10

Science
Quarter 4
Module 1 to 3
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand
each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust
that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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Science – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 1: Behavior of Gases
First Edition, 2021

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2
 10

Science
Quarter 4 – Module 1:
Behavior of Gases

3
 What I Need to Know

This module is designed and written to help you understand and investigate the
properties and behavior of gases in different conditions based on the concept of the
motion and distances of gas particles and its relationships among volume,
temperature and pressure using the equations for gas laws which will help you
explain these relationships using the Kinetic Molecular Theory.

The activities in this module will enable you to learn gases as one of the phases of
matter and its application in daily activity.

After this module, you should be able to:

Investigate the relationship between volume and pressure at constant temperature

of a gas; and volume and temperature at constant pressure of a gas (S9MT-IIj-20)
a. define the different gas laws: Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, Gay-
Lussac’s law, Avogadro’s law, Combined gas law, and Ideal gas law;

b. derive equations to solve problems related to gas laws;

c. explain these relationships using the kinetic molecular theory; and
d. determine the application of gas laws in daily activities.

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 What I Know

I. Matching Type: Match the questions in Column A with the choices in Column B.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. What is meant by letter k from the equation: a. air
PV = k?

2. What is this example of gas which is made up b. atm

of different gases?

3. When the speed of gas is greater in a c. gas

container, its pressure is?

4. What is the space filled by gases? d. kelvin

5. It refers to the degree of hotness and coldness of a gas. e. lesser

6. What is the theory that explains the f. volume

behavior of the molecules of gas.

7. The motion of the molecules of _____is g. greater

influenced by temperature.

8. Gas law which states that the volume of a gas is h. constant

directly proportional to its temperature?

9. What is the symbol for atmospheric pressure? i. pressure

10. Gas law which illustrates the relationship j. decreases

among volume, pressure, temperature and
number of moles of a gas. k. increases

11. At constant volume, the temperature of a gas l. temperature

decreases. What will happen to its pressure?
m. Boyle’s Law
12. A property of gas which refers to force
per unit area. n. Charles Law

13. What is the scientific measurement of temperature? o. Ideal Gas Law

14. What will happen to the volume of a gas p. kinetic molecular

when its temperature increases at constant
pressure?

15. What will happen to the volume of an inflated

when exposed to cold air?

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Lesson
Behavior of Gases
1
When compared to other states of matter, gases are made up of molecules which
are very far apart. Molecules of gas move freely and do not apply force on each
other except when these molecules collide. The bigger spaces between the
molecules of gases the hugely they can be compressed in a vessel.

Movements of molecules in a gas are faster than liquids and solids. The scent of a
perfume is smelled when sprayed on your clothes or body. Pouring alcohol on your
hands, its odor is scattered in the place. The cooking of adobo from your
neighborhood can be easily identified because of its smell.

As we go on to the lesson, you will be able to comprehend the existing relationships

among volume, temperature, pressure, and the number of moles of a gas through
gas laws, and its relation to kinetic molecular theory.

What’s In

One of the reasons behind why earth is the only living planet in the entire solar
system it is because of the conduciveness of its atmosphere. We live in a world
that is surrounded by gases. Lives of organisms including human assume
genuinely from the air we breathe on and the kind of weather in everyday living.

Just like solids and liquids, gases have different properties. The behavior of gases
are the bases why gas laws are formulated, namely: Boyle’s law, Charles Law, Gay-
Lussac’s law, Avogadro’s law, Combined gas law and Ideal gas law.

Now, try to solve the given puzzle below by reading each item carefully,
across and down. Write your answers in capital letters.

6
 1 2 3

4 5

7 8

9 10

11

12

13

ACROSS DOWN

4. unit used in expressing amount of gas 1. refers to the degree of hotness

5. as temperature of a gas increases,
volume __________ at constant pressure
6. property of gas which is equal to force
per unit area
8. a unit used in expressing pressure
10. relationship between volume and
pressure at constant temperature
11. symbol for Pascal
12. scientific measurement of temperature
13. temperature and pressure, equal
volumes of different gases contain an
equal number of molecules
and coldness of a gas
2. molecules are very far apart
3. temperature of a gas decreases
while pressure _________at
constant volume
4. Kinetic Theory that explains the
behavior of gases
5. Gas law showing the relationship
among volume, pressure,
temperature and amount of gas
7. Pressure is __________ when the
speed of gas in a container is
greater
8. the space occupied by gases

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 Notes to the Teacher
This module is intended for the learners to understand how gases
behave in different manner and the comparative distances
between the particles of gas using the kinetic molecular theory.
Familiarize the students regarding the different equations for gas
laws and how these laws were expressed. Let students solve
problems related to gas laws and its application to daily living.

What’s New

The unusual characteristics of gases make it distinct from solids and liquids.
They do not have definite size and shape. The properties of gases depend on the
volume of a container and not on its shape. Molecules of gases are not only
continuously moving but also moving towards each other and on the walls inside a
container, like for instance, an inflated balloon. Pressure is produced because of
the force exerted by each molecules of gas when they collide. See figure 1 below.

Figure 1. Movements of Molecules of Gas

During a change in physical condition, behavior of gas particles is different from

what is its common behavior. Scientists discovered that pressure, volume, and
temperature are related. Gas laws explain this behavior of gas and named after
each discoverer.

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 What is It

To begin with gas laws, let us study these concepts.

The properties of gases, such as mass, volume, pressure and temperature are the
bases of scientists in establishing the different gas laws. Gas has mass which
refers to the amount of matter(gas) present in an object(container), like an inflated
balloon. Gas has volume which pertains to the amount of space filled by gases.
Gases have pressure for it is the force exerted by the molecules of gas per unit
area. Lastly, gas has temperature which measures the degree of hotness and
coldness of gases.

Furthermore, here are the examples of elements that exist as gases in standard
temperature and pressure. Examples are: Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O),
Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon
(Xe), and Radon (Rn). An increase or decrease in temperature or pressure, an
element may exist into a different form, like solid form or liquid form.

Gas Laws consist of 5 different variables with which each has its corresponding
units used, namely: volume, temperature, pressure, amount, and constant R. The
following are the units used for gas laws.
For Volume of gas: liter (L)
Conversion: 1 L = 1000 mL
For Temperature of gas: degree Kelvin (ºK)
Conversion: ºK = ºC + 273 ºC = ºK – 273
For Pressure of gas: atmospheres or atmospheric pressure (atm)
Conversion: 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
For Amount (n) of gas: mole (mol)
Conversion: 1 mole of chemical = MW in g (gram)of chemical

Remember, to convert from grams to moles, divide by the MW (molecular

weight). To convert from moles to grams, multiply by the MW.
And for Ideal gas, constant R is equal to 0.0821 Liter atm / (mol ºK)

Take note, when constant R comes out in an equation, use 0.0821

Liter atm / (mol K) as the value and units. Do not forget to convert volume into
Liters (L), pressure in atmospheres (atm), amount in moles (mol) and temperature
in degree Kelvin (ºK) in order to cancel units needed to be cancelled.

Now, let us have a closer look of what are these Gas Laws!

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Boyle’s Law the Pressure – Volume Law

Robert Boyle (1627-1691). An English

physicist and philosopher, formulated the law
relating the volume to the pressure of a gas at
a constant temperature.

He used J-tube in studying the relation

between the volume and the pressure of a
given amount of gas. Robert Boyle found out
that at constant temperature, volume of a gas
is inversely proportional to its pressure.

Boyle’s Law is expressed in this equation: P1V1 = P2V2

where: P1 and V1 – refers to the initial pressure and volume of gases,
P2 and V2 – refers to final pressure and final volume of the gases after change.

Sample Problem: The volume filled by given amount of oxygen gas at 1 atmosphere
is 8 liters. Calculate the volume of this gas if its pressure is increased to 3
atmospheres?
Applying Boyle’s Law, analyze first the problem, know what is asked and what are
the given variables. Given: P1 = 1 atm, V1 = 8 L, P2 = 3 atm, V2 =?
Since P1 V1 = P2 V2. Derive an equation. Write the unknown variable at the left
side. Since the unknown is the final volume, therefore, V2 = P1 V1
P2
Then substitute the given data.

V2 = 1 atm (8 L) = 2.7 L Note: Cancel atm.

3 atm

Now, what can you say about the existing relationship between volume and
pressure? Yes, you are right! As pressure increases, volume decreases or vice
versa. Answer the problem given to ensure mastery of Boyle’s law.
Problem: A gas, at constant temperature, occupies a volume of 1.5 liter (L) at 1
atm. Determine the pressure of this gas when its volume reduces to 750 milliliters
(mL).

Charles’ Law the Temperature – Volume Law Jacques Charles (1746-

1823).

Jacques Alexandre César Charles was born in

Beaugency, France on November 12, 1746. On
August 27, 1783, Charles' first balloon gathered
a big crowd in the Champs de Mars, where the
Eiffel Tower is now.

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He made an experiment regarding the existing relationship between volume and
temperature of gases at constant pressure using a cylinder with a movable
piston in water bath with varying temperatures.

Charles’ law states that as temperature increases, volume also increases at

constant pressure. The relationship for Charles’s law can be expressed as:

V1 = V2
T1 T2
where: V1 and T1 – refers to the initial volume and temperature of gases
V2 and T2 – refers to the final volume and final temperature of gases
Sample Problem: A 7 – liter hydrogen gas at 23 ° C is confined in a container at
constant pressure. Compute for the volume of this gas if the temperature increases
to 32 º C. Applying Charles law, let us solve this problem.
Given: V1 = 7 L, V2 =? T1 = 23 º C, T2 = 32 º C
Note: Convert º C to º K using the formula: º K = º C + 273. The value of 273 is
often used instead of 273.15. Source: https://www.chemteam.info/GasLaw/Convert-
Celsius-Kelvin.html.
Conversion: T1 = 23 º C + 273 = 296 º K T2 = 32 º C + 273 = 305 º K
Then, derive an equation using Charles law:
V1 = V2
T1 T2
Therefore, V2 = V1 T2
T1
Substitute the given data, V2 = 7 L (305 º K) = 7.2 L Note: Cancel º K.
296 ºK
Did you get the correct answer? Nice! Now, what can you say about the existing
relationship between temperature and volume? Yes, right! As temperature
increases, volume also increases at constant pressure or vice versa. Now, try to
solve this problem.
Problem: A vessel contains 5 L of Neon gas at 290 0 K. Compute for the volume of
the vessel when its temperature increases to 300 0 K at constant pressure.

Gay – Lussac’s Law the Pressure – Temperature Law Joseph Louis Gay-
Lussac’s Law (1778 -1850).

He was a French chemist and physicist who discovered

in 1802 that if you keep the volume and a gas constant
(such as in a closed container), pressure of a gas
increases when heat is applied. This is because the
gases have more kinetic energy, causing them to hit
the walls of the container with more force (resulting in
greater pressure). Gay-Lussac’s law explains the
existing relationship between pressure and
temperature of gases at constant volume.

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Gay – Lussac’s law is expressed in this equation as follows:
In equation: P 1 = P2
T1 T2
where: P1 and T1 – refers to the initial pressure and initial temperature of gases
P2 and T2 – refers to the final pressure and final temperature of gases
Sample Problem: Calculate the change in pressure of a nitrogen gas when a
constant volume at 1.00 atmospheric pressure is heated from 25 º C to 35 º C.
Convert º C to º K.

Given: P1 = 1.00 atm, P2 =? T1 = 25 ºC + 273 = 298 ºK, T2 = 35 ºC + 273 = 308 ºK

Applying Gay – Lussac’s law, P1 = P2
T1 T2
Derive an equation then substitute the given data.
Thus, P2 = P1 T2
T1
= 1.00 atm (308 º K) Note: Cancel º K.
298 º K
P2 = 1.03 atm
Final answer at least up to 2 decimal places to see the change in pressure.

What can you say now about the relationship existing between pressure and
temperature? Definitely right! As the temperature increases at constant volume,
pressure also increases and that’s all about Gay – Lussac’s law.
Solve this problem:
Problem: An oxygen gas has a pressure of 769 mmHg at 10 0 C. Calculate for the
pressure if the temperature is doubled.

Avogadro’s Law the Volume – Amount Law

Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo

Avogadro (1776-1856). An Italian
scientist. His important contributions
were in shedding light on reaction
stoichiometry. He also made an
experiment that proves the existence of
atoms. He explained the existing
relationship between volume and amount
of gas. Through his experiment, he
quantifies the amount of gas through its
mass.

Avogadro's law states that at constant pressure and temperature, volume of

gases hold equal number of molecules which expressed in mole.
In equation: V 1 = V2
n 1 n2
where: V1 and n1 – refers to the initial volume (L) and amount of gases in mole
V2 and n2 – refers to the final volume and final amount of gases

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Sample Problem: A fluorine gas occupies 4.0 liters with 7.0 moles present in it.
Determine the change in volume if the amount of gas is increased to 14.0 moles.
Collect the given data. Given: V1 = 4.0 L, V2 =, n1 = 7.0 mol, n2 = 14.0 mol
Solution: V1 = V2
n1 n2
Derived equation: V2 = V1 n2
n1
= 4.0 L (14.0 mol) = 8 L
7.0 mol

To determine whether you master the relationship existing in Avogadro’s law, solve
the given problem below:
Problem: A chlorine gas 3.5 L contains 0.25 moles of chlorine. How many moles
of chlorine gas would there be in a 15 L provided the temperature and pressure are
constant?

Combined Gas Law

The law that combines Boyle, Charles, and Gay-Lussac laws is known as the
combined gas law which explains the existing relationships among volume,
temperature, and pressure. In equation:
P1 V 1 = P2 V 2
T1 T2

where: P1, V1 and T1 – refers to initial pressure, volume and temperature of gases
P2, V2 and T2 – refers to final pressure, volume and temperature of gases
The following are the derived equations to solve problems related to combined gas
laws:
a) P2 = V1 P1 T2 b) V2 = V1 P1 T2 c) T2 = V2 P2 T1
V2 T1 P2 T1 V1 P1Sample
Problem: Solve for the change in volume of chlorine gas at 2.0 atm and 300 º K
when its initial volume is 5.0 liters at 760 torr and 22 º C.
Using the derived equations for combined gas law, determine first the given data
from the sample problem. Given: V1 = 5 L, V2 =?
P1 = 760 torr = 1 atm, P2 = 2.0 atm Note: 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
T1 = 22 º C + 273 = 295 º K
T2 = 300 º K
Solution: V2 = V1 P1 T2
P2 T1
= 5 L (1 atm) (300 º K) = 2.54 L
2.0 atm (295 º K)

Note: Do not forget to cancel units needed to be cancelled. Is your answer correct?
Very good! Alright, to check if you understand the equation, solve this problem.
Problem: The volume of a neon gas at 1.5 atm and 23 0 C is 850 mL. Compute for
the volume of the gas at 1 atm and – 15 0 C?

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Ideal Gas Law

Combining the three previous laws yields the ideal gas law via the
following derivation. Consider that Boyle’s law is equivalent to the statement PV =
constant, Charles’ law is equivalent to the statement V/T = constant and Guy-
Lussac’s law is equivalent to the statement P/T = constant. Therefore, ideal gas
law interrelates pressure, temperature, volume and number of moles of a gas. In
equation: P V = n R T
where: P – refers to pressure of a gas in atm; V – refers to the volume of gas in
L; n – refers to number of moles of a gas in mol; R – has a constant value of
0.0821 L. atm/mol. º K; and T – refers to temperature of a gas in º K.

Note: R – is called as the universal constant and/or gas constant for displaying
such non-gas related conditions. In mid-1830's, Emil Clapeyron discovered of what
is now called the Ideal Gas Law.
Sample Problem: Compute for the temperature of a Helium gas with 0.75 moles
that occupies 15.0 liters in a container at 2.5 atmospheric pressure.
Try to solve this problem applying the equation for ideal gas law.
Determine what are the given: P = 2.5 atm, V = 15 L, n = 0.75 mol, R = 0.0821 L.
atm/mol. º K (constant value), T =?
Since, P V = n R T, then you are asked to solve for temperature

Therefore: T = P V
nR

= 2.5 atm (15 L)_________ Note: Cancel mol, atm, and L.

0.75 mol (0.0821 L. atm/mol. º K)
= 37.5____º K = 609 º K
0.061575
Now, to determine if you grasp the last concept for gas law, solve this problem.
Problem: Compute the pressure exerted by a 0.75 mole of a gas sample in a
tank having a capacity of 2.0 L at 323 0 K.

Were you able to come up with a correct answer? Well and good! The next
tasks will help you analyze more the existing relationship among pressure,
volume, temperature and number of moles in gases by means of answering the
given activity for the enhancement of your learnings about the lesson.

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 What’s More

Activity 1

Great job! Alright! Read and analyze each item below. Apply the equations for gas
laws in solving the following problems. Show your computations and round – off
your final answer up to 2 decimal places. Write your answers on your activity
notebook.

Boyle’s Law
1. A helium gas at constant temperature, occupies 7.5 liters at a pressure of 1.0
atmosphere. Calculate its volume at a pressure of 3.0 atmosphere.
Charles’ Law
1. What is the volume of a gas at 8.5 ºC if its initial volume is 4.5 liters at 11.5 ºC?
Gay – Lussac’s Law
1. A nitrogen gas stored in a container with a pressure of 790 torr at 19 º C. If the
temperature is increased to 297 º K, what will be its pressure?
Avogadro’s Law
1. At constant pressure and temperature, a metal tank filled with chlorine gas of
12.0 liters contains 2.3 moles. Determine its final volume if its number of
molecules is increased to 4.8 moles.
Combined Gas Law
1. Calculate the volume of a gas at 1.02 atmospheres and 13.5 º C if its initial
volume is 50.5 liters at 0.30 atmosphere and 340.5 º K.

Ideal Gas Law

1. Compute for the number of moles of a gas sample at 0º C at 1 atm that occupies
500 ml in a glass container.

What I Have Learned

The discovery of gas laws through the efforts of scientists by means of thorough
experimentations helped us in explaining the existing relationships among
pressure, volume, temperature and mass or the number of molecules of gases. The
movements of the molecules of gases gave the idea that any change in condition
such as temperature and pressure affect the behavior of gases, thus, this was
explained through Kinetic Molecular Theory.

15
Gas laws equations are used to determine if one of the properties of gases vary.
The next activity will help you remember these gas laws.

Now, arrange the jumbled letters to form a word or term related to gas laws. Write
your answers on your activity notebook.
1. G A R O D O A V ____________________
2. M E H A T E R P O S ____________________
3. E T M U R E A T R E P ____________________
4. S E R U P S E R ____________________
5. A L I E D ____________________
6. S O L U M E C E L ____________________
7. U E L O V M ____________________
8. A S L S G U Y C A ____________________
9. T M A N O U ____________________
10. T N C S A T N O ____________________

What I Can Do

Identify as to what particular type of gas laws are demonstrated in the following
applications.
____________________1. A syringe is used widely among patients with Covid – 19
and other kind of diseases caused by viruses and bacteria. Medical front liners
used syringe to inject medicines among patients to extend their lives. As the
plunger is pulled, fluid in a vial is withdrawn, volume increases. When this
plunger is pushed, medicine is injected into a patient, volume then decreases.
____________________2. One of the reasons behind why Philippine Island attracts
many tourists all over the world, it is because of so many beautiful spots that
tourists can visit and can enjoy with. The kind of weather that our country has is
also a factor. Promoting our province, Bataan has many beautiful views especially
beaches and such delicious foods or delicacies made by Bataeños that tourists will
really love it and for sure the willingness to come again. And many leisure and
recreational places that visitors will really enjoy. And to have a momentous
traveling experience in our place, tourists consider the season when it will be
advisable for them to travel, that is, through awareness of weather forecasts.
Calculating pressure, volume and temperature of gas in clouds formation are the
bases for weather forecasting.

16
 Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. What happens to pressure when the speed of gas in a tank is greater? It
becomes
a. lesser c. the same
b. greater d. unpredictable
2. Number of molecules of gases can be measured through
a. mole c. milliliter
b. liter d. gram/cu.cm
3. What gas law explains the relationship between volume and pressure at
constant temperature?
a. Boyle’s Law c. Avogadro’s Law
b. Charles’ Law d. Gay-Lussac’s Law
4. Scientific measurement for temperature of gas.
a. Celsius c. Reumar
b. Kelvin d. Farenheight
5. Gas law which states that temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different
gases contain an equal number of molecules.
a. Boyle’s Law c. Avogadro’s Law
b. Charles’ Law d. Gay-Lussac’s Law
6. Which of the following identical vessels has the most compressed molecules of
gas?
a. b. c. d.

5 mL 10 mL 15 mL 20 mL

7. Which of the following graphs represent Gay-Lussac’s law?

a. P b. P c. V d. V

T V T mol

8. What will happen when a container filled with gas is joggled for a couple of
minutes?
a. pressure increases c. pressure and temperature decreases
b. temperature increases d. pressure and temperature increases
9. It is the surface that gases occupy.
a. mass b. volume c. pressure d. temperature
10. A rubber balloon is already filled with air but Kurt still pumps air in it. Why is
this possible?
a. molecules of air move freely
b. molecules of air are compressible

17
 c. rubber balloon is new and branded
d. high temperature of molecules of air inside the balloon

Additional Activities

With the help of matured members at home, perform the activity to visualize the
existing relationships among pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas by
using an aluminum can.

Shrinking can
Objective: Determine the relationship between pressure and temperature using an
empty aluminum can.
Materials: aluminum can, 150 mL tap water (water from the faucet), burner o hot
plate (gas stove), basin, ice cubes
Procedure:
1. Fill the aluminum can with 150 mL tap water and apply heat.
2. Continue heating until it boils. The vapor removes the air molecules inside the
aluminum can. Wait until the vapor flow steadily on the opening of the can.
3. Remove the can instantly from the heat and place it in a basin with ice cubes.
Observe what happens.
Precautions: Do not cover the can. Do not touch hot surfaces. Use tong or pot
holder in handling the heated can. Turn off hot plate after use.
Observation: From the above activity, illustrate /draw the behavior of the
molecules of gases from the inside and outside of a can. Write your answer in your
paper.

18
 19
Additional Activities: Assessment:
Observation: 1. b. greater
2. a. mole
When the heated aluminum 3. a. Boyle’s Law
can is placed in ice cubes, the 4. b. kelvin
hot steam or vapor cools 5. c. Avogadro’s Law
down and condenses to 6. d. 20 ml
water. An empty space is 7. a. P vs T
produced wherein there is no 8. d. pressure and
air or gases inside the can temperature
and atmospheric pressure or increases
a force loses its shape. 9. b. volume
Drawing: 10. b. molecules of air
are compressible
Students illustration may
What’s More:
What I Can Do: What I Have Learned:
Activity 1
1. Boyle’s Law 1. AVOGADRO
2. Combined Gas Law 2. ATMOSPHERE Boyle’s Law
3. TEMPERATURE 1. V2 = 2.5 L
4. PRESSURE Charles’ Law
5. IDEAL 1. V2 = 4.55 L
6. MOLECULES Gay – Lussac’s Law
7. VOLUME 1. P2 = 754.44 torr
8. GAYLUSSAC Avogadro’s Law
9. AMOUNT 1. V2 = 5.75 L
10. CONSTANT Combined Gas Law
1. V2 = 12.50 L
Ideal Gas Law
What’s In: What I Know:
Across 1. h. constant
4. mole 2. a. air
What is It:
5. increases 3. g. greater
Boyle’s Law: P2 = 2 6. pressure 4. f. volume
Charles’ Law: V2 = 5.17 L 9. torr 5. l. temperature
10. Boyle 6. p. kinetic molecular
Gay-Lussac’s Law: P2 =
11. Pa
809.45 mmHg 7. c. gas
12. Kelvin
Avogadro’s Law: n2 = 1.07 8. n. Charles Law
13. Avogadro
mol 9. b. atm
Combined Gas Law: V2 = 1 Down 10. o. Ideal Gas Law
542.06 mL 1. temperature 11. j. decreases
Ideal Gas Law: P = 9.94 2. gases 12. i. pressure
atm 3. decreases 13. d. kelvin
4. molecular 14. k. increases
5. ideal 15. j. decreases
7. greater 16.
8. volume
Answer Key
References
Charles’ Law and Gay-Lussac’s Law”. 2020. Retrieved from
https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/backgrounders/
Charles-law-and-gay-lussacs-law

Converting between Celsius and Kelvin. Retrieved from

https://www.chemteam.info/GasLaw/Convert-Celsius-Kelvin.html

Department of Education-Bureau of Secondary Education Curriculum

Development Division (2015). Behavior of Gases. Science Grade 10-
Learner’s Material. First Edition. 5th Floor, Mabini Bldg., DepEd
Complex, Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Department of Education-Bureau of Secondary Education Curriculum

Development Division (2015). Behavior of Gases. Science Grade 10-
Teacher’s Guide. First Edition. 5th Floor, Mabini Bldg., DepEd Complex,
Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Department of Education (2020). Final-K-to-12-MELCS-with-CG-Codes. Science.

“Jacques Charles’s Life” Retrieved from

https://jacquescharles.weebly.com/ biography.html

Patterson, MJ. Units. Gas Laws. Retrieved from

https://brazosport.edu/faculty-and-staff/resources/staff-
directory/chu-judith/chemistry-tutorials/units-and-gas-laws.html

Towell, Gayle. Ideal Gas Law: Definition, Formula & Examples. Updated January
29, 2020By. Retrieved from
https://sciencing.com/ideal-gas-law-definition-formula-examples-
13722765.html

20
 10

Science
Quarter 4 – Module 2:
Major Categories of
Biomolecules

21
Science – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 2: Major Categories of Biomolecules
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

JUNIOR HS MODULE DEVELOPMENT TEAM

Author : Angustia A. Guddaran

Co-Author - Content Editor
Co-Author - Language Reviewer
Co-Author – Illustrator
Co-Author - Layout Artist
Co-Author - Team Leader
: Pearly V. Villagracia
: Evangeline D. Tala
: Alma F. Garcia
: Alma F. Garcia
: Lenie M. Espiritu

DIVISION MANAGEMENT TEAM:

OIC-Schools Division Superintendent : Roland M. Fronda,EdD,CESO VI
OIC- Asst. Schools Division Superintendent : William Roderick R. Fallorin, CESE
Chief Education Supervisor, CID : Milagros M. Peñaflor, PhD
Education Program Supervisor, LRMDS : Edgar E. Garcia, MITE
Education Program Supervisor, AP/ADM : Romeo M. Layug
Education Program Supervisor, SCIENCE : Edwin R. Bermillo,EdD
Project Development Officer II, LRMDS : Joan T. Briz
Division Librarian II, LRMDS : Rosita P. Serrano

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of Bataan

Office Address: Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan
Telefax: (047) 237-2102
E-mail Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph

22
 What I Need to Know

This module is designed and written to help you understand and recognize that there
are major categories you need to consider in the study of biomolecules present in
your food daily intake.

After this module, you should be able to:

1. recognize the major categories of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids (S10MT-IVc-d-22)

a. define biomolecules and its major categories;

b. give the characteristics of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic
acids;
c. identify foods containing carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids;
and
d. give the function and importance of biomolecules to human body

23
 What I Know

Every individual should be knowledgeable of the nutrients that you gain from the
foods you eat daily. And to know whether you have some ideas about this matter,
read and analyze each question carefully.

A. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Manny was given by her teacher three unknown substances. He wanted to know
what types of biomolecules are present from that substances. The table below shows
his results.

Substance Iodine Test Biuret Test Benedict’s Test

A Black solution (+) (-) (-)
B (-) (+) (-)
C (-) (-) (+)

Using the table, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a. Substances A and B are proteins while substance C is a lipid.
b. Substance B is a carbohydrate and substances A and C are lipids.
c. Substance A contains starch and substances B and C contain nucleic
acid.
d. Substances A and C are carbohydrates, where A is an amylose in starch
and B is a protein, and C maybe a simple sugar.

B. The following are foods rich in carbohydrates and lipids. Label each picture by
writing the word carbohydrate(s) or lipid(s) to the right according to the
nutrients it provides to human body.

2. 4.

= _____________ = _____________

3.

= _______________ 5. = ______________

24
 Lesson
Major Categories of
1 Biomolecules
Many people nowadays are very fond of eating variety of foods every day. Every food
you eat gives you different nutrients. These nutrients provide your body the energy,
growth, and repair of tissues you need in order to live. These facts were introduced
to you during your elementary grades in the form of basic food groups, the Go, Grow
and Glow foods. You have also learned during your Grade 9 year, that the bonding
characteristics of carbon result in the formation of larger variety of compounds.

This module will give you some insights which you will learn more about compounds
that are very essential to life. These compounds are categorized into four major
classes of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acid.

What’s In

How much do you know about nutritious foods? Answer the following items on
your activity notebook.
Below are illustrations of different foods you seem to enjoy eating. Identify each
food by writing Go, Grow and Glow food.

1.
________________

2.
________________

3. ________________

4.________________

5. _______________

25
 Notes to the Teacher
This module is intended for student’s readiness to recognize the
different categories of biomolecules which plays an integral part of
one’s daily food intake. It is the duty of the teacher to be able to
determine the student’s difficulty of analyzing the functions and
importance of these biomolecules to human body.

Various sets of activities were provided in this lesson to be able to

cope with the student’s needs about the concept.

What’s New

A student like you must be knowledgeable of the nutrients you gain from your
favorite foods. Inside the box are different kinds of foods which belongs to different
categories. Copy the table below in your notebook and group the foods according to
its class: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

legumes fried food poultry butter lean meat

fruit vegetable oil corn fish and seafood sugary sweets

starchy vegetables avocado nuts eggs grains olives

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins

26
 What is It

Biomolecules come from the word bio which means life and molecule which means
two or more atoms of the same element or different elements that are bound together.
These biomolecules are classified into four major categories, namely: carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins and nucleic acid.

1. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, with a ratio of two
(2) hydrogen atoms to one (1) oxygen atom.
There are different types of carbohydrates:
a. Monosaccharides are one (single) and simple sugars which are the building
blocks of complex carbohydrates that are broken down quickly by the body.
Glucose (C6H12O6) is one of the simplest and most important carbohydrate. It is a
sugar produced by plants which is one of the energy sources for organisms like
most other carbohydrates. Another common monosaccharides are Galactose and
Fructose.
b. Disaccharides are also simple carbohydrates called double sugars and
formed by two chemically-linked monosaccharides. They basically come in the form
of Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose. Sucrose also known as table sugar is an example
of disaccharide. This is formed by joining one molecule each of glucose and
fructose, which is also a monosaccharide. Maltose is also an example of
disaccharides formed from two molecules of glucose. Both have the same formula
as C12H22O11. Another isomer is Lactose, which is formed from one molecule each
of glucose and galactose.
c. Oligosaccharides are complex carbohydrates which merely consist of three
to ten sugars that are rich in vitamins and minerals. Since they are fiber-rich, they
are slower to digest compare to a simple carbohydrate. d.
Polysaccharides are larger carbohydrate molecules or larger numbers of sugars
than an Oligosaccharides which are found in living systems. Starches, the most
complex of all carbohydrates, are composed of hundreds of monosaccharides
linked together. Plants are able to produce more sugar than they use. Extra sugar
is stored in the form of starch. Mostly, the examples of starch are commonly found
in potato, corn kernels, and beans. Starch will be used as food for the new plants.
Cellulose is also a polysaccharide used by plants for structural purposes. It is
similar to starch. Glycogen can be found in animals which is a starch-like
carbohydrates. It is broken-down into monosaccharides which are “burned” for
energy when needed. Here are some specific examples of carbohydrates in the
sugar, starch, and fiber categories:
1. Sugar – fruits (naturally occurring sugar), vegetables, milk/milk products,
refined sugars in sweet foods like pastries cookies, soft drinks and syrups.
2. Starch – potatoes, dried beans, corn, peas and grains (rice, oats and wheat)

27
 3. Fiber – whole grain foods (bread, pasta, cereal), fruits and vegetables with
skins (apples and corn), nuts (peanuts, walnuts and almonds), and seeds.

2. Lipids are classified as organic compounds which include fats, waxes, and oils.
These are used for energy and often stored as energy reserves. Animals produced
solid fats while plants produced liquid oils. Both plants and animals produced
waxes. Lipids are also similar to carbohydrates which are composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. But they differ in the number of carbon and atoms per
molecule which is much greater that the number of oxygen atoms. Fatty acids and
glycerol are the two less complex molecules which forms a fat molecule. Specific
examples of foods that are Lipids: -
Fried foods, vegetable oil, butter, whole milk, cheese, cream cheese, some meats,
avocados, olives corn, and nuts.

3. Proteins are considered as the building blocks of the living material. These
building blocks make up much of the structure of living things. Proteins are very
essential in the growth, maintenance, and repair of living material. Proteins
contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen like carbohydrates and lipids, but they also
contain nitrogen. They can also contain other elements such as sulfur and iron.
Protein are much larger and more complex that either lipids or carbohydrates.
Amino Acids are compounds which make up proteins. Most of the twenty amino
acids important to living things contain a central carbon atom to which are
attached the amino group, the carboxyl group, and the R group. A peptide bond
holds the two amino acids. Two amino acids that are joined together by a peptide
bond form a dipeptide. While polypeptide formed when many amino acids are
joined together. Large protein molecules which consist of hundreds or thousands
of amino acids formed when polypeptides combine. Every protein differs from one
another according to its kind, number, sequence, arrangements of amino acids.
Examples are hair and fingernails which are proteins that differ because of their
amino acids. There are 10,000 and 50,000 different kinds of human proteins.
Here are examples of protein foods:
- Eggs, almonds, chicken breast, oats, cottage cheese (parmesan cheese), Greek
yogurt, milk, broccoli, lean beef, lean, meat, quinoa (pseudo-cereal), lentils (legumes),
pumpkin seeds, turkey breast, all types of fish, shrimp, brussels sprouts, peanuts,
and others.

4. Nucleic Acids are the most complex of all the biological compounds. They are
considered as extremely large molecules which may consist of hundreds of
thousands of atoms. These are the two very important nucleic acids:
a. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)- is the material which usually contains the
“genetic message”.

b. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)- works with DNA in carrying out the instruction
of the DNA code.

28
 What’s More

Let’s make the lesson more fun, exciting and mind-boggling! Here are some activities
that surely make the concept easier to understand. So, let’s begin!

ACTIVITY 1
Rearrange the letters to come up with the right word(s). The meaning of the
words are provided to help you. Use your activity notebook to write your answers.

_______________ 1. O L R Y C L G E
--- less complex molecules which forms a fat molecule
_______________ 2. E E O L I P P D T Y P
--- formed when many amino acids are joined together
_____________ __ 3. E S R S C U O
--- a table sugar which is an example of disaccharide
_______________ 4. O L S U E L C E L
--- is also a polysaccharide used by plants for structural purposes. It is
similar to starch
_______________ 5. A O S E M T L
--- is also an example of disaccharide formed from two molecules of glucose

What I Have Learned

The table below shows the summary of the important biomolecules.

Compound Elements Present Building Blocks Use

Carbohydrates Carbon Energy
(CHO) Hydrogen Monosaccharides Energy storage
Oxygen
Fat Carbon Fatty Acids Energy reserve
(CHO) Hydrogen Glycerol Great source of long-term energy
Oxygen Great for insulating through
blubber/fat
Carbon Building living material
Protein Hydrogen Regulating chemical reactions
(CHONS) Oxygen Amino Acids Helps prevent infections and
Nitrogen diseases
Sulfur Repair and maintenance
Carbon
Nucleic Acids Hydrogen Nucleotides Carries genetic information in
(CHONP) Oxygen the cell
Nitrogen
Phosphorus

29
Activity 1

1. Why biomolecules important to organisms or to human body?

What I Can Do

Based on scientific studies, all foods have calories and different foods have different
amount of calories. Calories are provided by carbohydrates, proteins and fats. In
order for you to have an idea about this concept, get a sample Nutrition Facts label
that can be found in the packaging of a certain food product. Like for instance,
sardines packaging or any canned goods, cereals, or any packed foods available in
your home. Complete the table below that can be found in the packaging. Write your
answer on your notebook. Then answer the questions below the table.

Note: Just fill in the needed facts which is available in your Nutrition Facts label.
Write the word NONE if it is not applicable.

Nutrition Facts Questions:

Serving Size ________
Servings Per Container _______ 1. Which has the highest and least
Amount Per Serving percent daily value?
Calories ________ Calories from fat _____ 2. How much is the total amount of
% Daily Value fats?
Total Fat ______ _________
Saturated Fat _____ _________ 3. How much is the total amount of
Trans Fat ______ carbohydrates?
Cholesterol ______ _________
4. Do you think the food you have
Sodium ______ _________
according to its nutrition facts is a
Total Carbohydate ______ _________
healthy food? Why? Why not?
Dietary Fiber ______ _________
Sugars ______
Protein ______

Vitamin A ______ Vitamin C _______

Calcium _______ Iron ______

30
 Assessment

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which elements make up a carbohydrate?

a. calcium, potassium and oxygen c. hydrogen, oxygen and carbon
b. carbon, phosphorus and oxygen d. hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen

2. Lactose is made up of ___________________ .

a. glucose and fructose c. glycogen and cellulose
b. galactose and glucose d. amylose and amylopectin

3. What type of test is used to detect reducing sugar?

a. Iodine Test c. Benedict’s Test
b. Tolien’s Test d. None of the above

4. It refers to the most basic unit of carbohydrate.

a. disaccharide c. polysaccharide
b. monosaccharide d. steroid

5. What do you call the bond between sugar units?

a. covalent bond c. hydrogen bond
b. glycosidic bond d. peptide bond

Additional Activities

You are almost done. To end up this lesson, here is an additional work to do. Use
short coupon bond for compilation. Draw or print at least three (3) pictures showing
each of the major categories of biomolecules that you have learned. You can use
coloring materials to make your drawings colorful. Label your drawings according to
its names and categories.

31
 32
What I Can Do:
Assessment: What I Have
Additional Activities:
(Students’ answers Learned:
1. c
(Students’ answers or may vary according to
2. b (Students’ answers
output may vary.) the availability of
3. c may vary.)
4. b products with
5. b Nutrition Facts in
their homes.)
What’s New:
What’s More:
Carbohydrates – fruit, grains, legumes,
1. Glycerol
starchy, vegetables, sugary sweets
2. Polypeptide
Proteins – lean meat, fish and seafood,
3. Sucrose
eggs, poultry
4. Cellulose
Lipids – butter, vegetable oil, fried food,
5. Maltose
avocado, olives, corn, nuts
What I Know:
A. 1. d
What’s In:
B. 2. Lipids
A. 1. grow
2. go 3. Carbohydrates
3. grow
4. glow 4. Lipids
5. go
5. Carbohydrates
Answer Key
References
Department of Education-Bureau of Secondary Education Curriculum
Development Division (2015). Biomolecules. Science Grade 10-Learner’s
Material. First Edition. 5th Floor, Mabini Bldg., DepEd Complex,
Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Department of Education-Bureau of Secondary Education Curriculum

Development Division (2015). Biomolecules. Science Grade 10-
Teacher’s Guide. First Edition. 5th Floor, Mabini Bldg., DepEd Complex,
Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Department of Education (2020). Final-K-to-12-MELCS-with-CG-Codes. Science.

47 Examples of Carbohydrates. Retrieved from

https://blog.prepscholar.com> [Accessed- August 2, 2020]

Healthline [Accessed- August 2, 2020]

Oram, Raymond F., et.al. Biological Chemistry. Biology Living Systems. Charles E.
Merrill Publishing Company. A Bell and Howell Company. Columbus,
Ohio 43216. Toronto. London. Sydney. Copyright 1983, 1979, 1976,
1973 by Bell and Howell

Top 10 Foods Highest in Protein – My Food Data. Retrieved from

https://www.myfooddata.com>[Accessed- August 2, 2020]

33
 10
Science
Quarter 4 – Module 3:
Chemical Reaction

34
Science – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 3: Chemical Reaction
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

JUNIOR HS MODULE DEVELOPMENT TEAM

Author : Angustia A. Guddaran

Co-Author - Content Editor : Alma F. Garcia
Co-Author - Language Reviewer : Pearly V. Villagracia
Co-Author – Illustrator : Alma F. Garcia
Co-Author - Layout Artist : Alma F. Garcia
Co-Author - Team Leader : Lenie M. Espiritu

DIVISION MANAGEMENT TEAM:

OIC-Schools Division Superintendent : Roland M. Fronda, EdD, CESO VI
OIC- Asst. Schools Division Superintendent : William Roderick R. Fallorin, CESE
Chief Education Supervisor, CID : Milagros M. Peñaflor, PhD
Education Program Supervisor, LRMDS : Edgar E. Garcia, MITE
Education Program Supervisor, AP/ADM : Romeo M. Layug
Education Program Supervisor, SCIENCE : Edwin R. Bermillo,EdD
Project Development Officer II, LRMDS : Joan T. Briz
Division Librarian II, LRMDS : Rosita P. Serrano

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of Bataan

Office Address: Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan
Telefax: (047) 237-2102
E-mail Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph

35
 What I Need to Know

This module is designed and written to help you understand and

recognize chemical reactions associated with biological and
industrial methods which might affect life of organisms and their environment.

After this module, you should be able to:

1. apply the principles of conservation of mass to chemical reactions (S10MT-IVe-g-
23)
a. define chemical reaction;

b. identify the different types of chemical reaction;

c. classify reactions according to the different types;

d. write chemical equations; and

e. balance equations.
2. explain how the factors affecting rates of chemical reactions are applied in food
preservation and materials production, control of fire, pollution, and corrosion
(S10MT-IVh-j-24)
a. give examples of chemical reaction encounter every day.

36
 What I Know

In our daily living, chemical reactions are continuously happening

in our surroundings. And to know if you have an idea about this
matter, carefully read and answer the following questions.
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. In chemical equation, what symbol is used to separate two reactants and two
products.
a. → b. + c. = d. ←
2. It refers to “yields” which separates reactants from products.
a. → b. + c. = d. ←
3. The following factors affect the rate of chemical reaction except __________.
a. pressure c. temperature
b. presence of catalyst d. surface area of reactants
4. It is the changing of one substance to another substance by the breaking of old
bonds and the formation of new bonds.
a. chemical equation c. chemical reaction
b. chemical formula d. chemical symbol
5. A type of chemical reaction with 2 or more reactants form a single product.
a. combination c. single displacement
b. decomposition d. double displacement
6. Why unrefrigerated meat products and fresh fish spoiled in less than 24 hours?
a. change in temperature c. presence of microorganisms
b. presence of oxygen in air d. none of the above
7. Which of the following skeleton equation is correct when calcium carbonate is
heated, calcium oxide and carbon dioxide are produced.
a. Ca + CO3 → CaOCO2 c. CaCO3 → CaOCO2
b. Ca + CO3 → CaO + CO2 d. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
8. Which of the following statements is true about collision theory?
a. particles that are moving faster collide with each other
b. the particles colliding has the same amount of energy
c. even without collision of particles, reaction will happen
d. reactions will occur if the colliding particles have enough energy
9. Which of the following statement describes the example of chemical reaction
shown in the skeleton equation: NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2
a. Sodium bicarbonate and hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium chloride to
produce water and carbon dioxide.
b. Sodium bicarbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce sodium
chloride, water and carbon dioxide.
c. Sodium chloride reacts with sodium bicarbonate to produce water, carbon
dioxide and sodium chloride. d. none of the above
10. What would be the balanced equation for methanol (CH3OH)?
a. 2 C + 4 H2 + O2 → 2 CH3OH c. C + H + O → CH3OH
b. 2 C + 2 H2 + O2 → 2 CH3OH d. C3O2 + 2 H2 → 2 CH3 + OH

37
 Lesson

1 Chemical Reaction
Chemical change occurs in our everyday living. Like a piece of wood when it burns
it changed into smokes and ashes, cooking foods for our meals, the discovery of
antidots for curing different ailments, and such raw materials were developed into
beneficial products. To know whether you have some ideas about this matter, try to
answer the following questions.

This module will give you some insights to learn more about chemical reactions,
namely: acid-base, combustion, combination, decomposition, single displacement
and double displacement that made our living more convenient.

What’s In

Direction: Read each sentence carefully. Unscramble the letters in each item to find
the correct answer.

1. It is the resulting substance after a chemical reaction.

todrucp ____________________

2. A type of reaction with oxygen producing water and carbon dioxide.

n u b s o c t i m o ____________________

3. To balance a chemical equation, a number placed before the formulas.

o f i t e f c c n i e ____________________

4. Atoms of an element replace the atoms of a second element in a compound.

lisgne mnisldpactee ____________________

5. A single compound is broken down into two or more simpler products.

cenomstidpio ____________________

38
 Notes to the Teacher
This module is intended for student’s readiness to recognize the
different types of chemical reactions which plays an important
part in our lives. It is the duty of the teacher to be able to
determine the student’s difficulty in analyzing and classifying the
types of chemical reactions and the importance of these reactions
in biological and industrial processes that affects life and the
environment.

Different sets of activities were provided in this lesson to be able to

cope with the student’s needs about the concept.

What’s New

Writing chemical formulas and to name chemical compounds must be learned.

Chemical equations describe chemical reactions and to balance equation is to accord
it to the law of conservation of mass.

A chemical reaction includes change in its substances, whether simple or complex

chemical reactions. When one or more substances combined together (reactant)
formed into one or more substances (product).

The main ingredients for cooking maja blanca are reactants. This recipe undergoes
both physical and chemical changes when cooked and combine to form the product
which is the maja blanca.

39
 What is It

Chemical reaction is a process in which substance is changed into

one or more new substance and/or substances. Since chemical
equations described chemical reactions and to agree to the law of conservation of
mass, it is important that equations must be balanced. Chemical equation uses
chemical symbols and formulas to represent a chemical reaction.

Symbols Used in Chemical Equations

Symbol Definition
+ - used to separate combination of reactants or products
- it means yield or separates reactants from products
∆ heat - heat is supplied to the rection

- refers to reversible reactions

- Platinum is an example of formula written above or below

Pt the yield sign which indicates its use as a catalyst.
s - placed after the formula; designates a reactant or product
in the solid state
l - designates a reactant or product in the liquid state
g - designates a reactant or product in the gaseous state
aq - designates an aqueous solution; the substance is dissolved
in water
Chemical equation is a brief representation of a chemical reaction. In writing a
chemical equation, the formulas of the reactants which are written on the left, are
connected by using an arrow with the formulas of the products, written on the right.
Sometimes a double arrow is written, that is, to indicate a reversible reaction which
means that products are also converted to reactants. In writing chemical equation,
the following must be considered: (a) know the reactants and products; (b) know the
atomic symbols and formulas of the reactants and products; and (c) know the
direction of the reaction.

Types of Chemical Reactions

1. Combination Reactions – a reaction of two or more substances forming a single
product.
Example: sulfur + oxygen → sulfur dioxide or S + O2 → SO2
2. Decomposition Reaction – a type of reaction wherein a single compound is
broken down into two or more simpler products.
Example: calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide or CaCO3 → CaO +
CO2
3. Single Displacement Reaction – a type of reaction where one element
displaces another element from a compound.
Example: iron + copper sulfate → iron sulfate + copper or Fe + CuSO 4 → FeSO4 +
Cu.

40
4. Double Displacement Reaction – a type of reaction which involve an exchange
of positive ions between two compounds.
Example: silver nitrate + potassium chloride → silver chloride + potassium nitrate
or AgNO3 + K Cl → AgCl + KNO3.
5. Combustion Reaction – this type of reaction occurs when a substance is
burned in oxygen. A reaction when oxygen combines with hydrocarbon forming
water and carbon dioxide.
Example: methane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water or CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 +
2H2O.
6. Acid – Base Reaction – a type of reaction when acid and base react with each
other.
Example: H2 SO4 + NaOH → Na SO4 +H2O.

Balancing Chemical Equations

In representing chemical reactions correctly, there is a need to balance equations
quantitatively. And to balance equation, each side of the equation has the same
number of atoms of each element. This is so important to be compatible with the
law of conservation of mass which states that mass can be neither created nor
destroyed in an ordinary chemical or physical process. Thus, in a chemical reaction,
atoms are simply arranged and not created or destroyed.

Rules for Balancing Equations 1.

Write the formulas for the reactants (on the left) and products (on the right) with an
arrow in between. If there are two or more reactants or products use the plus
(+) sign to separate their formulas. Write the chemical formulas in a skeleton
equation.
2. Note the elements present both in the reactants and products then count the
number of atoms of each element.
3. In balancing chemical equations, you have to balance the elements one at a time
using coefficient. Coefficient refers to a whole number written in front of a
formula in an equation. In case there is no coefficient written, it is understood that
the coefficient is 1. Take note that you must not balance an equation by changing
the subscripts in the chemical formula of a substance.
4. Lastly, the coefficient must be in the lowest possible least common multiple
(LCM).
Example: Write a balanced equation when hydrogen and oxygen react, the product
is water. Write this in a skeleton equation.
H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O (l)
Reactant Product
where: H - hydrogen, O – oxygen, 2 – subscript (for number of atoms), g – gaseous
state, l – liquid state
In this example, hydrogen is balanced whereas oxygen is not balanced. To balance
the equation, write a coefficient of 2 in front of H2O so as oxygen becomes balanced.
(Reactant) H2(g) + O2(g) (Product ) 2H2O(l)
There are twice as many hydrogen atoms in the product than the hydrogen in the
reactants. To balance, put a coefficient of 2 in front of H2.

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Therefore, 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H O(l)
It means, 2(H2) + 1(O2) 2(H2O)
To illustrate: Reactants Products

2H2 O2 2H2O

What’s More

Activity 1
Direction: Complete the chemical equations from the given table by writing the
reactant and the product in each item.

Reactant Product

1. Fe + O2

2. CaO + CO2

3. NaHCO3 + HCl

4. N2O3 + H2O

5. CO2

What I Have Learned

Summing Up Challenge!
Activity 1
Direction: Study the images below. What do you think will be made if you will
combine the following ingredients? Draw your answer in a piece of paper and label
it.

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 What I Can Do

Activity 1

Direction: Read each question carefully. Write your answers in a sheet of paper.

1. Chemists generally do not use chemical equations in skeletal form. Why?

2. Nowadays, many industrial processes require the use of a catalyst, give an

example.

Assessment

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. These are substances that are made up to form new substances in a chemical
reaction.
a. reactions b. reactants c. products d. chemicals
2. It is a chemist shorthand for a chemical reaction.
a. chemical reaction c. chemical equation
b. chemical balancing d. chemical products 3.
This is a type of chemical reaction where 2 or more reactants combined to
form a single product.
a. single displacement c. combination
b. double displacement d. decomposition
4. A reaction when oxygen combines with a hydrocarbon to form water and carbon
dioxide.
a. combustion b. combination c. decomposition d. acid-base 5.
5. A special kind of double displacement that takes place when an acid and base
react with each other.
a. combustion b. combination c. decomposition d. acid-base

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 Additional Activities

Direction: Rewrite the following word equations as balanced

chemical equations.

1. carbon + oxygen → carbon monoxide

2. sodium + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen

3. iron (III) chloride + calcium hydroxide → calcium chloride

4. hydrogen + sulfur → hydrogen sulfide

5. potassium nitrate → potassium nitrate + oxygen

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Answer Key

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References

Department of Education-Bureau of Secondary Education Curriculum

Development Division (2015). Chemical Reaction. Science Grade 10-
Learners’ Materials. First Edition. 5th Floor, Mabini Bldg., DepEd
Complex, Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Department of Education (2020). Final-K-to-12-MELCS-with-CG-Codes. Science.

Wilbraham, Antony C., et.al. Addison-Wesley Chemistry. Third Edition (1993).

Chapter 7 Chemical Reactions. Addison- Wesley Publishing
Company, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025.

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region III,

Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)

Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan

Telefax: (047) 237-2102

Email Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph

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