10

MATTER
Quarter 4 – Module 1-4
 DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE MODULE

WRITERS: LAPRIZAL P. CASTUERAS, HTVI

OMEGA C. DELOS SANTOS, MTII
JENIFER T. HERRERA, MTI
FLORDELIZA LOPEZ, MTI
ERIC JAMES PAGUIO, MTI
ARMAN Q. GUEVARRA, TI
LAILA MARIE F. ILAGAN, TI
ALLAN F. MANATO, TI
VILMA R. REY, TI
RU CHIN N. SALCEDO, TI
YOLANDA D. TABIRAO, TI
MERTHEL F. TALA, TI

CONSOLIDATOR: LAPRIZAL P. CASTUERAS

HEAD TEACHER VI

LANGUAGE EDITORS: JENNYDEL D. DOMINGO, TI

JOHN REY R. REAL, TI

CONTENT VALIDATORS: DUREZA D. DANCAL, MTI

MYLA JENNIE G. TAN, MTI
MARITES T. TUDIO, TIII

COVER PAGE ILLUSTRATOR: IRA MARI CON M. AUSTERO

TEAM LEADER: DR. RAQUEL M. AUSTERO

Education Program Supervisor I

2
 Module 1 Kinetic Molecular Theory

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Explains these relationships using the kinetic molecular theory (S9MT-IIIj-20)

What’s In
Gas particles move in random, straight-line motion. Gas particles possess a
greater kinetic energy than the particles of a liquid or solid. The greater kinetic energy is
due to gases existing at higher temperatures than liquids or solids. As temperature
increases, particles move faster and, thus, have greater kinetic energy. Gas particles
have mass, pressure, volume and temperature

The behavior of the gas molecules can be explained by the Kinetic Molecular
Theory. This states that:

A. Gases are composed of molecules.

The distances from molecule to another molecule are far greater

than the molecules’ dimensions, as shown in the picture below. These
molecules can be considered as spherical bodies which possess negligible
mass and volume.

https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/236-matter-in-our-world

B. Gas molecules are always in constant random motion in a straight line.

The molecules collide elastically with container walls and one another.

3
 https://www.quora.com/Are-gas-molecules-in-constant-random-motion

The picture shows that the molecules of gases move in constant

random and collide with each other and in the walls of the container.
Collisions among molecules are perfectly elastic. Energy may transfer from
one molecule to another molecule as the result of collision, but the total
energy of all the molecules in the system remains the same or constant.

C. There are no attractive or repulsive forces between gas molecules.

D. Movement of gas molecules is affected by temperature. The average kinetic

of the molecules is directly related to the Kelvin temperature of gas

vdocuments.mx_science-10-learners-material-unit-4.pdf

Gas is a phase of matter. It has no definite shape and size and can be
compressed easily.

Some of the properties of gases include mass, volume, temperature, and

pressure.

➢ The mass or the amount of gas can be express in moles or in grams. The
mass of gases is negligible.

4
 ➢ The volume of a gas is the space occupied by the gases. Gases have the
tendency to occupy all the spaces of the container that they are confined. As
described by the Kinetic Molecular Theory, gases have neither attractive or
repulsive force of attraction, thus, they are arranged as far as possible from
each other. The common units used in expressing the volume of a gas are
liter (L) and milliliter (mL).

➢ The temperature of a gas is the measure of the hotness or coldness of an

object. It is proportional to the average kinetic energy of its molecules. It can
be measured in Celsius or Kelvin. Kelvin is the absolute scale.

➢ The pressure of a confined gas is the average effect of the forces of the
colliding molecules. It can be express in unit atmosphere (atm), torr, psi,
cmHg or mmHg. It can be quantified using this equation:

𝐹
𝑃=
𝐴
where: P= pressure, F = force, and A= area

There are scientists - chemists and physicists at the same who were able to to give
the relationship between these properties of gases – the volume and pressure, volume
and temperature at a constant number of moles or its mass.

Robert Boyle, a chemist, and physicist at the same time able to observe the
volume-pressure relationship. In his works he found out that the volume of gases is
inversely proportional to pressure at a constant temperature. He called this as Boyle’s
Law. It explained that the gases spread in the medium, the volume increases if the
pressure is decreased and vice versa (the particles are displaced from each other and
move easily) if the gas is compressed, causing the volume to shrink.

Some practical application or instances where Boyle’s Law is evident are as

follows:
1. Syringe
It is a medical device used to inject or withdraw fluid. It consists of a hollow
cylinder called a barrel and a sliding plunger attached to it. The working principle
of a syringe is like a reciprocating pump. When the plunger is pushed, the
volume of fluid/ gas barrel reduces, thus, increases the pressure on the fluid/
gas pressure in the plunger. In the same way when the plunger is pulled, it

5
 increases the volume of the fluid/gas in the barrel, thus decreases the pressure
in the fluid/ gas.
2. Human Lungs
The lungs is a vital organ of the body and plays an important role in respiratory
system. During the inhalation process, the lungs expand (increases in volume)
as the pressure exerted was reduced, while in exhalation process, the lungs
relaxes and decreases in volume as the pressure increases momentarily.

Jacques Charles, a French scientist, mathematician, and balloonist observed the

relationship of volume and temperature. He found out that the gas expands when heated.
He concluded that the volume of the gases is directly proportional to the temperature at
a constant pressure. He called this as Charles’ Law.

Some real-life applications and instances of this law are as follows:

1. Helium Balloon
A balloon at its normal shape and size, crumbles when place in a chilly place
or cold places and expands whenever there is an increase in temperature
around it.

2. Bakery
Yeast is often used in baking to make the bakery products fluffy. Yeast is
responsible for releasing carbon dioxide bubbles. These carbon dioxide
bubbles expand further with high temperature. The expansion of the carbon
dioxide bubbles with an increase in temperature works as a leavening agent
and cause the bakery products to become fluffy. The dough expands whenever
it is heated because the gas (carbon dioxide) released by the yeast expands.

6
 What’s More
Activity 1: Com-pair
Directions: Match the descriptions of the Kinetic Molecular Theories in Column
A to the evidences in Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer.

Kinetic Molecular Theory (Assumptions) Evidence

1. Gases are tiny molecules in mostly empty
A. Charles’ Law
space.
2. There are no attractive forces between
B. Gases mix rapidly.
molecules.
3. The molecules move in constant, rapid,
C. Gases do not clump.
random, straight-line motion.
4. The molecules collide elastically with container D. The compressibility of
walls and one another. gases.
5. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is
E. Gases exert pressure that
proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the
does not diminish over time.
sample.

Activity 2: Mine or Yours

Directions: Write BL if the given example or application shows volume-pressure
relationship and CL if they are volume-temperature relationship.

1. Pop-up Turkey Timer

2. Automobile engine
3. Hot air balloon
4. Breathing
5. Inflating Tires

7
What I Have Learned
Directions: Modified TRUE or FALSE. Write True if the statement is correct
and if the statement is false, CHANGE the underline word with a correct word/
term to make the statement correct

1. Gases are made up of molecules.

2. Molecules of gases are affected by the temperature.
3. There is neither attractive nor repulsive forces between molecules of gases.
4. The molecules of gases expands as when heated
5. Volume decreases as pressure decreases at constant temperature.
6. Mass refers to the amount of space occupied by the gas molecules.
7. As we breathe in the air, our lungs expand as the temperature decreases
momentarily.
8. The carbon dioxide releases by the yeast in bread expands when cooled.
9. Robert Boyle observed that when greater pressure is exerted to the gas
particles, the volume of gases expands.
10. Charles’ Law states that volume is inversely proportional to the temperature
at a constant pressure.

What I Can Do
Watch the two video clips below and explain briefly the relationship of volume
and pressure in Cartesian diver and relationship of volume and temperature (in
the second video clip)

1. Cartesian Diver
https://studiousguy.com/boyles-law-examples/

2. Video clip
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%27s_law#/media/File:Charles_and_Gay-
Lussac's_Law_animated.gif

8
 Module 2 Boyle’s and Charles’ Law

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Investigate the relationship between:
1. volume and pressure at a constant temperature of a gas;
2. volume and temperature at a constant pressure of gas (S9MT-IIj-20)

What’s In

Gas laws relate the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas. Boyle’s law—
named for Robert Boyle—states that at constant temperature T, the pressure P of a gas
varies inversely with its volume V, or PV = k, where k is a constant. Charles’ law—
named for Jacques Charles (1746–1823)—states that at constant pressure P, the
volume V of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute (Kelvin) temperature T,
or V/T = k.

The relationship between the volume and pressure of gases at constant

temperature was first stated by Robert Boyle during the 16th century. He performed an
experiment wherein he trapped a fixed amount of air in the J-tube, he changed the
pressure and controlled the temperature and then, he observed its effect to the volume
of the air inside the J-tube. He found out that as the pressure is increased, the volume is
decreased. He finally concluded that the volume of a fixed amount of gas is inversely
proportional to its pressure at constant temperature.

Gas particles have a very weak intermolecular force of attraction; hence, they
move as far as possible from each other. They have the tendency to occupy all the spaces
they are contained in. If the pressure is increased, the volume will be decreased forcing
the gas particles to move closer to one another.

The Boyle’s Law equations expressed:

at constant T and n

Where:
V = volume P = pressure T = temperature and n = amount of the gas.

The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure, if temperature and

amount of a gas are held constant.

At constant temperature, the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is directly

proportional to the reciprocal of pressure (1/P)

9
 The graph shows the relationship of pressure to its volume where temperature is
kept constant.

https://chemistrygod.com/boyle-law

According to Boyle’s Law, PV= k therefore:

V1 P1 = k

V2P2 = k

Then V1 P2 = V 2 P2

The volume-temperature relationship in gases (k = V/T) was determined by and

named after Jacques Charles. In his experiment, Jacques Charles trapped a sample of
gas in a cylinder with a movable piston in water bath at different temperatures. Jacques
Charles found out that different gases decreased their volume by factors 1/273 per °C of
cooling. With this rate of reduction, if gas will be cooled up to -273 °C, it will have zero
volume! Interesting isn’t it? Charles’ Law states that at constant pressure, the volume of
a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin (K) temperature.
10
Mathematically, Charles’ Law can be expressed as:

Where: V = volume and

T = temperature expressed in Kelvin citation

In calculating unknown variables in Gas Laws, consider the following

symbols unit used and the symbol of the unit used.

Quantity Symbol Unit used Symbol

No. of Moles n mole mol
Volume V Litre L
Pressure P atmosphere atm
Temperature T Kelvin K
Universal Gas Litre-Atmosphere/ L.atm/mol.K
R
Constant Mole-Kelvin

11
 What’s More

Activity 1. Word Hunt!

Directions: Search on 10 words related to Gas laws and list down the words on the space
provided.

O I C L A D M E L E T A
_____________
O P H A K E L V I N E G
V N A E D C O A T S M E _____________
I O R U I R A S E A P S
_____________
C C L K A E S P R R E T
E O E U G A D E P S R U _____________
S H S L M S M P A T A K _____________
A W L P S E W G P U T L
E S A S A I S G E N U A _____________
R A W T O O U I R D R P _____________
C M A U A O G S A P E S
_____________
N O S S D I R E C T L Y
I A N L L A A F H O G I _____________
_____________

Activity 2: Dot-to-Dot

Directions: A. Plot the volume vs pressure in the grid below and answer the following
questions.

Volume Pressure Temperature

(L) (atm) (C)

25 12 37

50 10 37

75 8 37

125 4 37

150 2 37

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 1. What does the graph show?
______________________________________________________

2. What happened to the volume of the gas as the pressure increases?

_______________________________________________________

3. How does volume of the gas related to the pressure exerted?

______________________________________________________

4. State Boyle’s Law

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Activity 3. Point-to-point

Directions: A. Plot the volume vs pressure in the grid below and answer the following
questions.

Temperature Volume Pressure

(K) (L) (atm)

50 10 2

100 20 2

150 30 2

175 35 2

225 45 2

1. What does the graph show?

______________________________________________________

2. How does temperature affect the volume of the gas?

_______________________________________________________

3. What is the relationship of volume and temperature when pressure kept

constant?
______________________________________________________
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 4. State Charles’ Law?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Activity 4. Solve it Boyle!

Directions: Solve the following Boyle’s law problems using GRESA (Given-Required-
Equation-Solution-Answer)

1. If a gas at 25 oC occupies a 3.60 L at a pressure of 1.00 atm, what will be its

volume if the pressure increased to 2.50 atm?

2. A balloon contains 7.2 L of He. The pressure is reduced to 2.00 atm and the
balloon expands to occupy a volume of 25.1 L. What was the initial pressure
exerted on the balloon?

Activity 5: You can make it, Char..

Directions: Solve the following Charles’ law problems using GRESA

1. The volume of a gas at 20oC is 3.00L. At what temperature will the volume of gas be
equal to 8.00L?

2. What will be the volume of a 568 L of Chlorine at 25 oC after its temperature is

increased to 35 oC?

14
 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Activity 1. Did you Know?

Directions: Read the statements and identify the word being described. Choose you
answer in the box below and write it on the space provided.
CONSTANT INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL PRESSURE

TEMPERATURE VOLUME

_______________________1. A quantity that expresses the degree of hotness and coldness

_______________________2. A quantity that does not change over a period of time
_______________________3. Force per unit area
_______________________4. Amount of space occupied by an object
_______________________5. Increasing-decreasing relationship of two variables

Activity 2. Did you Know?

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct word/s. Choose your answers from the choices
below.
Volume Temperature Increases
Directly Decreases

1. The volume of a gas ___________ as the temperature increases when pressure

kept constant.
2. The volume of a gas decreases as the ______________ decreases at constant
pressure.
3. Volume is _________________proportional to temperature.
4. When dough is heated in an oven, the ______________ of the will increase
because of higher temperature.
5. A balloon placed in a chilly place crumbled or shrink in size because
_____________ of the gas decreases.

15
What I Can Do
Cite two (2) examples or real-life applications of Boyle’s Law and Charles’
Law. Give a brief explanation of each example or application.

Example of Application of Boyle’s

Brief Explanation
Law

Example of Application of Charles’ Brief Explanation

Law

16
 Module 3 Biomolecules

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Recognize the major categories of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
and nucleic acids. (S10MT-IVc-d-22)

What’s In
Biomolecules are organic compounds made by living things. They are also called
macromolecules. There are four major biomolecules present which are carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Both carbohydrates and lipids contain the elements
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins and nucleic acids; however, contain nitrogen.

Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are one of the main sources of energy for living organisms. They
are the sugars, starches fibers commonly found in grains, vegetables, and milk products
that we consume daily. They consist of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

There are 3 classifications for carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides

and Polysaccharides.

Monosaccharides are simple carbohydrates which serve as repeating units of

complex carbohydrates. Examples of monosaccharides are glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆),
galactose, and fructose. Glucose is commonly known as blood sugar. Galactose is the
sugar found in dairy products, fruits, and vegetables. Fructose is a primary sugar found
in honey and corn syrup.

Disaccharides consist of two

monosaccharides bonded together.
Monosaccharides bond together
through chemical reactions: These
include sucrose (C12H22O11), maltose,
and lactose. Sucrose is also known as
table sugar. Maltose is found in
germinating seeds such as barley.
Lactose is commonly called as milk
Image was taken from sugar.
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/432486370460494409/ Polysaccharides are polymers
which are large and have complex
structures. Examples of polysaccharides
are starch (C6H10O5), cellulose, and glycogen. Starch is a soft, white tasteless powder
found in bread, potatoes, and pasta. Cellulose is an indigestible carbohydrate found in

17
fruits, vegetables, beans, and nuts. Glycogen is stored in the liver and serves as reservoir
of readily available glucose.

Lipids
Another biomolecule that is a source of energy are lipids. Lipids are also found in
hormones and cell membrane components. They consist of triglycerides which contain
fatty acids. Commonly they are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. Similar
with carbohydrates, lipids also contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. Common
examples of lipids are Lauric (CH3(CH2)10COOH), Myristic (CH3(CH2)12COOH), and
Stearic (CH3(CH2)16COOH).

Proteins
Proteins are polymers which contain long
sequences of amino acids. Amino acids consist
of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and
sometimes Sulfur. There are 20 essential amino
Two types of Lipids
Image was taken from acids present: Glycine (C₂H₅NO₂), Alanine
https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-difference (C3H7NO2), Valine (C5H11NO2), Leucine
-between-a-saturated-and-unsaturated-fat
(C6H13NO2), Isoleucine (C6H13NO2),
Phenylalanine (C9H11NO2), Tryptophan
(C11H12N2O2), Proline (C5H9NO2), Serine (C3H7NO3), Threonine (C4H9NO3), Tyrosine
(C9H11NO3), Aspartic Acid (C4H7NO4), Glutamic Acid (C5H9NO4), Asparagine (C4H8N2O3),
Glutamine (C5H10N2O3), Lysine (C6H14N2O2), Arginine (C6H14N4O2), Histidine
(C6H9N3O2), Cysteine (C3H7NO2S) and Methionine (C5H11NO2S). Proteins perform varied
functions in the body. These include structural components (Keratin), carrying oxygen in
the blood (Hemoglobin), and acting as chemical reactors (Enzymes).

Chemical formula for Glycine

Image was taken from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine

Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids were discovered in
1869 by Swiss biochemist Friedrich Miescher. Nucleic acids are long chainlike molecules
composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides.
Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogen-containing aromatic base attached to a pentose
(five-carbon) sugar, which is in turn attached to a phosphate group. They are naturally
occurring chemical compound that are capable of being broken down to yield phosphoric
acid, sugars, and a mixture of organic bases (purines and pyrimidines). They are
responsible for coding genetic traits by controlling the production of proteins. There are

18
two types of nucleotides: deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Deoxyribonucleic acid stores genetic
information and directs the development of living
organisms. It is the master blueprint for life
and constitutes the genetic material in all free-
living organisms and most viruses. Ribonucleic
acid, on the other hand, transfers the genetic
information stored in the DNA and directs the
synthesis of proteins.

Molecular Structure of DNA

Image was taken from
https://www.colourbox.com/vector/dn
a-molecule-structure-vector-35770619

Each nucleic acid contains four of five

possible nitrogen

containing bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).
Deoxyribonucleic acid contains Adenine (C10H12O5N5P), Thymine (C10H13O7N2P),
Guanine (C10H12O6N5P) and Cytosine (C9H12O6N3P). Ribonucleic acid also contains the
same nucleotide bases [Adenine (C10H12O6N5P), Guanine (C10H12O7N5P) and Cytosine
(C9H12O7N3P)] except for Uracil (C9H11O8N2P). A and G are categorized as purines,
and C, T, and U are called pyrimidines. All nucleic acids contain the bases A, C, and G;
T, however, is found only in DNA, while U is found in RNA.

What’s More
Activity 1: Missing Letters
Directions: Guess the mystery word/s using the given clues

1. These are organic compounds made by living things.

2. These are monomers of proteins.

3. A type of nucleotide that directs the synthesis of proteins.

19
 4. It is another term for the sugar found in dairy products, fruits, and vegetables.

5. Disaccharides are formed when monosaccharides undergo chemical

___________.

Activity 2. Carbohydrate, Protein, Lipid or Nucleic Acid?

Directions: Identify the following chemicals if they are Carbohydrate, Protein, Lipid or
Nucleic acid. Write your answer inside the box below.

Glycine (C₂H₅NO₂) Tryptophan (C11H12N2O2)

Myristic (CH3(CH2)12COOH) Sucrose (C12H22O11)

Stearic (CH3(CH2)16COOH) Guanine (C10H12O6N5P)
Proline (C5H9NO2) Uracil (C9H11O8N2P)
Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) Glutamic Acid (C5H9NO4)

Carbohydrate Protein Lipid Nucleic acid

20
Activity 3. Is It a Fact or a Bluff?

Directions: Read the sentences below. Write FACT if the sentence is true. If it is false,
write BLUFF. Write your answer on the blank before the number.
___________ 1. A biomolecule is a chemical compound found in living organisms.
___________ 2. Proteins are one of the main sources of energy for living organisms.
___________ 3. Lipids are consist of triglycerides which contain fatty acids.
___________ 4. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein.
__________ 5. Nucleic acids contain three nitrogen bases.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the paragraph by supplying the missing word/s. Choose from the
pool of words below.

Proteins Cell DNA Protein Synthesis Chemical Compound

Phosphoric Acid RNA Nucleic Acid

1.___________________ naturally occurring 2. __________________ that is

capable of being broken down to yield 3.__________________, sugars, and a
mixture of organic bases (purines and pyrimidines). Nucleic acids are the main
information-carrying molecules of the 4. _____________________ and, by directing
the process of 5. _____________________, they determine the inherited
characteristics of every living thing. The two main classes of nucleic acids are
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
6._________________ is the master blueprint for life and constitutes the genetic
material in all free-living organisms and most viruses. 7. _____________________
is the genetic material of certain viruses, but it is also found in all living cells, where
it plays an important role in certain processes such as the making of
8. _____________________.

21
 What I Can Do
Directions: Write a brief description of each biomolecule below.

Carbohydrate Protein Lipid Nucleic acid

22
 Module 4 Biomolecules in Food

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Recognize the major categories of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids. (S10MT-IVc-d-22)

What’s In
Biomolecule is any of the countless chemicals created by cells and living
organisms. Biomolecules come in a variety of sizes and shapes, and they serve a wide
range of functions.
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins are the four primary categories
of biomolecules. While there are occasional exceptions, these four molecules constitute
the majority of living organisms and each plays an important function in controlling the
body's chemistry.

Proteins
Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Proteins are divided
into two types: fibrous proteins (e.g., keratin and
collagen), which are insoluble in water and serve as
the body's main structural components, and
globular proteins (e.g., hemoglobin and albumin),
which are soluble in water and serve as proteins'
other non-structural functions.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/30478819
Structure of Proteins @N08/50889476642
Proteins have four levels of structures:
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

The primary structure of proteins is distinguished by the kind of amino acids that

Structure of Proteins.https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-
amino-acids/a/orders-of-protein-structure

comprise the chain, the order in which the amino acids are grouped, and the length of the
chain. Protein secondary structures are formed by coiling the protein chain into a –helix
structure, forming b sheets, or twisting into random configurations. These structures are
the consequence of R-group interactions, H-bonding, or the development of –S-S- bonds
between chains. Because protein molecules are so lengthy, they naturally coil, fold, or

23
twist. The resultant form is unique for each polypeptide in a specific medium at a certain
pH. The tertiary structure depicts the shape of the coiled chain in its natural state when it
is folded or hydrated. The quaternary protein structure is made up of numerous distinct
peptides that are clustered together to form a certain shape. A multitude of bonding
interactions, including as hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, and disulfide bonds, keep the
different chains together. (Adapted: Practical Work for Teacher Trainers, High School
Chemistry volume 2, UP-NISMED)
Functions of Proteins
Proteins performs various functions that are essential to life. These proteins may
function as structure, storage, catalysis, and many more. The following are some bodily
functions of proteins:
1. Proteins are the building blocks of our bones, skin, hair, and nails. Protein such as collagen
and keratin are the fundamental structural units of animals that provide shape to animal cells.

2. Hemoglobin, an example of protein which is found in the blood, is involved in molecular

transport in our body.

3. Some proteins also serve as storage. Iron is stored in the liver by ferritin, a blood cell protein.

4. Many hormones, such as insulin, are proteins. Insulin aids in the absorption of glucose from
the blood and inhibits the body from utilizing fat as an energy source.

5. Enzymes are proteins that accelerate all of the processes that occur in organisms.

6. The body produces its own proteinaceous antibodies to combat antigens and fight diseases.

7. Protein molecules found in human muscles are vital in muscular contraction and relaxation.

Test for Biomolecules (Adapted from Grade 10 Science Learner’s Material)

A. Iodine Test for Starch
Lugol’s iodine solution or tincture of iodine changes from yellow to blue or black
in the presence of starch.

B. Benedict’s Test for Reducing Sugar

Benedict’s solution changes from blue to green (very small amount of reducing
sugar), to yellow (higher amount of reducing sugar) to orange or brick red (highest
amount of reducing sugar). The change in color is due to the formation of the brick red
precipitate copper (I) oxide.

C. Ethanol Emulsion Test for Fats and Oils

Lipid is not present if the solution remains colorless since no emulsion is formed.
A layer of cloudy white suspension forms at the top of the solution indicates that lipid is
present.

D. Biuret Test for Protein

Biuret is clear or light blue in the absence of protein and pink or blue-violet
in the presence of protein.

24
Nucleic Acid
Nucleic acids are long polymer chains made up of simpler molecules called
monomers. Nucleic acids are classified into two types: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and
RNA (ribonucleic acid). DNA, which is found mostly in cell nuclei, includes genetic
information that codes for amino acid sequences in proteins. RNA is present throughout
the cell and is responsible for protein production.
Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids. They are composed of a five-
carbon sugar (pentose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing ring-shaped
base.

A single nucleotide.
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-
2-molecular-biology/26-structure-of-dna-and-
rna/nucleotides.html

DNA structure is double

helix, which means it is a two-
stranded structure. On the
other hand, RNA has a single strand.

Basic structure of DNA and RNA.

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-basic-structure-of-DNA-and-RNA-DNA-
is-double-stranded-whereas-RNA-is_fig7_303244584

DNA replication is the process of creating an

exact copy of the original DNA. The outcome is two
new DNA molecules with the identical base pair
sequence as the original double helix. Both DNA and
RNA molecules control protein synthesis in cells. Proteins are responsible for visible
characteristics such as eyes color, complexion, etc.
Biomolecules Present on Food Labels

Food provides the body with the nutrients it needs to survive. Many of these critical
nutrients are biomolecules, or large molecules, necessary for life. These biomolecules
(polymers) are built from different combinations of smaller organic molecules
(monomers).

25
 The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has a tool to help you make informed
food choices that can have positive effects on your health and wellness. It is called
the Nutrition Facts label and you can find it on packaged foods and beverages.

https://www.fda.gov/food/new-nutrition-facts-label/using-nutrition-facts-label-older-adults

Biomolecule, any of numerous substances that are produced by cells and living
organisms. Biomolecules have a wide range of sizes and structures and perform a vast
array of functions.

The four major types of biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and
proteins. While there are some special cases to be found, these four molecules make up
the bulk of living bodies, and each plays an essential role in regulating the body's
chemistry.

26
Carbohydrates
-are the starches and sugars that bodies use for
energy. Brains, for example, consume large
amounts of glucose with consumption rising in
areas of the brain that are the most active.
Example of Carbohydrates includes glucose or
fructose (Monosaccharide), Sucrose
(Disaccharide) & Starch, glycogen, cellulose
(Polysaccharide). https://www.pinterest.nz/pin/717550153100881043/

Lipids
-help the body store the energy it needs in the
form of fats and oils. Wax, of the type secreted
by honeybees, is another form of lipid. Example
of Lipids includes meat fat, chocolate, coconut
oil, butter, cheese (Saturated fats), Avocados,
peanut oil (Unsaturated fats) and Vegetable oils
(Polyunsaturated fats). Lipids include a diverse
group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/444378688206139378/
nature. This is because they are hydrocarbons
that include mostly nonpolar carbon–carbon or
carbon–hydrogen bonds. Non-polar molecules
are hydrophobic (“water fearing”), or insoluble in
water. Lipids perform many different functions in
a cell. Cells store energy for long-term use in the
form of fats. Lipids also provide insulation from
the environment for plants and animals.

Proteins
-are one of the most abundant organic
molecules in living systems and have the most
diverse range of functions of all biomolecules.
They are the workhorses of the body's
machinery. Proteins carry out specific functions
inside cells, and they act as enzymes to catalyze
reactions all over the body. Amylase, lactase https://www.nutrientsreview.com/proteins

and pepsin are all proteins used in digestion, for

example. Proteins are typically large molecules
that can be built up from chains of amino acids
called polypeptides. Common sources of
proteins include meat, beans and nuts.

27
 Nucleic acids
-are central to the function of living cells.
Arranged in a linear sequence within DNA, they
code for the structure and function of the body's
proteins. Nucleic acids also form RNA, which
acts to transmit DNA-based instructions to the
cellular machinery.

https://www.technologynetworks.com/genomics/lists/what-are-the-
key-differences-between-dna-and-rna-296719

What’s More
Activity 1: Am I Right?
Directions: Read the sentences below. Write TRUE if the sentence is correct. If false,
change the underline word to make the statement correct.
___________ 1. Proteins have four levels of structures namely primary, secondary,
tertiary, and quaternary.
__________ 2. Proteins like collagen and keratin are the basic structural components of
animals that give form to living organisms.
__________ 3. Amylase is a protein present in the blood and is involved in molecular
transport in our bodies.
__________ 4. Hemoglobin promotes glucose absorption from the blood and prevents
the body from using fat as an energy source.
__________ 5. Protein molecules present in human muscles have essential roles in both
muscular contraction and relaxation.
Activity 2: It’s a Starch!
Directions: Identify if the food contains starch based on the given results of iodine test.
Put a check (✓) mark on the conclusion column if it contains starch and cross (x) if not.

Food Color after testing with iodine solution Conclusion

1. Bread Blue-black
2. Fish Straw yellow
3. Egg Straw yellow
4. Rice Blue-black
5. Potato chips Blue-black

28
Activity 3: Nutri Facts!
Directions: Study the given food label and answer the following questions.

https://www.google.com/search?q=different+biomolecules+in+food+label+sample+activity&hl=en
&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwip-
eGf4OXrAhXqzIsBHSYOCqUQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=2p0wXp02VIgifM
Answer the following questions:

1. What are the biomolecules present in the food label? _____________

2. How many grams of carbohydrates are there per serving? ____;
Per container? ____
3. How many total grams of fats are there per container? __________
4. How many grams of Protein per serving are there? ________
5. How many total grams of carbohydrates are there per container less the total
dietary fibers and total sugars per container? _________

29
 What I Have Learned

Directions: Answer the following questions below.

1. What is the importance of biomolecules in the body?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

2. Why is it important to monitor if the amount of the food we eat is lesser or greater
than the recommended value?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

Directions: Compose a slogan on the importance and impact of biomolecules in human

lives. Refer to the given rubric as your guide. Use long bond paper.
Quality 5pts 4pts 3pts 2pts 1pt

Slogan
Slogan is Slogan shows Slogan shows shows no
Slogan is
exceptionally little creativity little creativity creativity
Creative- creative with
creative with but with good and with and with
ness good amount
complete amount of incomplete incomplete
of thought.
thought thought thought thought

Manifest Manifest an No use of

exceptional Manifest good Manifest new ideas
average use
use of new use of new limited use of and
of new ideas
Originality ideas and ideas and new ideas and originality to
and originality
originality originality to originality to create
to create
create slogan create slogan slogan
slogan

30
 31
MODULE 1
MODULE 2
Activity 1
Activity 1 1. Biomolecules
1. True 2. Amino Acid
2. True 3. Ribonucleic Acid
3. Hemoglobin 4. Galactose
4. Insulin 5. Reaction
5. True
Activity 2
Carbohydrate
Activity 2
Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)
1. ✓ Sucrose (C12H22O11)
2. x
3. x Protein
4. ✓ Tryptophan (C11H12N2O2)
Glycine (C₂H₅NO₂)
5. ✓
Proline (C5H9NO2)
Glutamic Acid (C5H9NO4)
Activity 3
1. Fats, carbohydrates, protein
Lipid
2. 23 grams; 69 Grams
Myristic (CH3(CH2)12COOH)
3. 1.3 grams
Stearic (CH3(CH2)16COOH)
4. 3 grams
5. 60 grams
Nucleic Acid
Guanine (C10H12O6N5P)
What I Have Learned Uracil (C9H11O8N2P)
1. Biomolecules provide important functions
such as a source of energy, resources for Activity 3
constructing new body mass such as 1. FACT
muscles, and other molecules that serve 2. BLUFF
important activities for transport. 3. FACT
2. Monitoring food intake will provide us with 4. FACT
information about many elements of our 5. BLUFF
eating habits. Each food contains
nutrients that are essential for good What I Have Learned
health. Too much or too little may pose 1. Nucleic Acid
health problems in the long run. 2. Chemical Compound
3. Phosphoric Acid
What I Can Do 4. Cell
Answers may vary 5. Protein Synthesis
6. DNA
7. RNA
8. Proteins
What I Can Do
-answers may vary
Answer Key
 32
MODULE 3
MODULE 4
Activity 1
Activity 1 6. Biomolecules
6. True 7. Amino Acid
7. True 8. Ribonucleic Acid
8. Hemoglobin 9. Galactose
9. Insulin 10. Reaction
10. True
Activity 2
Carbohydrate
Activity 2
Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)
6. ✓ Sucrose (C12H22O11)
7. x
8. x Protein
9. ✓ Tryptophan (C11H12N2O2)
Glycine (C₂H₅NO₂)
10. ✓
Proline (C5H9NO2)
Glutamic Acid (C5H9NO4)
Activity 3
6. Fats, carbohydrates, protein
Lipid
7. 23 grams; 69 Grams
Myristic (CH3(CH2)12COOH)
8. 1.3 grams
Stearic (CH3(CH2)16COOH)
9. 3 grams
10. 60 grams
Nucleic Acid
Guanine (C10H12O6N5P)
What I Have Learned Uracil (C9H11O8N2P)
3. Biomolecules provide important functions
such as a source of energy, resources for Activity 3
constructing new body mass such as 6. FACT
muscles, and other molecules that serve 7. BLUFF
important activities for transport. 8. FACT
4. Monitoring food intake will provide us with 9. FACT
information about many elements of our 10. BLUFF
eating habits. Each food contains
nutrients that are essential for good What I Have Learned
health. Too much or too little may pose 9. Nucleic Acid
health problems in the long run. 10. Chemical Compound
11. Phosphoric Acid
What I Can Do 12. Cell
Answers may vary 13. Protein Synthesis
14. DNA
15. RNA
16. Proteins
What I Can Do
-answers may vary