Wdm-Basics Compress

Internal
OTC000601 WDM Basics
ISSUE 1.20
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

Upon completing of this course, you will…
 Grasp the basic characteristics and types of optical fiber;
 know the light source and photodetector;
 know the working principle and characteristics of various types

of optical amplifiers;
 Know the basic knowledge of passive optical components;
 Master the basic knowledge's and key technologies of WDM

system.

Page 2
Chapter 1 Optical Fiber
Chapter 2 light Source and Photodetector
Chapter 3 Optical Amplifier
Chapter 4 Passive components
Chapter 5 WDM System

Page 3
Chapter 1 Fiber
 1.Single-Mode Fiber (SMF)
 2.Properties of Fiber
 3.Classifications of Single Mode Fiber
 4.Nonlinear Effects of Single Mode Fiber

Page 4
Structure of Single-Mode Fiber and Refractive Index Profile
 Structure of a fiber
coating
cladding n2
d2 d1 core n1
cladding n2
 Refractive index profile coating
n1 n1
n2 n2
d d

Page 5
Fiber Attenuation
 Attenuation in optical fiber is mainly determined by three types of
loss: absorption loss, scattering loss and bend loss.
 Attenuation coefficient （ unit:dB/km ）
Attenuation(dB)
OH- ion Absorption
1310 1550 λ(nm)

C_band L_band

Page 6
Dispersion
red
orange
yellow
White light green

cyan
blue
purple

Page 7
Dispersion in Single Mode Fiber (SMF)
 Dispersion in fiber refers to a physical phenomenon of signal

distortion caused when various modes carrying signal energy
or different frequencies of the signal have different group
velocity and disperse from each other during propagation.
 Dispersion in SMF is classified into chromatic dispersion and
polarization mode dispersion (PMD)
pulse pulse
Fiber cladding
λ1 Fiber core λ1
λ2 λ2
Fiber cladding
λ3 λ3
... ...

Page 8
Chromatic Dispersion
DATA IN DATA OUT
Input Optical
laser receiver
L
The chromatic dispersion in
the fiber causes different
wavelengths to travel at
different speeds, and
propagation delay.
The different wavelengths
Input laser is not arrive at different times to
momochromatic, it is BROAD, separated, or
composed of many DISPERSED output pulse.
wavelength or colour.

Page 9
Chromatic Dispersion
 Generally, two kinds of dispersion exist in single mode optical fiber,
they are material dispersion and waveguide dispersion.
 Dispersion coefficient （ unit ： ps/nm·km ）
Dispersion (ps/nm·km)
G.652 fiber G.655 G.653

17
1310 1550 λ(nm)

Page 10
Polarization Mode Dispersion － PMD
Slow in propagation
Ellipse fiber core
Fiber
profile Fast in propagation
Delay time
Detector
power
Signal response

Page 11
Inter-symbol Interference
 Broaden pulse caused by dispersion will bring the adjacent consecutive
pulses to overlap.
T
T+ΔT
λ3 λ1 λ3 λ1 λ3 λ 3λ 1 λ1

Page 12
Mode Field Diameter and Effective Area
 Mode field diameter （ MFD ） describes the concentrate level of
optical energy in the single mode fiber.
MFD
Fiber core

Page 13
Types of Optical Fiber
Dispersion (ps/nm·km)
Attenuation(dB/km)
OH- ion Absorption
G.654fiber G.652 fiber G.655

G.653
17
1310 1550 λ(nm)

C_band L_band

Page 14
Nonlinear Effects in Single Mode Fiber
 Stimulated Nonelasticity Scattering
 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering(SBS)

 Stimulated Raman Scattering(SRS)
 Kerr effect
 Self-phase Modulation(SPM)
 Cross-phase Modulation(XPM)
 Four-wave Mixing(FWM)

Page 15
Stimulated Nonelasticity Scattering
 Stimulated Raman Scattering(SRS)
 Limiting the injection power, threshold power is100mW.

 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering(SBS)
 Limiting the optical power of single wavelength ， threshold

power is smaller for spectrum line lasers.

Page 16
Kerr Effect
 Self-phase Modulation (SPM)
 Broaden the signal's spectrum,

 the influence of dispersion
becoming bigger.
 Cross-phase Modulation
 Limiting the input optical power

and the wavelength spacing.

Page 17
Four-Wave Mixing
 Four-wave mixing (FWM) occurs in the case that two or three

light waves with different wavelength interact and cause new
light waves at other wavelengths.
F123,213 F132,312
F231,F321
f113 F112 F223 F221 F332 F331
F1 F2 F3
Uneven and relatively large channel spacing can reduce FWM.

Page 18
Questions
 What are the properties of optical fibers?
 In the propagation of optical pulse signal, what is the influence of

the dispersion in the optical fiber?
 What are the types of optical fibers? What features do they have?
 What are the phenomena of the non-linearity effect in single-mode

optical fiber?

Page 19
Summary
 optical fiber consists of core, cladding and coating, the

refractive index of core must be bigger than that of the
cladding’s.
 The properties of optical fiber are attenuation coefficient,
dispersion coefficient, cutoff wavelength, mode field
diameter and effective area.
 Dispersion in single mode optical fiber consists of
chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion.
In the digital communication, dispersion will result in
inter-symbol interference , and finally causes bit errors.
 Non-linear effects consists of stimulated nonelasticiy
scatter, Kerr effect and FWM.

Page 20

Page 21
Chapter 2 Light Sources and Photo Detectors
 Light sources
 Laser modulation modes
 Types and characteristics of photo detectors

Page 22
Types and Characteristics of Light Source
 Low output power,

 LED
 Poor beam focus,
 Wide spectrum, low bit rate,
 Inexpensive,
 Suit for short distance communications

 FP-LD (MLM)
 High output power
 DFB-LD (SLM)
 Good beam focus
 Narrow spectrum, high bit rate
 expensive
 Suit for long distance

Page 23
Modulation Techniques
 Direct modulation (internal modulation) ；
 Indirect modulation (external modulation) ：
 Electro-Absorption modulation
 Mach-Zehnder modulation

Page 24
Direct Modulation
Direct modulation is: Output laser is controlled by input
current
LD
Current Laser
Advantages: simple structure,low loss and low cost

Disadvantages: modulation chirp
transmission distance ≤ 100km
transmission rate ≤ 2.5Gbit/s

Page 25
What is chirp?
Chirp(as in bird chirping) is the deviation of laser frequency
from its radiation-center frequency.
no chirp
fore edge back edge
positive chirp negative chirp

Page 26
Electro-Absorption Modulator
E-A modulation modulates the laser indirectly and adding an external

modulator in its output path to modulate the light intensity.
 Support long haul transmission (2.5Gb/s >600km)
 Less chirp
 High reliability
 Complex technology
LD EA

Page 27
Mach-Zehnder Modulator
LD
Advantages:
• chirp can be almost zero
• suit for long transmission distance
Disadvantages:
• Expensive

Page 28
Comparision of Modulations
For STM-16 Signal
Types Direct EA Modulator M-Z Modulator

Modulator
Max.dispersion 1200~4000 7200~12800 >12800
toleration
(ps/nm)
Cost moderate expensive Very expensive
Wavelength good better best
Stability

Page 29
Photo Detector
 The function of photoelectric detector is to convert the received optical signal to
corresponding electric signal.
 Positive Intrinsic Negative （ PIN ）
 Avalanche Photo Diode （ APD ）
 Dynamic ranges ：
 The difference of overload power and receiving sensitivity is called dynamic

ranges, generally about 20dB.
Types Spectrum Overload Optical

response Power Sensitivity
PIN 1100 ～ 1600nm 0dBm -20dBm
APD 1000 ～ 1600nm -9dBm -28dBm

Page 30
Questions
 How many different types of LD modulation?
 In the high rate and technology single mode communication,

which type of laser can be selected?
 How many types of photoelectric detector? What are features
of them?

Page 31

Page 32
Optical Amplifier
 The optical power is increased by optical amplifier.
OA
Input optical signal Amplified optical signal

Page 33
Common Parameters of Optical Amplifier
Gain(dB)
 Gain
 Noise Figure 30 3dB

 Gain bandwidth
20
 Saturated output power
10
Pout (dBm)
Gain
Gain(dB)
0
3dB λa λb λ
PS
Pout
PT Pin

Page 34
Types of Optical Amplifier
 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
 Raman Fiber Amplifier (RFA)
 Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA)

Page 35
EDFA Energy Level Diagram
 The stimulated radiation and ASE of Er3+ ions in the EDF
 ASE accumulation is resource of noise
E3 excited state
Decay
E2 metastable state
Pump
light
1550nm
1550nm signal light
signal light
E1 ground state

Page 36
Advantages and Disadvantages of EDFA
Major advantages of EDFA:
 Its operating wavelength is consistent with the minimum loss window of
the SMF.
 High coupling efficiency,Active Medium is in fiber.
 High energy conversion efficiency.
 High gain, low noise figure, large output power and low cross-talk.
 Stable gain characteristics.
Major disadvantages of EDFA:

 The gain wavelength range is fixed.
 Gain bandwidth unflatness.
 Optical surge problem.

Page 37
The Operating principle of Raman Fiber Amplifier
 Stimulated Raman Scattering(SRS)
Gain
Pump
30nm
70~100nm

Page 38
Characteristics of Raman Fiber Amplifier
 Its gain wavelength is determined by the pump wavelength.
 The gain medium is the transmission fiber itself.
 Low noise. GAIN

PUMP1 PUMP2 PUMP3
30nm
70~100nm
Span 1 Span k
EDFA EDFA
Receiving
transmitting
Raman Pump Raman Pump

Page 39
Classifications of Raman Fiber Amplifier
 Discrete Raman Fiber Amplifier
 Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifier

Page 40
RFAs and EDFAs

Page 41
Advantages of RFA
Advantages:
 Gain wavelength is determined by the pumping light
wavelength ;
 Simple structure of amplifier;
 Nonlinear effects can be reduced;
 Low noise;
GAIN
PUMP1 PUMP2 PUMP3
30nm
70~100nm

Page 42
Disadvantages of RFA
Disadvantages:
 High pump power,low efficiency and high cost;
 Instantaneous gain, adopting backward pump fashion;
 Optical components and optical fiber undertake high optical power;
 Characteristics of gain online are not consistent.

Page 43
Advantages and Drawbacks of SOAs
Advantages:
 Operating at the 1300nm and 1550nm wavelengths-even
simultaneously.
 Wide bandwidth(up to 100nm has been achieved)
 Easy to integrate, along with other semiconductor and photonic

devices, into one monolithic chip called opto-electronic integrated
circuit (OEIC)
Drawbacks:
 Relatively high crosstalk, polarization
sensitivity
 High temperature sensitivity;

Page 44
Comparison of Three Types of Amplifiers
Type EDFA SOA Raman
Maturity maturity Not maturity maturity
Gain high normal normal
Bandwidth wider wide Very wide
Coupling high low high

efficiency
Cost moderate high high

Page 45
Questions
 What are two types of main optical amplifiers ？ Which type of optical
amplifier is in commercial?
 Compared to regenerator, what are optical amplifiers' advantages?
 Summarize the operating principle and advantages of EDFA.
 What is the main noise of EDFA?
 Summarize the operating theory and advantages of RFA.

Page 46

Page 47
Chapter 4 Passive Components
 1. Dielectric film filter type
 2. Optical Grating type
 3. Integrated Waveguide type: AWG
 4. Comb Filter
 5. Coupler and Splitter
 6. Isolator and Circulator
 7. Optical Switch

Page 48
Dielectric Thin Film Filter
 The main features of dielectric film filter DWDM component are

as follows: miniaturization and structural stability of the
component can be implemented via design, the signal pass-
band is flat and polarization-independent, and its insertion loss
is low and channel isolation is good.
θ θ
n1
λ/4 n2

Page 49
Dielectric Thin Film Filter
¦ Ë1-4 ¦ Ë1 filter
Self-focusing lens
¦ Ë1
¦ Ë3 filter
¦ Ë2
¦Ë
3
¦ Ë4 Glass

Page 50
Fiber Grating Filter
Ultraviole light interference
¦ 1Ë¦ 2Ë¦ 3Ë ¦ 2Ë
Periodic variation of the refractive index (grating)

Page 51
Integrated Waveguide type :AWG
Waveguide
grating
λ1¡ ¡ λ2
Free space
Fan-like
Fan-like
waveguide
waveguide
 Small spacing
Large number of channels
Flat pass-band

Page 52
Coupler and Splitter

Page 53
Multiplexer using Coupler
multiplexer

Page 54
Comb Filter
 The basic indices are insertion loss, bandwidth and crosstalk.

Page 55
Isolator and Circulator

Page 56
Circulator
Fiber grating


Page 57
Optical Switch
 A passive component possessing one or more ports which

selectively transmits, redirects, or blocks optical power in an
optical transmission line.

Page 58
Questions
 How many classifications of common passive components?
 What are their functions?

Page 59
Summary
 All components for WDM systems can be

divided into active and passive. The list of
passive components includes couplers,
isolators, and filters. passive components
work without power supply. Optical switches
implement logical action in optical domain.

Page 60

Page 61
 Related Standards on WDM
 Transmission Modes of WDM System
 Application Modes on WDM
 WDM Key technologies
 Management of Laser safety
 Optical Supervisory Channel

Page 62
Related ITU-T Recommendations
G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable

G.655 Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion-shifted SMF
G.661/G.662/G.663… Relevant recommendations of OA
G.671 Characteristics of passive optical components
G.957 Optical interfaces relating to SDH system
G.691 Optical interfaces for single channel STM-64,
STM-256 systems and other SDH systems with OA
G.692 Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with OA
M.3100 Generic network information module
G.709 Interface for Optical transport network
G.694-1 Spectral Grids for WDM Applications: DWDM Wavelength Grid
G.694-2 Spectral Grids for WDM Applications: CWDM Wavelength Grid

Page 63
Operating Modes of WDM System
Uni-directional WDM
Single fiber unidirectional transmission

Page 64
Operating Modes of WDM System
Bi-directional WDM
Single fiber bi-directional transmission

Page 65
Application modes-open system
DMUX MUX
OTU OTU
Access channels
Optical amplifier
OSC

Page 66
Application modes-integrated system
DEMUX MUX
Access channels
Optical amplifier
OSC

Page 67
WDM Key Technologies - Light Source
The light source of the DWDM system has two outstanding features:
 1) Larger dispersion tolerance;
 2) Standard and stable wavelength.
Technical measures:
 DFB-LD
 E-A Modulator
 M-Z Modulator

Page 68
Key Technologies of WDM System-Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
 Large number of channels
 Low insertion loss, less polarization dependence,
 High isolation, low crosstalk

Page 69
WDM System Key Technologies
Type Advantages Disadvantages Product
Coupling type Simple High insertion 16 and 32

multiplexer mechanism,high loss,only used Wavelength
stability, low cost. for multiplexer system
Dielectric Film low insertion loss, Small number of Above 16
type High isolation. channels Wavelength
system
AWG Good flat spectral Temperature Above 32
response, suitable sensitive Wavelength
for integration system

Page 70
Gain Characteristics of EDFA
 Gain Flatness
 utilizing heavily aluminum plus erbium-doped optical fiber

and Gain Equalization Filter (GEF)
 optimizing the optical structure
1525nm-1565nm 1525nm-1565nm
non-aluminum-doped EDFA aluminum-doped EDFA
Gain Gain
Wavelength Wavelength

Page 71
Impact of Gain Flatness in Long Haul Transmission
Cascading amplification of amplifier gain unflatness
Cascading amplification of amplifier gain flatness

Page 72
Gain Locking
Drop
>1dB
<0.5dB

Page 73
Gain Locking
Add
>1dB
<0.5dB

Page 74
Problems after Applications of EDFA
 1. Non-linearity problem
Although enhanced by adopting EDFA, the optical power is not

the higher the better. When it reaches a certain level, the
optical fiber will generate nonlinear effects (including Raman
scattering and Brillouin scattering).
 2. Optical surge problem
 3. Dispersion problem

Page 75
Laser Safety
 ALS (Automatic Laser Shutdown)
 IPA (Intelligent Power Adjustment)
T1 R2
LA LA LA LA
A
West East
Multiplex Multiplex
LA LA LA LA
R1 T2
OTS
OMS

Page 76
Optical Supervisory Channel
 Transmit related management , supervision information
 Operating wavelength 1510nm

 Monitoring rate: 2Mb/s
 add/extract OSC

Page 77
Typical Frame Structure of OSC
0 1 2 3 14 15 16 31
TS0: FAS
TS1: E1
TS2: F1
TS3-TS14: D1-D12 (DCC channel)
TS15: E2
TS16-TS31: reserved

Page 78
Questions
 What are the applications of EDFA?
 What are the requirements of DWDM system for the

performance of EDFA?
 Why is optical monitoring channel necessary? What are the
wavelength, code rate and code pattern of optical monitoring
channel.
 What are the requirements of DWDM system for optical
monitoring channel?

Page 79
Summary
 WDM system can be divided into unidirectional WDM and

bi-directional WDM.
 In practice, We can adopt open WDM system or integrated
system.
 WDM system key technologies include light source,
multiplexing/demultiplexing and optical amplification
techology.
 OSC can transport the network management information.

Page 80
Thank You
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OTC000601 WDM Basics

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

 know the light source and photodetector;

 know the working principle and characteristics of various types

 Master the basic knowledge's and key technologies of WDM

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

Chapter 2 light Source and Photodetector

Chapter 3 Optical Amplifier

Chapter 4 Passive components

Chapter 5 WDM System

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

 1.Single-Mode Fiber (SMF)

 3.Classifications of Single Mode Fiber

 4.Nonlinear Effects of Single Mode Fiber

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

 Refractive index profile coating

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

OH- ion Absorption

1310 1550 λ(nm)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

White light green

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

 Dispersion in fiber refers to a physical phenomenon of signal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

DATA IN DATA OUT

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G.652 fiber G.655 G.653

1310 1550 λ(nm)

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Ellipse fiber core

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

OH- ion Absorption

G.654fiber G.652 fiber G.655

1310 1550 λ(nm)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

 Stimulated Nonelasticity Scattering

 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering(SBS)

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 Stimulated Raman Scattering(SRS)

 Limiting the injection power, threshold power is100mW.

 Limiting the optical power of single wavelength ， threshold

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

 Self-phase Modulation (SPM)

 Broaden the signal's spectrum,

 Limiting the input optical power

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

 Four-wave mixing (FWM) occurs in the case that two or three

Uneven and relatively large channel spacing can reduce FWM.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

 In the propagation of optical pulse signal, what is the influence of

 What are the phenomena of the non-linearity effect in single-mode

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

 optical fiber consists of core, cladding and coating, the

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

Chapter 2 light Source and Photodetector

Chapter 3 Optical Amplifier

Chapter 4 Passive components

Chapter 5 WDM System

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved