STUDY OF COMPOUNDS

CHAPTER
8
Acid: Sulphuric id
Uses of
Sulphuric
m a n u f a c t u r e
of fertili.
in the plastir.
DEFINITIONS is used pigments,

IMPORTANT TERMS AND dyes,

paints,
drugs,
explosives, acids and
Chloride (HC): HCI gas is synthetic
fibres,
of other
chemicals. It is usd
Hydrogen of H2 number
in the paper industr
combination
direct large
obtained by the accumulators,

of diffused sunlight in lead in the leathe.

in presence industry,
and Clh in the sugar
industry, ete
Diffused 2HCI in the petroleum
H +Cl Sunlight
laboratory by
industry,
used in
metallurgical operations
in the It is also
H C gas is prepared as a and laboratory
c o n c . HSO,
and NaCI.
as a dehydrating agent
the action of NaHSO, +HCI
200"C reagent.
NaCl+H,SO Na^SO4 + HCI
Ammonia: It is present in small amounts
NaHSO, + NaCl in natural water.
traces
and not in air and in
dried by conc. H,SO,
H C l gas is reacts with
because it Forms of Ammonia:
by CaO or P,0; ammonia (NH, gas)
them. i) Gaseous
is liquefied ammonia
is collected by upward (i) Liquid
ammonia
HC1 gas than
it is heavier (ii) Liquid ammonia is a saturated
displacement of air,
as
in water. It
air and highly soluble in water. solution of ammonia gas
HCI gas is colourless, is known as liquor
ammonia fortis. Its
Properties of HCI: is used
dilute solution (NH,OH)
s o u r in
as a
with a pungent smell, and is
soluble laboratory reagent.
taste. Its density is 18.25, highly
by the Fountain Ammonia can
Ammonia:
Preparation of
demonstrated
in water as

be prepared in the laboratory by:

in nature.
experiment and acidic
Uses of HCl: Hydrochloric acid is used (i) ammonium chloride with calcium

in the manufacture of drugs, dyes, paints, hydroxide in the ratio of 2 : 3 bv

industry, in
glucose, etc., in the tanning, weight.
the steel industry and as a laboratory
2NH,CI+ Ca(OH)2 Heat CaCl
reagent. +2H,0+2NH
Sulphuric (H,SO): It is
Acid an oily, ii) by treating magnesium nitride with hot
viscous liquid, first prepared by distilling water.
ferrous sulphate (green vitriol). Theretore, 3Mg(OH
MgN2 + 6H,O -

it is also known as oil of vitriol.

+2NH
Sulphuric acid occurs in the free state as
Ammonia is manufactured by Haber's
well as in the combined state.
process.
I t can be prepared by oxidation of sulphur N, + 3H2- 2NH3
dioxide by air, chlorine or bromine.

72 Chemistry-X
 Favourable conditions: Nitric acid is prepared in the laboratory
Low temperature450°-500°C by heating NaNO, or KNO, with con.
High pressure-200-900 atm. I , 0 at 2007C
Catalyst-Iron and molybdenum as KNO, 1,50, KIA), HNO,
promoter.
Nitric acid in manufactured by Ostwald's
Ammonia gas is a polar covalent process from ammonia and air as follows:
compound. Dry ammonia or liquid Step 1: A mixture of pure dry ammonia
ammonia is neutral to litmus. However, (1 volume) and air (10 volumes) is passed
aqueous ammonia is basic or alkaline through platinum gauze catalyst at about
in nature. It turns red litmus blue and 800°C.
phenolphthalein pink. The presence of a P
4NH, +50, 4NO 61,0
lone pair of electrons on nitrogen makes
ammonia basic in nature. Step 2: NO Combines with ox ygen to form
nitrogen dioxide.
Ammonia gas is used in the preparation
of fertilizers, washing soda, baking soda, 2NO +O 2NO,
nitric acid, etc. Step 3: NO, reacts with water in presence
Liquid ammonia is used as a refrigerant. of O, to form nitric oxide.
It is also used as a cleansing agent, i.e., it
4NO, + O2 + 2H,0 4HNO,
is a good emulsifier.
Nitric acid is used in the manufacture of
.Nitric Acid (HNO): Traces of nitric acid
are formed in the air during lightning dyes, drugs, perfumes, synthetic fibres,
explosives, plastics, fertilizers, etc. It is
discharge. also used in etching metals, for pickling
In the combined state, nitric acid occurs
of stainless steel, as an oxidiser and as a
in the form of metal nitrates.
laboratory reagent.

EXPECTED QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

A. HYDROGEN CHLORIDE Q.4. What is the method of collection of dry
HCl gas? Give reason.
Q.1. What is the atomicity of hydrogen
chloride? Ans. Hydrogen chloride gas is collected by
Ans. The atomicity is 2 and is called a upward displacement of air because:
diatomic molecule. () it is highly soluble in water
02. What is hydrochloric acid? (i) it is denser than air.
Ans. It is an aqueous solution of hydrogen Q.5. What happens if hydrogen and chlorine
chloride gas. were to combine directly in sunlight?
Q.3. What are the natural sources of HCI Ans. The reaction could be explosive.
gas? Q.6. What is the disadvantage of dissolving
Ans. () Traces of it are
evolved as volcanic HCl gas in water to form hydrochloric
gases acid?
) It is found in mammalian gastric Ans. Since HCl is highly soluble in water,
Juices the rate of its production exceeds the

Chemistry-X 73
 rate of its
dissolution and a vacuum Ans. With anincrease in temperature, th
will be created ne
which will cause back solubility of HCI in water decreasea
suction of water into the
flask. while with the lowering of temperatt
Q.7. How is the
problem of back suction its solubility increases.

Overcome? Q.15. Write the balanced equations for eac

each
Ans. By the inverted funnel when dilute hydrochloric acid reac
reacts
method. arrangement with the following
(a) Active metals
Q.8. State two
advantages of the inverted (b) Metallic oxides
funnel arrangement.
(c) Metallic hydroxides
Ans. (i) The rim of the funnel
provides a (d) Metallic carbonates

large surface area for absorption (e) Metallic sulphites

of HCl gas in water.
() Metallic sulphides
(ii) Prevention of back suction of water Ans. (a) Zn + 2HCI> ZnCl, + H
into the flask. CaO 2HCI > CaCl2 + H,O
(b) +

Q.9. Why does HCI gas have fume in moist NaOH + HCI > NaCl + H,O
(c)
air? (d)CaCO + 2HCI CaCl2 +
H,o
Ans. Due to its high solubility in water. +CO
(e)Na,SO, + 2HCl 2NaCI+H.0
Q.10. Which conditions are required for the
liquification of hydrogen chloride?
+SO,
( FeS+2HCI FeCh + HS
Ans. It can be liquified at a pressure of Q.16. Distinguish between dil. HCl and dil
40 atmosphere and temperature of 10°C. barium chloride.
H,SO using
Q.11. What is the purpose of Fountain Ans. When dil. H,S0, is added to BaCI,
experiment? solution a white ppt. of BaSO, is
Ans. To demonstrate the extreme solubility formed which is insoluble in acid.
of hydrogen chloride gas in water.
When dil. HCl is added to BaClh, no
Ppt. is formed.
Q.12. What do you observe in the Fountain
Q17. What are the tests for hydrochloric
experiment?
acid?
Ans. The red solution escapes through Ans. () A glass rod dipped in ammonia
the jet in the form of a red fountain solution brought near vapours of
because atmospheric pressure pushes HCl acid forms dense white fumes.
the solution. (i) Addition of silver nitrate solution to
of HCi? dil. HCI forms white ppt. of silver
Q.13. What is the combustibility
chloride does not burn chloride.
Ans. Hydrogen
rather it puts off a burning splint. Q.18. How is Aqua Regia formed using conc.
HC1?
Hence, it is neither combustible nor a

supporter of combustion. Ans. Conc. HC1 forms aqua regia wit

concentrated HNO, when mixed m
Q.14. How does solubility of hydrogen
the ratio of 3 1.
in water change with
chloride gas
3HCI+HNO,» NOCI + 2C1+2H0
temperature?

74 Chemistry-X
 O.19. Name the gas
produced in each of the Q.21.
following reactions: Manganese (IV) oxide, lead (IV) oxide and
red lead (Pb,O,) react with concentrated
(i) Heating of ammonium
(i) Heating of ammonium nitrate hydrochloric acid liberating chlorine
nitrite. (i) What is the common
property being
(ii) Action of hot water shown by these metal oxides?
on
aluminium
nitride. (i) Write the equation for the reaction of
(iv) Warming ammonium concentrated hydrochloric acid with
phosphate
with potassium hydroxide. Pb,O
Ans. () Nitrous oxide. (iii) What kind of compound can be
added to bleaching powder to obtain
(ii) Nitrogen. chlorine?
(it) Ammonia. Ans. () Oxidising property i.e., oxidation of
(iv) Ammonia. cone, hydrochloric acid.
0.20. What is the difference between the (i) Pb,O, +8HCI , 3PbC1h +4H,O
chemical nature of an aqueous solution
+Cl2
of hydrogen chloride and an (ii) Dilute mineral acids like
aqueous hydrochloric
solution of ammonia? acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid.
Ans. The aqueous
aqueous solution of hydrogen
PREVIOUS YEARS' QUESTIONS WITH
chloride ionises to furnish hydronium
ANSWERS
ions (H,O) imparting acidic properties
while an aqueous solution of ammonia Q.1. A solution of hydrogen chloride in water
is prepared. The following substances
furnish hydroxyl ions (OH) imparting
are added to separate portions of the
basis properties.
solution.

S.No. Substances added Gas evolved Odour

1. |Calcium carbonate
Magnesium ribbon
Manganese (IV) oxide with heating
Sodium sulphite

and its odour. ICSE 2004]

Complete the table by writing the gas evolved in each case

Odour
Ans. S.No. Substances added Gas evolved

Odourless
1. Calcium carbonate CO2
Odourless
2 Magnesium ribbon H
3. Manganese (TV) oxide with heating Ch Suffocating
Smell of
Sodium sulphite SO2
burning sulphur

Chemistry-X 75
Q.2. Write the balanced equations for the
Q.5. (i) State the disadvantage
dissolving TICT gas in water
following reactions: form hydrochlori acid
) Copper oxide and dilute hydrochlo (i) o w does the solubility of a
ric acid.
(i) Manganese (IV) oxide and concen-
8as
hange with
temperature?
ICSE 2006
trated hydrochloric acid. of production of
Ans. (i) The rate
ICSE 2005] dissoluti.
excced the rate of its
) CuO +2HC1»CuCl, + H,0 causing
ack suction of water
Ans. into the hot Hask resulting in an
(i) MnO,+ 4HCI> MnClh +211,0+
explosion.
Cl increase temperature of
illustrated (i) With
Q.3. () Name the experiment of HCI in water
the solubility
below. decreases while with the lowering

of hydrogen of temperature,
its solubility
(i) Which property
demonstrated by this increases.
chloride is
ammonia and
experiment? (i) Of the two gases,
Q.6. which is more
the water that has hydrogen chloride,
(ii) State the colour of dense? Name the method of
flask.
entered the round bottom
collection of this gas.

example of a reaction
(ii) Give one
between the above two gases
Hydrogen which producer a solid compound
chloride
[ICSE 2007]
Water chloride is more dense.
Ans. (i) Hydrogen
Dropper HCI is collected by upward
Water+
blue litmus displacement of air.

(ii) NH + HCl > NH,CI

(Solid Compound)
for the reaction
Q.7. Write balanced equations with each of
[ICSE 2006] of dilute hydrochloric acid
the following:
Ans. (i) Fountain experiment. (i) Iron
(i) To show extreme solubility of Sodium hydrogen carbonate
(ii)
water.
hydrogen chloride in (ii) Iron (1I) sulphide
Water enters the flask and is ejected (iv) Sodium sulphite
(iin)
solution.
in the form of a red fountain. (v) Sodium thiosulphate
equations for the ICSE 20071
Q4. Write balanced
following reactions: Ans. () Fe + 2HCI > FeCl + HT
dilute nitric (ii) NaHCO3 + HCI NaCl + H,0+
(i) Manganese and very
acid at low temperature. CO
(i) FeS + 2HCI > FeCl, + H^St
(i) Hydrogen sulphide and conc.

sulphuric acid. [ICSE 2006] (iv) Na,SO, + 2HCI> 2NaCl +H,O

SO,T
Ans. (i) Mn + 2HNO, > Mn(NO)2 + H2
() Na,S,0 + 2HC1>2NaCl + HSO
(i) HS + HSO, > S +2H,0 + SOD +S

76 Chemistry-X
 B. SULPHURIC ACID convert into steam and cause
suddenly
How does the acid to splash or spurt.
1.
H,SO, occur in the free
state? Q.8. What are the advantages of diluting
the acid by slowly adding the acid to
Ans, Traces of frece acid are
found in certain
mineral springs and water with constant stirring?
near
ores. sulphide Ans. (a) Water being in bulk, the heat is

0.2. How does H2S0, evenly distributed its

throughout
Occur in the combined
state? bulk, preventing any sudden rise
in temperature
A Sulphuric acid occurs
naturally as a (b) The acid being dense, sinks to the
mineral in the form of metal
sulphates. bottom of water, causing spattering
0.3. Why is HSO, used as drying of water and not the acid.
agent?
Ans. Conc. H2SO, acid has an Q.9. Show by balanced equations the
affinity for
water. Since, it absorbs moisture
from reaction of dilute H,SO, with:
the atmosphere, it is used as a
agent for drying gases which
drying (a) Alkali
do not (b) Basic oxide
react with it.
(c) Active metal
04. What are the
general methods of (d) Metal carbonate
obtaining HSO,?
(e) Metal sulphide
Ans. Following are the general methods:
Ans. (a) 2NaOH
() Action of water on sulphur trioxide +
H,SO, NaSO, +
2HO
SO +HO>H,SO, (b) Mg0+ H,SO, MgSO, +
H,O
(i) Oxidation of sulphur by conc. (c) Zn +HSO, ZnSO, + H2
S+ 6HNO, (conc.) HNO
> HSO +6NO d) KCO+ HSO K,SO, + HO
+2H,0
(ii) Hydrolysis of
sulphuryl chloride CO
() FeS +H,SO FeSO, + HS
SO,Clh+2H,0 HSO, + 2HCI Q.10. Show by balanced equations the
(iv) Oxidation of aqueous solution of
SO oxidation of: (a) non-metals, (b) metals,
SO + 2H,0 + Clh - HSO, + 2HCI c) inorganic compounds by conc.
Q.5. Name the gases dried by HSO4
H,SO
Ans. (a) C+2H,SO4> CO2+2H,0+250,
Ans. Hydrogen chloride, sulphur dioxide
and chlorine. (b) Zn 2H,SO
+
ZnSO, 2H,0 +

Q.6. How are acid burns counteracted? +SO

Ans. In case of acid burns, the (c) 2HBr +
H,SO Br 2H,0
body part +

must be immediately and thoroughly +SO

flushed with large amounts of water.
The area can then be treated as an
ordinary burn.
Q.7. Why is it dangerous to dilute the acid
by adding water to conc. H2S04?
Ans. If the acid is diluted by adding water
to the conc. acid, then the
Q.11. Show by balanced equations the
dehydration of: (a) carbohydrates,
(b) organic acids, (c) alcohols,
(d) hydrated salts by conc. H,SO4.
Ans. () Glucose, C,H206 . HSO6C
0 6C
+6H0
water may

Chemistry-X 77
 2. Contact toweer

(b) Formic acid, H.COOH 3. Absorption tower

CO+ H,O 4. Dilution tank

()Ethylalcohol, C2H,OH HSO on a large

Ans. (a) To obtain H2SO4 scal.
ale.
C2H + H2O
(d) Copper sulphate, CuSO, . 5H20 (b) 1. S +
O SO
H,S0 CuSO, + 5H20 V,Os
2. 2S02 + O2 500C 2S0,
0 +4
+ A
non-
Q.12. Show by equations H2SO, as a
[V,O = Vanadium Pentaoxidal
volatile acid to form more volatile

acid. 3. SO, + H2SO4 > H2S,0, (oleumi

Ans.
<200°'C NaHSO + HCI 4. HS,0, + H2O - 2H,SO,
NaCl+H,SO -
NaNO+ HSO <200CNaHSO + HNO, pentaoxide preferre
Q.15. Why is vanadium
Q.13. State two chemical tests for dilute over platinised asbestos as a catalyst?

HSO4 Ans. V2O, is cheaper and less easily poisoned

Ans. (a) Barium chloride when added to dil.
by impurities.
H,SO, forms a white ppt. of BaSO,
used.
which is insoluble in dil. HCl or Q.16. Name the promoter
Ans. Potassium oxide to enhance the activity
HNO3
BaSO4 2HCI of the catalyst.
BaClh +H,SO > +

(b) Lead nitrate when added to dil. Q.17. In the absorption tower, why are SO
HSO, forms a white ppt. of PbSO vapours absorbed in conc. H2SO4 and
which is insoluble in dil. HCl or not in water?

HNO3 Ans. 1. The reaction is exothermic.

Pb(NO)2 + HSO PbSO4
+ 2HNOD3
2. SO does not form a
homogernous
mixture with water. It forms a dense
Q.14. With reference of Contact process: fog of H,SO4 particles.
(a) State the purpose of the above
Q.18. Complete the following table
process to manufacture H,SO4
Column 3 has the names of gases to
industrially.
be prepared using
the substance you
(b) Give balanced equation for the
enter in Column 1
reactions in the following chamber: along with dilute or
1. Pyrite/sulphur burner concentrated sulphuric acid as indicated
by you in Column 2:

Column 1 Column 2
Column 3
Substance reacted Dilute or conc.
with acid
Gas
H,SO
Hydrogen
Carbon dioxide
Only chlorine
78 Chemistry-X Sulphur dioxide
 Column 1 Column 3
Ans. Column 2
Substance reacted Dilute or conc Gas
with acid
Zinc
H,SO
Dilute Hydrogen
Calcium carbonate Carbon dioxide
Dilute
NaCl+MnO, Concentrated Only chlorine
Copper Concentrated Sulphur dioxide
Write the equations for
Q.19. the laboratory
preparation of: Q.21. Write the equations for the laboratory
() Sodium preparation of the following salts using
sulphate using dilute sulphuric acid:
sulphuric acid.
(i) Lead () Iron () sulphate from iron.
sulphate using sulphuric acid.
(ii) Copper sulphate using sulphuric (i) Copper sulphate from copper
acid. oxide.

Ans. () 2NaOH + HSO4 > NazSO, » (ii) Lead sulphate from lead nitrate.
2H,O
() Pb(NO3)2 + HSO> PbSO, + iv) Sodium sulphate from sodium
bicarbonate.
2HNO Ans.
(ii) CuO+ HSO, »CuSO + H,O (i) Fe +
HSO, (dil.) >
FeSO + H2
0.20. (i) Whichconcentrated acid will oxidize (i) CuO+ HSO, (dil.) > CuSO, +
sulphur directly to sulphuric acid? HO
Write the equation for the same.
(1in) Pb(NO)h +
H_SO, (dil) >
PbsO,
(i) What is the name of the process
by +2HNO
which sulphuric acid is manufac-
tured? Name the (io) 2NaHCO +HSO, (dil.)->Na,SO
catalyst used in
the process.
+2H,0+ 2CO2
(ii) Complete the followingsentences
PREVIOUS YEARS' QUESTIONS WITH
choosing the correct word from the
brackets "Concentrated sulphu ANSWERS
ric acid is used in the Q.1.
laboratory
preparation of nitric acid and
A
hydrochloric acid because it Sulphur Sulphuric acid
is (less volatile/ B
stronger) in comparison to these D
C
two acids." Sulphur dioxide Sulphur trioxide
Ans. 4) Conc. nitric acid F
|Sodium sulphate
S+6HNO>HSO,+6NO, +2H,0
(i) Contact Process () Name the catalyst which helps in
Vanadium pentaoxide (V,O,) the conversion of sulphur dioxide
ii) Less volatile to sulphur trioxide in step C.

Chemistry-x 79
 ()In the of nitric acid
Contact process for lhe () Preparation
manufacture of ene
of ethene from
from ethy
sulphuric acid, (ir) Preparation
sulphur trioxide is not converted alohol
to sulphatet
sulphuric acid by reacting (ii) Preparation
of copper
Irom
it with
water. lnstead two a blue vitriol

step procedure is used. Write (iv) Preparation of magnesium sulpha

nato
the equation for the two from magnesium oxide. |ICSE 20
steps
involved in D? (i) Z
Ans. (i) X
(17) What type of substance will
(iv) W
liberate sulphur dioxide from
Some properties
sulphuric
of
are
acid
sodium sulphite in step E? Q.4.
listed below. Choose the property
(io) Write the equation for the reaction
which sulphur dioxide is B or C which
is responsible for thne
by reactions (/) to (v). Some properties
converted to sodium sulphite in may
ICSE 2004] be repeated:
Step F?
A. Acid
Ans. () Vanadium pentaoxide (V,0) B. Dehydrating agent
i) sO + H,SO, > HS,0, C. Oxidising agent
() C2H2201 + nH,SO, 12C +
HSO, + H,O> 2H,S0
11H,O+ nH,S0,
2HCI 2NaCl
(tii) Acid ie., Na SO, +
(i) S + 2H,SO, 3S02 + 2H,0
+ H,O + S0,T
(iin) NaCl + HSO4 NaHSO, HCI
> +

(ir) Na,O +SO, Na,SO,

(iv) CuO +HSO4> CuSO4 H,0
+

Write the balanced equations for the (o) Na,CO3 + H,SO4 > Naz SO,
Q.2.
following reactions:
HO+CO2 [ICSE 2007
(i) Potassium hydrogen carbonate and () B
dilute sulphuric acid.
Ans.
(i) B
(ii) Sodium nitrate and concentrated
ii) C, A
sulphuric acid. [ICSE 2005]
(iv) A
Ans. ) 2KHCO, +H,SOKSO, +2H,0 (v) A.
+2CO,T
(ii) NaN0, + H,SO,> NaHSO, + C. AMMONIA

HNO Q.1. How does ammonia occur in a tree

Q.3. W,X, Y and Z summarise the properties state?
of acid depending on whether
sulphuric air.
concentrated. Choose
Ans. () Traces are found in atmospheric
it is dilute or

the property (W, X, Y or Z) depending (i) During the petrifaction of plants

and animals, organic matter mix in
on which is relevant to each of the
preparations () to (iüi):
the soil.
in d
Q.2. How does ammonia occur
W Dilute acid (typical acid properties)
combined state?
Y Oxidizing agent
and
X Non-volatile acid Ans. It occurs as NH,CI, (NH,)SO,
Z Dehydrating agent ammoniacal liquor.

80 Chemistry-X
 Q.3. What are the general methods of Ans. (u) 2NH, + 6Cl, (excess) 2NCI,
preparation of ammonia? + 6HC
Ans. () By direct synthesis
(b)8NI1, + 3Cl, (little)> N, + 6NH,CI
3H2 + N2= 2NH + A heat
(c) 4NH, + 302 2N2 + 6H,0 +
(ii) By action of hot water on metal
4NO + 611,0 + heat
nitrides () 4NH t 50,
Ca,N2 +6H;O 3Ca(OH), + 2NIH Q.11. Ammonia is a reducing agent. Show
(ii) By the action of alkalies on heated through an equation the reducing
ammonium salts action of NH3 on metallic oxide.

2NH CI + Ca(OH)2 > CaCl2 Ans. 3CuO + 2NH,> 3Cu + 3H,0 + N2

+2H,0+ 2NH3T Copper(1) Copper

O.4. How can ammonia be liquified? oxide

be liquified when cooled under 3PbO+ 2NH,> 3Pb + 3H,O + N2

Ans. It can
pressure to a colourless 1liquid. Lead(11) Lead

o.5. How does solubility of ammonia vary oxide

with temperature? Q.12. Aqueous solution of ammonia

Ans. Its solubility

decreases with an increase precipitates the hydroxides of the
metals when added to the aqueous
in temperature.
solution of their salts. Show by series
0.6. What is the effect of inhaling ammonia? of ionic equations.
Ans. Ammonia brings tears to eyes. It causes
Ans. Fe2+ + NH,OH > Fe(OH)2 + NH
inflammation of respiratory passages.
If inhaled in a large quantity, causes (Dirty
and may lead to death. green ppt.)
choking even

for Fe NH,OH Fe(OH)3 + NH4"

Q.7. Name a suitable drying agent NH.
which is (Reddish
Ans. Calcium oxide (quicklime) brown ppt.)
basic in nature has no action of NH3
Zn2+NH,OH » Zn(OH)2 + NH
is acidic drying agent not used
Q.8. Why a
(Gelatinous
for drying ammonia?
white ppt.)
Ans. Acidic drying agents such as conc.

CaCl2 reacts with Pb+NH,OH» Pb(OH)2 + NH,

HSO4, P2O5 or
(Chalky white ppt.)
ammonia.

Q.9. Show by equations the basic property Cu+NH,OH > Cu(OH)2 + NH

of: (Blue ppt.)
(a) NH and (b) NHOH with acids. Q.13. What are the tests for ammonia?
Ans. (a) NH3 + HCI NH,CI Ans. The tests for ammonia are:

(6) NH,OH + HCI NH,CI+ H,O its characteristic

(i) It is recognized by
Q.10. Represent by balanced equations, the smell.
reaction of NH3 with:
(ii) It turns moist red litmus blue.
(a) Excess Cl (b) Little Cl2
(iii) When a glass rod dipped
() Oxygen (without catalyst) concentrated solution of
in
(d) Oxygen (with catalyst) hydrochloric acid is brought in
Chemistry-X81
 contact with ammonia, dense white Q.18. () Write the equation for th
ormation of ammonia by
fumes of NH,CI are formed the
action of water on alumi
um
NH HCI NH,C nitride

is ammonia collected?
Q.14. How does ammonia react with water? (ii) How
(ii) Why is ammonia not collected over
Ans. NH,+ H,0 NH,OH water?
diReociates (i7)Which compound is normally Used
NH,OH NH+OH as a drying agent for ammonia
Q.15. With reference to Haber's process,
(i) AIN
+ 3H,O AlOH), +
NH.
answer the following: Ans. collected
(ii) Ammonia is by the
State and explain the conditions which downward displacement of air
favour synthesis of NH, from raw
Ammonia is highly soluble in
(iii)
materials for maximum yield. water.
that because it is basic
(iv) Quicklime (Ca0)
is found
Ans. (a) Temperature: It
optimum and does not react with ammonia
for maximum yield, an

is
temperature of
450°C-500°C
which is also basic in nature.

necessary
accelerate the rate PREVIOUS YEARS' QUESTIONS WITH
(b) Catalyst: To
a suitable catalyst, ANSWERS
of reaction
divided iron mixed with for the reaction
finely Q.1. (i) Write the equation
molybdenum as promoter is in the Haber process that forms
a mixture of
used (sometimes ammonia.

potassium oxide and

ferric oxide,
(i) State the purpose of liquefying the
aluminium oxide is substituted).
ammonia produced in the process.
(c) Pressure: In order to have higha
of 'sal
(ii) Give the chemical name

vield of NH, the optimum high ammoniac'.

should be between
pressure
Write the balanced molecular
200-1000 atmosphere. (iv)
ammonia from
equation for the laboratory
Q.16. How will you separate
preparation of ammonia from sal
uncombined N2 and H?
ammoniac. [ICSE 2004
Ans. (i) By liquefaction
Ans. (i) N2 +3H2 2NH, + heat
(i) By dissolving in water
(7) To recover ammonia from the
Q.17. Write the equations for the action of heat uncombined gases as ammonia
on:
can be easily liquefied and is
(i) Ammonium chloride
highly soluble in water.
(ii) Ammonium nitrate
(ii) Ammonium chloride (NH,C
(ii) Ammonium nitrite
(iv) 2NH,CI+ Ca(OH), » CaClh +
Ans. (i) NH,CI NH, + HCI
2H,0+2NH,
i) NH,NO, N,O + 211,0
Q.2. Write the equations for the following
(ii) NH,NO, N, + 2H,0 reactions which result in the formation
of ammonia:

82 Chemistry-X
 (1) A mixture of ammonium combined
chloride Q.3. 1low does INO, o c u r in a

and slaked lime is heated. state?

(2) Aluminium nitride and water. Ans. Chile salt petre (NaNO,)
ICSE 2005] Nitre (KNO,)
Ans. (1) 2NHCI + Ca(OH), -> CaCl, +
Calcium nitrate |Ca(NO,),)|
2NH, + 211,0
Q.4. Tow is IINO, preparedin a laboratory?
(2) AIN+ 3H,0 > Al(OH), + NH,
Ans. In the laboratory, it is prepared by
(i) Name the substance used for
Q.3. concentrated 1,O, and
drying ammonia. heating
nitre/chile salt in a glass retort in
(i) Write an equation to illustrate the
temperature of 200'C.
reducing nature of ammonia.
NaNO, +onc. HO, 2090 Na H04
(i) With reference to Haber's process
+ HNO,
for the preparation of ammonia,
write the equation and the condi Q.5. How is nitric acid collected?
tions required. [ICSE 20061 condensed
Ans. Vapours of nitric acid are

cooled receiver,
Ans.
) Calcium oxide (CaO) by cooling in the water
and the acid is collected as a brown
(i) 2NH3+ 3CuO> 3Cu + 3H,0 +N
3H; 2NHs heat liquid.
(ii) Na + +

Concentration: Excess of reactants Q.6. Why is nitric acid prepared yellow or

brownish in colour?
Temperature : 450°C
Ans. This is because of the partial
Pressure :200 1000
decomposition of HNO, into NO2
atmospheres
Catalyst :Finelydivided 4HNO 4NO, + Oz + 2H,O
iron be made
Q.7. How can brownish HN0,
Promoter Molybdenum colourless?
Q.4. Write a balanced equation for a reaction Ans. On a dilution with water, NO, is
in which ammonia is oxidized by:
changed back to HNO
) a metal oxide,
(i) a gas which is not oxygen. Q.8. Write balanced equations for the reaction
of dil. HNO, with: (a) Metal carbonates,
[ICSE 2007]
(6) Metal bicarbonates, (c) Basic oxides,
Ans. ( 3CuO+2NH3Cu +3H,O +N2 () Basic hydroxides, (e) Metal sulphites,
(Gi) 8NH, +3Clh >
N,(excess)+ ) Metal bisulphites.
NH,CI Ans. (a) CaCO +2HNO, > Ca(NO)2
D. NITRIC ACID +HO + CO,T
Q.1. What is the common name for nitric (6) 2NaHC0, + 2HNO, 2NaNO,
acid?
+2H,0+ 2C0,T
Ans.
Aqua fortis which means strong water. (c) CaO+ 2HNO,> Ca(NO3)2 + HO
9:2. How HNO, Occurs in free state!? (d) Cu(OH)2 + 2HNO, Cu(NO)2
Ans. N + O, Lightening 2NO (from atmosphere) +2H,O
2NO +
O2 (e) CaSO +2HNO > Ca(NO)2 + H,O
2NO2
4NO, +2HO (rain) + O, 4HNOg +SO2
Chemistry-x 83
 )KHSO, + HNO, KNO, + HO Ans. 1. When concentrated HNO, is heas
ated
with copper turnings, brown thun
+SO, of NO2 are evolved.
e
Q.9. Represent by balanced equations
2. Brown ring formation test.
oxidation of:
0.16. Describe briefly brown ring test
() Non-metals, for
NO ion.
(b) Inorganic compounds and,
Ans. When conc. H,S0, is added the
() Metals by conc. HNO side
of the test tube containing a solutiion
Ans. (a) C+ 4HNO, -> CO, + 4NO + 2H,0 of HNO,/nitrate solution and fresh
prepared FeSOq, a brown ring is forme
(b) HS+2HNO, > 2H,0 +2NO, +S at the junction of Hz504 and a mixtur
(c) Cu + 4HNO, > Cu(NO,)2 + 2NO, of HNO + FeSO.
+2H,0 the brown ring formatin.
Q.17. Explain
Q.10. What are the equation involved in the
in the test of
nitric acid by series o
manufacture of HNO, by Ostwald's
equations.
process? Ans. 6FeSO, + 3H,SO, + 2HNO, -

Ans. (a) 4NH3 + 50 Platinum gauze_ 4NO 3Fe(SO) +4H,0 + 2NO

+6H20
FeSO4+ NO > FeSO4NO
(b) 2NO+O, 50°C 2NO, (remaining) (brown ring)
4HN0 when hot conc. HNO,
)4NO, +2H,0 +O% Q.18. () What happens
taken for the is added to iron?
Q.11. Why is excess of O
Ostwald's process? Name three explosives manufactured
(ii)
Ans. (a) All stages of reaction need oxygen. from HNOg
favours forward
(b) Excess of O Ans. (i) A thin film of iron oxide is formed
reaction. on the metal and as a result, the
should the gases entering the
Q.12. Why metal does not react further with the
catalyst chamber be pure?
acid. The iron is said to be rendered
Ans. The gases must be pure because
it passive.
impurities poison the catalyst and
loses its efficiency. (ii) Tri-nitro-toluene, nitro-glycerine and

Q.13. Why is the platinum gauze only picric acid.

heated in catalytic chamber?

initially Q.19. (i) The first step in the manufacture of
Ans. The reaction is exothermic and hence nitric acid is the catalytic oxidation of
heat is generated.
ammonia.
Q.14. Why is H2 generally not liberated
when dilute HNO, reacts with metals?
(1) What is the name of the catalyst?

Ans. HNO, is a strong oxidising agent (2) Why is excess air taken in the
and the nascent oxygen formed on process?
decomposition oxidizes the hydrogen (i) Name three organic compounds
to water.
which burn into flames on addition
Q.15. What are the chemical test for nitric of conc. nitric acid.
acid or nitrate?

84 Chemistry-X
Ans. (i) (1) Platinum gauze,
Ans. (i) Ostwald's process
(2) Because all the
reaction require oxygenstages the
and also to
in
(ii) Platinum gauze
favour the forward reaction. (i) The reaction being exothermic,
(ii) Turpentine, alcohols and Q.3. ()Explain, why only all glass
sawdust.
Q.20. () When nitric acid is apparatus should be used for
prepared by the
action of concentrated the preparation of nitric acid by
acid on potassium sulphuric
nitrate, what is heating concentrated sulphuric
the special feature of the apparatus acid and potassium nitrate.
used?
(i) Write the (i) Write a chemical equation to
equation the for illustrate the acidic nature of nitric
laboratory preparation of nitric
acid from potassium nitrate and acid. ICSE 2006]
concentrated sulphuric acid. Ans. (i) This is because the nitric acid
ii) Sodium nitrate is prepared from vapours formed are corrosive and
sodium hydroxide and nitric acid. destroy materials like cork and
Name the type of this reaction. rubber.
(iv) Which gas is produced when (i) HNO ionizes completely in
sodium nitrate is heated? Write
aqueous solution to produce H
the equation for the reaction.
ions which account for the acidic
Ans.
() A glass retort whose stem enters a
nature.
water cooled receiver.
(i) KNO + H,SO KHSOKHSO HNO H'+ NO
+ HNO Q4. The figure given below illustrates the
(ii) Neutralisation of metal hydroxide apparatus used in the
laboratory
with dilute nitric acid. preparation of nitric acid.
(iv) Oxygen
2NaNOA 2NaNO2 +O2 Glass retort

PREVIOUS YEARS' QUESTIONS WITH Cold water

ANSWERS
Sand tray Heat

Q.1. Write the balanced equations for the

following reactions: Sink-
Sulphur and hot concentrated nitric acid.
[ICSE 2005]
Ans. S+6HNO () Name A (a liquid), B (a solid), and C
> HSO + 6NO, + 2H,0
Q2. The first step in the manufacture of (a liquid) (do not give formulae).
nitric acid is the catalytic oxidation of (i) Write show
an equation
ammonia.
() State the name of the industrial
how nitric acid undergoes
process which starts with the decomposition.
reaction above. (ii) Write the equation for the reaction
(i) What is the name of the catalyst? in which copper is oxidized by
i) Why does the catalyst, continue concentrated nitric acid.
to glow even when heat source is
[ICSE 20071
removed? [ICSE 2005]
Chemistry-X 85
 (ii) Write the balanced equation for
Ans. (i) A - Conc. sulphuric acid reaction in (i).
B Potassium nitrate reacting with
-

(ii) Sodium nitrate

C Nitric acid (concentrated/dilute
sulphuric acid produces nitric
(i) 4HN0, 4NO, +21,0+O,
acid.
(in) Cu+ 4HNO, »Cu(NO)> +
2NO (iv) Write the balanced eguation for
(conc.) +2H,0 reaction in (ii).
(i) Concentrated
Ans.
E. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS (i) S+ 6HNO, > H,SO, +
6NO, +

AND ANSWERS 2H0

(i) Concentrated

Q.1. Write the equation for: H,SO4 >

NaHSO, +
(iv) NaNO, +

The preparation of hydrogen HNO,

chloride from sodium chloride for the
Q.4. Write the balanced equations
and sulphuric acid. following reactions:
The of ammonia from
ii) preparation
ammonium chloride and calcium
(i) Dilute nitric acid producing
hydrogen.
hydroxide. Dilute nitric acid producing carbon
(i)
(ii) The reaction of nitric acid with
dioxide.
ammonia. (i) Concentrated nitric acid producing
>200°C
(i) 2NaCl + (conc.) H,SO, carbon dioxide.
Na,SO + 2HC1 (io) Dilute sulphuric acid producing
(i) Ca(OH), + 2NH,Cl> CaCl2 +
hydrogen sulphide.
2H,O+2NH3 Ans. () Mg +2HNO, > Mg(NO})2 + H
(i) NH3 +HNO, > NH,NO, (i) CaCO, + 2HNO, > Ca(NO,;)h +

Q.2. (i) What the products formed

are H.O CO,
when ammonia is oxidised with
(ii) C + 4HNO, > CO, + 4NO, +
lead (II) oxide?
2H,0
(i) Name two lead compounds that (io) ZnS + H,SO > ZnSO + HS
can be used to oxidise hydrogen
chloride to chlorine. Q.5. Select from the list, the gas that matches
the description given in each case and
Ans. (i) 2NH+3PbO > 3Pb +3H,O +N2
answer the questions that follow:
The products formed are lead,
water and nitrogen.
Ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen chloride.
) Gas A turns moist red litmus paper blue.
(i) Lead dioxide (PbO,) and red lead
(1) What is the name of gas A?
(PbO).
Q.3. Choose the correct word from the (2) Write the equation for the reaction
that takes place when gas A is
brackets to complete the sentences passe
(i) to (v): over heated copper oxide.
(i) Sulphur can be converted to (i) When gas B is mixed with gas B, dense
sulphuric acid using white fumes are seen and there is no
(dilute/concentrated) nitric acid. other product.

86 Chemistry-X
 1)What is the
name
of gas B? laboratory after th
What is the name of
the
(I) You enter a

the fountain
of the reaction betweern product class has completed
gas A and f o w will you be able
gas B? xperiment
used in the
() (1) Gas A is ammomia. to tell whether the gas
chloride
(2) 3CuO hydrogen
+
2NH,>3Cu N, +
experiment

or ammonia
was

ICSE 2007|

) (1) Gas B is hydrogen chloride.

3H,O
Ans. () lighest bp. 1,0,
(2) Ammonium chloride. Lowest bp. HCT

chloride solution when

() Barium
YEARS QUESTIONS
PREVIC
WITH added to dilute sulphuric acid will
ANSWERS
be
form white ppt. which will not
Q.1. Write balanced possible with dilute hydrochloric
equations for the
following reactions: acid
Lead sulphate from lead nitrate chloride forms a red
(iii) Hydrogen
solution and dilute sulphuric acid. fountain and ammonia forms a
(i) Copper sulphate from copper and
blue fountain.
conc. sulphuric acid.
(iii) Ammonium
sulphatee from PRACTICcE TEST
and dilute
ammonia
sulphuric 1. (a) Name the experiment which
acid.
(iv) Sodium chloride from sodium demonstrates extreme solubility of

carbonate solution and dilute two gases.

hydrochloric acid. [ICSE 2006] (b) Name the two gases.

Ans. ( Pb(NO,)2 +
H,SO » (c) State one difference in their
PbSO+2HNO observation.
(i1) Cu + 2H,SO, CuSO (d) Account for the difference in (c).
(conc.) +2H,0 + SO,T (e) Write down the reaction between the
(iin) 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH,),SO,
gases.
(iv) Na,CO, +
2HC> 2NaCI+HO 2. Write the equation for the preparation of:
+CO2 (i) Nitric acid from potassium nitrate.
Q.2. () HCI, HNO3 and H2SO, are the
(i) Hydrogen chloride from sodium
formulae of three compounds.
chloride.
Which of these compounds has the
highest boiling point and which (iii) Ammonia from magnesium nitride.
has the lowest? (iv) Ammonia from sal ammoniac.
i) Dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute 3. State what is observed when:
sulphuric acid are both colourless (a) Hydrochloric acid is added to silver
solutions. How will the addition nitrate solution.
of barium chloride solution to
each help to distinguish between (b) Nitric acid is kept in a glass bottle for
the two? a long time.

Chemistry-x 87
 (c) Rubber and cork fittings are used in (a) Complete the reactions for
A
the and C.
laboratory preparation of HNO,
(d) (b) ldentify the substances X, Y, z
Hydrogen chloride is brought in ,
contact with moist air. and J.
() Dilute HNO, accidentally falls on the 6. Complete the following reactions
skin. + HCI (dil.)
(a) CaCO,
4. (b) Mg (ISO,)> + HCI (dil.)-
Show by balanced equation the action of
strong heat on the following: () PhS+ HCI (dil)
(a) KNO, (d) NH + Cl, (excess)
+
(e) NH, (excess) C,
(b) Zn(NO,) A
+ HNO, (very dil.) -
() Mg
A
Fe + NO, (conc.)
(c) AgNO (g)
(h) PbO + NH3
(d) NH,NOO3
(i) NH,OH + H,SO4
(e) NHNO ) CaOClh + NHJ:
5. The following reactions are carried out:
(k) NH3 + HNO,
A: Aluminium + Compound Y
gas X (l) CuO+ HSO, (dil.)
Ammonia +
B:Y + boiling water 7. Concentrated HNO, and concentrate
compound Z HSO04 can oxidise (a) metals, (b) non
C: Ammonia + metal K+
CuO metals, and (c) inorganic compounds
water +gas J Write two balanced equations each for
both the acids for each of (a), (b) and (c

8. the following table.

Complete
Process Name of product Catalyst Approx. temp.

HABER

CONTACT

OSTWALDD

by balanced equations the

9. Rainwater contains traces of HNO3 11. Show
Account for this a dehydration of (a) sugar, (b) oxalic acod
during lightning. by
series of balanced equations. (C) ethyl alcohol, and (d) MgsO4. 10H
10. Write down the equations involved in by conc. H,SO4
the manufacture of HNO, by Ostwald's 12. How do H2 and Clh react in (a) difru
process. sunlight? (b) direct sunlight? (c) darknes

88 Chemistry-X