Name ……………………………………………………………………………..

4. If 10% of the bases in a molecule of

1. Which line in the table below describes DNA are adenine, what is the ratio of
cell division in a specific cell type? adenine to guanine in the same molecule?

Chromosome
Type of cell number in
Cell Type A 1:1
division cells
produced B 1:2
C 1:3
A somatic meiosis diploid
D 1:4
B somatic meiosis haploid

C germline mitosis haploid

D germline mitosis diploid

2. In a developing embryo, tissues such

as muscle and nerve are produced by 5.A parent DNA molecule replicates before
mitosis. A cell containing a parent DNA
A somatic cells dividing by meiosis
molecule went through two rounds of cell
B germline cells dividing by meiosis division as shown in the diagram below.
C somatic cells dividing by mitosis
D germline cells dividing by mitosis

3. Which if the following diagrams shows

correctly some aspects of the structure of
DNA?

How many copies of the parent DNA

molecule found in the resulting daughter
cells would contain an original strand from
the parent molecule?
A 1
B 2
C 4
D 8
6.The following are descriptions of three
single gene mutations.
Description 1 : exon-intron codons are
created or destroyed
Description 2 : one amino acid codon is
replaced with another
Description 3 : one amino acid codon is
replaced with a stop codon
Which line in the table below matches the
descriptions with the correct gene mutation?

Gene mutation

Missense Nonsense Splice site

A 1 2 3
B 1 3 2
C 2 1 3
D 2 3 1
7. The diagram below can be used to identify amino acids coded for by mRNA codons.
 How many different
amino acids are coded
for by the following mRNA strand

A 4
B 5
C 6
D 7

8. The diagram below shows a section of chromosome and the position of ten genes before
and after a mutation.

before 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

after 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 10

The type of mutation involved in this example is

A deletion
B translocation
C duplication
D inversion

9. A primary transcript is a strand of

A RNA comprising just exons

B DNA comprising just exons
C RNA comprising introns and exons
D DNA comprising introns and exons

10. A genetic disorder of the nervous system results from a mutation in which a nucleotide is
inserted into a gene.
Which of the following types of mutation causes this genetic disorder?

A nonsense
B missense
C translocation
D frame-shift
Section B
1. The diagram below shows the role of embryonic stem cells in the development of a human
embryo.

a) Give the term used to describe the process by which a cell develops specialised functions.
1

_________Differentiation_______________________________________________________

b) Describe one way in which tissue (adults) stem cells differ from embryonic stem cells. 1

______________can only differentiate into a limited range of specialized

cells__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________

c) Describe how cancer cells form a tumour and explain how secondary tumours arise.

Description_Cancer cells divide excessively because they do not respond to regulatory

signals. This results in a mass of abnormal cells called a tumour. 1

Explanation __Cells within the tumour may fail to attach to each other, spreading through
the body where they may form secondary tumour. 1

2. The diagram below shows part of a DNA molecule during replication and other molecules
associated with it.
 a) Name term used to describe the structure of DNA. 1

_____Double-stranded helix, antiparallel____________________________________

b) Name the type of bond shown at Y. 1

__________hydrogen_______________________________

c) Name base Z. 1

_______Thymine______________________________________

d) Underline one word in each pair to make the sentence correct.

1

DNA is a double stranded ( parallel / antiparallel ) molecule with deoxyribose and a

( base / phosphate ) at the 3’ and 5’ ends of each strand respectively.

3. The diagram below represents a stage in the process of DNA replication.

a. i) Name the type of bond which links the primer to strand B 1

 ______hydrogen_________________________

ii) Name the chemical group found at the 5’ end of the DNA strand. 1

_______phosphate________________________

b. Strand B is replicated continuously while strand A can only be replicated in

fragments.

Explain why the strands are replicated in different ways. 1

DNA polymerase can only add DNA nucleotides in one direction resulting in the leading
strand being replicated continuously and the lagging strand replicated in fragments.

c. Describe the role of the following enzymes in DNA replication. 2

DNA polymerase ___DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides onto the 3’ end
________________________________________________________________

Ligase Fragments of DNA are joined together by it

________________________________________________________________

4. Olfactory genes code for receptors in the nose that detect smells.

The base sequences from the dame region of a rat olfactory gene and a human
olfactory gene are shown.

Rat . . . A T A C G A T T G C A T G C C G A T. .
Human . .A T A C G A T T G C A T C C G A T. . .

The rat olfactory gene codes for a functional protein but the protein coded for by
the human olfactory gene is non-functional.

a) i) Name the type of single-gene mutation that has occurred to change the
human base sequence.

___Deletion______________ 1

ii) Suggest why the changed sequence of bases in the human gene codes for a
non-functional protein. 1
 Frame-shift mutations cause all of the codons and all of the amino acids after
the mutation to be changed.
___________________________________________________________________

b) The table shows the number of functional olfactory genes identified in rats,
humans and chickens.

Number of functional
Animal
olfactory genes

rat 1200

human 400

chicken 80

i) Express, as a simple whole number ratio, the number of functional

olfactory genes found in the animals.

Space for calculation 1

______15______ : ____5_______ : ___1_______

rat human chicken

ii) Suggest what the number of functional olfactory genes indicates about
the sense of smell of these animals. 1

________the greater the number of olfactory genes the greater the

ability to smell
______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. The diagram below shows the synthesis of polypeptide in a cell.

 a) Name bond X and molecule Y.

Bond X __peptide________________________________ 1

Molecule Y _________mRNA/messenger RNA_______________ 1

b) Using information from the diagram, complete the boxes below to show the next four amino
acids which will be added to complete the polypeptide chain. 1

iso arg tyr ala leu

c) Give the DNA triplet which codes for the amino acid shown thr 1

_____TGC____________________

6. The table below shows single nucleotide substitution mutations of human genes and the
possible effect they may have.

a) Complete the table by adding correct information to the empty boxes. 2

Name of single
nucleotide Possible effect of the mutation on the protein synthesised
substitution

A correct amino acid replaced by an incorrect one in a polypeptide

Missense
chain
 Nonsense Stop codon inserted too early

b) One form of Down syndrome is caused by a translocation chromosome mutation which

produces substantial changes to an affected individual’s genetic material.

i) Describe what is meant by translocation. 1

where a section of a chromosome is added to a chromosome, not its homologous

partner.
___________________________________________________________________

ii) Apart from translocation, name one other type of chromosome mutation which can
affect the structure of human chromosomes.
1

Duplication is where a section of a chromosome is added from its homologous

partner/Deletion is where a section of a chromosome is removed/Inversion is where a
section of chromosome is reversed.