A Report on

Project Work
Entitled
“Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Hair Mask”

Submitted for partial fulfillment of requirement

for the award of degree
of
Bachelor of Pharmacy
of
Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune

Guided By Submitted by
Mrs. Rima M. Kuwar Final Y. B. Pharm (Sem-VII)
M - Pharm Roll No. Name of Student
Pharmaceutics
53 UTKARSHA KULKARNI

92 SAKSHI SARODE

107 KALASH TATIYA

112 UJJWALA UGALE

Gokhale Education Society’s

Sir. Dr. M. S. Gosavi College of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research,
Nashik-05 (A.Y. 2022-2023)
 DECLARATION BY STUDENT
We the undersigned solemnly declare that the report of the project

work/Practice school entitled FORMULATION AND EVALUATION

OF HERBAL HAIR MASK is based our own work carried out during our
study under the supervision of Mrs. Rima M. Kuwar submitted to
Savitribai Phule Pune University for the award of B. Pharmacy degree.

We assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are an

outcome of the project work. We further declare that to the best of our
knowledge and belief that the project report does not contain any part
of any work which has been submitted for the award of any other
degree/diploma/certificate in this University or any other University.

Team Members

Name Roll Number Signature

UTKARSHA KULKARNI 53

SAKSHI SARODE 92

KALASH TATIYA 107

UJJWALA UGALE 112

 Certificate BY guide
This to certify that the report of the project submitted is the outcome of
the practice school project entitled carried out by Utkarsha Kulkarni (53)
, Sakshi Sarode (92) , Kalash Tatiya (107) , Ujjwala Ugale (112) Carried
by under my guidance and supervision for the award of B. Pharmacy
degree.

I further declare that to the best of my knowledge and belief that the
project report does not contain any part of any work which has been
submitted for the award of any other degree/diploma/certificate in this
University or any other University.

Date:

Place: Mrs. Rima Kuwar

M-Pharm
Pharmaceutics
GES’s Sir Dr. M. S. Gosavi College
of Pharmaceutical Education and
Research, Nashik
 Certificate BY principal
This to certify that the report of the project submitted is the outcome of
the practice school project entitled submitted in the fulfillment of the
requirement of degree of B. Pharmacy carried out by Utkarsha Kulkarni
(53) , Sakshi Sarode (92) , Kalash Tatiya (107) , Ujjwala Ugale (112) at
the GES’s Sir Dr. M. S. Gosavi College of Pharmaceutical Education and
Research, Nashik under the guidance and supervision of Mrs. Rima M.
Kuwar .

Date:

Place: Dr. S. V. Amrutkar

Principal
GES’s Sir Dr. M. S. Gosavi College
of Pharmaceutical Education and
Research, Nashik
 Acknowledgement

In the successful completion of our project word on, “FORMULATION

AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL HAIR MASK ”. We would like to convey

our special gratitude to our guide Mrs. Rima Kuwar, of the

Pharmaceutics Department and as well as to our Principal Sir, Dr. S. V.
Amrutkar of Gokhale Education Society’s Sir. Dr. M. S. Gosavi College
of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Nashik. Your valuable
guidance and suggestions helped us in various phases of completion of
this project. We will always be thankful to you in this regard.

Team Members
Name Roll Number Signature

UTKARSHA KULKARNI 53

SAKSHI SARODE 92

KALASH TATIYA 107

UJJWALA UGALE 112

 Table of Contents
Chapter Title Page no
1. List of Tables I

2. List of Figures II

3. Abstract III

I Introduction 1

II Literature review 5

III Objective of study 6

IV Plan Of work 7

V Experimental Work 18

VI Result 26

VII Discussion 28

4. Conclusion 29

5. References 30

I
 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO TITLE PAGE NO
1.1 INGREDIENT OF HERBAL 8
HAIRMASK
1.2 FORMULA OF HAIR MASK 17
1.3 ORGANOLEPTIC 18
CHARACTERISTICS
1.4 PHYSICOCHEMICAL 21
EVALUATION
1.5 PHYTOCHEMICALS 22
EVALUATION
1.6 RHEOLOGICAL EVALUATION 26

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO
1 Ingredients 2
2 Structure of Hair 3
3 Basella Alba 9
4 Aloe vera 9
5 Orange peel 11
6 Curry leaves 12
7 Onion 113
8 Hibiscus 15
9 Amla 16
10 Powdered Ingredients 18

II
ABSTRACT:
Hair care is an essential aspect of personal grooming, and herbal-based hair care
products have gained popularity due to their accessibility, affordability, safety, and
efficacy. To address the increasing demand for natural remedies, a poly-herbal
nutritive hair mask formulation has been developed featuring beneficial ingredients
such as Basella alba, Amla, Curry leaves, Hibiscus, Aloe Vera, Orange peel, and
Onion. Hair loss and damage are common issues with multiple causes, and activating
hair roots is essential for promoting healthy growth and preventing hair loss. The
natural ingredients of this hair mask effectively remove impurities, moisturize,
nourish, and strengthen hair strands and roots, resulting in healthy and revitalized
hair. Chemical-based hair care products can have harmful effects on hair health, while
herbal-based cosmetics are non-toxic and nourish both the scalp and hair. The
development of herbal-based hair care products is a promising area of research,
providing a safe and natural alternative to traditional hair care products. The poly-
herbal nutritive hair mask formulation represents a viable option for those seeking
healthier, stronger, and more radiant hair.

III
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Hair care products are those that are used to clean, alter the texture, change the colour,
revive stressed-out hair, nourish the hair, and give the hair a healthy appearance. There are
some types of hair like normal hair, oily hair, dry hair varies from human to human.
This formulation uses herbs as a strong synthetic medication substitute. There are
numerous herbal products on the market that contain plant extracts and essential oils as
well as other herbal components. Herb-based cosmetics have had a great surge in recent
days among natural products. There are different preparations for hair care that come in
creams, colors, powders, tonics, and other forms.
Hence, understanding about the scientific basis of these plants will supplement knowledge
from Ayurveda and herbal remedies. These herbal medications are widely accessible,
affordable, safe, efficient, and have very little adverse effects. The market for herbal
products is seeing an increase in demand because they have fewer negative effects and
more natural results. The underlying report deals with the preparation and evaluation of
poly-herbal nutritive hair mask formulation containing the goodness of Basella alba,
Amla, Curry leaves, Hibiscus, Aloe Vera, Orange peel and Onion [1].
The most crucial organ in the mammalian body is the hair follicle, which affects self-
defense, gender distinction, attractiveness, and extreme temperature protection. The
younger generations are now having serious problems with hair loss as a result of
numerous lifestyle-related changes, such as depression, anxiety, junk food consumption,
and the use of various hairstyling and coloring techniques. Hair loss that occurs in most
cases is permanent and is described as alopecia. Many people who have hair loss due to
anxiety and stress look for several treatments, from mythology to traditional and
therapeutic therapy to the use of monoxide and finasteride. It is essential to activate the
hair roots in order to promote healthy hair growth and stop hair loss [2].
The most sensitive element of the body are the hairs. Hence, in order to take care of them,
we developed a hair mask. By being aware of their advantages for hair, the substances in
the hair mask are incorporated. Using a hair mask is meant to get rid of dirt that has
accumulated in hair. The homemade hair mask contains no chemicals at all. It only has
natural ingredients, none of which are harmful to your hair [3].
Hair is an important part of the body; it is the health indicator. Hair mask can helps
moisturize our hairs. They especially beneficial for dry or damaged hairs. Hair mask may
improve the health of our scalp and boost the strength of our hairs.

1
These hair masks are also made at home, it has no disadvantages, and it is very beneficial.
We can make this mask from whatever ingredient we have. This product is very important
for those whose hairs is very thin or whose hairs is bad which is damage. If our hair is
good then our personality looks better. There are many types of masks available in the
market but they contain chemicals. And chemicals are bad for our hairs. So we have made
a product without chemicals [3].
A soft component of the body is the hair. We must therefore develop a hair mask in order
to care for them. Knowing the benefits to the hair, ingredients are added to the hair mask.
Using a hair mask has the goal of cleaning the hair follicles from pollutants. The final hair
mask has no chemicals at all. It solely has organic components that don't harm your hair.
Hair masks are useful for moisturizing our hair. Having nice hair enhances our personality.
This mask is very easy to make. Made with natural and nourishing ingredients, hair masks
are hair treatments. These masks sink into your hair strands and roots and nourish them,
giving you faster and effective results. Healthy changes in your hair are seen faster
through hair masks than through shampoo. It can make your hair stronger, shinier, and less
prone to breakage or split ends. Is not that like a dream come true [4].
There are many kinds of masks available in the market but they comprise chemicals. And
chemical compounds are toxic for our hairs. So, we have made a product free of
chemicals. This mask is very easy to make consisting of following herbal ingredients.

Basella
Hibiscus Amla Aloe
alba

Curry Orange
Onion
leaves Peel

Fig 1: Ingredients
These herbal drugs are easily available, cost effective, safe, effective and have very less
side effects. A natural hair mask is a light and gentle remedy for dandruff in the hair. The
non-toxic nature of herbal-based cosmetics is well-known. It nourishes both the pores and
skin and the hair on the scalp. It removes excess oil from the scalp, which helps to treat
2
dandruff. The usage of this pack on a regular foundation outcome in hair that is free of
problems, healthy, and rich. Dandruff is caused by means of an oily scalp and bad
hygiene. The helpful elements of the natural hair pack had been published in this study,
and greater research is wanted to discover the additional benefits that this hair pack can
provide. Natural remedies are broadly utilized today all over the world due to the fact they
are safer and have fewer side effects[2].
The hair is treated with a variety of products by both men and women. Nonetheless, some
goods, such as shaving cream and soap, are only used by men. Shampoos, hair oils, hair
colorants (dyes), hair styling aids, hair straighteners, shaving goods, and depilatories are
among the products used on hair. Consequently, it is clear that hair preparations are a
highly significant category of cosmetics [5].
A cosmetic chemist will find it helpful to have knowledge of hair structure and chemistry
while formulating various products for the hair. As a result, the structure of the hair and its
chemistry will be briefly discussed.
Basic Structure of Hair
The human hair follicle is a fascinating structure, and there's still a lot to learn about hair
anatomy and development. The lower segment (bulb and supra bulb), the middle segment
(isthmus), and the upper segment (follicle) are the three parts of the hair follicle
(infundibulum). The lower segment runs from the follicle's base to the erector pili muscle's
insertion (also known as the erector pili muscle). The middle segment is a small piece that
runs from the erector pili muscle's insertion to the sebaceous gland duct's entrance. The
upper segment runs from the sebaceous gland duct's entry to the follicular opening [6].

Fig 2: Structure of Hair

3
Hair dye
Since Rameses I employed henna to intensify his red hair color in ancient Egypt, hair
coloring has been a common practice. In ancient Greece, hair was bleached with a
potassium sulphate rinse and then rubbed with an ointment made of pollen and petals from
yellow flowers. Henna (Lawsonia inermis), indigo, Cassie obovato, senna turmeric, and
amla are some of the most well-known . Others include leeks, katam, red ochre, and
[7]

black walnut hulls. The discovery of para-phenylene diamine’s (PPD) air reactivity in the
1860s is credited with the invention of the first synthetic hair colors. New synthetic dyes
have been discovered and used in several ways since the Second World War [8][9].

4
CHAPTER 2: LITREATURE REVIEW
1. Sharma P.P. –
An introduction to the history and current use of hair mask. Information related to the
ingredients their origin and uses are mentioned in this reference [1].
2. Bernardo J.V and Lauretta H.E. –
The Basella alba hair dye is use as a natural hair dye which is alternative to harmful
ammonia containing hair dye. It is a naturally occurring ingredient which is normally used
as a fabric dye in the textile industry [11].
3. Nathan V.K, Rani M.E., Rathin Samy G., Dhiraviam K.N. –
In this part they said that Bixa Orellana L. The pigments have been demonstrated to be
non-toxic, noncarcinogenic, and non-mutagenic and potent antioxidant as well as
bactericidal against opportunistic bacteria [12].
4. Kumar S., Prasad A. K., Iyer S. V. & Vaidya S. K. –
They have given the information about Alugbati (Basella alba L.) Alugbati (Basella alba
L.) is an excellent source of calcium, iron, vitamin A, and vitamin C, with androgenic
action, antiulcer activity, antioxidant, cytotoxic and antibacterial activity, anti-
inflammatory activity, central nervous system depressant activity, nephro protective and
wound healing characteristics.That a plant grows Asia, Africa, and Malaya[14].
5. Bhusal D., Thakur D.P. -
Curry leaves has been prove for its Anti-Dandruff activity, Prevents Premature Greying,
Stimulates Hair Growth , Rejuvenation of Hair Follicles. It is a good provider of proteins
and beta-carotene [19].
6. Nur Nadiah Syahirah Rusdi, Asnuzilawati Asari, Mohd Effendy Abd Wahid,
Hamdan Suhaimi -
The use of the entire HRS, including the stalk, roots, flowers, and leaves, in traditional and
folk medicine, is widely acknowledged [22].
7. Arjun Raj R. -
The evaluation are studied here, they are Angle of repose, Bulk density, Hausner’s ratio,
Swelling index, Tapped density, Carr’s index, Moisture Content [26].

5
CHAPTER 3: OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Objectives:
 To prepare a mask which is easy to formulate and apply.
 To enhance the hair texture.
 To provide nutritional supply to the hairs.
 Use herbal products instead of chemicals and synthetic products.
 To reduce the side-effects caused due to the harmful chemicals.
 To give multiple benefits simultaneously.
 To prepare hair mask having natural properties.
 To give alternative to the synthetically prepared hair masks.
 To make an eco-friendly and biodegradable hair mask.
 To prepare a nontoxic hair mask.
 Comparative study of marketed preparation with product.
 Hair mask should be of following natures:
 Non carcinogenic
 Non mutagenic
 Antioxidant
 Bactericidal
 Anti inflammatory

6
CHAPTER 4: PLAN OF WORK
4.1. Selection Of Active Ingredients:
• The climbing plant known as Basella alba grows in gardens and pots. It has a fruit-like
form and an off-purple colour; they are powdered after being dried for use as hair
colouring. Basella alba stem is used to colour textiles.
• The hair shaft or the scalp will not be harmed by any potentially dangerous ingredients in
it.
• Easily available
• Basella alba have various nutritive properties and rich in nutritional components like
calcium, iron, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, etc. because of these properties it is selected.
4.2. Selection Of other Hair Nourishing Ingredients:
• Hairs are the essential element in the beauty of the human kind. Dissatisfaction with the
original hair colour, or desire to change the hair appearance, giving good texture to the
hair shaft, healthy hairs along with less side effects by the products are achieved by the
various kind of products. Like Amla, Hibiscus, Aloe vera, Onion, Curry leaves which
gives various nutritive properties to hairs.
4.3. Selection of the procedure
 Ingredients are selected
 Sun drying
 Grinding and trituration
 Sieving
 Weighing
 Mixing
4.4. Packaging and labelling
4.5. Comparative study of marketed preparation and product.

7
Material and Methods

TABLE NO: 1 INGREDIENT OF HERBAL HAIRMASK

1. BASELLA ALBA
The researchers employed Atsuete (Bixa Orellana L.) and Alugbati (Bixa Orellana L.)
dried and ripen Basella Alba fruit seed powder which has been suggested to be a viable
hair dye agent, to provide an alternative hair dye agent[11].

8
1.Bixa Orellana L., a member of the Bixaceae family, contains a high concentration of
bixin and nor-bixin pigments. These pigments have been demonstrated to be non-toxic,
noncarcinogenic, and non-mutagenic.
2.The pigment was found to be a potent antioxidant as well as bactericidal against
opportunistic bacteria [12]
.Furthermore, both the seeds and the leaves of Atsuete contain
significant levels of tocotrienols, tocopherols, terpenes, and flavonoids.
3.The generic name for all molecules that perform the biological functions of a-tocopherol
is vitamin E. Atsuete is commonly grown in all tropical parts of the world as a result,
availability is not an issue[13].

Fig 3: Basella Alba

4.Two-thirds of the output is sold as dried seeds, with the remainder as a colorant. South
America accounts for 60% of global output, followed by Africa (27%), and Asia (12%) [13]
Alugbati (Basella alba L.) is a plant that grows in tropical Asia, Africa, and Malaya and is
planted across the Philippines. It has been discovered that to be an excellent source of iron,
vitamin A, calcium, and vitamin C.
5.The plant has potential for androgenic action, antiulcer activity, antioxidant, cytotoxic
and antibacterial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, CNS depressant activity,
nephroprotective and wound healing characteristics [14].
6.Basella alba plant has been investigated, and the results show that it contains phenolic
and flavonoid content. Furthermore, Basella alba plant activity has been discovered to be
ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and antibacterial action [15]
. The researcher
intends to use astute and Alugbati plants to create hair color.
2. ALOE VERA
Aloe vera is a well-known succulent plant that may be seen in many homes across the
world.

9
 Fig 4: Aloe Vera

This plant is used to cure many health concerns in various parts of the world
Yet, it is good, and hair is the primary focus.
The Advantages of Aloe Vera Powder for Hair:
Because of its natural essence, Aloe Vera powder for hair development can work wonders
for you as a great stimulant for growth.  Here are some of the top Aloe Vera powder hair
benefits.
1. Prevents Scalp Dryness:
Aloe vera powder is well-known for treating a variety of scalp problems. It has a calming
impact on numerous scalp irritations and relieves itching. It also reduces redness and
speeds up the healing of the scalp.
2. Fights Dandruff:
This herbal powder contains unique characteristics that cure dandruff and dry skin in the
most natural methods. It also provides immediate relief from itching, flakiness, or
irritations
caused by dandruff or a flaky scalp.
3. Rejuvenates Hair Growth:
Aloe Vera powder includes natural enzymes that help renew the hair by imparting a
natural gloss. It also increases hair volume and promotes scalp health in general.
4. Prevents Premature Greying of Hair:
Because Aloe Vera is the plant of immortality, it also has anti-ageing properties for our
hair. You can prevent premature greying of the braids with this herbal powder.
5. Promotes Soft and Shiny Hair:
Aloe vera powder helps your hair regain its life by supplying it with the necessary
nourishment and water. When used as a hair treatment, aloe vera powder will make your
hair soft, smooth, shining, and silky[16].

3. ORANGE PEEL
1. It is Great Hair Conditioner:
Oranges are rich in vitamin E and antioxidants that bring deep conditioning properties to
your hair. It also plays a role in protecting your hair from hair loss. In case you didn't
know, oranges are rich in vitamin E and antioxidants that deeply nourish your hair.
Additionally they protects your hair from damage and strengthens your hair strands. It can
be prepared with either fresh orange juice or dried peel powder mixed with honey.
10
 Fig 5: Orange Peel
2. Fights Dandruff:
Winter brings back terrible dandruff, but orange might be your go-to option to combat it.
Its
high vitamin C concentration and powerful cleaning effects might help treat obstinate
dandruff and relieve itchy scalp your regular hair oil can be supplemented with fresh juice
or peel powder; thoroughly massage it in.
3. Support Hair Growth:
Oranges, which are rich in nutrients and antioxidants, are essential for hair growth.
Antioxidants protect against free radicals, avoiding hair damage and promoting hair
development. Oranges also have vitamin B12 and vitamin E, which aid in the regeneration
of damaged hair follicles. Stronger roots, as you know, promote hair growth, so it is a win-
win situation.
4. Produce Sharp and Voluminous Hair:
Aside from all these advantages, oranges can also provide you with smooth, lustrous, and
voluminous hair. Because it is a great cleanser, it not only nourishes your hair but also
scrubs off all the dirt, promoting a healthy scalp. Your hair's texture is improved, and it
looks shiny as a result[17].
4. CURRY LEAVES
1. Speeds Up Hair Growth:
Curry leaves to speed up your scalp's healing process, which promotes hair development.
It allows the blocked hair cells to breathe by opening them up. A combination of curry
leaves, amla, and fenugreek oil can stimulate hair development much more quickly,
according to experts. According to a study, oil containing 7 to 9% of curry leaf extract
stimulated hair follicle development in just six days.
2. Controls Hair Loss:
Curry leaves to speed up your scalp's healing process, which promotes hair development.
11
It allows the blocked hair cells to breathe by opening them up. A combination of curry
leaves, amla, and fenugreek oil can stimulate hair development much more quickly,
according to experts. According to a study, oil containing 7 to 9% of curry leaf extract
stimulated hair follicle development in just six days.
3. Longer and Stronger Hair:
Curry leaves are endowed with qualities that encourage thicker, longer hair. Proteins,
vitamin B6 and beta carotene in these leaves prevent hair thinning, improve the hair shaft
and benefit the general health of your hair. To reinforce your hair from the roots, make
hair masks with curry leaf oil and apply them frequently. Just a few drops of curry leaf
essential oil can be added to your normal hair oil before massaging your scalp.
Additionally, you can boil some curry leaves and use the resulting water to shampoo your
hair.
4. Prevents Premature Greying:
Leaves contain proteins, vitamin B6, and beta carotene, all of which improve hair shaft
health and prevent hair loss. Make curry leaf oil hair masks and use them frequently to
strengthen your hair from the roots. Before massaging your scalp, just a few drops of curry
leaf essential oil can be added to your regular hair oil. Additionally, you can boil some
curry leaves and use the resulting water to clean your hair.

Fig 6: Curry Leaves

5. Fights Scalp Infections & Dandruff :
Curry leaves' antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties encourage
healthier skin. They safeguard your hair from infections and dandruff. Utilize curry leaves
to ward off fungus illnesses. They are safe for persons with sensitive scalps and can be
used in conjunction with other hair packs and masks .Once a week, create a hair treatment
by combining some yoghurt and curry leaf paste, then apply it to your hair for 30 minutes.
6. Repairing Damaged Tresses:
Majority of the negative outcomes manifest on your hair, whether they are caused by your
poor diet or the highly polluted surroundings. Curry leaves to aid in your defence against
the damaging impacts of toxins and free radicals. According to studies, the alcohol-water

12
extract of these leaves is good for hair. Your hair can continue to be stronger, healthier,
and youthful thanks to them[18].
USES:
1. Curry leaves are an effective anti-dandruff remedy because they eliminate dead hair
follicles, one of the causes of dandruff, when used frequently.
2. Avoid Early Greying.
3. Promotes the growth of hair.
4. Hair follicle rejuvenation.
5. Reinforcement of Hair Shafts,
6. It stops hair thinning.
7. It is a good provider of proteins and beta-carotene. Additionally, they have antioxidants
and amino acids, which strengthen hair follicles and moisturise the skin[19].
8. It also aids in the removal of dead hair cells, which may be the cause of dandruff.
9. Traditional uses for leaves and stems include being bitter, anthelmintic, analgesic, and
treating piles. Itching, inflammation, and other symptoms can help with leukoderma and
blood problems.
Chemical Constituents Of Curry Leaves:
Proteins, carbohydrates, fibre, minerals, carotenoids, nicotinic acid, vitamins C and A,
calcium, and oxalic acid are all present in curry leaves. Crystalline glycosides, carbazole
alkaloids, koine, quinidine, and yohimbine are also present. The leaves also contain the
triterpenoid compounds cyclomahanimbine and tetrahydromahanimbine. The leaves of
Murryakoenigii have been used to isolate murrayaline, murrayastine, pyraya-foline, and
carbazole alkaloids, among many other compounds[20].
5. ONION
Onion Benefits for Hair
The below-mentioned sections will reassure you if you wonder if onion help in hair
growth. It also prevents hair loss and dandruff to promote scalp health.
1. Promotes Hair Growth:
Analysts found that onions boost hair development by giving hair follicles with more
nourishment and food, hydrating dry hair and scalp, and advancing hair development.
Sulfur in onion juice avoids hair
loss and breakage.

13
 Fig 7: Onion
2. Aids Grey Hair Reversal:
Since catalase, an antioxidant that lowers hydrogen peroxide levels in hair roots, is present
in onion extract, many home cures assert that it can lessen the amount of grey hair.
3. Quells Dandruff:
One of the main onion advantages for hair is removing dandruff. With the application of
onion, the fungus and bacteria that create dandruff cannot thrive.
4. Prevents Hair Loss:
Due to its high sulphur content, onion juice is beneficial in halting hair loss. Collagen is
produced with the aid of sulphur, which promotes the growth of new hair cells.
5. Solution to Alopecia:
Patchy hair loss is a symptom of the disease alopecia areata. 2014 research demonstrated
the effectiveness of using onion juice to cure alopecia. According to the study, onion juice
can successfully treat alopecia.
6. Prevents Itchy Scalp:
Onion’s anti-inflammatory properties help to soothe irritated scalps. Additionally, it
enhances blood flow to the epidermis, which adds to the moisture of the hair.
7. Nurtures and Moisturizes Dry Hair:
The various vitamins in onion juice fortify weak and brittle hair. It also has antioxidant
and anti-inflammatory properties that aid in boosting blood flow to the hair follicles[21].
5. HIBISCUS
Natural medicinal substances have largely replaced many synthetic medications that could
have side effects. Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic chemicals are the most
significant bioactive substances found in plants. Numerous studies are still being
conducted to find botanicals that can be used in cosmetics and as medicines. Hibiscus
Rosa-Sinensis Linn is one such shrub (HRS). The use of the entire HRS, including the
conducted to find botanicals that can be used in cosmetics and as medicines. Hibiscus
Rosa-Sinensis Linn is one such shrub (HRS). The use of the entire HRS, including the
roots, flowers, and leaves, in traditional and folk medicine, is widely acknowledged [22].

14
Flowers are frequently used as a culinary colouring and in herbal teas, and some nations,
they are consumed in salads and pickles. This demonstrates that the plant is both secure
and unharmful to our bodies. The leaves antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-bacterial
properties have been used in mending processes. However, its application in conventional
medicine is still in its infancy and calls for more research. In addition, most of the papers
on HRS's activating role in hair growth focus on its anti-bacterial properties. Drugs can be
used to treat hair loss, but adverse effects concerns must be taken into consideration.
Fig 8: Hibiscus
There is still time to consider using a natural remedy to treat this illness [22].
Benefits Of Hibiscus for Hair :
1. Firmly roots your hair
The active ingredients of hibiscus flowers and leaves are flavonoids and amino acids,
which nourish the hair and roots. Flavonoids help improve blood circulation in the hair
follicles, strengthening the hair from the roots. Strengthening hair roots prevents hair loss
and thinning.
2. Stimulates hair growth
Amino acids in hibiscus flowers provide vital nutrients to dormant follicles and stimulates
new hair growth. Having enough keratin also prevents hair loss decaying. It can also
improve the thickness of individual hairs and transform hair controllable.
3. Deeply conditions hair strands
In addition to nourishing the hair, hibiscus also locks in natural moisture. This acts as a
natural super-emollient that binds moisture to the hair and prevents hair damage becomes
dry and fluffy. Hibiscus leaves and flowers contain a large amount of mucilage, which acts
as a natural conditioner and restores hair elasticity. It will change your hair silky smooth
and prevents split ends.
4. Prevents dandruff and itchy scalp

15
It is used to fight dandruff and treat an itchy scalp. It acts as an astringent and helps
reduces excessive sebum secretion from the glands. In addition, the antimicrobial
properties of hibiscus leaves help reduce dandruff[23].
causing germs on the scalp. It also removes dandruff flakes from your hair follicles and
reduces the probability of dandruff recurrence. Regular use of hibiscus leaf extract helps
maintains the pH balance of your hair and provides a soothing and cooling effect.
5. Delays hair graying
Hibiscus flower extract enriched with natural pigments, antioxidants and vitamins can
gives your gray hair a purple stain. It basically works as a natural dye for coating
premature gray hair. The vitamins and antioxidants in hibiscus also affect melanin a
synthesis that gives the hair a natural color. This helps to give a darker glow natural hair
color.
6. Prevents baldness
Many studies confirm the fact that hibiscus extract affects hair growth from a dormant
state hair follicle. According to an article in Current Drug Discovery Technologies, herbal
medicines like hibiscus extract, there are safer and more effective alternatives to hair
growth without anything adverse side effects[22].
6. AMLA
Amla powder can be used for hair care and provides various benefits for all hair types. The
following are a few of the significant hair benefits of amla powder.
1. Strengthening hair follicles: Amla powder improves blood circulation when applied to
the scalp, which strengthens hair follicles and prevents hair fall. Ready-to-use Amla oil
can also be used for this purpose.
2. Preventing dandruff: Amla powder is antibacterial and anti-inflammatory, and it
increases sebum production. Applying amla powder paste twice a week on the scalp can
help prevent dandruff and scalp itchiness.

16
 Fig 9: Amla
3. Promoting hair growth: Amla powder is rich in vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients,
and minerals, which nourish hair and stimulate hair growth while reducing hair thinning.
Amla produces collagen protein, which aids in promoting hair growth, thanks to vitamin
C.
4. Delaying premature greying: Amla powder contains vitamin C, which helps maintain
natural hair colour and reduces oxidative stress that triggers hair problems.
5. Preventing hair dryness: Amla powder can strengthen, nourish, and condition hair,
making it resistant to dryness by restoring moisture. It also treats excess scalp oil and can
be used with aloe vera for added benefits.
6. Boosting hair volume: Amla powder, which contains essential fatty acids, iron, and
carotene, strengthens hair follicles and increases hair volume.
7. Cleansing scalp: Amla powder contains antioxidants and anti-microbial properties that
protect hair from damage caused by pollution, smoke, dust and hair styling tools. It helps
keep the scalp clean and healthy[23].

17
CHAPTER 5: EXPERIMENTAL WORK
5.1 Procedure:
5.1.1. Requirements:
 Herbal Ingredients: Basella Alba, Aloe Vera, Orange Peel, Curry
Leaves, Onion, Hibiscus, Amla.
 Apparatus: Grinder, Sieve No. 80, Weighing Balance, Hot Air Oven.
5.1.2 Formula:
SR. NO NAME OF INGREDIENTS BIOLOGICAL NAME QUANTITY
1 Malbar Spinach Basella Alba 6 Gm
2 Amla Phyllanthus Emblica 7 Gm
3 Aloe Aloe Barbendis 7 Gm
4 Curry Leaves Murraya Koenigii 7 Gm
5 Hibiscus Hibiscus Rosa- Sinensis 7 Gm
6 Onion Allium Cepa 3 Gm
7 Orange Peel Citrus Aurantium Dulcis 2 Gm
Total 40Gm
TABLE NO 2: FORMULA OF HAIR MASK

18
 Fig 11: Powdered Ingredients
5.1.3. Preparation of Hair mask
All of the natural ingredients, including Basella alba, Aloe Vera, Orange peel, Curry
leaves, Onion, Hibiscus, and Amla, were sun dried and ground into dried powder for the
current study. Details about the plants that were used to create the hair mask are
mentioned in table no.2.

5.1.4. Preparation Of Herbal Powder

Herbal ingredients
i. Basella alba : Fruits collected Shade dried for 30 days Grinded
ii. Aloe vera : Marketed preparation of aloe vera gel is taken.
iii. Orange peel : Peels are sundried for 8 days
iv. Curry leaves : Leaves are sundried for 3 days
v. Onion : Onions are peeled sliced and sundried for 10 days oven dried for 2 hours at
60°
vi. Hibiscus : Flowers are collected and dried for 5 days at room temperature.
vii. Amla : Seeds removed , pulp is shade dried for 7 days.
5.1.5. Weighing
All the required herbal powders for hair mask preparation were accurately weighed
individually by using digital balance.
5.1.6. Mixing
All these fine ingredients were mixed thoroughly by mixer to form a homogenous fine
powder.
5.1.7. Sieving
This fine powder was passed through sieve no. 80. to get enough fine powder.
5.1.8. Collection And Storage
The ingredients were collected, weighed, finely powdered, sieved and store in suitable
plastic container and used for doing evaluation parameters.
5.1.9 Name of Marketed Preparation:
 Name of the Project: Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal hair mask
 Product: Herbal Hair Mask

19
 Marketed Preparation Formulation

Preservatives are used 100% Natural Product are used

Give enhanced hair structure Give enhanced hair structure

Moisturizes scalp and hair Moisturizes scalp and hair

Expensive Economical

No color properties Temporary hair color

5.2 Evaluation of Powders:

5.2.1. Organoleptic Evaluation
The examination of the formulation is performed under this evaluation, and it involves
macroscopic aspects of the drug or product, such as color, scent, and taste, by using
sensory organs such as the eyes or nose. Table 2 explains how macroscopic elements like
as texture and appearance are incorporated.

Sr.no Organoleptic Features Observations

1 Color Greenish Brown

2 Odour Characteristic
3 Texture Fine
4 Appearance Fine Powder
TABLE NO 3: ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS

Evaluation is carried out in order to know the quality of the finished product. Common
tests include determination of substance in the formulation along with the stability test.
This is often carried out to know whether the item remains stable for drawn out period
(shelf life). Other tests are too carried out. 
They are:
5.2.1. Shade Test:

20
In this test, color variations are identified and examined. It is done by spreading the
powder sample on a blank sheet of paper and observing that the appearance is compared
with the standard. Another method is to apply a powder sample and a standard sample
with a cotton pad to the skin and compare. The sponge used to perform this test is also
used for the final product. Color evaluation is done using artificial light. 
5.2.2. Breakage Test:
In this test, the compressed powder can be dropped onto the wood surface from a height of
about 8 to 10 inches. This is done several times and then check to see if the compacted
powder has broken. If the compacted powder is still intact, it represents the user's normal
handling and displacement resistance. 
5.2.3. Particle Size Determination:
Using a microscope, sieve analysis or using other techniques and instruments The particle
size of the powder product is determined[24].
5.3 Physicochemical Evaluation:
The formulations' physicochemical investigations were carried out as shown in Table 3 to
examine physical and chemical characteristics such as pH, ash value, and loss on drying
(Moisture content).
5.3.1. Swelling Index:
The study was carried out using a 100 ml stoppered graduated cylinder. The initial bulk
volume of 1 gm powdered seeds was noted. Water was added in sufficient quantity to
produce 100 ml of a uniform dispersion. The sediment volume of the swollen mass was
measured after 24 hours and stored at room temperature.
The swelling index was calculated as:

Where: V1 and V2 are initial volume of material before Hydration and volume of hydrated
material respectively.
So,
Initial Volume V1 = 2ml
Final Volume V2 = 10ml
Swelling index = V2 – V1 x 100
V1
= 10 – 2 x 100
2
21
 = 4 x 100
= 400
5.3.2. Loss on drying (LOD)
Loss on drying (LOD) is used to determine high level of moisture or solvents present in
the sample. The material sample was weighed (W1) and heated in an oven for 2 hrs. The
sample was cooled in the dry Atmosphere of a desiccator, and then reweighed (W2)[25].
% LOD was calculated by:

W1 = Weight of Sample Initially = 2gm

W2 = Final Weight After Heating in H AO = 1.90gm
LOD = (W1 – W2) x 100
W1
= (2 – 1.90) x 100
1.90
= 5%
5.3.3. Ash Value
Weight of crucible W1 = 76.12gm
Weight of crucible powder = 76.13 + 2
= 78.13gm
Weight of final powder after incarnation = 78.13 – 77.94
= 1.81
Sr.no Physiochemical Test Observations
1 pH - 6.7
2 Swelling index 400

3 LOD (Loss of Drying) 5%

22
 4 Ash value 1.81

TABLE NO 4: PHYSICOCHEMICAL EVALUATION

5.4 Phytochemicals Evaluation
Several tests were carried out, as shown in Table 4, to identify the Phyto constituents
present in the products and their impact on the body. Phytochemical characteristics are
found in every plant and have a variety of beneficial benefits.
Tests:
1. Volatile Oil:
Presence Of Volatile Oil Negative
2. Burrete Test:
Presence Of Protein Negative
3. Foam Test:
Presence Of Protein Positive

Sr. No Test Purpose Of Image Result

Detection
4 Molisch’s Test Presence Carbohydrate Positive

5 Fehling Test Presence Carbohydrate Positive

23
 6 Hager’s Test Presence Of Alkaloid Positive

7 Mayerts Test Presence Of Alkaloid Positive

TABLE NO 5: PHYTOCHEMICALS EVALUATION

5.5 Rheological Evaluation

5.5.1 Angle of Repose:
A 30 g sample was poured into a plugged glass funnel with the tip, 10 cm above the flat
surface of the bench. The granules were allowed to flow freely through the orifice of the
funnel to form a heap whose height and diameter were determined.
The angle of repose is calculated using the equation below:
Tan θ = h/r
Where h = height and r = radius of circular heap
Tan θ = h/r
= 2/2.5
= 0.8
Θ = tan-1 (0.8)
= 39°

5.5.2 Bulk Density

A 30g weight of sample carrier was weighted and poured in to a 100ml measuring cylinder
and the volume was recorded. The bulk density was then calculated.
Bulk Density (BD) = Mass / Volume
Bulk Density (BD) = 30 / 80
Bulk Density (BD) = 0.375 g/ml
5.5.3 Tapped Density
A 30g weight of sample was weighted and poured into a 100ml measuring cylinder and
tapped on a hard surface 30 times from about 2cm height and the volume was recorded.
Tapped Density (TD) = M / V
24
Where M is mass and V is volume
TD = M / V
TD = 30 / 60
TD = 0.5 g/ml
5.5.4 Carr’s Index
Carr’s Index (%) was determined using the following relationship
C.I. = (Tapped Density – Bulk Density/ Tapped Density) x 100
C.I. = (0.5 – 0.375/ 0.5) x 100
C.I. = 0.25 x 100
C.I. = 25%
5.5.5 Hausner’s Ratio
Hausner’s ratio was determined using the following relationship
H. R=TD/BD
Where TD is Tapped density, BD is Bulk density
H. R=TD/BD
H. R= 0.5/0.375
Hausner’s Ratio = 1.34

Sr.no Physiochemical Image Observations

Test
1 Angle Of Repose 39°

2 Bulk Density 0.375 g/ml

25
 3 Tapped Density 0.5g/ml

4 Carr’s Index - 25%

5 Hausner’s Ration - 1.34

TABLE NO 6: RHEOLOGICAL EVALUATION

CHAPTER 6: RESULT
Herbal-based hair care products have gained popularity due to their accessibility,
affordability, safety, and efficacy, and a poly-herbal nutritive hair mask formulation has
been developed to address the increasing demand for natural remedies. It removes
impurities, moisturizes, nourishes, and strengthens hair strands and roots, resulting in
healthy and revitalized hair.
Sr.no Test/Features Observations

1 Color Greenish Brown

26
 2 Odour Characteristic

3 Texture Fine

4 Appearance Fine Powder

5 pH 6.7

6 Swelling index 400

7 LOD (Loss of Drying) 5%

8 Ash value 1.81

9 Angle Of Repose 71°61'

10 Bulk Density 0.375 g/ml

11 Tapped Density 0.5g/ml

12 Carr’s Index 25%

13 Hausner’s Ration 1.34

Sr. No Test Purpose Of Detection Result

1 Molisch’s Test Presence Carbohydrate Positive

2 Fehling Test Presence Carbohydrate Positive

3 Hager’s Test Presence Of Alkaloid Positive

4 Mayerts Test Presence Of Alkaloid Positive

5 Volatile Oil Test Presence Of Volatile Oil Negative

27
 6 Biurete Test Presence Of Proteins Negative

7 Foam Test Presence Of Proteins Positive

Comparative Study

Marketed Product Product

Preservatives are used 100% Natural Product are used

Give enhanced hair structure Give enhanced hair structure

Moisturizes scalp and hair Moisturizes scalp and hair

CHAPTER 8: DISCUSSION
Our formulation is unique in that it contains natural substances. Moreover, Basella alba, a
novel component, was included. Compared to commercially available formulations that
are made using chemicals, it provides the positive characteristics of herbal components
and has no adverse effects.
Several factors, such as excessive pollution, a hectic lifestyle, cancer-like diseases,
different types of allergic reactions, a lack of nutrients, and hormonal imbalance, can
contribute to hair damage. Hence, to improve the texture of the hair, make the hair healthy,

28
shiny, and nutrient-rich, to promote hair growth, and lessen undesired hair greying, this
hair mask is practical.
First, the Basella alba plant is also known as Malabar red spinach, it grows in a pot at a
home garden, which prompted us to search about the plant. After thorough research, we
discovered the plant's numerous health benefits, in addition to its nutritional, antioxidant,
and anti-inflammatory characteristics. The industry also used basella alba as a fabric dye.
From the ancient time Amla, Aloe, Hibiscus , Onion , Orange peel powder, Curry leaves
are used as a nutrient supply to the hairs .When these components are combined, a
synergistic effect occurs.
Initially, we chose our ingredients, dried them by various techniques, then we grind and
triturated them to minimize their particle size before sieving through sieve no. 80. The
powders are then measured out individually in accordance with the established formula,
then combined to create the formulation.
We have taken marketed herbal hair mask for a comparative study and our hair mask
shows same effect as marketed hair mask.

CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION
An herbal hair mask is proven to provide numerous benefits. The non-toxic nature of
herbal-based cosmetics is well-known. It nourishes both the skin and the hair on the scalp.
It removes excess oil from the scalp, which helps to treat dandruff. It also promotes hair
growth and smoothen the hair texture. The usage of this pack on a regular basis result in
hair that is free of problems, healthy, and rich.
The beneficial features of the herbal hair pack were revealed in this study, and the
additional benefits that this hair pack contains basella alba which provide purple hair
colour along with Nourishment and natural therapies are widely utilized today all over the
29
world since they are safer and have fewer side effects. The nourishing effect of the herbal
hair mask is imparted through phytoconstituents present in each ingredient which are
evaluated .
This study highlights the effective use of herbal herbal products as well as in hair care
preparation. This research was conducted on the basis of traditional and modern
knowledge used to make a medical hair mask to create a few limits on the quality and
purity of a medical hair mask. Shelf life is guaranteed to stabilize at room temperature so
all ingredients affect efficiency and safety.
For a side-by-side comparison, we used marketed herbal hair masks, and our results were
identical.
Benefits of herbal hair mask
1) Stimulate hair growth
2) Cleansing
3) Remove clogging
4) Prevent premature greying
5) Repairs damage
6) Cooling effect
7) Reduce hair fall
8) Healthy scalp
9) Conditioning [4]

CHAPTER 10: REFRENCES

[1] Miss. Ankita Jadhav, Miss. Mrunal Wakale, Mr. Ganesh Telangi, Miss. Pratiksha
Varpe, Mr. Rahul Lokhande, 'Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Anti Dandruff Hair
Mask', Samartha Institute of Pharmacy, Belhe, Pune, Maharashtra, India. Volume-9, Issue
3, Page Number: 556-564.
[2] Sharma Pushpam ,Parashar Tarun , Rani Soniya, Jakhmola Vikash , ‘Formulation and
Evaluation of Herbal Hair Pack’, International Journal Of Creative Research Thoughts
(IJCRT),
Volume 10, Issue 6 June 2022 ISSN: 2320-2882

30
[3] Akash Jaybhaye, Rohit Panchal, Shivam Nimbalkar, Aishwarya Shinde and Deepak
Musmade, ‘Formulation Of Herbal Hair Mask’ , International Journal Of Creative
Research Thoughts (IJCRT),
Volume 8, Issue 9, September 2020 , ISSN: 2320-2882
[4] Sandhya Maurya, Shashikant Maury, ‘A Review On Activity Of Herbal Hair Mask On
Hair Fall’, World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Volume 11, Issue 6, 316-325,
ISSN 2277– 7105
[5]’Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Hair Pack *Sharma Pushpam ,Parashar Tarun ,
Rani Soniya, Jakhmola Vikash
[6] Mr. Sahebrao Boraste, Dr. Prashant L. Pingale, A Textbook of Cosmetic Science’,
Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences: Current Concepts Series Vol. 95, Everest Publishing
House. ISBN: 9788 1766 03843
[7] Fukuda, M. et al.: J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 33: 9 (1982).
[8] Dr. Kamla Pathak , ‘COSMETIC SCIENCE CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES’, As Per
PCI Regulations Final Year B. Pharm. Semester-VIII, Nirali Prakashan.
[9] Tsuchiya et al.: J. Soc. Cosinet. Chem., 22(1): 10 (1988)
[10] Hamilton, J.B: In the Biology of Hair Growth, Academic Press, New York (1958),
Page no. 400.
[11] Bernardo, J. V., & Laureta, H. E..2019. Atsuete (Bixa orellana L.) Seeds and Alugbati
(Basella alba L.) Stem Ethanolic Extract as Potential Hair DyeTested via
Spectrophotometry. Philippine Journal of Natural and Social Sciences. Vol. 4, No. 1.
Available at Journal.paressu.org
[12] Nathan, V. K., Rani, M. E., Rathinasamy, G., & Dhiraviam, K. N. 2017. Antioxidant
and Antimicrobial Potential of Natural Colouring Pigment Derived from Bixa orellana L.
Seed Aril. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. B Biol. Sci. DOI 10.1007/s40011-017- 0927
z.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
320264046_Antioxidant_and_Antimicrobial_Potential_of_Natural_Colouring_Pigment_D
erived_from_Bixa_orellana_L_Seed_Aril
[13] Mota, D. R., Perez-Flores, L. J., Carrari, F., Mendoza-Espinoza, J. A.,de
LeonSanchez, F. D., Pinzon-Lopez, L. L., Godoy-Hernandez, G., & RiveraCabrera F..
2017. Achiote (Bixa orellana L.): a natural sourceof pigmentand Vitamin E. J Food Sci
Technol 54(6):1729–1741 DOI 10.1007/s13197-017-2579-7

31
[14] Kumar, S., Prasad, A. K., Iyer, S. V. & Vaidya, S. K.. 2013. Systematic
Pharmacognostical, phytochemical and Pharmacological review on an ethnic Medicinal
plant, Basella alba L. Journal of Pharmacognosy and phytotherapy.Vol. 5(4), pp. DOI:
10.5897/JPP12.0256. http://www.academicjournals.org/JPP
[15] Adegoke, G. O., & Ojo, O. A. 2017 Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial
Activities in the LeafStem and Fruit Fractions of Basella Alba and Basella Rubra. Vol. 5,
No. 5, 2017, pp. 73-79.
Doi:10.11648/j.plant.20170505.11.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
321649658_Phytochemical_Antioxidant_and_Antimicrobial_Activities_in_the_Leaf_Ste
m_and_Fruit_Fractions_of_Basella_Alba_and_Basella_Rubra/link/
5a563ece45851547b1bf1128/download
[16] vedaoils.com https://www.vedaoils.com
[17] From fighting dandruff to aiding hair growth: 4 glorious things oranges can do your
mane! – https://rb.gy/3jeji
[18] https://doctor.ndtv.com ›
[19] Bhusal D., Thakur D.P., curry leaves: A Review Review in food &
agriculture;2021,2(1)36-38
[20] A review on Hair Conditioner Containing Curry Leaves, Amla, Aloe vera, Neem &
Flaxseed Divya Bhagwat Khile Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University Loner
[21]https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.13468138.2002.tb00277.x?sid=nlm
%3Apubmed
http://www.jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/1810/1095
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7919894/
[22] Potential hair growth of crude extract from Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis Linn, Laila Che
Rose, Nur Nadiah Syahirah Rusdi, Asnuzilawati Asari, Mohd Effendy Abd Wahid,
Hamdan Suhaimi, Faculty of Science and Marin Environment, Universiti Malaysia
Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. Institute of Marine Biotechnology,
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, UMT 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia.
[23] https://bebodywise.com/blog/amla-powder-for-hair/
[24] https://www.pharmacy180.com/article/evaluation-of-powders-826/
[25] Ocimum Sanctum seeds, a natural superdisintegrant: formulation and Evaluation of
fast melt tablets of nimesulide.
[26] Arjun Raj R. 2013.COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF POTATO STARCH AND
BANANA POWDER AS DISINTEGRATING AGENTS IN ACECLOFENAC TABLET

32
FORMULATION. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Vol 5
issue 2, 2013, 204,205
[27]
[28]
[29] https://rb.gy/t6zta
[30] https://rb.gy/nnk48
[31] https://rb.gy/69r9j
[32] https://rb.gy/hxmhj
[33] https://images.app.goo.gl/QAQ94F9v52oKgRzT9

33