line through origin. Since, heavy starting load
needs heavy starting current, shunt motor should never be started on a heavy load.
Speed Vs. Armature Current (N-Ia):
As flux Φ is assumed constant, we can say N α Eb. But, back EMF is also almost constant, the speed
remains constant. But practically, Φ as well as Eb decreases with increase in load. But the Eb
decreases slightly more than Φ, and hence the speed decreases slightly. Generally, the speed
decreases by 5 to 15% of full load speed only. And hence, a shunt motor can be assumed as a
constant speed motor.
Pre – Lab Preparation:

we must have an understanding of Simulink, its libraries especially
i. Commonly used blocks
ii. Sim-Scape
iii. Sim-Power Systems Equipment/Software:
· Matlab Simulink Software
Open-Ended Lab Task:

Use the knowledge of design of DC Shunt motor to develop a MatLAB Simulink Model to
simulate a Shunt DC Motor. The model should have the feature of modifying the electrical input
and mechanical loads. Various parameters related to electrical input and mechanical load should be
displayed in both numerical and graphical forms using appropriate Simulink blocks. Make sure that
your handpicked design can be implemented within the lab time. Also, make sure that you only use
basicMatLAB Simulink modules to complete the task. The textbook and reference books can be
consulted to clarify and ambiguity
Lab Task 1:
Make appropriate changes for speed control of DC shunt motor using Field
Resistance Control Method and note down the effect of those changes on
electrical and mechanical parameters.
Shunt Hotor Current
25
Nmtu m
Fish
Total
_ 1.5
10
koad Torqu e
10
Time (s)
Is able to build a
given setup neatly
special
requirements
Recording
Is able to record
investigation parameters by parameters by parameters
assessing data
Design /

advanced features
Is able to
efficiently
Is able to
complete a given
complete a given
task using
task using
required
programming
language
constructs /
methods /
methods /
commands and/or
commands
add features to the
original task
Taxonomy
(4) (3) (2) (1) (Optional)
(PLO6)
complies with all
EHS instructions
Ethics while in lab
Exhibits Does not
time time
Consistently
shows full
preparation by
agreed tasks and
provides
group and work
revisions editing
quality is
excellent
Management
(PLO11) behavior
towards other ☐
team members
Report on all
Report on all
Report on all relevant sections
relevant sections
relevant sections related to the lab
related to the lab Report on all
related to the lab tasks is completed tasks is completed
tasks is but few
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1

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EMF LAB Manual Abdul Moez 70074345

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Revision Date: February 2020

The Department of Electrical Engineering

Revised & updated by: M. Umer Arshad

CLO PLO C4, P4,

CLO PLO C4, P4,

Determine the Magnetic Characteristics of a Separately-

To Study the Load Characteristics of a Separately-Excited D.C.

CLO PLO C4, P4,

CLO PLO C4, P4,

The Rotating Magnetic Field CLO PLO

ii. Analyze the ranges of ammeter and voltmeter used in experiment?

At the end of this experiment, I am able to:

GENERALIZED LAB RUBRICS

Component with Above Meeting Approaching Below Weight / Score

Building Is able to build a Is able to assemble a Is only able to Is not able to ☐

GENERALIZED LAB RUBRICS

Assesses and Assesses and

Additional Comments (if any):

ii. Discuss what are the major problems encountered in a DC machine?

iv. Assess what are the main functions of brush in DC machine?

What have you learnt from this Experiment?

GENERALIZED LAB RUBRICS

Component with Above Meeting Approaching Below Weight / Score

Building Is able to build a Is able to assemble a Is only able to Is not able to ☐

GENERALIZED LAB RUBRICS

Assesses and Assesses and

Additional Comments (if any):

VT=100 VRF=550Ω RA= 17 Ω

Sr.No. RADJ (Ω) IF(A) IL(A) Speed(S1)

2 85 0.209 0.50 1492

SrNo VT(V) Speed (S2)

75 0.124 0.45 1487

50 0.084 0.42 1268

120 0.20 0.5 1836

120 0.20 0.5 1836

2 83 0.255 0.57 1135

2. Discuss what are the applications of a DC shunt motor?

What have you learnt from this Experiment?

At the end of this lab, I am able to:

ii. Draw the graph between ‘VT’and‘Speed (S2)’

iii. Draw the graph between ‘RADJ’ and ‘Speed (S3)’

GENERALIZED LAB RUBRICS

Component with Above Meeting Approaching Below Weight / Score

Is able to build a Is able to assemble a Is only able to Is not able to

Additional Comments (if any):

GENERALIZED LAB RUBRICS

Component with Above Meeting Expectation Approaching Below Weight Score

Assesses and Assesses and

Professional Exhibits exemplary Exhibits professional Makes an effort to Does not ☐

Additional Comments (if any):

2 10.7 1.0 2150

3 21.5 1.0 1914

4 30.6 0.98 1687

S/N VT(V) IL(A) Speed (S2)

3 170 1.0 3065

4 130 1.0 2240

5 150 1.0 2690

2. Discuss what are the applications of a DC series motor?

GENERALIZED LAB RUBRICS

Component with Above Meeting Approaching Below Weight / Score

Is able to build a Is able to assemble a Is only able to Is not able to

Additional Comments (if any):

GENERALIZED LAB RUBRICS

Component with Above Meeting Expectation Approaching Below Weight Score