HANDOUT No.

1 (Properties and Characteristics of Gases) The Gas Laws: BOYLE, CHARLES, and GAY-LUSSAC’s law

BOYLE’s Law - “Father of Modern Chemistry”, Robert Boyle was a

Chemist & Natural Philosopher, from Listmore, Ireland, January
25, 1627 – December 30, 1690
- Pressure and volume are inversely related at constant
temperature.
PV = K
- As one goes up, the other goes down.
P1V1 = P2V2

Characteristics of gases:
V
Sample problem in Boyle’s law: A gas occupies 100. mL at 150.
• Gases expand to fill any container - random motion, no
attraction kPa. Find its volume at 200. kPa.
• Gases are fluids (like liquids) - no attraction
• Gases have very low densities - no volume = lots of
empty space
• Gases can be compressed - no volume = lots of empty
space
• Gases undergo diffusion & effusion- random motion

KEY UNITS AT SEA LEVEL

Charle’s Law - Jacques-Alexandre Charles was a Mathematician,
1 atm is equal to: Physicist, Inventor from Beaugency, France, November 12, 1746
– April 7, 1823.
101,325 Pa; 101.325 kPa; 760 mm Hg; 760 torr; 14.7 psi (lb/in2);
1.01325 bar
- Volume of a gas varies directly with the absolute
Pressure - It is defined as force, F, that acts on a given area, A. temperature at constant pressure.
Pascal (Pa) being the standard unit. P = F/A V = KT
- V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
Standard Temperature & Pressure
V
0°C 273 K

1 atm 101.325 kPa

Atmospheric pressure - It is the pressure exerted by Earth’s

T
atmosphere- dependent with locations, temperature, and
weather conditions.

Example no 1: The barometer in Manila gives a reading of 0.95

atm. What is the equivalent pressure in torr; and psi?

Determine the conversion factor: 1 atm = 760 torr; 1 atm = 14.7

psi

P = 0.95 atm x 760 torr = 722 torr

1 atm

P = 0.95 atm x 14.7 psi = 13.97 or 14 psi

1 atm
Sample problem in Charle’s law: A gas occupies 473 cm3 at 36°C. Sample problem in Ideal gas law:
Find its volume at 94°C.

Gay-Lussac’s law - Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac was an

Experimentalist fromLimoges, France, December 6, 1778 – May
9, 1850
- At constant volume, pressure and absolute temperature
are directly related.
P=kT
P1 / T1 = P2 / T2

Avogadro’s Law - Amedeo Avogadro was a Physicist from Turin,

Italy, August 9, 1776 – July 9, 1856.
- At constant temperature and pressure, the volume of a
gas is directly related to the number of moles.
- V=Kn
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2

Ideal Gas Law- An ideal gas is a hypothetical gas whose pressure-

volume-temperature behavior can be completely accounted for Prepared By:
by the ideal gas equation.
- Before we can apply the ideal gas equation to a real VEVIN L. AGONIA
system, we must evaluate the gas constant R. At 0 oC Science Teacher I
(273.15 K) and 1 atm pressure, many real gases behave
like an ideal gas. Experiments show that under these
conditions, 1 mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.414 L. The
conditions at 0 oC and 1 atm are called STP.

R = PV/nT or PV= nRT

UNIVERSAL GAS CONSTANT:

- R=0.0821 Latm/molK
- R=8.315 dm3kPa/molK
HANDOUT No. 2 (Balancing Chemical Equations and Types of
Chemical reaction)
A chemical equation is a short hand for the chemical reaction
and is essential when planning an experiment.
• Reactants appear on the left side of the equation.
• Products appear on the right side of the equation.
• The states of the reactants and products are written
in parentheses to the right of each compound.
(s. l. g)
• The Arrow indicates the direction of the reaction and
separates the reactant(s) from the product(s) and it
is read as “gives”, “yields”, or “forms”
• The Plus (+) sign simply means “reacts” with and
read as “and”.
• Coefficients are inserted to balance the equation.
• Subscripts tell the number of atoms of each element
in a molecule
• Coefficients tell the number of molecules
(compounds).
Symbols used in chemical equation
Rules in balancing chemical equation:
1. Use smallest integer coefficients in front of each
reactants and products as necessary; coefficient “1”
need not be indicated;
2. The formula of the substances in the equation MUST
NOT be changed.
Helpful steps in balancing chemical equations:
1. Begin with the compound that contains the most atoms
or types of atoms.
2. Balance elements that appear only once on each side of
the arrow.
3. Next balance elements that appear more than once on
either side.
4. Balance free elements last.
5. Finally, check that smallest whole number coefficients
are used.
Stoichiometry - the quantitative relationships between one
reactant to another, or between a reactant and products in a
chemical reaction.
Example No 1:
Description of reaction:
Iron reacts with oxygen gas and forms solid iron(III)
oxide:
Identity: reactants = iron (Fe) and oxygen gas (O2);
product = iron(III) oxide
Chemical equation: Fe(s) + O2 (g) → Fe2O3 (s)
Balanced equation:
4Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s)
Example No. 2:
Description of reaction:
Phosphorus reacts with oxygen gas to form solid tetra
phosphorus decoxide.
Equation: P(s) + O2(g) → P4O10(s)
Balanced eqn.: 4P(s) + 5 O2(g) → P4O10(s)
Example No. 3:
Description of reaction:
Propane gas (C3H8) is burned in air (excess of oxygen) to
form carbon dioxide gas and water vapor;
Identity: reactants = C3H8(g) and O2(g);
products = CO2(g) and H2O(g);
Equation: C3H8(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g);
Balanced equation:
C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
Example No. 4:
Description of reaction:
Ammonia gas (NH3) reacts with oxygen gas to form
nitrogen monoxide gas and water vapor;
Equation: NH3(g) + O2(g) → NO(g) + H2O(g);
Balancing the equation:
2NH3(g) + 5/2 O2(g) → 2NO(g) + 3H2O(g);
*Multiply throughout by 2 to get rid of the fraction:
4NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
Types of chemical reactions:
 • Synthesis Reaction or Combination Reaction is a Some compounds may require the application of heat or
type of chemical reaction where two or more electrolysis (use of electricity).
reactants form a single product.
A + B AB A binary compounds decomposes into its two elemental
components.
The formation of sulfides, oxides, metallic hydroxides (bases), H2O (l) ⎯electrolysis→ H2 (g) + O2 (g)
oxyacids, halides, metallic carbonates, and metallic chlorates 2H2O (l) ⎯electrolysis→ 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
are examples of synthesis reactions.
An oxyacid decomposes into nonmetallic oxide and water.
A metal reacts with sulfur to form a metallic sulfide H2CO3 (aq) ⎯⎯→ CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
Na (s) + S8 (s) ⎯⎯→ Na2S (s)
16Na (s) + S8 (s) ⎯⎯→ 8Na2S (s) A metallic hydroxide decomposes into metallic oxide and
water.
A nonmetal reacts with oxygen to form a nonmetallic oxide (a Ba(OH)2 (s) ⎯⎯→ BaO (s) + H2O (l)
binary compound). Ba(OH)2 (s) ⎯⎯→ BaO (s) + H2O (l)
H2(g) + O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ H2O (l)
2H2(g) + O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ 2H2O (l) A metallic carbonate decomposes into metallic oxide and
carbon dioxide.
A metal reacts with oxygen to form a metallic oxide (a binary MgCO3 (s) ⎯⎯→ MgO (s) + CO2 (g)
compound). MgCO3 (s) ⎯⎯→ MgO (s) + CO2 (g)
Al (s) + O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ Al2O3 (s) H2CO3 (aq) ⎯⎯→ CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
4Al (s) + 3O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ 2Al2O3 (s)
A metallic chlorate decomposes into metallic chloride and oxygen.

A nonmetal oxide reacts with water to form an oxyacids (an NaClO3 (s) ⎯⎯→ NaCl (s) + O2 (g)
acid that contains O). 2NaClO3 (s) ⎯⎯→ 2NaCl (s) + 3O2 (g)
CO2 (g) + H2O (l) H2CO3 (aq)
CO2 (g) + H2O (l) H2CO3 (aq) ⚫ A single replacement reaction is a type of chemical reaction in
Note: Bidirectional harpoons indicate that the reaction is which a more active substance can replace the position of a
reversible.
less active substance in a compound.

A metallic oxide reacts with water to form a metallic A + BX AX + B

hydroxides (a base). The symbol A represents the most active metal, B is the cation, and
Na2O (s) + H2O (l) ⎯⎯→ NaOH (aq)
Na2O (s) + H2O (l) ⎯⎯→ 2NaOH (aq) X is the anion.

A more reactive metal can replace a less active metal component of

A metallic oxide reacts with carbon dioxide to form a metallic
a sulfide and produce the elemental form of the less active metal.
carbonate.
CaO (s) + CO2 (g) ⎯⎯→ CaCO3 (s) Al (s) + Ag2S (s) ⎯⎯→ Al2S3 (s) + Ag (s)
CaO (s) + CO2 (g) ⎯⎯→ CaCO3 (s) 2Al (s) + 3Ag2S (s) ⎯⎯→ Al2S3 (s) + 6Ag (s)

A metal reacts with a halogen to form a halide ( a salt).

Na (s) + Cl2 (g) ⎯⎯→ NaCl (s) Al is more reactive than Ag. In the presence of heat, Al can react
2Na (s) + Cl2 (g) ⎯⎯→ 2NaCl (s)
with Ag2S (Silver tarnish) to form metal sulfide (Al2S3).

A metal chloride reacts with oxygen to form a metallic
chlorate.
NaCl (s) + O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ NaClO3 (s)
2NaCl (s) + 3O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ 2NaClO3 (s)
• Decomposition Reaction is a type of chemical
reaction that involves the breakdown of a single
reactant into two or more products.
AX A+ X
Decomposition of binary compounds (oxides), metallic
hydroxides (bases), oxyacids, and metallic chlorates
are examples of decomposition reactions.
A less reactive metal cannot replace a more reactive metal
component of a compound. In this case, a single replacement
reaction will not proceed. To indicate that no reaction has occurred,
simply write N.R. (no reaction)
Cu (s) + Fe2O3 (s) ⎯⎯→ N.R
Cu is less reactive than Fe. Therefore, it cannot replace Fe as the
cation in Fe2O3 (rust).
A metal that is more reactive than H reacts with water to form
metallic oxide and H gas.
Fe (s) + H2O (l) ⎯⎯→ Fe2O3 (s) + H2 (g) ⚫ A combustion reaction refers to the reaction of oxygen with a

2Fe (s) + 3H2O (l) ⎯⎯→ Fe2O3 (s) + 3H2 (g) substance (a metal, nonmetal, organic compound) in the

A metal that is more reactive than H reacts with oxyacid to form presence of heat.

ionic compound and H2 gas. ⚫ Rapid reactions that have oxygen as a reactant sometimes

Ca (s) + H2CO3 (aq) ⎯⎯→ CaCO3 (s) + H2 (g) produce a flame

Ca (s) + H2CO3 (aq) ⎯⎯→ CaCO3 (s) + H2 (g) ⚫ Most often involve hydrocarbons reacting with oxygen in the

air to produce CO2 and H2O.

Halogens or salt-forming compounds can also be involved in single A metal can also react with oxygen in the presence of heat to produce

replacement reactions. a metallic oxide. In this case, a combustion reaction is a special type of

Unlike metal, a halogen can only acquire a negative charge and synthesis reaction.

thus forms an anion. In a single replacement reaction, a more Mg2 (s) + O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ MgO (s)

reactive halogen replaces a less reactive halide anion in a 2Mg2 (s) + O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ 2MgO (s)

compound. A nonmetal can react with oxygen in the presence of heat to form a

A2 + BX AX + B2 nonmetallic oxide. This is also a synthesis reaction.

Where A is the more reactive halogen, B is the less reactive C (s) + O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ CO2 (g)

halogen, and X is the metal. C (s) + O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ CO2 (g)

A more reactive halogen can replace the less reactive halogen

component of an ionic compound (salt). Prepared By:

Cl2 (g) + NaBr (s) ⎯⎯→ NaCl (s) + Br2 (g)
VEVIN L. AGONIA
Cl2 (g) + 2NaBr (s) ⎯⎯→ 2NaCl (s) + Br2 (g) Science Teacher I

A less reactive halogen cannot replace a more reactive halogen. In

this case, a single replacement reaction will not occur.

I2 (g) + KBr (s) ⎯⎯→ N.R

⚫ A double replacement reaction is a type of chemical reaction

that involves the switching of the cations and anions of two

reactants. (usually ionic compounds)

AX + BY AY + BX

Where A and B are the cations, and X and Y is the anions.

A water soluble ionic compound can form a solid product called a

precipitate (ppt).

CuSO4 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) ⎯⎯→ CuCO3 (s) ↓ + Na2SO4 (aq)

CuSO4 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) ⎯⎯→ CuCO3 (s) ↓ + Na2SO4 (aq)

An acid may react with a carbonate to produce an insoluble gas

(H2, O2, CO2) and a molecular compounds (H2O).

HCl (aq) + CaCO3 (s) → CO2 (g) ↑ + CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l)

2HCl (aq) + CaCO3 (s) → CO2 (g) ↑ + CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l)